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  • ASTROPHYSICS  (1,718)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (858)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989  (1,467)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (1,109)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1987  (1,467)
  • 1977  (599)
  • 1975  (510)
Collection
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989  (1,467)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (1,109)
  • 1940-1944
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dispersions in hydrocarbon fermentation. A retrospective study (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 541-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A nondimensionalized plot, obtained by normalizing the drop-size distribution in the hydrocarbon phase using the Sauter mean diameter, shows a tendency towards self-preservation of the distribution. Changes of distribution in time during the course of fermentation, initial dispersed phase fraction, speed of rotation, and reactor size were taken into account. Using this self-preserving property, an empirical (single parameter) equation has been proposed for drop-size distribution. Data, available from the literature, are presented for non-biological and biological systems (gas-oil, n-hexadecane, and n-hexadecane dissolved in dewaxed gas oil as dispersed phases). The parameter, Sauter mean diameter, has been correlated with the operating conditions, and a critical review presented. Cell density was found to have significant effect on Sauter mean diameter. This effect has also been empirically explained. The possibilities of using generalized distribution in predicting the performance of fermenters is outlined.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170407
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comments on microbial growth rate (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 279-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170214
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A solid state fermentation method for citric acid production using sugar cane bagasse (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 291-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170216
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of a plasmin inhibitory substance by Scopolia japonica suspension cultures (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 305-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A potent inhibitory agent against human plasmin, fibrinolytic proteinase, has been found in the extracts of callus tissue of Scopolia japonica. Effects of cultural conditions on cell growth and production of the plasmin inhibitory substance by this cell line in suspension cultures were examined in MurashigeSkoog's medium. More than l.5 mg of the inhibitor, as t-amino cyclohexane carboxylic acid, a synthetic plasmin inhibitor, were observed to accumulate per ml of medium containing 0.83 g of NH4NO3 and 7.6 g of KNO3 per liter as well as suitable levels of growth hormones.Addiction of antibiotics and deformers were examined in preliminary tests for large scale cultivation. Semicontinuous culture on a small scale in a glass cylinder, was also tested and growth rate of 1.29 g/liter/day (by dry wt) was obtained. Plasmin inhibitory activities in the extracts of the results intact plant and in cultured cells of S. japonica were compared and the results indicated that cell suspension culture was superior to extraction the natural plant for inhibitor production.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170302
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of cellulase and protein from barley straw by Trichoderma viride (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 361-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The cellulase production by two strains of the cellulolytic fungus Trichoderma viride was examined. The fungi were grown on different preparations of barley straw pretreated with NaOH under high pressure. The production of cellulases and microbial protein by the better strain (QM 9123) was investigated in an aerated 5-liter fermenter under varying stirring rates (200-350 rpm) and straw concentrations (1-2%). The pH was kept between 3.5 and 4.5. The growth of the fungus was followed by measuring the quantity of CO2 produced and the cell protein. After 2-6 days growth ceased, the lag phases lasting 0-2 days, increasing with increasing straw concentrations. The maximum enzyme yields were reached after 4-10 days. The protein content of the product was 21-26% and up to 70% of the straw was utilized. The yield constants were calculated to be 0.40-0.56; of the same order as those which can be obtained by growing the fungus on glucose.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170306
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    The influence of diffusion on the apparent rate of denaturation of gel entrapped enzymes (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 441-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170312
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protein hydrolysis with immobilized enzymes (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 451-453 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170314
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of cell concentration measurement method on the value of specific growth rate (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 461-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170317
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An automatic homocontinuous culture apparatus (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 985-995 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An apparatus for the cultivation of microorganism under controlled conditions is described. This apparatus is basically a turbidostat improved with automatic devices for sample withdrawal and tube cleaning. The results of experiments, using Euglena gracilis to check the constancy of some physiological parameters (in particular phototactic reactivity), are reported.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170704
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  • 10
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    Temporal structure of S phase analyzed using an automated synchrony system (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 675-694 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An automated system for cell cycle analysis is described in which synchronous populations of greater than 95% mitotic cells can be selected and subcultured without resorting to inhibitors or altered media. Selection of mitotic cells from roller bottle cultures generates synchronous populations of up to 5 × 107 cells, as often as every 30 min, under conditions of constant temperature. A detailed analysis of the temporal pattern of DNA synthesis in the S phase of several Chinese hamster cells is presented. Several potential artefacts and uncertainties regarding the cell cycle blockage point in S phase synchronization are discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170505
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Maintenance of perpetual synchrony in HeLa suspension cultures: Question of unbalanced growth (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 703-712 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Unbalanced growth has been studied in HeLa cell cultures maintained in perpetual division synchrony by periodic inhibition of DNA synthesis. Observation of eight independent cellular parameters indicates that once synchrony has been established the degree of unbalanced growth in later cycles is not as great as is observed with the conventional “double-block” technique. This significant diminution of unbalanced growth appears to be related to the significantly shorter periods of inhibition of DNA synthesis used in the resynchronization process.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170507
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Enhancement factor for oxygen absorption into fermentation broth (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1083-1098 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Values of the enhancement factor for oxygen absorption into fermentation broth, i.e., the ratio of the liquid phase mass transfer coefficients for oxygen absorption for both cases with and without respiration of microorganisms were predicted theoretically on the assumption of various cell concentration distributions. Calculations indicate that in the usual case the enhancement factor is only slightly or negligibly larger than unity, even when accumulation of microorganisms at or near the gas-liquid interface is assumed. Results of experiments with sparged-stirred fermentors on oxygen absorption into fermentation broths containing resting and growing cells of Candida tropicalis confirmed the theoretical prediction. Except for extreme cases, the effect of respiration of microorganisms on kLa, values can practically be ignored.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170710
