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  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (1,260)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (774)
  • 1970-1974  (486)
  • 1977  (774)
  • 1974  (486)
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  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (774)
  • 1970-1974  (486)
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  • 1
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: Various image processing and information extraction systems are described along with the design and operation of an interactive multispectral information system, IMAGE 100. Analyses of ERTS data, using IMAGE 100, over a number of U.S. sites are presented. The following analyses are included: investigations of crop inventory and management using remote sensing; and (2) land cover classification for environmental impact assessments. Results show that useful information is provided by IMAGE 100 analyses of ERTS data in digital form.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 201-218
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: The development of an ERTS/MSS image processing system responsive to the needs of the user community is discussed. An overview of the TRW ERTS/MSS processor is presented, followed by a more detailed discussion of image processing functions satisfied by the system. The particular functions chosen for discussion are evolved from advanced signal processing techniques rooted in the areas of communication and control. These examples show how classical aerospace technology can be transferred to solve the more contemporary problems confronting the users of spaceborne imagery.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 245-255
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: A natural environmental analysis process which allows the decision maker to know the probable consequences of a decision prior to the act is developed. Emphasis is placed on the fit between the natural environment and the social, economic, and functional attributes of man's communities and the transition from nature in its present state to various forms and intensities of development. Applications of the analysis are examined. It is concluded that the analysis is a workable system for land use management.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 219-228
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  • 4
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: SKYLAB mission SEASAT-B altimeter observations in combination with surface gravity measurements provide useful data on the marine geoid and expected ocean perturbations from analyses of seamount structures.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA, Washington Seasat-A Sci. Contrib.; p 38
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observations are reported of high-albedo soils denuded by overgrazing which appear bright, in high contrast to regions covered by natural vegetation. Measurements and modeling show that the denuded surfaces are cooler, when compared under sunlit conditions. This observed 'thermal depression' effect should, on theoretical grounds, result in a decreased lifting of air necessary for cloud formation and precipitation, and thus lead to regional climatic desertification.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Science; 186; Nov. 8
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 37; 2, De; Dec. 197
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Delta Classifier defined as an agricultural crop classification scheme employing a temporal trend procedure is applied to more than 100 different Landsat data sets collected during the 1974-1975 growing season throughout the major wheat-producing regions of the United States. The classification approach stresses examination of temporal trends of the Landsat mean vectors of crops in the absence of corresponding ground truth information. It is shown that the resulting classifications compare favorably to ground truth estimates for wheat proportion in those cases where ground truth is available, and that the temporal trend procedure yields estimates of the wheat proportion that are comparable to the best results from maximum likelihood classification with photointerpreter-defined training fields.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 6; 4, 19; 1977
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  • 8
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper covers the topic of marine geodesy, its goals, and applications. Specifically discussed are position determination and establishment of geodetic control on the ocean bottom, ocean surface, and subsurface, and the determination of the geoid, a vertical reference surface. The various techniques used in position determination (including satellite, airborne, radio, inertial and acoustic techniques) are assessed in terms of accuracy, coverage, and contribution to the solution of specific problems associated with position and control. The results of several marine geodetic control experiments are presented. Classical techniques for the determination of the geoid are discussed and assessed, as are new techniques such as satellite altimetry. The outlook for marine geodetic measurements in the ocean is outlined in terms of what is being planned or considered for the next decade, and several recommendations are made.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: American Mineralogist; 62; 1977
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A rectangular (7 x 14 km) area 40 km S of Madrid was remote-sensed with a three-stage recognition process. Ground truth was established in the first phase, airborne sensing with a multispectral scanner and photographic cameras were used in the second phase, and Landsat satellite data were obtained in the third phase. Agronomic and hydrological photointerpretation problems are discussed. Color, black/white, and labeled areas are displayed for crop recognition in the land-use survey; turbidity, concentrations of pollutants and natural chemicals, and densitometry of the water are considered in the evaluation of water resources.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IAA/Ingenieria Aeronautica y Astronautica; 29; Mar. 197
