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  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (813)
  • 1980-1984  (646)
  • 1975-1979  (167)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1945-1949
  • 1925-1929
  • 1982  (328)
  • 1981  (318)
  • 1975  (167)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1980-1984  (646)
  • 1975-1979  (167)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1945-1949
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dispersions in hydrocarbon fermentation. A retrospective study (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 541-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A nondimensionalized plot, obtained by normalizing the drop-size distribution in the hydrocarbon phase using the Sauter mean diameter, shows a tendency towards self-preservation of the distribution. Changes of distribution in time during the course of fermentation, initial dispersed phase fraction, speed of rotation, and reactor size were taken into account. Using this self-preserving property, an empirical (single parameter) equation has been proposed for drop-size distribution. Data, available from the literature, are presented for non-biological and biological systems (gas-oil, n-hexadecane, and n-hexadecane dissolved in dewaxed gas oil as dispersed phases). The parameter, Sauter mean diameter, has been correlated with the operating conditions, and a critical review presented. Cell density was found to have significant effect on Sauter mean diameter. This effect has also been empirically explained. The possibilities of using generalized distribution in predicting the performance of fermenters is outlined.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170407
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comments on microbial growth rate (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 279-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170214
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A solid state fermentation method for citric acid production using sugar cane bagasse (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 291-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170216
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of a plasmin inhibitory substance by Scopolia japonica suspension cultures (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 305-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A potent inhibitory agent against human plasmin, fibrinolytic proteinase, has been found in the extracts of callus tissue of Scopolia japonica. Effects of cultural conditions on cell growth and production of the plasmin inhibitory substance by this cell line in suspension cultures were examined in MurashigeSkoog's medium. More than l.5 mg of the inhibitor, as t-amino cyclohexane carboxylic acid, a synthetic plasmin inhibitor, were observed to accumulate per ml of medium containing 0.83 g of NH4NO3 and 7.6 g of KNO3 per liter as well as suitable levels of growth hormones.Addiction of antibiotics and deformers were examined in preliminary tests for large scale cultivation. Semicontinuous culture on a small scale in a glass cylinder, was also tested and growth rate of 1.29 g/liter/day (by dry wt) was obtained. Plasmin inhibitory activities in the extracts of the results intact plant and in cultured cells of S. japonica were compared and the results indicated that cell suspension culture was superior to extraction the natural plant for inhibitor production.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170302
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of cellulase and protein from barley straw by Trichoderma viride (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 361-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The cellulase production by two strains of the cellulolytic fungus Trichoderma viride was examined. The fungi were grown on different preparations of barley straw pretreated with NaOH under high pressure. The production of cellulases and microbial protein by the better strain (QM 9123) was investigated in an aerated 5-liter fermenter under varying stirring rates (200-350 rpm) and straw concentrations (1-2%). The pH was kept between 3.5 and 4.5. The growth of the fungus was followed by measuring the quantity of CO2 produced and the cell protein. After 2-6 days growth ceased, the lag phases lasting 0-2 days, increasing with increasing straw concentrations. The maximum enzyme yields were reached after 4-10 days. The protein content of the product was 21-26% and up to 70% of the straw was utilized. The yield constants were calculated to be 0.40-0.56; of the same order as those which can be obtained by growing the fungus on glucose.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170306
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of diffusion on the apparent rate of denaturation of gel entrapped enzymes (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 441-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170312
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protein hydrolysis with immobilized enzymes (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 451-453 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170314
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of cell concentration measurement method on the value of specific growth rate (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 461-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170317
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An automatic homocontinuous culture apparatus (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 985-995 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An apparatus for the cultivation of microorganism under controlled conditions is described. This apparatus is basically a turbidostat improved with automatic devices for sample withdrawal and tube cleaning. The results of experiments, using Euglena gracilis to check the constancy of some physiological parameters (in particular phototactic reactivity), are reported.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170704
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Temporal structure of S phase analyzed using an automated synchrony system (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 675-694 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An automated system for cell cycle analysis is described in which synchronous populations of greater than 95% mitotic cells can be selected and subcultured without resorting to inhibitors or altered media. Selection of mitotic cells from roller bottle cultures generates synchronous populations of up to 5 × 107 cells, as often as every 30 min, under conditions of constant temperature. A detailed analysis of the temporal pattern of DNA synthesis in the S phase of several Chinese hamster cells is presented. Several potential artefacts and uncertainties regarding the cell cycle blockage point in S phase synchronization are discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170505
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maintenance of perpetual synchrony in HeLa suspension cultures: Question of unbalanced growth (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 703-712 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Unbalanced growth has been studied in HeLa cell cultures maintained in perpetual division synchrony by periodic inhibition of DNA synthesis. Observation of eight independent cellular parameters indicates that once synchrony has been established the degree of unbalanced growth in later cycles is not as great as is observed with the conventional “double-block” technique. This significant diminution of unbalanced growth appears to be related to the significantly shorter periods of inhibition of DNA synthesis used in the resynchronization process.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170507
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhancement factor for oxygen absorption into fermentation broth (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1083-1098 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Values of the enhancement factor for oxygen absorption into fermentation broth, i.e., the ratio of the liquid phase mass transfer coefficients for oxygen absorption for both cases with and without respiration of microorganisms were predicted theoretically on the assumption of various cell concentration distributions. Calculations indicate that in the usual case the enhancement factor is only slightly or negligibly larger than unity, even when accumulation of microorganisms at or near the gas-liquid interface is assumed. Results of experiments with sparged-stirred fermentors on oxygen absorption into fermentation broths containing resting and growing cells of Candida tropicalis confirmed the theoretical prediction. Except for extreme cases, the effect of respiration of microorganisms on kLa, values can practically be ignored.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170710
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Solid Waste for Fuel Gas Production (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1119-1135 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Anaerobic digestion offers a potential means of converting organic solid waste into fuel gas and thereby provide a supplemental and readily utilizable source of energy. We are particularly interested in the use of thermophilic digestion over a mesophilic operation for it can achieve higher rates of digestion, greater conversion of waste organics to gas, faster solid-liquid separation, and minimization of bacterial and viral pathogen accumulation. Our results comparing mesophilic (37°C) and thermophilic (65°C) anaerobic digestion of domestic solid waste confirm the increased rate and conversion of waste to methane. In addition, utilizing radioactive labeling of glucose and acetic acid, we have measured the volumetric rates of volatile acid production and disappearance under both mesophilic and thermophilic conditions.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170804
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Submerged cultivation of a thermotolerant basidiomycete on cereal flours and other substrates (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1183-1197 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The imperfect state, Sporotrichum pulverulentum, of thecellulolytic basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporiumhas been grown on barley flour and other agricultural products in shake cultures, in an air-lift fermentor, and in stirred fermentors. The growth morphology varied with cultivation conditions, but it was possible to maintain heavy suspensions of loosely associated mycelia in fermentors. The fungus can grow in temperatures up to 40°C and use ammonium salts or organic nitrogen sources to convert sugars, starch, pectin, and various seed residues to a biomass containing 30-40% protein with a favorable amino acid composition. Serial cultures were grown on flours under conditions where the larger part of the culture was withdrawn and replaced with new medium every, or every other, day. The mycelia are easy to harvest by filtration and have several properties which make the product attractive as a potential food ingredient.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170807