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Solid Waste for Fuel Gas Production (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1119-1135 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Anaerobic digestion offers a potential means of converting organic solid waste into fuel gas and thereby provide a supplemental and readily utilizable source of energy. We are particularly interested in the use of thermophilic digestion over a mesophilic operation for it can achieve higher rates of digestion, greater conversion of waste organics to gas, faster solid-liquid separation, and minimization of bacterial and viral pathogen accumulation. Our results comparing mesophilic (37°C) and thermophilic (65°C) anaerobic digestion of domestic solid waste confirm the increased rate and conversion of waste to methane. In addition, utilizing radioactive labeling of glucose and acetic acid, we have measured the volumetric rates of volatile acid production and disappearance under both mesophilic and thermophilic conditions.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170804
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  • 14
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    Submerged cultivation of a thermotolerant basidiomycete on cereal flours and other substrates (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1183-1197 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The imperfect state, Sporotrichum pulverulentum, of thecellulolytic basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporiumhas been grown on barley flour and other agricultural products in shake cultures, in an air-lift fermentor, and in stirred fermentors. The growth morphology varied with cultivation conditions, but it was possible to maintain heavy suspensions of loosely associated mycelia in fermentors. The fungus can grow in temperatures up to 40°C and use ammonium salts or organic nitrogen sources to convert sugars, starch, pectin, and various seed residues to a biomass containing 30-40% protein with a favorable amino acid composition. Serial cultures were grown on flours under conditions where the larger part of the culture was withdrawn and replaced with new medium every, or every other, day. The mycelia are easy to harvest by filtration and have several properties which make the product attractive as a potential food ingredient.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170807
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  • 15
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    Masthead (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170901
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  • 16
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    Nonisothermal heterogeneous reaction in a denaturable immobilized enzyme catalyst (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1237-1242 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170810
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  • 17
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    Kinetics of solka floc cellulose hydrolysis by trichoderma viride cellulase (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 873-893 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A product inhibition model is developed to describe the hydrolysis of cellulose by the Trichoderma viride enzyme system. It is assumed that noncompetitive inhibition by cellobiose dominates the reaction kinetics. Experiments show that this is indeed a reasonable assumption for initial cellulose concentrations of up to 15 g/liter and at hydrolysis extents up to 65′. Kinetic parameters were determined for the noncompetitive inhibitionmodel in batch experiments with durations of up to 1.5 hr. These parameterswere then used in predicting reaction progress for up to 10 hr. Cellobiose was added to the reaction mixture at the onset of some runs and againreliable predictions were obtained for up to 8 hr of hydrolysis. Finally reaction was carried out in a membrane reactor whereby the product cellobiose was being continuously removed and again reasonable predictability was obtained with a higher net reaction rate.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170608
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  • 18
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    Film diffusion and Michaelis-Menten kinetics in a packed-bed reactor (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1555-1559 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260171014
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Preparation of immobilized β-galactosidase by poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and the continuous hydrolysis of lactose in acid whey (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1571-1589 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Immobilized β-galactosidase gel was prepared using poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) under β-ray irradiation. In contrast to the gelation of N-vinylpyrrolidone monomer-enzyme solution, the gelation of PVP-β-galactosidase solution (PVP content: 10%) was almost completely uneffected by the dose rate and amount of phosphate present. PVP-enzyme solution was gelled by irradiation with 3.0 Mrad. The expressed activity of the PVP-enzyme gel was about 30% of the initial activity and added activity was almost totally entrapped. No leakage of enzyme from these gels could be detected. Leakage was, however, detected in the case of the gelation of PVP-enzyme solution containing more than 1% of enzyme protein. When the general properties of the gel were compared with those of the native enzyme, the gel proved to be slightly inferior to the native enzyme with respect to optimum temperature, heat stability, pH activity, and pH stability. Continuous hydrolysis of lactose in acid whey could be carried out at 50°C using a column packed with the gel and sawdust and the degree of hydrolysis was found to be almost, constant for 12 days. The merits of using PVP in the immobilization of enzymes include the simplicity of the procedure and the fact that the PVP-enzyme gel can be used in the food industry without anxiety because of its high degree of compatibility with living organisms.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260171103
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  • 20
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    The preparation and properties of hornblende as a support for immobilized invertase (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1679-1693 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The suitability of hornblende as a support for immobilized β-fructofuranosidase (invertase) was studied, with regard to the physical stability of the support and the thermal and operational stability of the immobilized enzyme. Hornblende was more stable than Enzacryl-Alo or Enzacryl-TIO, and marginally more stable than porous glass. Invertase immobilized on hornblende was more stable during long-term operation than invertase immobilized on porous glass. An active preparation of immobilized invertase was obtained also on pyroxene particles.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260171110
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  • 21
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    Masthead (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260171201
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  • 22
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    Comparison of batch and semicontinuous cultures for production of protein from mesquite wood by Brevibacterium sp. JM98A (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1749-1760 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The production of protein by a Brevibacterium sp. JM98A usingmesquite wood as the substrate was compared in batch and semicontinuous cultures. A 14 liter glass fermentor with automatic pH, temperature, and foam control was used for the study. A pH range of 6.6 to 7.2 was optimum for the growth of JM98A. The batch and semicontinuous cultures were compared on the basis of viable cell counts, protein production, CMC-Ase (β-1,4-glucanase) activity, and filter paper cellulase (β-1,4-glucan cellobiohydrolyase) activity. Total hexose, cellulose, and reducing sugar consumption were measured. The semicontinuous process yielded 2.97 times as much protein in 72 hr as the batch cultures. Most of the biomass resulted from the utilization of soluble sugars rather than from the degradation of cellulose during the semicontinuous process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260171205
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  • 23
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    Fermentation of agricultural wastes by yeast (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1823-1826 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260171211
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  • 24
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    Control of nutrient supply in yeast propagation (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1829-1832 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260171213
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  • 25