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Recent analysis of laser data for determining variation of latitude have been based on apparent variations in the orbital inclination of the satellite derived from short orbital arcs of 6-8 hours. An alternative method, based on the daily adjustment of the station position to a much longer arc of 2 or 3 weeks has recently been developed and tested. In the new method a long orbital arc is derived from many days of data and is subsequently used as a reference orbit for the adjustment of the position of the station (only) on each day of the long arc for which tracking data are available. This new technique appears to give slightly better results when it is applied to a test period in August 1970, with the added advantage that earth rotation measurements can be derived from the same data at the same time. The results for the test period indicate a precision of 74 cm in variation of latitude and 0.81 ms in monitoring the earth's rotation with 6 hours of data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Feb. 10
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  • 12
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The present work describes the use of an airborne electromagnetic sensing system for measuring snowpack depth, density, and water content. A transmitter sends a sequence of pulses of stepped frequencies, and the reflections are measured by a sensitive receiver. The combination of the snowpack and the earth interacts with the electromagnetic wave so as to modify the characteristics of the reflected signals. The variation of the reflected intensity with frequency provides the desired data. A theoretical analysis of return signal and snowpack parameter relationships is given, and the results of experimental verification of the theory are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: American Water Works Association; vol. 66
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The spectral reflectance of a cropped surface changes as the plant develops. An indicator of crop growth is leaf area index (ratio of green leaf area to soil area). The leaf area index, disease severity, and yield were determined for several winter wheat fields in Kansas during the 1973 growing season. Multispectral scanner (MSS) data from Earth Resources Technology Satellite-1 (ERTS-1) showed a high correlation (r greater than or equal to 0.90) between crop growth and MSS4/MSS5, and crop growth and MSS5/MSS6. Wheat disease severity and yields were significantly correlated at the 5% level with MSS4/MSS6 and with MSS4/MSS7. Further investigation is required before ERTS imagery can be routinely used detecting and estimating disease severity and yield reduction.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 3; 4, 19; 1974
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Synoptic views of the entire polar regions of earth have been obtained free of the usual persistent cloud cover using a scanning microwave radiometer operating at a wavelength of 1.55 cm on board the Nimbus-5 satellite. Three different views at each pole are presented utilizing data obtained at approximately one-month intervals from December 1972 to February 1973. Large discrepancies exist between the long-term ice cover depicted in various atlases and the actual extent of the canopies. The distribution of multiyear ice in the north polar region is markedly different from that predicted by existing ice dynamics models. Irregularities in the edge of the Antarctic sea ice pack occur that have neither been observed previously nor anticipated. The brightness temperatures of the Greenland and Antarctic glaciers show interesting contours probably related to the ice and snow morphologic structure.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 55
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: ERTS-1 imagery of the volcanic areas of southern Italy was used primarily for the evaluation of space platform capabilties in the domains of regional geology, soil and rock-type classification and, more generally, to study the environment of active volcanoes. The test sites were selected and equipped primarily to monitor thermal emission, but ground truth data was also collected in other domains (reflectance of rocks, soils and vegetation). The test areas were overflown with a two channel thermal scanner, while a thermo camera was used on the ground to monitor the hot spots. The primary goal of this survey was to plot the changes in thermal emission with time in the framework of a research program for the surveillance of active volcanoes. However, another task was an evaluation of emissivity changes by comparing the outputs of the two thermal channels. These results were compared with the reflectance changes observed on multispectral ERTS-1 imagery.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESRO European Earth-Resources Satellite Expts.; p 185-197
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  • 16
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Atmospheric radiation was measured as a function of wavelength, position, angle, and time. Radiation was determined by temperature, cloud (aerosol), composition, and surface emissivity measurements. The theory of radiative transfer is reviewed, along with retrieval methods. Instruments onboard space probes for infrared remote sounding of planetary atmospheres are also described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Calif. Univ. Proc. of the UCLA Intern. Conf. on Radiation and Remote Probing of the Atmosphere; p 471-506
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Lunar photography from Zond 6 showed half the side of the moon which is not visible from the earth, and this made it possible to construct a photogrammetric grid encompassing the entire Western Hemisphere and referenced to points of the visible side, whose coordinates were taken from the Goloseyev catalog. The problem was solved using two pictures taken from approximately 9000 km above the lunar surface. The photogrammetric grid was constructed by joint statistical analysis of the measurements of both pictures and the selenographic coordinates of the catalog points. A special algorithm was developed and a program compiled realizing the maximum likelihood method which permitted working with up to 120 catalog points simultaneously.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 257-272