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170901
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  • 16
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    Nonisothermal heterogeneous reaction in a denaturable immobilized enzyme catalyst (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1237-1242 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170810
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Kinetics of solka floc cellulose hydrolysis by trichoderma viride cellulase (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 873-893 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A product inhibition model is developed to describe the hydrolysis of cellulose by the Trichoderma viride enzyme system. It is assumed that noncompetitive inhibition by cellobiose dominates the reaction kinetics. Experiments show that this is indeed a reasonable assumption for initial cellulose concentrations of up to 15 g/liter and at hydrolysis extents up to 65′. Kinetic parameters were determined for the noncompetitive inhibitionmodel in batch experiments with durations of up to 1.5 hr. These parameterswere then used in predicting reaction progress for up to 10 hr. Cellobiose was added to the reaction mixture at the onset of some runs and againreliable predictions were obtained for up to 8 hr of hydrolysis. Finally reaction was carried out in a membrane reactor whereby the product cellobiose was being continuously removed and again reasonable predictability was obtained with a higher net reaction rate.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170608
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Film diffusion and Michaelis-Menten kinetics in a packed-bed reactor (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1555-1559 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260171014
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Preparation of immobilized β-galactosidase by poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and the continuous hydrolysis of lactose in acid whey (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1571-1589 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Immobilized β-galactosidase gel was prepared using poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) under β-ray irradiation. In contrast to the gelation of N-vinylpyrrolidone monomer-enzyme solution, the gelation of PVP-β-galactosidase solution (PVP content: 10%) was almost completely uneffected by the dose rate and amount of phosphate present. PVP-enzyme solution was gelled by irradiation with 3.0 Mrad. The expressed activity of the PVP-enzyme gel was about 30% of the initial activity and added activity was almost totally entrapped. No leakage of enzyme from these gels could be detected. Leakage was, however, detected in the case of the gelation of PVP-enzyme solution containing more than 1% of enzyme protein. When the general properties of the gel were compared with those of the native enzyme, the gel proved to be slightly inferior to the native enzyme with respect to optimum temperature, heat stability, pH activity, and pH stability. Continuous hydrolysis of lactose in acid whey could be carried out at 50°C using a column packed with the gel and sawdust and the degree of hydrolysis was found to be almost, constant for 12 days. The merits of using PVP in the immobilization of enzymes include the simplicity of the procedure and the fact that the PVP-enzyme gel can be used in the food industry without anxiety because of its high degree of compatibility with living organisms.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260171103
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  • 20
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    The preparation and properties of hornblende as a support for immobilized invertase (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1679-1693 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The suitability of hornblende as a support for immobilized β-fructofuranosidase (invertase) was studied, with regard to the physical stability of the support and the thermal and operational stability of the immobilized enzyme. Hornblende was more stable than Enzacryl-Alo or Enzacryl-TIO, and marginally more stable than porous glass. Invertase immobilized on hornblende was more stable during long-term operation than invertase immobilized on porous glass. An active preparation of immobilized invertase was obtained also on pyroxene particles.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260171110
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  • 21
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    Masthead (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260171201
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  • 22
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    Comparison of batch and semicontinuous cultures for production of protein from mesquite wood by Brevibacterium sp. JM98A (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1749-1760 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The production of protein by a Brevibacterium sp. JM98A usingmesquite wood as the substrate was compared in batch and semicontinuous cultures. A 14 liter glass fermentor with automatic pH, temperature, and foam control was used for the study. A pH range of 6.6 to 7.2 was optimum for the growth of JM98A. The batch and semicontinuous cultures were compared on the basis of viable cell counts, protein production, CMC-Ase (β-1,4-glucanase) activity, and filter paper cellulase (β-1,4-glucan cellobiohydrolyase) activity. Total hexose, cellulose, and reducing sugar consumption were measured. The semicontinuous process yielded 2.97 times as much protein in 72 hr as the batch cultures. Most of the biomass resulted from the utilization of soluble sugars rather than from the degradation of cellulose during the semicontinuous process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260171205
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  • 23
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    Fermentation of agricultural wastes by yeast (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1823-1826 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260171211
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  • 24
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    Control of nutrient supply in yeast propagation (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1829-1832 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260171213
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  • 25
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    Patent protection of microorganisms with special reference to ferrous-iron and sulfur oxidizing bacteria (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1853-1857 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260171217
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  • 26
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    Continuous coagulation of milk using immobilized enzymes in a fluidized-bed reactor (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 585-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Milk-clotting enzymes such as pepsin, chymosin, chymotrypsin, and M. miehei proteases were immobilized on porous, alkylamine glass and incorporated into a fluidized-bed continuous coagulation scheme. Only pepsin and calf rennet retained sufficient activity towards skim milk to warrant further studies. Comparison of kinetic data with fixed-bed reactors revealed the overall superior performance of fluidized beds; higher clotting activities were possible while avoiding plugging problems and high pressure drops common to fixed-bed reactors. Film diffusion and catalyst back-mixing appear to be significant factors in the overall kinetics.All enzymes lost activity on exposure to skim milk. The inactivation rates were lower at high substrate pH and insignificantly affected by reactor temperature. Nitrogen and sialic acid accumulation on the porous glass paralleled the loss in activity in the initial stages. Attempts to regenerate the immobilized enzymes were partially successful.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170410
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  • 27
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    Purification of placental alkaline phosphatase by immunoadsorption (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 607-611 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170412
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  • 28
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    Determination of cell numbers and cell size for thiobacillus ferrooxidans by the electrical resistance method (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 621-624 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170415
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    Design of a large-scale mammalian cell, suspension culture facility (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 659-673 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The design of a suspension culture facility capable of producing approximately 1012 cells per week has been developed on a small-scale system which has evolved from various architectural, engineering, biological, and biohazard considerations. The smaller system is composed of spinner flasks (50 ml to 8 liters) modified for semicontinuous culture conditions, metal reservoirs, a continuous flow centrifuge, and supportive equipment. The large system which is under construction is composed of metallic vessels of up to 500 liter working volume with hard plumbing, monitors, controllers, recorders, continuous flow centrifuge and other ancillary equipment. This system begins with medium preparation and ends with harvesting of cells and disposition of supernatant. The design of this turn-key operation was developed over a two and one-half year period through the cooperation of private industry, the federal government, and the academic community.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170504