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    Patent protection of microorganisms with special reference to ferrous-iron and sulfur oxidizing bacteria (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1853-1857 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260171217
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  • 26
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    Continuous coagulation of milk using immobilized enzymes in a fluidized-bed reactor (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 585-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Milk-clotting enzymes such as pepsin, chymosin, chymotrypsin, and M. miehei proteases were immobilized on porous, alkylamine glass and incorporated into a fluidized-bed continuous coagulation scheme. Only pepsin and calf rennet retained sufficient activity towards skim milk to warrant further studies. Comparison of kinetic data with fixed-bed reactors revealed the overall superior performance of fluidized beds; higher clotting activities were possible while avoiding plugging problems and high pressure drops common to fixed-bed reactors. Film diffusion and catalyst back-mixing appear to be significant factors in the overall kinetics.All enzymes lost activity on exposure to skim milk. The inactivation rates were lower at high substrate pH and insignificantly affected by reactor temperature. Nitrogen and sialic acid accumulation on the porous glass paralleled the loss in activity in the initial stages. Attempts to regenerate the immobilized enzymes were partially successful.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170410
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  • 27
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    Purification of placental alkaline phosphatase by immunoadsorption (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 607-611 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170412
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  • 28
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    Determination of cell numbers and cell size for thiobacillus ferrooxidans by the electrical resistance method (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 621-624 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170415
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    Design of a large-scale mammalian cell, suspension culture facility (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 659-673 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The design of a suspension culture facility capable of producing approximately 1012 cells per week has been developed on a small-scale system which has evolved from various architectural, engineering, biological, and biohazard considerations. The smaller system is composed of spinner flasks (50 ml to 8 liters) modified for semicontinuous culture conditions, metal reservoirs, a continuous flow centrifuge, and supportive equipment. The large system which is under construction is composed of metallic vessels of up to 500 liter working volume with hard plumbing, monitors, controllers, recorders, continuous flow centrifuge and other ancillary equipment. This system begins with medium preparation and ends with harvesting of cells and disposition of supernatant. The design of this turn-key operation was developed over a two and one-half year period through the cooperation of private industry, the federal government, and the academic community.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170504
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    An evaluation of suspension culture systems for the growth of murine lymphoblastoid lines expressing TL and Thy-1 alloantigens (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 629-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: As a prelude to our studies on TL and Thy-1 differentiation alloantigens, three murine lymphobhastoid cell lines were examined for expression of these components. Optimal conditions for their mass culture were also determined. Several suspension culture systems were evaluated: (a) 50 ml through 500 ml Wheaton and Bellco spinner flasks as well as 1, 4, and 8 liter Wheaton flasks modified for semicontinuous culture conditions, (b) 3 liter Chemapec Vibrofermentor, and (c) 14 liter New Brunswick fermentor. Utilizing these types of vessels the optimal culture conditions were evaluated as to the effect of: (1) pH, (2) initial concentration of cell inoculum, (3) types of media, and (4) methods of gassing and gas mixtures on the rate of growth and alloantigen expression. This study demonstrated that cells could be cultured on a semicontinuous basis up to densities of 2-4 × 106 cells/ml if a vessel of appropriate dimensions was utilized, the appropriate medium selected, and the pH controlled by CO2 and air overlay. Once these parameters were established the growth of a given cell line was highly reproducible: Under optimal culture conditions the expression of Thy-1 was maximum while the cells were in the exponential stage of growth and reduced during the lag and stationary phases of growth. The expression of TL did not vary as significantly during the various stages of growth. One cell line grown in medium supplemented with 10% horse serum expressed lass Thy-1 than those grown in medium containing 10% fetal calf serum. The factors affecting cell growth and alloantigen expression have been considered in the design of a large-scale suspension culture facility for culturing 1000 liters of cells per week.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170503
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    Primary suspension culture of calf anterior pituitary cells on a microcarrier surface (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 713-731 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to achieve a steady-state primary culture system for mammalian cells, with the potential to eventually correlate and control cell function and growth, a serious evaluation of various suspension systems was made. Calf anterior pituitary cells were employed as a differentiated cell type and successfully cultivated in a microcarrier suspension culture system. DEAE-Sephadex was demonstrated to be a satisfactory type of microcarrier. The cells readily attached to the bead and, after a short lag period, they actively proliferated on the bead surface to yield growth of a predominantly epithelial cell type. Under specific conditions the microcarrier supported primary cell growth up to levels of 2 × 106 cells per ml. High bead concentrations inhibited cell growth. The inhibition could be overcome by using proportionately higher cell inoculum so that a concentrated culture with 5 × 106 cells per ml was achieved. The inhibitory effect of high bead concentration was found to be due to the absorption of serum protein and certain growth enhancing factors. The fact that the growth enhancing factors were released from cells during the period of trypsinization and were both thermostable and nondialyzable, seems to suggest one approach to a dialysis culture system. In addition, relatively trauma-free primary cell cultures can be achieved by using explant culture without prior trypsinization. In microcarrier suspensions direct growth of primary rat mammary tumor cells was also demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 32
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    Kinetic Behavior of Microencapsulated β-Galactosidase (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1157-1181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Escherichia coli β-D-galactosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.23) was immobilized in cellulose nitrate membrane microcapsules and the reaction kinetics with o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG), lactose, and whole milk were studied using both continuous stirred tank and packed bedreactor configurations. The results of the experiments gave effectiveness factors of 0.3 for ONPG, 0.6 to 0.7 for lactose in solution, andclose to unity for lactose in milk. Using a coupled mass transfer and kinetic model, it was possible to estimate the permeability of the microcapsule membrane from the reactor data. Membrane permeabilities on the order of 5 × 10-3 and 3 × 10-4 cm/sec were estimated for ONPG and lactose, respectively. It was determined that the membrane was the limiting mass transfer resistance for the overallreaction. The analysis showed that within the microcapsule, the reaction is reaction rate limited for lactose and slightly diffusion limitedfor ONPG.
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    The effect of acid pH on the growth kinetics of Trichoderma viride (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1199-1210 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Batch cultures of Trichoderma viride have been carried out in a 10 liter stirred fermenter at controlled pH values of 2.5, 2.7, 3.0, and 4.0, and without pH control at a temperature of 28°C. Cell and glucose concentrations and dissolved oxygen values are reported. The yield coefficient was found to be constant at 0.40 kg cells/kg glucose and the maximum specific growth rate was linearly correlated with the hydrogen ion concentration.