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Pictures of the lunar surface with an image of practically the entire lunar limb were obtained from the Zond 6 spacecraft. During the time of exposure, the entire lunar surface covered by these photographs was illuminated by the sun. Such single pictures were used to find the external orientation elements and selenographic coordinates of the photographed lunar surface points. The selenographic coordinate system was specified by the Goloseyev catalog and was realized by points of this catalog identified on the pictures and termed reference points. Craters located on the invisible side of the moon and also other points of the Goloseyev catalog, which could be used as control points, were taken as the points being determined. The technique used to compute the selenographic coordinates of the points is outlined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 272-282
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The linear and angular motions of the Zond 6 and Zond 8 spacecraft imaging camera during the exposure cause displacements of the optical image points. In the case of instantaneous exposure of each individual point and the nonsimultaneous exposure of the complete frame, this leads to finite geometric shifts of the points without causing blurring of the photographic image. Therefore, when measuring the resulting photographic pictures, the problem arises of reducing the picture point positions to a common instant of time. This reduction is performed by means of dynamic corrections to the measured picture point coordinates. These corrections are found by using formulas of dynamic photogrammetry. Their use with the Zond space probe photographs is described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 245-257
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  • 20
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Estimates were made of the accuracy of reference point grids using the technique of calculating the errors from theoretical analysis. Factors taken into consideration were: telescope accuracy, number of photographs, and libration amplitude. To solve the problem, formulas were used for the relationship between the coordinates of lunar surface points and their images on the photograph.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 231-245
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This investigation was restricted to the determination of recognitional characteristics of a single type of relief form, dimple craters on the surface of maria. These craters were arbitrarily considered as closed, negative relief forms, circular in plan-view, and symmetric relative to the center. Two techniques were used to determine the shadow configuration in the craters: (1) experimental determination of the shadow edge by illuminating the models of different profile shapes with a parallel light beam; and (2) geometric construction of the shadow edge using a vertical section of the formation in the direction of the solar rays. A morphological map of the surface which includes the following factors can be compiled using the proposed identification technique: crater profile nature, crater diameter, ratio of diameter and depth, sharpness of the lip, and distribution density of the forms.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 205-215
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results are presented of Soviet investigations into the use of television imagery obtained from meteorological satellites for the interpretation of tectonics, lithology, and structural properties of the earth. The area investigated encompassed the eastern part of Iran, and the western regions of Afghanistan and Pakistan. Interpretation of the features identified during the analysis was accomplished by comparing these features with physical, geographic, geological, and tectonic maps. It was concluded that television pictures of the earth from space can be used for geological and structural analysis.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 190-194
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A method was examined for joint construction of a selenocentric fundamental system which can be realized by a coordinate catalog of reference contour points uniformly positioned over the entire lunar surface, and determination of the parameters characterizing the gravitational field, rotation, and orbital motion of the moon. Characteristic of the problem formulation is the introduction of a new complex of inconometric measurements which can be made using pictures obtained from an artificial lunar satellite. The proposed method can be used to solve similar problems on any other planet for which surface images can be obtained from a spacecraft. Characteristic of the proposed technique for solving the problem is the joint statistical analysis of all forms of measurements: orbital iconometric, earth-based trajectory, and also a priori information on the parameters in question which is known from earth-based astronomical studies.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 215-231
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two examples of regional interpretation of imagery acquired from satellite photographic and television systems are discussed. The imagery was taken aboard the Zond 7 and Kosmos satellites, and depicted; (1) sand and dust storm activity in the eastern Mediterranean Sea area; and (2) landscape and structural properties of territory of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 182-189
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The possibilities of using images obtained by devices which detect the reflected and self-radiation of the the earth's surface and atmosphere in other parts of the spectrum, other than visible, were analyzed. Considered were: (1) infrared; (2) radiothermal; and (3) magnetic field.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 174-181