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    An evaluation of suspension culture systems for the growth of murine lymphoblastoid lines expressing TL and Thy-1 alloantigens (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 629-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: As a prelude to our studies on TL and Thy-1 differentiation alloantigens, three murine lymphobhastoid cell lines were examined for expression of these components. Optimal conditions for their mass culture were also determined. Several suspension culture systems were evaluated: (a) 50 ml through 500 ml Wheaton and Bellco spinner flasks as well as 1, 4, and 8 liter Wheaton flasks modified for semicontinuous culture conditions, (b) 3 liter Chemapec Vibrofermentor, and (c) 14 liter New Brunswick fermentor. Utilizing these types of vessels the optimal culture conditions were evaluated as to the effect of: (1) pH, (2) initial concentration of cell inoculum, (3) types of media, and (4) methods of gassing and gas mixtures on the rate of growth and alloantigen expression. This study demonstrated that cells could be cultured on a semicontinuous basis up to densities of 2-4 × 106 cells/ml if a vessel of appropriate dimensions was utilized, the appropriate medium selected, and the pH controlled by CO2 and air overlay. Once these parameters were established the growth of a given cell line was highly reproducible: Under optimal culture conditions the expression of Thy-1 was maximum while the cells were in the exponential stage of growth and reduced during the lag and stationary phases of growth. The expression of TL did not vary as significantly during the various stages of growth. One cell line grown in medium supplemented with 10% horse serum expressed lass Thy-1 than those grown in medium containing 10% fetal calf serum. The factors affecting cell growth and alloantigen expression have been considered in the design of a large-scale suspension culture facility for culturing 1000 liters of cells per week.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170503
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    Primary suspension culture of calf anterior pituitary cells on a microcarrier surface (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 713-731 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to achieve a steady-state primary culture system for mammalian cells, with the potential to eventually correlate and control cell function and growth, a serious evaluation of various suspension systems was made. Calf anterior pituitary cells were employed as a differentiated cell type and successfully cultivated in a microcarrier suspension culture system. DEAE-Sephadex was demonstrated to be a satisfactory type of microcarrier. The cells readily attached to the bead and, after a short lag period, they actively proliferated on the bead surface to yield growth of a predominantly epithelial cell type. Under specific conditions the microcarrier supported primary cell growth up to levels of 2 × 106 cells per ml. High bead concentrations inhibited cell growth. The inhibition could be overcome by using proportionately higher cell inoculum so that a concentrated culture with 5 × 106 cells per ml was achieved. The inhibitory effect of high bead concentration was found to be due to the absorption of serum protein and certain growth enhancing factors. The fact that the growth enhancing factors were released from cells during the period of trypsinization and were both thermostable and nondialyzable, seems to suggest one approach to a dialysis culture system. In addition, relatively trauma-free primary cell cultures can be achieved by using explant culture without prior trypsinization. In microcarrier suspensions direct growth of primary rat mammary tumor cells was also demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    Kinetic Behavior of Microencapsulated β-Galactosidase (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1157-1181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Escherichia coli β-D-galactosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.23) was immobilized in cellulose nitrate membrane microcapsules and the reaction kinetics with o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG), lactose, and whole milk were studied using both continuous stirred tank and packed bedreactor configurations. The results of the experiments gave effectiveness factors of 0.3 for ONPG, 0.6 to 0.7 for lactose in solution, andclose to unity for lactose in milk. Using a coupled mass transfer and kinetic model, it was possible to estimate the permeability of the microcapsule membrane from the reactor data. Membrane permeabilities on the order of 5 × 10-3 and 3 × 10-4 cm/sec were estimated for ONPG and lactose, respectively. It was determined that the membrane was the limiting mass transfer resistance for the overallreaction. The analysis showed that within the microcapsule, the reaction is reaction rate limited for lactose and slightly diffusion limitedfor ONPG.
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    The effect of acid pH on the growth kinetics of Trichoderma viride (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1199-1210 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Batch cultures of Trichoderma viride have been carried out in a 10 liter stirred fermenter at controlled pH values of 2.5, 2.7, 3.0, and 4.0, and without pH control at a temperature of 28°C. Cell and glucose concentrations and dissolved oxygen values are reported. The yield coefficient was found to be constant at 0.40 kg cells/kg glucose and the maximum specific growth rate was linearly correlated with the hydrogen ion concentration.
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    Dynamic and steady state studies of phenol biodegradation in pure and mixed cultures (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1211-1235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The microbial degradation of phenol by pure and mixed cultures of Pseudomonas putida was studied in batch, phenol-stat, and continuous culture systems. In the continuous culture runs, both steady state and transient experiments were performed. From these experiments, a model for the kinetic behavior of the organisms was evolved and an analysis performed on the stability and dynamic behavior of pure and mixed cultures. The results indicate that it should be possible to achieve phenol removal from wastewaters down to levels of 1-2 ppm in a single stage system. However, because of the effects of substrate inhibition on kinetic behavior of the microorganisms, long lasting transients can occur. The transient behavior of such systems cannot be solely determined from μmax or Ks, parameters, but must include a consideration of the transient size and response characteristic of the organism.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170809
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    A model for diauxic growth (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1301-1312 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model is developed to predict batch and continuous culture behavior of fermentations on two different carbon and energy sources. The basic assumption of the model is that the permease for the favored substrate is constitutive, whereas the permease for the second substrate is subject to induction and catabolite repression. Simulations of the model show features of diauxic growth described in the literature.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170905
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    Masthead (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170101
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    Growth yields of microorganisms on methanol and methane. A theoretical study (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 15-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An attempt was made to calculate growth yields of microorganisms on methanol and methane on the basis of known biochemical pathways of C1 metabolism. Since 3-phosphoglycerate is a key intermediate in the assimilation pathways of C1 compounds, the calculations were based on the assumption that the synthesis of cell material from C1 substrates can be regarded as a two step process. When YATP on 3-phosphoglycerate was taken as 10.5, a maximal cell yield of organisms of the composition C4H8O2N on methanol was found to be 0.73 g cells/g substrate. For growth on methane a value of 0.91 g cells/g substrate was calculated when a mixed function oxidase was implicated in methane oxidation. These yields were calculated on the basis of the ribulose phosphate pathway of formaldehyde fixation as the major pathway of C1 assimilation. Yields calculated on the basis of the serine pathway were on an average 20% lower. The calculations disclosed that for growth on methane, at least for Methylococcus capsulatus, a reversed electron transport system is required when methane is oxidized by a mixed function oxidase. The theoretical cell yields on methanol and methane have been compared with experimentally obtained yields and the validity of the estimations of growth yields on the basis of the present calculations is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170103
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    Application of an insolubilized hepatic microsomal drug oxidase to the continous production of N-oxides (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 107-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The optimum operating temperature and pH have been determined for a catalyst prepared by the insolubilization of a hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase on glass beads. Temperature is a more significant variable than pH in determining potential catalyst yield (total product/unit catalyst). An operating range of about 25-28°C is optimal with respect to catalyst life at pH 7.6. Like the purified soluble oxidase, the glass bead-mounted enzyme catalyzes the NADPH- and oxygen-dependent oxidation of a variety of amines, hydrazines, and thioureylenes. The catalyst has been used in a simple slurry reactor to prepare mg quantities of N-oxide metabolites of prochlorperazine, guanethidine, and ethylmorphine.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170109