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    Dynamic and steady state studies of phenol biodegradation in pure and mixed cultures (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1211-1235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The microbial degradation of phenol by pure and mixed cultures of Pseudomonas putida was studied in batch, phenol-stat, and continuous culture systems. In the continuous culture runs, both steady state and transient experiments were performed. From these experiments, a model for the kinetic behavior of the organisms was evolved and an analysis performed on the stability and dynamic behavior of pure and mixed cultures. The results indicate that it should be possible to achieve phenol removal from wastewaters down to levels of 1-2 ppm in a single stage system. However, because of the effects of substrate inhibition on kinetic behavior of the microorganisms, long lasting transients can occur. The transient behavior of such systems cannot be solely determined from μmax or Ks, parameters, but must include a consideration of the transient size and response characteristic of the organism.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170809
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    A model for diauxic growth (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1301-1312 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model is developed to predict batch and continuous culture behavior of fermentations on two different carbon and energy sources. The basic assumption of the model is that the permease for the favored substrate is constitutive, whereas the permease for the second substrate is subject to induction and catabolite repression. Simulations of the model show features of diauxic growth described in the literature.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170905
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    Masthead (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170101
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    Growth yields of microorganisms on methanol and methane. A theoretical study (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 15-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An attempt was made to calculate growth yields of microorganisms on methanol and methane on the basis of known biochemical pathways of C1 metabolism. Since 3-phosphoglycerate is a key intermediate in the assimilation pathways of C1 compounds, the calculations were based on the assumption that the synthesis of cell material from C1 substrates can be regarded as a two step process. When YATP on 3-phosphoglycerate was taken as 10.5, a maximal cell yield of organisms of the composition C4H8O2N on methanol was found to be 0.73 g cells/g substrate. For growth on methane a value of 0.91 g cells/g substrate was calculated when a mixed function oxidase was implicated in methane oxidation. These yields were calculated on the basis of the ribulose phosphate pathway of formaldehyde fixation as the major pathway of C1 assimilation. Yields calculated on the basis of the serine pathway were on an average 20% lower. The calculations disclosed that for growth on methane, at least for Methylococcus capsulatus, a reversed electron transport system is required when methane is oxidized by a mixed function oxidase. The theoretical cell yields on methanol and methane have been compared with experimentally obtained yields and the validity of the estimations of growth yields on the basis of the present calculations is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170103
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  • 38
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    Application of an insolubilized hepatic microsomal drug oxidase to the continous production of N-oxides (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 107-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The optimum operating temperature and pH have been determined for a catalyst prepared by the insolubilization of a hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase on glass beads. Temperature is a more significant variable than pH in determining potential catalyst yield (total product/unit catalyst). An operating range of about 25-28°C is optimal with respect to catalyst life at pH 7.6. Like the purified soluble oxidase, the glass bead-mounted enzyme catalyzes the NADPH- and oxygen-dependent oxidation of a variety of amines, hydrazines, and thioureylenes. The catalyst has been used in a simple slurry reactor to prepare mg quantities of N-oxide metabolites of prochlorperazine, guanethidine, and ethylmorphine.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170109
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    A rational approach for predicting the dissolved oxygen profile in receiving waters (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 69-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A practical method for predicting the dissolved oxygen (DO) profile in a stream receiving biodegradable waste is presented. In this method the BOD (accumulated O2 uptake) curve is obtained using an open jug technique. The accumulated O2 uptake curve thus developed is employed in numerical integration with the physical reaeration data for the receiving stream to predict the DO profile in the stream. In the present study, the method was examined using 10-liter open jar reactors to obtain the O2 uptake curves, and the receiving stream was a 670-liter simulated stream apparatus which has been employed in previous studies on stream reaeration. The method was found to provide a fairly good prediction of the actual dissolved oxygen profile observed in the receiving stream. The effect of the reaeration constant, K2 )agitation effect(, on the kinetics of O2 uptake was also investigated and it was found that increased agitation (higher K2 value) caused some increase in the accumulated oxygen uptake (BOD) curve with most of the increase coming after the so-called “plateau” area in the O2 uptake curve, i.e., in the general case, after the low point along the DO sag curve.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170106
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    Enzymatic breakdown of water insoluble substrates (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 185-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetic behavior of the enzymatic breakdown of crosslinked dextran (Sephadex) by a dextranase from Penicillium funiculosum was investigated as a model for enzymatic degradation of insoluble materials. A theoretical model is developed for the description of an enzymatic reaction on an insoluble substrate. Experimental data are compared to those predicted by the model which are calculated by using independently determined parameter-values such as the Michael is constants, effective pore radius of the particles, and the Stokes radius of the enzymes. Fairly good agreement was found between the theoretical analysis and the experimental data.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170205
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    Microbial growth on hydrocarbons - some experimental results (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 241-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple mechanism of hydrocarbon uptake by microorganisms is examined. This model considers the presence of micelles of surface active agents as essential for growth of microbial cells on hydrocarbon substrates. Larger hydrocarbon droplets serving as reservoirs may also be present. Experimental results to support the model are presented. The results of others are explained on the basis of this model.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170209
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    A mechanical foam breaker (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 273-275 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170212
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  • 43
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    Covalent attachment of proteins to inorganic supports directly by activation with cyanogen bromide (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 295-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170217
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    Conversion of L-sorbose to L-sorbosone by Gluconobacter melanogenusSee refs. 3, 4, and 5 for previous papers in this series. (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 349-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growing cultures, washed cells, and cell-free extracts of Gluconobacter melanogenus IFO 3293 were found to convert L-sorbose to L-sorbosone. The product was identified by thin layer chromatography of the 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazone, and by paper partition chromatography using chemically prepared materials as standards. Factors influencing the conversion included incubation temperature and composition of the growth medium. Addition of betaine or choline to the growing cultures stimulated conversion of L-sorbose to L-sorbosone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170305
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    A kinetic model for microbial growth on liquid hydrocarbons (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 399-412 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A kinetic model is presented to explain microbial growth using liquid n-alkanes as substrate. The model is based on the assumption that growth occurs on the soluble alkane and that the metabolite produced by the growing cells helps the dissolution of liquid alkanes in the aqueous medium. Growth curves based on that model fit well with growth data for batch and continuous culture reported by various authors. The model also explains the differences between the relative length of exponential and linear phases of growth reported earlier.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170308
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    A multigroup model for predator-prey interactions (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1269-1290 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The predator-prey interactions between the protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis and the bacterium Aerobacter aerogenes have been studied experimentally and mathematically. A mathematical model for the ciliates defines the mass distribution of cells within the population. The resulting model equations are solved by the use of multigroup theory. Experimental data from batch and continuous flow reactors are compared with the results of the numerical integration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170903
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  • 47
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    The total containment of a batch-type zonal centrifuge (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1313-1322 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A batch-type zonal centrifuge has been modified and totally contained for use with biologically hazardous materials.A sealed cabinet encloses the centrifuge and the ancilliary equipment. It is operated with a flow of filtered air when the zonal system is on, decontaminated with ethylene oxide, and maintained at a negative pressure throughout. The centrifuge subsystems can be drained, flushed, and decontaminated with ethylene oxide before an engineer services the machine. The sample handling system within the cabinet is remotely controlled.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170906
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    Improvement of conditions for precipitation of citric acid from fermentation mash (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1363-1364 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No Abstrast.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170910
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    Production of alcohol by Bacillus stearothermophilus (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1375-1377 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No Abstrast.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170914
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    Masthead (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260171001
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    Preparation and kinetic properties of gel entrapped urate oxidase (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1435-1441 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Urate oxidase from hog liver (urate: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.7.33) has been entrapped in a crosslinked 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate gel with a 47% retention of activity. The kinetic behavior of the gel entrapped enzyme has been studied in a slurried tank reactor using uric acid as substrate. Internal diffusion effects were found to be negligible for particle sizes below 128 μm. A threefold increase in Km (app) was observed for the 128 μm particles and attributed to diffusional effects. The pH activity profile of the gel entrapped enzyme was bell-shaped at high substrate concentration and could be fitted to a titration curve of two ionizable groups, a basic group having a pK of 7.9 and an acidic group with a pK of 11.0. The gel entrapped enzyme showed excellent stability between pH 6.5 and 10.5.