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An electronic transformation and correlation system has been developed for the Meteor space weather system which provides transformation and scaling of the original picture, accounts for satellite flight altitude and inclinations of the optical axes of the transmitting devices, and simultaneously superposes the geographical coordinate grid on the transformed picture.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 155-164
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The requirements on the accuracy of geographical correlation of TV and IR cloud cover images are determined by the objective of the analysis of the weather information contained in these images. In the operational analysis case, the correlation accuracy need not be high. Errors of several tens of kilometers in determining the location of the cloud formation contours are considered acceptable in this case. Such correlation must be provided in real image reception time. Scientific studies require accurate correlation of the cloud formation contours. The errors in determining their position should be commensurate with the imaging system resolution. The geometric aspects of developing methods and equipment for geographical correlation of television and infrared images of cloud cover taken from Meteor satellites are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 146-155
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The geographical control of satellite pictures, using the terminology of aerial photography, can be treated as the problem of analysis of a single picture with the objective of obtaining a ground contour map. Studies have shown the possibility and capability of the method of composing photographic maps from transformed television pictures. Optico-mechanical transformation solves the problem of geographical correlation for operational purposes. However, this technique does not compensate for electronic distortion, and accounts for earth sphericity only approximately. However, for certain purposes (studying ice drift), the maximum possible accuracy is required. Analytic geographical correlation methods using digital computers should be considered promising.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 143-145
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  • 29
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: One criterion of image quality is its geometric similarity to the control test. The ability of television, phototelevision, phototelegraphic, and other systems to transmit geometrically similar images is characterized by the geometric distortion coefficient. Linear distortions result from the inaccuracy of scanning mechanism element assembly, and distortions can be minimized during adjustment operations or may be easily compensated during image reception. Brief descriptions are given of the possible sources of nonlinear distortions which arise in these devices due to the scanning mechanism, objective distortion, or the nodding mirror.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 48-51
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: One of the problems solvable by the spaceborne television system, topographical surveying, makes high demands on image quality, particularly on the geometric distortions introduced by the television camera. It is the geometric distortions which determine measurement accuracy and, consequently, the possibility of creating reliable planetary surface maps. Comparative analysis of the different television systems capable of solving the problem showed that the requirements on quality of the transmitted images are best satisfied by television cameras with opticomechanical scanning. The design of panoramic television systems and the process of image construction by the opticomechanical camera are discussed. Results indicate that panoramic television cameras have the necessary instrumental accuracy and permit determination of the direction to objects with an error practically equal to the resolution.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 51-59
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The problem of determining the iconometric parameters of the imaging device can be solved if the camera being calibrated is used to obtain the image of a group of reference points, the directions to which are known. In order to specify the imaging device coordinate system, it is sufficient in principle to obtain on the picture the images of three reference points which do not lie on a single straight line. Many more such points are required in order to determine the distortion corrections, and they must be distributed uniformly over the entire field of view of the camera being calibrated. Experimental studies were made using this technique to calibrate photographic and phototelevision systems. Evaluation of the results of these experiments permits recommending collimators for calibrating television and phototelevision imaging systems, and also short-focus small-format photographic cameras.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 41-47
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The self radiation of the surface being viewed is used for image synthesis in IR thermovision equipment. The installation of such equipment aboard weather satellites makes it possible to obtain cloud cover pictures of the earth's surface in a complete orbit, regardless of the illumination conditions, and also provides quantitative information on the underlying surface temperature and cloud top height. Such equipment is used successfully aboard the Soviet satellites of the Meteor system, and experimentally on the American satellites of the Nimbus series. With regard to surface resolution, the present-day IR weather satellite equipment is inferior to the television equipment. This is due primarily to the comparatively low detectivity of the IR detectors used. While IR equipment has several fundamental advantages in comparison with the conventional television equipment, the problem arises of determining the possibility for future development of weather satellite IR thermovision equipment. Criteria are examined for evaluating the quality of IR.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 29-41