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    A rational approach for predicting the dissolved oxygen profile in receiving waters (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 69-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A practical method for predicting the dissolved oxygen (DO) profile in a stream receiving biodegradable waste is presented. In this method the BOD (accumulated O2 uptake) curve is obtained using an open jug technique. The accumulated O2 uptake curve thus developed is employed in numerical integration with the physical reaeration data for the receiving stream to predict the DO profile in the stream. In the present study, the method was examined using 10-liter open jar reactors to obtain the O2 uptake curves, and the receiving stream was a 670-liter simulated stream apparatus which has been employed in previous studies on stream reaeration. The method was found to provide a fairly good prediction of the actual dissolved oxygen profile observed in the receiving stream. The effect of the reaeration constant, K2 )agitation effect(, on the kinetics of O2 uptake was also investigated and it was found that increased agitation (higher K2 value) caused some increase in the accumulated oxygen uptake (BOD) curve with most of the increase coming after the so-called “plateau” area in the O2 uptake curve, i.e., in the general case, after the low point along the DO sag curve.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170106
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    Enzymatic breakdown of water insoluble substrates (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 185-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetic behavior of the enzymatic breakdown of crosslinked dextran (Sephadex) by a dextranase from Penicillium funiculosum was investigated as a model for enzymatic degradation of insoluble materials. A theoretical model is developed for the description of an enzymatic reaction on an insoluble substrate. Experimental data are compared to those predicted by the model which are calculated by using independently determined parameter-values such as the Michael is constants, effective pore radius of the particles, and the Stokes radius of the enzymes. Fairly good agreement was found between the theoretical analysis and the experimental data.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170205
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    Microbial growth on hydrocarbons - some experimental results (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 241-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple mechanism of hydrocarbon uptake by microorganisms is examined. This model considers the presence of micelles of surface active agents as essential for growth of microbial cells on hydrocarbon substrates. Larger hydrocarbon droplets serving as reservoirs may also be present. Experimental results to support the model are presented. The results of others are explained on the basis of this model.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170209
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    A mechanical foam breaker (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 273-275 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170212
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    Covalent attachment of proteins to inorganic supports directly by activation with cyanogen bromide (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 295-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170217
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    Conversion of L-sorbose to L-sorbosone by Gluconobacter melanogenusSee refs. 3, 4, and 5 for previous papers in this series. (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 349-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growing cultures, washed cells, and cell-free extracts of Gluconobacter melanogenus IFO 3293 were found to convert L-sorbose to L-sorbosone. The product was identified by thin layer chromatography of the 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazone, and by paper partition chromatography using chemically prepared materials as standards. Factors influencing the conversion included incubation temperature and composition of the growth medium. Addition of betaine or choline to the growing cultures stimulated conversion of L-sorbose to L-sorbosone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170305
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    A kinetic model for microbial growth on liquid hydrocarbons (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 399-412 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A kinetic model is presented to explain microbial growth using liquid n-alkanes as substrate. The model is based on the assumption that growth occurs on the soluble alkane and that the metabolite produced by the growing cells helps the dissolution of liquid alkanes in the aqueous medium. Growth curves based on that model fit well with growth data for batch and continuous culture reported by various authors. The model also explains the differences between the relative length of exponential and linear phases of growth reported earlier.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170308
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    A multigroup model for predator-prey interactions (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1269-1290 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The predator-prey interactions between the protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis and the bacterium Aerobacter aerogenes have been studied experimentally and mathematically. A mathematical model for the ciliates defines the mass distribution of cells within the population. The resulting model equations are solved by the use of multigroup theory. Experimental data from batch and continuous flow reactors are compared with the results of the numerical integration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170903
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    The total containment of a batch-type zonal centrifuge (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1313-1322 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A batch-type zonal centrifuge has been modified and totally contained for use with biologically hazardous materials.A sealed cabinet encloses the centrifuge and the ancilliary equipment. It is operated with a flow of filtered air when the zonal system is on, decontaminated with ethylene oxide, and maintained at a negative pressure throughout. The centrifuge subsystems can be drained, flushed, and decontaminated with ethylene oxide before an engineer services the machine. The sample handling system within the cabinet is remotely controlled.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170906
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    Improvement of conditions for precipitation of citric acid from fermentation mash (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1363-1364 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No Abstrast.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170910
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    Production of alcohol by Bacillus stearothermophilus (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1375-1377 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No Abstrast.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170914
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    Masthead (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260171001
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    Preparation and kinetic properties of gel entrapped urate oxidase (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1435-1441 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Urate oxidase from hog liver (urate: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.7.33) has been entrapped in a crosslinked 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate gel with a 47% retention of activity. The kinetic behavior of the gel entrapped enzyme has been studied in a slurried tank reactor using uric acid as substrate. Internal diffusion effects were found to be negligible for particle sizes below 128 μm. A threefold increase in Km (app) was observed for the 128 μm particles and attributed to diffusional effects. The pH activity profile of the gel entrapped enzyme was bell-shaped at high substrate concentration and could be fitted to a titration curve of two ionizable groups, a basic group having a pK of 7.9 and an acidic group with a pK of 11.0. The gel entrapped enzyme showed excellent stability between pH 6.5 and 10.5.
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    Stimulation by organic solvents and detergents of conversion of L-sorbose to L-sorbosone by Gluconobacter melanogenus IFO 3293For proceedings papers in this series see refs. 1 and 2. (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1473-1483 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Treatment of Gluconobacter melanogenus IFO 3293 cells with benzene, carbon tetrachloride, cyclohexane, deoxycholate, toluene, or xylene stimulated their conversion of L-sorbose to L-sorbosone two- to threefold. The degree of stimulation depended upon the length of exposure time to the agent and the age of the G. melanogenus cells. A rapid decrease in viability of the cells and degradation of cell RNA was noted after treatment with the effective agents. The G. melanogenus cells were unable to absorb L-sorbose actively after toluene treatment.
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    The response of a bioelectrochemical cell with Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolizing glucose under various fermentation conditions (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1529-1543 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Working conditions of a biochemical fuel cell formed by an oxygen cathode and a platinum bioanode in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae suspension metabolizing glucose are described. The biocell response in terms of bioanode potential and current drainage under different fermentation conditions is reported. A kinetic equation relating the current, the number of microorganisms, and the substrate concentration is obtained. The bioanode potential corresponds to that of an oxygen concentration polarization cell.
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    Single-cell protein production by photosynthetic bacteria cultivation in agricultural by-products (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1561-1570 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The growth of the nonsulfur photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa was investigated as a possible way to produce single-cell protein from agricultural by-products. Of the various raw materials examined as potential feedstocks, wheat bran infusion was selected as the substrate for mass culture and continuous cultivation studies. Harvested photosynthetic cells contained approximately 65.0% crude protein and 5.1% nucleic acid (RNA). The amino acid content of harvested photosynthetic proteins was comparable with conventional proteins of plant and animal origin.