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    Stimulation by organic solvents and detergents of conversion of L-sorbose to L-sorbosone by Gluconobacter melanogenus IFO 3293For proceedings papers in this series see refs. 1 and 2. (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1473-1483 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Treatment of Gluconobacter melanogenus IFO 3293 cells with benzene, carbon tetrachloride, cyclohexane, deoxycholate, toluene, or xylene stimulated their conversion of L-sorbose to L-sorbosone two- to threefold. The degree of stimulation depended upon the length of exposure time to the agent and the age of the G. melanogenus cells. A rapid decrease in viability of the cells and degradation of cell RNA was noted after treatment with the effective agents. The G. melanogenus cells were unable to absorb L-sorbose actively after toluene treatment.
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    The response of a bioelectrochemical cell with Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolizing glucose under various fermentation conditions (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1529-1543 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Working conditions of a biochemical fuel cell formed by an oxygen cathode and a platinum bioanode in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae suspension metabolizing glucose are described. The biocell response in terms of bioanode potential and current drainage under different fermentation conditions is reported. A kinetic equation relating the current, the number of microorganisms, and the substrate concentration is obtained. The bioanode potential corresponds to that of an oxygen concentration polarization cell.
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    Single-cell protein production by photosynthetic bacteria cultivation in agricultural by-products (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1561-1570 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The growth of the nonsulfur photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa was investigated as a possible way to produce single-cell protein from agricultural by-products. Of the various raw materials examined as potential feedstocks, wheat bran infusion was selected as the substrate for mass culture and continuous cultivation studies. Harvested photosynthetic cells contained approximately 65.0% crude protein and 5.1% nucleic acid (RNA). The amino acid content of harvested photosynthetic proteins was comparable with conventional proteins of plant and animal origin.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    An evaluation of a ceramic monolith as an enzyme support material (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1617-1626 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Catalase was immobilized on commercially available monolithic catalyst supports and also on participate support obtained by crushing the monolith. The kinetics of the monolith- and particulate-supported enzymes were analyzed in a continuous tubular reactor system and pressure drop was also monitored. Analysis of the results indicates that the monolith-supported system presents very little resistance to flow which results in a considerably smaller pressure drop than is obtained in flow through particulate-supported systems under comparable conversion conditions. Ceramic monoliths thus appear to be very suitable for use as enzyme supports in continuous tubular reactor applications, particularly where high pressure drops might be expected.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    On-line measurement of gas-exchange conditions in fermentation processes (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1663-1678 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gas-exchange conditions of C. ulilis cultures were analyzed by an on-line, real-time operating digital computer interfaced with a 250 liter, highly instrumented fermentor.Information obtained from the computer was correlated with wet chemical analytical data related to nucleic acid, protein, and ethyl alcohol production rates. Once the correlation was established, the computed gas-exchange data, especially the RQ which functions as an indicator of the cells physiological condition, could be used as a real-time process status indicator which follows or forecasts events during the fermentation.It was also found that electrical noises generted on the sensor-instrument level may handicap the interpretation of the meaning of computed process status indicators. Since “clear” data is considered as a prerequisite to follow the physiological conditions and perform control of environmental variables, a special computer program is necessary to filter the electric noises at the sensor-instrument level prior to the on-line, real-time data analysis for process status identification.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    YATP value in Candida tropicalis grown on n-alkanes, fatty acids, and acetate (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1705-1715 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The amount of ATP produced during n-alkane, fatty acid, or acetate metabolism in Candida tropicalis has been established from the P/O ratios measured on isolated mitochondria, yield on substrate andcarbon balance. For these three kinds of substrates, YATP value has been found to be close to 4, although Ysub on acetate is very different from those found with n-alkanes or fatty acids.
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    Effectiveness factors for substrate and product inhibition (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1761-1773 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The transformation technique of Na and Na (Math. Biosci., 6, 25, 1970) is extended to convert boundary-value problems involving the steady-state diffusion equation for spherical immobilized enzyme particles exhibiting substrate and product inhibition to initial-value problems. This allows a study of the influence of external mass transfer resistances on the effectiveness factors. It also considerably reduces the number of calculations required to investigate the effect of changes in the kinetic parameters on the overall rate of reaction. The existence of multiple steady states for substrate inhibition kinetics in spherical catalyst particles is illustrated and a criterion for uniqueness of steady states is developed. Effectiveness factors for competitive and noncompetitive product inhibition increase with increasing value of the Sherwood number for the substrate and increasing value of the ratio of substrate to product effective diffusivities within the particle.
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    Engineering analysis of continuous production of L-aspartic acid by immobilized Escherichia coli cells in fixed bedsPresented at the 12th Symposium of the Society of Chemical Engineers of Japan, Hamamatsu, Japan, November 11, 1974 (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1797-1804 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The reaction mechanism and decay behavior of aspartase activity for immobilized Escherichia coli cells were investigated by using a sectional packed column.Reaction within the immobilized cell column proceeded at zero-order on substrate solutions ranging in concentration from 0.1 to 1.0M, and the initial reaction rate was found to be 1.556 × 10-2 mol/min/liter of immobilized cells.The effect of temperature on the reaction rate constant was investigated. The Arrhenius plot was straight line at temperatures below 43°C, and the activation energy for immobilized cells was calculated to be 12.36 kcal/mol.Asparatase activity in the immobilized cell column decayed exponentially and uniformly in all sections of a column. Its half-life was approximately 120 days.The rate of formation of L-aspartic acid was shown to be independent of column dimensions.