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  • 33
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The term iconics covers the complex of methods and equipment for obtaining images, integrated on a common methodological basis. The concept combines such methods and equipment for obtaining images as photography, television, phototelevision, thermovision, and radar. The term iconics has been used previously, but in a narrower sense, as the name for the theory of image reproduction systems, primarily in the sense of their optimization. Iconics must include two branches; theoretical and practical. The system optimization problem then takes its place in theoretical iconics along with other problems. The term iconology has been proposed to cover the complex of image interpretation methods and equipment.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 1-20
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In-space imaging of the surface of celestial bodies can be carried out by both television and photographic equipment. Television equipment of various types has the important property of being capable of transmitting imagery in real time. Frequently this is not possible because of the nature of information transmission over the spacecraft-ground communication line. The inadequate energy handling capacity of the communication lines usually requires storage of the video information aboard the spacecraft for subsequent transmission at a definite time and rate. For this purpose, the television camera can be connected with a magnetic memory, or the television imagery may be stored on photographic film. The television/photographic film system has been termed phototelevision. The choice of a system of one type or the other is dictated by several considerations, the most important of which are the size and weight characteristics, other conditions being the same (power consumption, reliability, etc.). The advantages and disadvantages of the two systems are discussed and examples are given of types of satellites on which the two types have been employed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 21-28
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  • 35
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Since March 1973 there has been a shift in ERTS results in geology from the initial show-and-tell stage to a period in which scientific studies predominated, and now to an emphasis on effective applications having economic benefits and clearcut relevance to national needs. Many years will be spent on geological tasks resulting from ERTS alone; reconnaissance mapping in inaccessible regions, map revisions, regional or synoptic analysis of crustal fractures, assessment of dynamic surficial processes, systematic search for mineral wealth, use of sophisticated enhancement techniques, recognition of potential geologic hazards, and many more applications that still need to be defined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 147-167
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  • 36
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The ERTS program provides data that can be used to derive information relative to the actual use of the land resource, in a practical and timely manner. ERTS data provide coverage of total land areas, and its repetitive nature enables the detection and monitoring of changes taking place in land use. Generally, the techniques and the procedures used to extract information from ERTS data may be categorized as pertaining to either the interpretations of ERTS imagery or to the use of digital data and computer techniques. Examples are given of the use of ERTS-1 data for land use classification in: (1) New England areas; (2) Chesapeake Bay and Washington, D.C.; (3) Mississippi Gulf Coast; (4) Los Angeles, California; (5) Houston, Texas; and (6) Phoenix, Arizona.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 138-146
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  • 37
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: ERTS-1 applications in snow and ice monitoring, surface water monitoring, including monitoring of wetland areas and flood inundated area mapping, and also watershed monitoring for runoff prediction are discussed. Results also indicate that geological features can be noted which relate to ground water. ERTS-1 data can be used successfully in operational situations by water resources management agencies.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 126-137
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  • 38
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The necessary elements to perform global inventories of agriculture, forestry, and range resources are being brought together through the use of satellites, sensors, computers, mathematics, and phenomenology. Results of ERTS-1 applications in these areas, as well as soil mapping, are described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 116-125
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In response to the urgent need for a faster and more economical means of generating strip mine and reclamation maps, a study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of using ERTS computer compatible tape for automatic mapping. The procedure uses computer target spectral recognition techniques as a basis for classification. The area encompassed by this investigation includes five counties in eastern Ohio that comprise nearly 7,500 square kilometers (3,000 square miles). The counties have been disrupted by coal mining since the early 1800's, and strip mining has been practiced in all of them. The environmental effects of strip mining are also discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 87-101