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    An evaluation of a ceramic monolith as an enzyme support material (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1617-1626 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Catalase was immobilized on commercially available monolithic catalyst supports and also on participate support obtained by crushing the monolith. The kinetics of the monolith- and particulate-supported enzymes were analyzed in a continuous tubular reactor system and pressure drop was also monitored. Analysis of the results indicates that the monolith-supported system presents very little resistance to flow which results in a considerably smaller pressure drop than is obtained in flow through particulate-supported systems under comparable conversion conditions. Ceramic monoliths thus appear to be very suitable for use as enzyme supports in continuous tubular reactor applications, particularly where high pressure drops might be expected.
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    On-line measurement of gas-exchange conditions in fermentation processes (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1663-1678 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gas-exchange conditions of C. ulilis cultures were analyzed by an on-line, real-time operating digital computer interfaced with a 250 liter, highly instrumented fermentor.Information obtained from the computer was correlated with wet chemical analytical data related to nucleic acid, protein, and ethyl alcohol production rates. Once the correlation was established, the computed gas-exchange data, especially the RQ which functions as an indicator of the cells physiological condition, could be used as a real-time process status indicator which follows or forecasts events during the fermentation.It was also found that electrical noises generted on the sensor-instrument level may handicap the interpretation of the meaning of computed process status indicators. Since “clear” data is considered as a prerequisite to follow the physiological conditions and perform control of environmental variables, a special computer program is necessary to filter the electric noises at the sensor-instrument level prior to the on-line, real-time data analysis for process status identification.
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    YATP value in Candida tropicalis grown on n-alkanes, fatty acids, and acetate (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1705-1715 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The amount of ATP produced during n-alkane, fatty acid, or acetate metabolism in Candida tropicalis has been established from the P/O ratios measured on isolated mitochondria, yield on substrate andcarbon balance. For these three kinds of substrates, YATP value has been found to be close to 4, although Ysub on acetate is very different from those found with n-alkanes or fatty acids.
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    Effectiveness factors for substrate and product inhibition (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1761-1773 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The transformation technique of Na and Na (Math. Biosci., 6, 25, 1970) is extended to convert boundary-value problems involving the steady-state diffusion equation for spherical immobilized enzyme particles exhibiting substrate and product inhibition to initial-value problems. This allows a study of the influence of external mass transfer resistances on the effectiveness factors. It also considerably reduces the number of calculations required to investigate the effect of changes in the kinetic parameters on the overall rate of reaction. The existence of multiple steady states for substrate inhibition kinetics in spherical catalyst particles is illustrated and a criterion for uniqueness of steady states is developed. Effectiveness factors for competitive and noncompetitive product inhibition increase with increasing value of the Sherwood number for the substrate and increasing value of the ratio of substrate to product effective diffusivities within the particle.
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    Engineering analysis of continuous production of L-aspartic acid by immobilized Escherichia coli cells in fixed bedsPresented at the 12th Symposium of the Society of Chemical Engineers of Japan, Hamamatsu, Japan, November 11, 1974 (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1797-1804 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The reaction mechanism and decay behavior of aspartase activity for immobilized Escherichia coli cells were investigated by using a sectional packed column.Reaction within the immobilized cell column proceeded at zero-order on substrate solutions ranging in concentration from 0.1 to 1.0M, and the initial reaction rate was found to be 1.556 × 10-2 mol/min/liter of immobilized cells.The effect of temperature on the reaction rate constant was investigated. The Arrhenius plot was straight line at temperatures below 43°C, and the activation energy for immobilized cells was calculated to be 12.36 kcal/mol.Asparatase activity in the immobilized cell column decayed exponentially and uniformly in all sections of a column. Its half-life was approximately 120 days.The rate of formation of L-aspartic acid was shown to be independent of column dimensions.
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    Variable-volume continuous cultivation (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1805-1822 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equations are developed which describe variable-volume cultivations, including fed-batch systems. An analogy is drawn between the quasi-steady state in variable-volume cultivation and a dynamic steady state in variable-flow, constant-volume chemostat bioreactors. Switching procedures are developed to give a steady-state transition from batch to fed-batch and to continuous operation. In this respect, considerations in the literature have been extended. Computer solutions of the governing differential equations verify the theory and provide insight into the behavior of variable-volume stirred tank reactors.Application of variable-volume cultivation as a tool in investigating growth rates at low substrate levels is suggested. Variable-volume bioreactor systems could be also to obtain controlled dynamic conditions for research or production purposes.
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    Application of modified Rosenbrock's method for optimisation of nutrient media used in microorganism culturing (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1833-1837 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Recent advances in enzymatic synthesis of amino acids (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 243-243 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230119
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    Temperature effects on ethanol and isopropanol utilization by Candida krusei (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 267-275 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Candida Krusei has a optimum growth temperature of 37°C on SASOL ethanol-isopropanol mixture. The organism was unable to grow on isopropanol, but oxidized it partially to acetone in the presence and absence of ethanol. Growth at 40°C in the alcohol mixture was slightly faster than at 30°C over an ethanol concentration range of 0.43 to 3.6% (v/v), although at both temperatures the growth rate declined continuously with increasing concentration. At an ethanol concentration greater than 3.6% (v/v), the mixture was much more inhibitory to growth at 40 and 30°C. The inhibitory effect was due to the ethanol rather than the isopropanol. Metabolites such as acetate, acetaldehyde, and ethyl acetate accumulated in the medium, but the degree of accumulation depended upon the temperature and alcohol mixture concentration. At 40°C, acetaldehyde and acetate accumulated to a greater extent than 30°C on a 4.0% (v/v) synthetic alcohol mixture and this may also cause the greater inhibition at this temperature. The alcohol mixture is unsuitable for single cell protein (SCP) production in batch culture because of the low cell densities observed at all alcohol concentrations.
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    The role of interphase nitrogen transport in the dynamic measurement of the overall volumetric mass transfer cefficient in air-sparged systems (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 301-319 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It has been shown both theoretically and experimentally that interphase nitrogen transport may have a significant influence on the rate of interphase oxygen transport, and thereby also on the value of the volumetric mass transfer coefficient of oxygen, kla, determined in mechanically agitated bubble fermentors using the variants of dynamic method presented in the literature. The experiments were carried out in 1M KCI solution at five stirrer frequencies and two gas inlet levels. The gas interchanges were performed either without interrupting the aeration and agitation of the charge (A) or with the aeration and agitation of the charge turned on at the same time (B). The applied variants of the interchange were N2→ O2→, O2→ N2, N2→ air, air→ N2, O→ O2, and O→ air. In the two last variants the oxygen dissolved in the charge was removed by reacting with sulfite ions. The kla values calculated by allowing for the nitrogen transport for procedure A were approximately equal to the values obtained by disregarding the nitrogen transport, whereas those for procedure B were higher (up to 40%), than the values obtained disregarding the nitrogen transport.