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    Variable-volume continuous cultivation (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1805-1822 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equations are developed which describe variable-volume cultivations, including fed-batch systems. An analogy is drawn between the quasi-steady state in variable-volume cultivation and a dynamic steady state in variable-flow, constant-volume chemostat bioreactors. Switching procedures are developed to give a steady-state transition from batch to fed-batch and to continuous operation. In this respect, considerations in the literature have been extended. Computer solutions of the governing differential equations verify the theory and provide insight into the behavior of variable-volume stirred tank reactors.Application of variable-volume cultivation as a tool in investigating growth rates at low substrate levels is suggested. Variable-volume bioreactor systems could be also to obtain controlled dynamic conditions for research or production purposes.
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    Application of modified Rosenbrock's method for optimisation of nutrient media used in microorganism culturing (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1833-1837 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    Adsorption of Trichoderma cellulase on cellulose (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1091-1094 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Photocontrol of immobilized trypsin activity (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1115-1123 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Trypsin was coupled on an agarose gel which was modified with a spiropyran compound. The trypsin-spiropyran (agarose) gel showed reverse photochromism. The activity of the trypsin-spiropyran gel in the dark was 12% of that of native trypsin, and it was higher than that under visible light. The apparent Michaelis constant of the trypsin-spiropyran gel in the dark was larger than that under visible light. On the other hand, the maximum velocity in the dark was higher than that under visible light. The optimum pH of the trypsin-spiropyran gel in the dark was the same as that under visible light. Immobilized trypsin was stable in the pH range from 3 to 9. The trypsin-spiropyran gel was more stable against heat than the native trypsin.
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    Rapid ethanol fermentations using vacuum and cell recycle (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1125-1143 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cell recycle and vacuum fermentation systems were developed for continuous ethanol production. Cell recycle was employed in both atmospheric pressure and vacuum fermentations to achieve high cell densities and rapid ethanol fermentation rates. Studies were conducted with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC No. 4126) at a fermentation temperature of 35°C. Employing a 10% glucose feed, a cell density of 50 g dry wt/liter was obtained in atmospheric-cell recycle fermentations which produced a fermentor ethanol productivity of 29.0 g/liter-hr. The vacuum fermentor eliminated ethanol inhibition by boiling away ethanol from the fermenting beer as it was formed. This permitted the rapid and complete fermentation of concentrated sugar solutions. At a total pressure of 50 mmHg and using a 33.4% glucose feed, ethanol productivities of 82 and 40 g/liter-hr were achieved with the vacuum system with and without cell recycle, respectively. Fermentor ethanol productivities were thus increased as much as twelvefold over conventional continuous fermentations. In order to maintain a viable yeast culture in the vacuum fermentor, a bleed of fermented broth had to be continuously withdrawn to remove nonvolatile compounds. It was also necessary to sparge the vacuum fermentor with pure oxygen to satisfy the trace oxygen requirement of the fermenting yeast.
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    Hydrolysis of cellulose in a cellulase-bead fluidized bed reactor (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1183-1191 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cellulase was immobilized in a collagen fibril matrix, and no leakage of cellulase from the collagen fibril matrix was observed. The immobilized cellulase was more stable than the native cellulase. The substrate cellulose was hydrolyzed quantitatively with immobilized cellulase. The final reaction product was identified as glucose. Immobilized cellulase was used in a fluidized bed reactor where the pressure drop of the fluidized bed reactor was low and constant. Cellulose was hydrolyzed to glucose by the cellulase-bead fluidized bed reactor. The minimum flow velocity (Umf) was 0.5 cm/sec and the optimum flow velocity of the cellulose hydrolysis was 1 cm/sec.
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    Electrochemical regeneration of NAD+on carbon electrodes (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1215-1218 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    Glucose oxidase pellets (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1233-1238 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Enhancement of oxidase reactor productivity (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1245-1251 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Differential speed two roll mill pretreatment of cellulosic materials for enzymatic hydrolysis (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1321-1330 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Differential speed two roll milling is an effective pretreatment for increasing the susceptibility of cellulose to enzymatic hydrolysis. Using mills with three, six, and ten in. diam rolls and processing times of 10 min or less results in the following percent increases in susceptibility over untreated controls: cotton, 1100; maple chips, 1600; white pine chips, 600; newspaper, 125. In comparison, ball milling of newspaper for 24 hr gives only a 62% increase. A further advantage of the roll mill is the increased wet density of the product permitting higher slurry concentrations during hydrolysis. Important parameters of mill effectiveness are roll clearance and processing time.
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    Dynamics of a chemostat in which two organisms compete for a common substrate (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1375-1386 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When two organisms compete for a given substrate without preying on one another, the possible steady states depend on the relative disposition of the two growth curves and the position of the point (Z,θ), whose coordinates are the nutrient feed concentration and dilution rate. It is shown how the stability of each steady state can be understood and qualitative phase portraits can be drawn for each of the 31 distinct types of situations.
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    Oxygen transfer within fungal pellets (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1407-1409 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Reply to “theoretical model for a submerged biological filter” (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1417-1417 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: NO Abstract.
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    pH-Activity response for immobilized β-glucosidase (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1405-1405 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190912
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    Theoretical model for a submerged biological filter (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1411-1416 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    A dynamic kinetic model of the activated sludge process (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1431-1447 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A kinetic model has been developed which describes the dynamic response of activated sludge to changes in substrate concentration. The well known phenomenon of “growth-rate hysteresis” can be explained by the simple yet biologically reasonable hypotheses of the model. Experimental results have verified the model quantitatively.
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    Theoretical conversion yields for penicillin synthesis (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1449-1462 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The efficiency of conversion of the carbon-energy source to product is of primary importance in many fermentation processes. In order to assess the efficiency of a process, one must know how close the actual conversion yield is to the theoretical maximum. Theoretical conversion yields are useful, therefore, as guides in improving a process. This knowledge is particularly important today because the cost of raw materials is rapidly rising. In this study, the biochemical pathway of penicillin synthesis was used to estimate the theoretical yield of penicillin from glucose, ammonia, and sulfate. These values are compared with experimental data from the literature. An analysis of the role of glucose in the synthesis of cell mass and penicillin and in the maintenance of cells makes it possible to assess the efficiency of carbon-source utilization and to direct further advances in penicillin fermentations.