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The National Marine Fisheries Service has been studying the application of aerospace remote sensing to fisheries management and utilization for many years. The 15-month ERTS study began in July 1972 to: (1) determine the reliability of satellite and high altitude sensors to provide oceanographic parameters in coastal waters; (2) demonstrate the use of remotely-sensed oceanographic information to predict the distribution and abundance of adult menhaden; and (3) demonstrate the potential use of satellites for acquiring information for improving the harvest and management of fisheries resources. The study focused on a coastal area in the north-central portion of the Gulf of Mexico, including parts of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. The test area used in the final analysis was the Mississippi Sound and the area outside the barrier islands to approximately the 18-meter (10-fathom) curve.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 76-86
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  • 41
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Army Corps of Engineers research and development efforts associated with the ERTS Program are confined to applications of investigation, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of water resource projects. Problems investigated covered: (1) resource inventory; (2) environmental impact; (3) pollution monitoring; (4) water circulation; (5) sediment transport; (6) data collection systems; (7) engineering; and (8) model verification. These problem areas were investigated in relation to bays, reservoirs, lakes, rivers, coasts, and regions. ERTS-1 imagery has been extremely valuable in developing techniques and is now being used in everyday applications.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 62-75
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This investigation was undertaken to determine the types and amounts of information valuable to petroleum exploration that are extractable from ERTS data and to determine the cost of obtaining the information from ERTS relative to costs using traditional or conventional means. In particular, it was desirable to evaluate this new petroleum exploration tool in a geologically well-known area in order to assess its potential usefulness in an unknown area. In light of the current energy situation, it is felt that such an evaluation is important in order to best utilize technical efforts with customary exploration tools, by rapidly focusing attention on the most promising areas in order to reduce the time required to go through the exploration cycle and to maximize cost savings. The Anadarko Basin lies in western Oklahoma and the panhandle of Texas (Figure 1). It was chosen as a test site because there is a great deal of published information available on the surface and subsurface geology of the area, there are many known structures that act as traps for hydrocarbons, and it is similar to several other large epicontinental sedimentary basins.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 50-61
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Satellite imagery and other remote sensing tools and techniques have provided a powerful tool to assist geologic research; significantly increased the mapping efficiency of field geologists; shown new lineaments associated with known shear and fault zones; delineated new structural features; provided a tool to reevaluate tectonic history; helped to locate potential ground-water sources and areas of aquifer recharge; defined areas of geologic hazards; shown areas of heavy siltation in major reservoirs; and, by close interval repetition, aided in monitoring surface mine reclamation activities and the environmental protection of the intricate marshland system. The Georgia Geological Survey has been engaged in regional mapping for the new state geologic map. ERTS-1 images enlarged to compatible mapping scales have increased field geologic mapping efficiency by at least 25%. There are a number of areas where data from ERTS-1 imagery has allowed a notably higher level of precision than has been available with any amount of field work on the ground.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 41-49
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  • 44
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Alaskan applications of ERTS data are summarized. Areas discussed are: (1) land use; (2) archaeology; (3) vegetation mapping; (4) ice reporting and mapping; (5) permafrost; (6) mineral and oil exploration; (7) geological surveys; (8) seismology; (9) geological faults and structures; (10) hydrology and water resources; (11) glaciology; (12) water circulation in Cook Inlet; and (13) fish and mammal populations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 12-40
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  • 45
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Under a four-year collaborative agreement between the United States and Canada, the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) reads out and distributes the ERTS data of Canada. The Canadian receiving station is at Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, and covers most of Canada except for the East Coast. Production statistics on Canadian ERTS imagery, a summary of several cost benefit case histories, and recommendations for the future of the international aspects of ERTS are discussed and evaluated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 7-11
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  • 46
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A description is presented of an investigation involving the collection of Antarctic ice sheet surface topography data by means of balloons, floating at an altitude of about 12.5 km, which traversed the Antarctic during its 1975 summer. These balloons were part of 411 constant density balloons launched in the Southern Hemisphere during the Tropical Wind, Energy conversion and Reference Level Experiment. The three sensors carried by each balloon included a radio altimeter, a pressure sensor, and an ambient temperature sensor. Data transmitted by a balloon are received by a measuring system on board the Nimbus-6 satellite. A synoptic map is presented of the 150 mbar pressure surface at 1200 GMT, December 11, 1975.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Nature; 268; Aug. 11
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  • 47