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    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981) 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230201
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    Production of ethanol from raw cassava starch by a nonconventional fermentation method (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 291-299 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Raw cassava root starch was transformed into ethanol in a one-step process of fermentation, in which are combined the conventional processes of liquefaction, saccharification, and fermentation to alcohol. Aspergillus awamori NRRL 3112 and Aspergillus niger were cultivated on wheat bran and used as Koji enzymes. Commercial A. niger amyloglucosidase was also used in this experiment. A raw cassava root homogenate-enzymes-yeast mixture fermented optimally at pH 3.5 and 30°C, for five days and produced ethanol. Alcohol yields from raw cassava roots were between 82.3 and 99.6%. Fungal Koji enzymes effectively decreased the viscosity of cassava root fermentation mashes during incubation. Commercial A. niger amyloglucosidase decreased the viscosity slightly. Reduction of viscosity of fermentation mashes was 40, 84, and 93% by commercial amyloglucosidase, A. awamori, and A. niger enzymes, respectively. The reduction of viscosity of fermentation mashes is probably due to the hydrolysis of pentosans by Koji enzymes.
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    Use of immobilized cells of Rhizopus nigricans for the 11α-hydroxylation of progesterone (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 345-354 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The filamentous fungus, Rhizopus nigricans, was immobilized in polyacrylamide, alginate, and agar gels and its ability to 11α-hydroxylate progesterone was examined. No activity was detected using polyacrylamide gel but both agar and alginate gels have proved capable of hydroxylation. Agar gels displayed faster rates and higher yields. It was possible to induce hydroxylase synthesis within agar and alginate gels, and microscopical examination provided evidence for hyphal growth within these gels. The concept of increased biomass was used to explain the observed increase in the rates of hydroxylase activity of the immobilized cells. Conversely, hyphal overcrowding was postulated for the rapid inactivation observed under some operating conditions.
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    Automated fermentation equipment I. program-controlled fermentor (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 391-404 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A fermentation system with a plug scheme unit has been developed, offering a variety of solutions to measurement, control, and operational problems. By means of the program unit, e.g., automatic pH control assigned to the dynamic of batch cultures and the feed of different ingredients controlled by a time program or a given variable have been solved. The continuous culture volume was controlled by a level controlled by a level controller equipped with a photosensor. A method was developed for variable control that provide information on the activity of the culture, and allows direct measurement of the different rate values, e.g., generation time or specific product formation rate. Applicability of the direct measurement of generation time is presented in the qualification of molasses and in a static off-line optimization process.
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    Stabilization of chloroplast by radiation-induced immobilization with various glass-forming monomers (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 833-841 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of immobilization with various glass-forming monomers on the stability of PS II activity of spinach chloroplast was investigated. PS II activity (O2 evolution due to the Hill reaction) was reduced very slightly by the addition of monomers including polyethyleneglycol (PEG). Immobilization of chloroplast was done with hydrophobic monomer as well as hydrophilic monomer and activity of immobilized chloroplast increased with decreasing monomer concentration as far as the polymerization was possible. The activity of immobilized chloroplast was very high and it decayed far more gradually with the storage time in comparison with the decay of unimmobilized chloroplast and was retained more than 30 days. The optimum monomer concentration for immobilization was about 10%. Thermostability of chloroplast also increased greatly by immobilization with these monomers, especially hydrophilic monomers.
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    Raw materials evaluation and process development studies for conversion of biomass to sugars and ethanolThis paper was prepared for presentation at the Second Annual Symposium on Fuels from Biomass, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 20-22 June 1978. This work was done with support from the Department of Energy. Any conclusions or opinions expressed in this report represent solely those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory nor of the Department of Energy. (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 163-183 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A range of cellulosic raw materials in the form of agricultural crop residue was analyzed for chemical composition and assessed for potential yields of sugars through chemical pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of these materials. Corn stover was used as a representative raw material for a preliminary process design and economic assessment of the production of sugars and ethanol. With the process as presently developed, 24 gal ethanol can be obtained per ton of corn stover at a processing cost of about $1.80/gal exclusive of by-product credits. The analysis shows the cost of ethanol to be highly dependent upon: (1) the cost of the biomass, (2) the extent of conversion to glucose, (3) enzyme recovery and production cost, and (4) potential utilization of xylose. Significant cost reduction appears possible through further research in these directions.
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    An outdoor biophotolytic system using the cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica B629 (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 213-220 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica B629 was suspended in small glass beds and incubated in a gas-tight glass vessel outdoors under a gas atmosphere comprising carbon monoxide (0.2%), acetylene (5%), oxygen (6.5%), and nitrogen. The solution phase initially contained sodium bicarbonate (10mM) at pH 7. Under these conditions the organism continuously produced hydrogen gas for over three weeks. The temperature of the culture was maintained below 30°C and minimum night temperatures were recorded. The vessel was covered by a shadecloth, which reduced the natural illumination by approximately 70%. The system is an alternative to those requiring the strict absence of oxygen and little nitrogen, and requires virtually no attention during the incubation period.
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    Bacterial utilization of pure and mixed C1 compounds for single cell protein production (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 235-242 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Cephalexin synthesis by partially purified and immobilized enzymes (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 361-371 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An enzyme which catalyzes the synthesis of cephalexin fromD-α phenylglycinemethylester (PGM) and 7-amino-3-desacetoxy-cephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA) was prepared from Xanthomonas citri (IFO 3835) and partially purified 30-fold by ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose, and Sepharose-4B column chromatography. The Km values for 7-ADCA, PGM, and cephalexin were determined as 11.1, 2.1, and 1.61 mM, respectively. The enzymatic cephalexin synthesis follows the reversible bi-uni reaction kinetics. The equilibrium constant is influenced by the initial mole ratios of 7-ADCA and PGM. The cephalexin hydrolysis is catalyzed by the same cephalexin synthesizing enzyme, but methanol does not participate in the hydrolytic reaction. The amount of enzyme in the reaction mixture affects the initial rate but does not influence the equilibrium product concentration. This cephalexin-synthesizing enzyme was immobilized onto several adsorbents. Among these, Kaolin and bentonite showed a higher retention of enzyme activity and stability for reuse. The immobilized-enzyme reaction kinetics were investigated and compared with those of the soluble enzyme. A rate expression for the enzymatic synthesis of cephalexin was derived. The results of computer simulation showed good agreement with the experimental results.