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    Modeling and simulation of oxygen transfer in airlift fermentors (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1503-1522 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model for simulation of oxygen transfer in airlift fermentors is presented. The airlift fermentor is represented by a number of interconnected compartments, each of which is assumed to be well mixed. In the annular region, the model includes both upflow and downflow for the gas phase. The model contains several adjustable parameters through which important hydrodynamic effects affecting oxygen transfer are incorporated. The effect of hydrostatic pressure is also included in the model. The model is simple enough to be used in design studies and it can be easily adapted to other airlift system configurations. The simulation results show good qualitative agreement with available experimental results.
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    Influence of lactose hydrolysis and solids concentration on alcohol production by yeast in acid whey ultrafiltrate (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1689-1702 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Alcohol yields of 6.5% were obtained with Saccharomyces cerevisiae in lactasehydrolyzed acid whey permeate containing 30-35% total solids. Maximum alcohol yields obtained with Kluyveromyces fragilis were 4.5% in lactase-hydrolyzed acid whey permeate at a solids concentration of 20% and 3.7% in normal permeate at a solids concentration of 10%. Saccharomyces cerevisiae efficiently converted the glucose present in lactase-hydrolyzed whey permeates containing 5-30% total solids (2-13% glucose) to alcohol. However, the galactose, which comprised about half the available carbohydrate in lactase-hydrolyzed whey, was not utilized by S. cerevisiae, so that even though alcohol yields were higher when this organism was used, the process was wasteful in that a substantial proportion of the substrate was not fermented. For the process to become commercially feasible, an efficient means of rapidly converting both the galactose and glucose to alcohol must be found.
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    Trypsinization of BHK 21 monolayer cells grown in two large-scale unit process systems (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1735-1738 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Synthesis of a soluble catalase-dextran conjugateSynthetic Glycoprotiens: Part VII. For Part VI, see ref. 1. (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1739-1760 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Results of a systematic study of the conditions for preparation of soluble catalase-dextran conjugates, using the cyanogen bromide activation procedure, are reported. A protocol for the synthesis of such a conjugate with satisfactory retention of enzymatic activity and high efficiency of coupling is described.
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    Properties of enzymes immobilized by the diazotized m-diaminobenzene method (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 349-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Some properties of a number of enzymes immobilized by the diazotized m-diaminobenzene (dDAB) method are described. The pH-activity profiles of β-D-glucosidase, glucoamylase, peroxidase, uricase, and D-glucose oxidase were virtually unchanged on immobilization while those of catalase and dextranase were significantly altered. β-D-Glucosidase, glucoamylase, and glucose oxidase were found to be more susceptible to denaturation on lyophilization when immobilized than in the native state; however, sorbitol had a marked protective effect in every case examined. Sorbitol was also found to exert a stabilizing effect when lyophilized immobilized preparations were stored. Immobilization marginally improved the stabilities of a number of enzymes to heating at 60° at pH 8.0. The usefulness for continuous reaction of a column of glucoamylase attached to celite was established. The reuse of the solid supports was demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190306
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    Enzymatic treatment of primary municipal sludge with Trichoderma viride cellulase (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 377-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose in raw primary settled municipal sludge by Trichoderma viride cellulase achieved conversions of up to 75% of the cellulose, primarily to cellobiose, in 24 hr. Simultaneously the gel-like characteristic of raw primary sludge was changed to that of a slurry of fine particles in less than 2 hr, causing a radical change in the ability to ultrafilter the sludge.The use of raw primary sludge as a growth medium for T. viride cellulase production was also investigated. It was possible, with nitrogen supplements, to obtain an enzyme with a filter paper activity (FPA) of two compared to over four which is attainable on defined medium of similar strength.The potential use of cellulase treatment as a pretreatment or integral part of waste treatment processes is discussed and the alternatives evaluated.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190308
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  • 83
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    The immobilization of microbial cells, subcellular organelles, and enzymes in calcium alginate gels (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 387-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, Kluyveromyces marxianus cells, inulase, glucose oxidase, chloroplasts, and mitochondria were immobilized in calcium alginate gels.Ethanol production from glucose solutions by an immobilized preparation of S. cerevisiae was demonstrated over a total of twenty-three days, and the half-life of such a preparation was shown to be about ten days.Immobilized K. marxianus, inulase, and glucose oxidase preparations were used to demonstrate the porosity and retraining properties of calcium alginate gels.Calcium alginate-immobilized chloroplasts were shown to perform the Hill reaction.Some experiments with immobilized mitochondria are reported.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190309
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  • 84
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    Characteristics of yeast invertase immobilized on porous cellulose beads (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 365-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Invertase from Candida utilis was immobilized on porous cellulose beads by an ionic-quanidino bond. The immobilized invertase showed optimum activity between pH 4.0 and 5.4, while the free enzyme had a sharp optimum at pH 4.1. Both temperature profiles were fairly similar up to 55°C. However, above this temperature the immobilized enzyme was more stable than the free enzyme. From the temperature data, the activation energies were found to be 7,322 and 4,052 cal/g mol for the free and the immobilized enzyme, respectively.Candida invertase shows characteristics of substrate inhibition. Both the Km and Ki for the free and the immobilized enzymes were determined. The apparent Ki for the immobilized invertase was much higher than the Ki of the free enzyme, suggesting a diffusion effect. Immobilized invertase molecules deep in the pores only see sucrose concentrations much less than the bulk concentrations. Immobilization, thus, offers certain processing advantages in this regard.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190307
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  • 85
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    Aeration without air: Oxygen supply by hydrogen peroxide (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 413-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxygen has been supplied to suspensions of microorganisms kept under nitrogen by the addition of hydrogen peroxide. If catalase was present in the suspension and the flow was adjusted to the rate of oxygen consumption, the cells grew at rates identical to the controls incubated under air. The applicability of oxygen supply by hydrogen peroxide and its limits are discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190311
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  • 86
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    An analysis of extended and exponentially-fed-batch cultures (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 425-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Under certain conditions it is shown that an extended culture is equivalent to an exponentially-fed-batch culture, that an exponentially-fed-batch culture (and an extended culture) can be maintained at a steady state and that an exponentially-fed-batch culture may be mimicked by a continuous-flow culture with a constant dilution rate. Operational conditions required to maintain steady states are specified.