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: One grain of uraninite was found in a single thin-section of Sierran granite. Electron and ion microprobe analysis were used to determine the composition. Since the U-Pb age calculated for the uraninite does not differ greatly from the K-Ar age of the unit in which it occurs, it is suggested that the mineral is primary and not reworked from a preexisting rock. No uraninite has been detected in heavy mineral concentrates from other rocks of the local area.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: American Mineralogist; 62; 1977
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  • 48
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The thermal response of a substance to a time-varying surface power input is determined by its thermal inertia. Remote sensing (e.g., from satellites) can be utilized to measure this property, which is related to surface composition or to near-surface soil moisture. An algorithm is developed which relates thermal inertia to remote measurements of surface temperature and reflectance. Application to geosynchronous satellite data illustrates the contrast between irrigated and desert areas in the region north of the Gulf of California. The effect of local weather conditions (latent and sensible heat transfer to the atmosphere) must be estimated before precise values for thermal inertia can be specified.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; June 20
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  • 49
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: SEASAT-A can be used for determining the geoid to much higher accuracy on a world wide basis and in a relatively short time. Two basic objectives can be considered: (1) determination of the geoid to at least 1 meter. This accuracy will satisfy most geodetic requirements for applications purposes; and (2) determination of the geoid to better than 1-meter an oceanographic objective required for measurement of sea surface topography and sea slope, quasi-stationary departure from the geoid, ocean circulation, air and sea interaction, etc. The geodesy objective in this case will be to define a reference equipotential surface as a means by which the oceanographic requirements can be achieved.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA, Washington Seasat-A Sci. Contrib.; p 79-84
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Areas in which LANDSAT satellite imagery were found most useful include regional interpretations of geological structure, updating verifying of geologic maps, mineral and petroleum exploration, and the monitoring of natural hazards such as large-scale erosion and seismicity. Investigations in these areas of application demonstrated the wide variety of uses presently undertaken or envisioned for the future.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. John F. Kennedy Space Center Remote Sensing and the Earth; p 194-204
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The use of recutting remote sensing was demonstrated for location of shipwrecks in the Florida Keys, using selected films and filters for improved water penetration.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. John F. Kennedy Space Center Remote Sensing and the Earth; p 341-350
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Various types of films were used to detect pre-Columbian archaeological sites in South Dakota. Natural color and color IR films (scale 1/10,000) provided the best interpretation medium.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. John F. Kennedy Space Center Remote Sensing and the Earth; p 172-180
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A network of sampling sites throughout the annual grassland region was established to correlate plant growth in stages and forage production to climatic and other environmental factors. Plant growth and range conditions were further related to geographic location and seasonal variations. A sequence of LANDSAT data was obtained covering critical periods in the growth cycle. Data were analyzed by both photointerpretation and computer aided techniques. Image characteristics and spectral reflectance data were then related to forage production, range condition, range site, and changing growth conditions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. John F. Kennedy Space Center Remote Sensing and the Earth; p 77-101
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A method is proposed for using clear lakes as dark backgrounds against which the atmospheric path radiance can be determined from satellite observations. If the path radiance can be determined to sufficient accuracy, the atmospheric extinction can be inferred with suitable radiative transfer models. An extensive program of observation was made to determine the magnitude and variability of the various contributors to the total radiance observed by a satellite. It is shown that the volume and surface reflectance contributions (in the absence of sunglint) are small, constant, and can be modeled accurately enough to make these an insignificant source of error. The sunglint radiance observed in this investigation may be a significant source of error. It is shown that atmospheric extinction can be inferred from the path radiance observation after systematic differences between the model and observations are removed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 731-755
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Remote sensor data (primarily LANDSAT) was analyzed by photogeologic and computer-assisted enhancement techniques to evaluate the metallic mineral potential of Baja California. Overlays were prepared at 1:1,000,000 and 1:500,000 and included known geologic relationships and mineral occurrences, lineament, drainage and structural patterns, tonal anomalies, and enhancement results. Computer-assisted enhancement and classification of the test sites was performed using the IMAGE 100 system to identify subtle tonal anomalies thought related to mineralization using known sites as analysis guides. Mineral potential maps of Baja California were generated from these analyses and the ten highest priority targets visited. Preliminary assay results (atomic absorption analysis) for the samples recovered showed moderate to high geochemical anomalies for Copper (10 of 12 samples), Zinc (3 of 12 samples) and Lead (4 of 12 samples).