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    Hen egg white: A novel support for the immobilization of enzymes (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 431-436 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Studies of the effect of shear on globular proteins: Extension to high shear fields and to pumps (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 425-429 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Steady-state behavior of ideal liquids within vessels which are shaken circularly (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 451-454 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Estimation of intrinsic kinetic constants for pore diffusion-limited immobilized enzyme reactions (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 487-497 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple method is presented that establishes intrinsic rate parameters when slow pore diffusion of substrate limits immobilized enzyme reactions that obey Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The Aris-Bischoff modulus is employed. Data at high substrate concentrations, where the enzyme would be saturated in the absence of diffusion limitation, and at low substrate concentrations, where effectiveness factors are inversely proportional to reaction modulus, are used to determine maximum rate and Michaelis constant, respectively. Because Michaelis-Menten and Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics are formally identical, this method may be used to estimate intrinsic rate parameters of many heterogeneous catalysts. The technique is demonstrated using experimental data from the hydrolysis of maize dextrin with diffusion-limited immobilized glucoamylase. This system yields a Michaelis constant of 0.14%, compared to 0.11% for soluble glucoamylase and 0.24% for immobilized glucoamylase free of diffusional effects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230303
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    The scale-up from 0.1 to 100 liter of a unit process system based on 3-mm-diameter glass spheres for the production of four strains of FMDV from BHK monolayer cells (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 551-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the scale-up from 0.1 to 100 liter of the unit process based on 3-mm-diameter glass spheres for the growth of BHK monolayer cells. The production of four strains of FMD virus at the 0.1-, 10-, and 100-liter scales was examined. Cell growth was estimated from measurements of the concentration of glucose in the growth medium, while the release of virus was inferred from measuring the concentration of LDH in the culture supernatant fluid. The yields of virus at 0.1-, 1-, and 10-liter scales were similar but that from the 100-liter version was somewhat lower. The reason for this lower yield and the method used to overcome it over outlined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230307
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    Photometabolic production of hydrogen from organic substrates by free and immobilized mixed cultures of Rhodospirillum rubrum and Klebsiella pneumoniae*We would like to dedicate this article to Professor George Manecke on his 65th birthday in honor of his outstanding contributions to the field of biotechnology. (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 605-614 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A culture of R. rubrum cells apparently contaminated with K. pneumoniae were immobilized by entrapment in agar. This system was used as model for hydrogen production by photometabolic means. Observed results indicated that the contaminant exerted a major influence on the observed results. This preparation, when immobilized and used in a specifically designed reactor with glucose substrate, showed operational half-lives of approximately 1000 hr. The feasibility of using this “mixed” culture for producing hydrogen from acid hydrolyzed cellulose and wood sawdust was also examined.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230310
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    Immobilization of enzymes on metal-chelate regenerable carriers (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 663-668 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No abstract.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230316
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  • 81
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    Casein hydrolysis in stirred tank reactors using chymotrypsin immobilized on magnetic supports (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 677-689 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nickel-NiO-BSA-chymotrypsin has been used to hydrolyze casein in both batch and continuous stirred tank reactors. The kinetics of hydrolysis in both types of reactor were considered. Some operational problems encountered using fine powder catalysts in batch stirred tank reactors are discussed. High gradient magnetic separation was found to be a powerful catalysts retention method for magnetic support particles, particularly when using a ferromagnetic collection matrix. Nickel particles of diameter 3-7 μm were easily separated from water at a processing velocity of 39 mm/sec. Nickel powder and precipitated Fe3O4 were also separated satisfactorily using a rotating drum magnetic separator.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230403
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    Evaluation of feeding strategies in carbon-regulated secondary metabolite production through mathematical modeling (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 717-738 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: There is now growing evidence that the production of many secondary metabolic by microorganisms is subjected to carbon-catabolite regulation. Even though the exact mode of this regulation is not yet clear, an engineering analysis of the production process is still possible based upon a suitable hypothesis. By way of simulation of penicillin fermentation data obtained from the literature, a mechanistic model involving a substrate inhibition kinetics of product formation has been verified in this paper. Such a model has been found successful not only in predicting simple sugar-feeding strategy, but also a complicated computer guided strategy based upon controlling biomass growth rates in the tropo and idiophases. Using this model, for strategies for sugar feeding into penicillin fermentation have been investigated. These results show that similar penicillin productivities can be obtained using any of these strategies provided fermentations are carried out under optimal conditions corresponding to the strategy chosen. Effect of maximum oxygen transfer capacity of the fermentor under the conditions of fungal growth has been incorporated using an upper limit of biomass concentration on achievement of which the fermentations must be stopped due to serious oxygen limitations. Results of model simulations with such limits throw light upon the way in which different fermentors may behave with respect to product formation.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230406
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  • 83
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    Energetic yields associated with hydrocarbon fermentations (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 793-803 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Energetic yields associated with microbial growth on hydrocarbons are investigated and compared with values for other organic substrates. Both cell growth and extracellular product formation are investigated. Both carbon and energy limitations are considered in estimating theoretical yields. Carbon, available electron, and ATP balances are used in the theoretical analysis. The results indicate that the availability of carbon may limit growth and product formation.
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  • 84
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    Self-cleaning membranes for ultrafiltration (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 843-854 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to reduce the severe flux losses encountered during ultrafiltration of protein solutions, proteases were immobilized on Ultrafiltration membranes to hydrolyze the deposited solute molecules. Over a standard 22 hr run 25 to 78% improvement in cumulative permeate yield was obtained when processing 0.5% albumin or hemoglobin. It was also demonstrated that the flux enhancements were due to the biochemical action of the absorbed protease and not to its physical effect as a prefilter coat. with the aid of a model retardation of gel formation mechanism was demonstrated. Economics of the system were shown to be favorable, improving the rate of return on capital investment up to 50% by reduction of the total membrane area of the plant.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230414
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  • 85
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    Multilevel control of multistage continuous culture using a microprocessor (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 887-898 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the implementation of multilevel techniques using a microprocessor to control multistage continuous culture systems. A system which produces gramicidin S is taken as an example. The single level technique using the conjugate gradient method is applied to solve the two-stage and the three-stage continuous culture and is compared with the multilevel one. The results show that the application of multilevel techniques is more advantageous and suitable for this system than any other method which has been utilized so far. The advantages of using a microprocessor will be stated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230418
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  • 86
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    Characteristics of immobilized invertase (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 917-917 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No abstract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230420
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  • 87
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    Growth of E. Coli W to high cell concentration by oxygen level linked control of carbon source concentration (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1015-1021 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The growth of E. coli W in a bench scale fermentor to high cell concentration is described. The method involves growth-linked introduction of ammonia to the culture, sparging the culture with oxygen, and maintenance of aerobic conditions during the final growth phase by gradually and automatically decreasing the concentration of the carbon source, sucrose, in the culture. Thus, the oxygen demand is kept within the limits of the supply capacity, and a linear growth rate during the final phase of growth is obtained. A concentration of 42 g dry cell per liter was obtained. The yield constants for nitrogen and phosphorous were determined and were compared with those obtained using the temperature variation method.
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    Enhancement of oxygen absorption by magnetite-containing beads of immobilized glucose oxidase (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1037-1044 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rates of oxygen absorption into glucose solutions were measured using an immobilized-enzyme reactor, in which magnetite-containing beads of immobilized glucose oxidase were moved by a revolving magnetic field to reduce the mass transfer resistances at the gas-liquid interface and around the bead. Data were also obtained for oxygen absorption into glucose solutions containing soluble or immobilized glucose oxidase (without magnetite), as well as for physical absorption of oxygen. The rates of physical absorption for the runs with the magnetite-containing beads increased because of mechanical stirring caused by spinning of the beads at the gas-liquid interface. In this case the experimental enhancement factors were found to be larger than those predicted on the basis of the film theory for gas absorption with a pseudo-first order reaction.