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  • 87
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    An empirical equation for evaluation of specific interfacial area in hydrocarbon-water agitated systems (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 439-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190314
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  • 88
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    Masthead (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190401
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  • 89
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    The effect of air hold-up on readings of dissolved oxygen probes (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 435-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190313
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  • 90
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    Fermentation of glucose by Acetobacter melanogenus (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 459-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growing cultures of Acetobacter melanogenus ATCC 9937 converted D-glucose to 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid with D-gluconic acid and 5-keto-D-glucose acid as intermediates. The 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid was isolated from the fermented medium by treatment with an anion exchange resin.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190403
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  • 91
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    The enzymatic conversion of L-histidine to urocanic acid by whole cells of Micrococcus luteus immobilized on carbodiimide activated carboxymethylcellulose (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 631-648 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Whole cells of Micrococcus luteus (formerly Sarcina lutea ATCC 9341) have been covalently linked to a carboxymethylcellulose support system, with the retention of histidine ammonia-lyase activity. The dependence of the rate of urocanic acid formation on pH, temperature, and added surfactant concentration was similar for the free and the immobilized cells.The immobilization procedure used is based on the carbodiimide activation of carboxymethylcellulose and has been optimized for the histidine ammonia-lyase activity of the immobilized cells on a given weight of cellulose.In a column reactor at 23°C and superficial velocity of 0.044 cm/min, 5 g of cellulose with bound cells gave a 35% conversion of an L-histidine solution (0.25M, pH 9.0) to urocanic acid for 16 days of continuous operation.The scope of this carbodiimide assisted immobilization procedure has been investigated for a series of microorganisms and a variety of carboxylate functionalized supports.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190503
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  • 92
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    Oxygen transfer in mechanically agitated aqueous systems containing dispersed hydrocarbon (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 661-682 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of dispersed n -dodecane or n -hexadecane on the air-to-aqueous phase overall volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient in a simulated (cell-free) stirred-tank fermentor is described. The oil volume fraction ranged from zero to 0.10; the ionic strength of the aqueous phases was varied from 0 to 0.45. The air-to-aqueous phase coefficients in both oil-free (KLa) and oil-bearing (KLa*) systems were evaluated from unsteady-state experiments using a membrane-covered probe to follow the aqueous phase dissolved oxygen tension.For all systems studied, KLa*/KLa was found to be independent of P/V and vs for all practical purposes. However, for a particular aqueous phase and at a given P/V and vs, the ratio KLa*KLa generally differed from unity. Depending on the combination of hydrocarbon type and volume fraction and the aqueous-phase ionic strength employed, the dispersed hydrocarbon may, in some cases, reduce the rate of oxygen transfer and in others enhance it relative to that of the corresponding oil-free gas-liquid dispersion. Enhancement of the air-to-aqueous transfer rate by such negative spreading coefficient hydrocarbons has not been reported previously.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190505
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  • 93
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    Pepsin immobilized on inorganic supports for the continuous coagulation of skim milk (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 683-700 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The milk-clotting enzyme pepsin was immobilized onto beads of alumina, titania, glass, stainless steel, iron oxide, and Teflon for treating skim milk in a fluidized-bed reactor. Two covalent attachment procedures using silanized supports and glutaraldehyde and two adsorption procedures were evaluated. The three best catalysts were titania and glass, using the covalent attachment procedure, and alumina, using the adsorption procedure at pH 1.2. The pepsin adsorbed on alumina catalyst has commercial potential compared to the previously used glass catalyst. Attempts to increase the stability of pepsin adsorbed on alumina by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde were unsuccessful owing to the low pH necessary for optimum pepsin adsorption. Desorption of pepsin from alumina during reactor operation was determined. Regeneration of spent catalysts was only partially successful.
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  • 94
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    Ferrous iron oxidation and uranium extraction by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 727-740 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The microbiological oxidation of ferrous iron in batch and continuous systems has been investigated in relation to uranium extraction from a low-grade ore by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The influence of the parameters, agitation, and aeration on oxygen saturation concentration, rate of oxygen mass transfer, and rate of ferrous iron oxidation was demonstrated. The kinetic values, Vmax and K were determined using an adapted Monod equation for different dilution rates and initial concentrations of ferrous iron. The power requirements for initial leaching conditions were also calculated. Uranium extraction as high as 68% has been realized during nine days of treatment. Regrinding the leach residue and its subsequent leaching yielded 87% uranium solubilization.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190509
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  • 95
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    Assimilation of liquid hydrocarbon by microorganisms. II. Growth kinetics (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 715-726 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The growth kinetics of a microorganism with high affinity for liquid hydrocarbon which has a low solubility in water was investigated for Candida intermedia IFO 0761 in our previous work.6 The microorganism contained a hydrocarbon pool in and/or on the cell. The transfer of water-soluble substrates to the cell was not the rate-limiting step in the growth of C. intermedia accompanied by clump formation with liquid hydrocarbon. The operating conditions necessary for the oxygen supply for the growth were adequate for the growth of C. intermedia on n-tetradecane. The saturation kinetics was valid for the specific growth rate of C. intermedia and specific concentration of hydrocarbon per unit cell mass; the specific growth rate was expressed by the following equation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\mu = \frac{{\mu _{\max} \; {S \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {S X}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} X}}}{{K_S + {S \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {S X}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} X}}} $$\end{document}
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    Multiregion, multilayer, nonuniform diffusion model of an oxygen electrode (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 741-748 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190510
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  • 97
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    A proposal for accurate determination of “true” fractional retention of enzyme activity on immobilization (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 749-756 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190511
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  • 98
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    A kinetic model of catabolite repression in the dual control mechanism in microorganisms (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 757-764 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190512
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  • 99
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    Continuous culture using a predispersed insoluble substrate (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 765-767 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190513
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  • 100
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    Enzyme immobilization on activated carbon: Alleviation of enzyme deactivation by hydrogen peroxide (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 769-775 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190514
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