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    The isomerization of D-glucose into D-fructose catalyzed by whole-cell immobilized glucose isomerase. The dependence of the intrinsic rate of reaction on substrate concentration, pH, and temperature (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1087-1101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The relation between the intrinsic rate of the glucose-fructose isomerization catalyzed by whole-cell immobilized glucose isomerase and the substrate concentration can be described with the kinetic model The numerical values of k1, k-1, k2, and k-2 have been determined from low-conversion experiments starting from pure glucose or fructose solutions, and are presented as a function of pH and temperature. The difference between the overall chemical reaction rate determined in high-conversion experiments and that calculated from the individual k1, k-1, k2, and k-2 values is less than 10%.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 90
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    Total containment of a continuous-flow zonal centrifuge (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A continuous-flow, high throughput, turbine-driven zonal centrifuge has been contained for use with biologically hazardous materials. The centrifuge and all ancillary equipment are enclosed in three sealed cabinets that are maintained at negative pressure, decontaminated with ethylene oxide, and provide cooling for the process fluids. Sample handling is semiautomated and remotely controlled for ease of operation and includes an automated decontamination system. The centrifuge subsystems can be decontaminated prior to an engineer servicing the machine, and apparatus is provided for absolute filtration of the centrifuge turbine exhaust.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230102
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  • 91
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    Acidogenic fermentation of corn stover (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 61-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Corn stover was fermented by anaerobic acidogenic bacteria to produce volatile (C2-C6) organic acids. Mild pretreatment with dilute alkali solutions produced a two-fold increase in fermentability. A mixture of lime and sodium carbonate was found to be a better pretreatment agent than sodium hydroxide. Methane generation was inhibited by low temperature (≤ 25°C) and high solids [≥ 2.5% (w/v)] fermentation. Volatile acid yields of 0.5-0.55 g acetic acid equiv/g dry ash-free (DAF) stover could be obtained in batch fermentations. Several extractants and extraction solvents for organic acids were found to be nontoxic to acidogenic fermentation. The data show that acidogenic fermentation can produce useful volatile fatty acids in high yields from a complex lignocellulosic feedstock. These fermentations are nonsterile, need no stirring, and are easy to run. Moreover, cellulose, pentosans, and other carbohydrates are directly utilized by acidogenic bacteria. Hence, acidogenic fermentation could be useful in converting biomass to chemical feedstocks and fuel.
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  • 92
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    Influence of engineering variables upon the morphology of filamentous molds (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 111-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A modal has been described for the influence of growth rate and shear stresses in the fermentor upon the morphology of filamentous molds. The main concept of this model is the dynamic equilibrium between growth and breakup of the hyphae. The latter has been approached according to well-known engineering theories for dispersion of physical systems. Experiments to verify the model with a strain of Penicillium chrysogenum in batch and continuous culture revealed that the length of the mycelial particles increased with increasing growth rate and decreased with increasing power input her unit mass in the fermentor. Although this was qualitatively in agreement with the presented model, quantitatively the model had to be rejected. Variation of the tensile strength of the hyphae with age and culturing conditions could have been one of the causes of disagreement. Oxygen tension, varied independently from stirrer speed, in the range of 12-300 mm Hg was shown to have no influence upon the morphology. With respect to the question of possibly using high-energy inputs in industrial mold fermentation in order to decrease hyphal length and suspension viscosity, it was concluded that this is of little practical value. A substantial decrease in hyphal length requires an enormous increase in energy input.
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    Immobilization of invertase on krill chitin (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 231-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230117
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    Maximum cell productivity by repeated fed-batch culture for constant yield case (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 249-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Optimal operation of repeatedly fed-batch was determined by the continuous maximum principle for the constant yield case. The objective of maximum cell productivity for a fixed cell concentration was achieved by finding the substrate feeding policy that minimized the processing time. Analytical criteria for the optimal filling policy show that an exponential policy is optimum when the specific growth rate has a maximum, and also that operation in the simple repeated batch mode is optimum when the specific growth rate is monotonic increasing. Comparisons between optimal repeated fed-batch culture and other modes of operation were made for the case of substrate-inhibited growth. Cell productivity by repeated fed-batch exceeds both batch and continuous operation for the case of low residual substrate concentration.
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    Characteristics of mechanically disrupted bakers' yeast in relation to its separation in industrial centrifuges (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 335-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The viscosity, density, and sedimentation characteristics of suspensions of whole and mechanically disrupted yeast cells were measured. Mechanical disruption increases the suspension viscosity and its non-Newtonian behavior. Experiments showed a good correlation between laboratory- and industrial-scale centrifugation results.
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    Peptide synthesis enzymatically catalyzed in a biphasic system: Water-water-immiscible organic solvent (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 355-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Synthesis of a peptide bond is suggested to be enzymatically catalysed in a biphasic system “water-water-immiscible organic solvent”. The pH dependence of the apparent equilibrium constant is studied for synthesis of N-acetyl-L-tryptophanyl-L-leucine amide from N-Acet-Trp andL-Leu-NH2. The reaction was performed in the biphasic system ethyl acetate plus water [from 2 to 2% (v/v)] in the presence of α-chymotrypsin. The suggested approach is preparative value: with the stoichiometric ratio of the reagents, [N-Acet-L-Trp] = [L-Leu-NH2] = 2 × 10-3M, the yield is practically 100% (in water, with other conditions being the same, the yield is not over 01.%).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Automated fermentation equipment II. Computer-fermentor system (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 405-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An expensive computer-operated system suitable for data collection and steady-state optimum control of fermentation processes is presented. With this system, minimum generation time has been determined as a function of temperature and pH in the turbidostat cultivation of a yeast strain. The applicability of the computer-fermentor system is also presented by the determination of the dynamic KLa value.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230214
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    A rapid sampling valve with minimal dead space for laboratory scale fermenters (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 437-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230218
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    A simple hobby Computer-based off-gas analysis system (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 455-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230222
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  • 100
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    Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose lung immobilized β-glucosidase (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 473-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The production of sugars by enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is a multistep process which includes conversion of the intermediate cellobiose to glucose by β-glucosidase. Aside from its role as an intermediate, cellobiose inhibits the endoglucanase components of typical cellulase enzyme systems. Because these enzyme systems often contain insufficient concentrations of β-glucosidase to prevent accumulation of inhibitory cellobiose, this research investigated the use of supplemental immobilized β-glucosidase to increase yield of glucose. Immobilized β-glucosidase from Aspergillus phoenicis was produced by sorption at controlled-pore alumina with about 90% activity retention. The product lost only about 10% of the original activity during an on-stream reaction period of 500 hr with cellobiose as substrate; maximum activity occurred near pH 3.5 and the apparent activation energy was about 11 kcal/mol. The immobilized β-glucosidase was used together with Trichoderma reesei cellulase to hydrolyze cellulosic materials, such as Solka Floc, corn stove and exploded wood. Increased yields of glucose and greater conversions of cellobiose of glucose were observed when the reaction systems contained supplemental immobilized β-glucosidase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230302
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