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 683-691
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Some of the main aspects that need to be considered in a remote sensing sampling design are: (1) the frequency that any one land use type (on the ground) is erroneously attributed to another class by the interpreter; (2) the frequency that the wrong land use (as observed on the ground) is erroneously included in any one class by the remote sensing interpreter; (3) the proportion of all land (as determined in the field) that is mistakenly attributed by the interpreter; and (4) the determination of whether the mistakes are random (so that the overall proportions are approximately correct) or subject to a persistent bias. A sampling and statistical testing procedure is presented which allows an approximate answer to each of these aspects. The concept developed and described incorporates the probability of making incorrect interpretations at particular prescribed accuracy levels, for a certain number of errors, for a particular sample size. It is considered that this approach offers a meaningful explanation of the interpretation accuracy level of an entire remote sensing land use survey.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 615-623
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A demonstration of the utility of LANDSAT imagery for quickly and cheaply estimating irrigated land area was conducted in the Klamath River basin of Oregon. LANDSAT color composite images, at 1:250,000 scale and acquired on two dates during the 1975 growing season, were interpreted. Irrigated lands were delineated manually, and the irrigated area was estimated, based on dot-grid sampling of the manually delineated lands. The image interpretation estimate of irrigated area was then adjusted by a comparison of interpretation results with ground data on 45 sample plots, each 2.6 square kilometers in size. Two interpreters independently estimated the irrigated area. Their adjusted estimates were 115,000 hectares and 108,000 hectares respectively, with corresponding 95 percent confidence intervals of + or - 7,880 hectares and + or - 14,000 hectares.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 515-524
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  • 58
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A digital processing and analysis scheme for use with digitized synthetic aperture radar data was developed. Using data from a four channel system, the imagery is preprocessed using specially designed software and then analyzed using preexisting facilities originally intended for use with MSS type data. Geometric and radiometric correction may be performed if desired, as well as classification analysis, Fast Fourier transform, filtering and level slice and display functions. The system provides low cost output in real time, permitting interactive imagery analysis. System information flow diagrams as well as sample output products are shown.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 563-570
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  • 59
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE) is a project designed to demonstrate the applicability of remote sensing technology to monitor globally an important world food crop - wheat. The need for more timely and reliable monitoring of food and fiber supplies is discussed, and the monitoring systems currently utilized are reviewed. The fundamentals involved in assessing the impact of variable weather and economic conditions on wheat acreage, yield, and production are elucidated. The experiment's approach to production monitoring is described, and its status is reviewed. Examples of acreage and yield monitoring in the Soviet Union are used to illustrate the experiment's approach.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 429-465
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  • 60
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Monitoring of pollutants within the troposphere is discussed. Selected specific techniques were investigated and it was shown how the use of these techniques fits into the overall national strategy for air pollution abatement.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 353-359
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: To realize the maximum potential benefits of remote sensing, the technology must be applied by personnel responsible for the management of natural resources and the environment. In Canada and the United States, these managers are often in local offices and are not those responsible for the development of systems to acquire, preprocess, and disseminate remotely sensed data, nor those leading the research and development of techniques for analysis of the data. However, the latter organizations have recognized that the technology they develop must be transferred to the management agencies if the technology is to be useful to society. Problems of motivation and communication associated with the technology transfer process, and some of the methods employed by Federal, State, Provincial, and local agencies, academic institutions, and private organizations to overcome these problems are explored.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 325-331
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  • 62
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The actual and the desirable roles of remote sensing in dealing with current forestry issues, such as national forest policy, supply and demand for forest products and competing demands for forest land are discussed. Topics covered include wood shortage, regional timber inventories, forests in tropical and temperate zones, Skylab photography, forest management and protection, available biomass studies, and monitoring.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 267-276
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  • 63
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The use of data from environmental satellites and other remote sensing platforms in some of NOAA's operational services are described. Topics discussed include: hurricanes; severe local storms and tornadoes; forest guidance; weather forecasting; hydrology; space program support; oceanography; search and rescue; and wildlife management. Applications which have become routine, and those which are in advanced field test are included. Some applications yield a clear cut economic benefit. In other cases, benefits -- if any -- are obscure. In yet other cases, benefits in one sector may be offset by detriments in another. Illustrative examples are given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 221-228
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  • 64
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Obstacles or deficiencies in on-going satellites that impede operational use of data are described. Because spectral and spatial characteristics of LANDSAT D sensors are different from earlier satellites, they deter operational planning and data use, and an operational program operated in parallel with experimental technology development is needed. Particular attention is given to the satellite sensor readout system, its current applications, and needs for the future.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 229-235
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Beginning with a survey of the state-of-the-art of processing remotely sensed data in early 1975, significant developments between that time and the present are chronicled, and technologies for early 1979 are projected. Current technical issues discussed include: training selection and labeling; classification and mensuration; use of satellite indicators to supplement predictions; small scale field structures; physical factors; ancillary data; geometric quality; and the cost of processing.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 125-135
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  • 66
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A perspective on the implementation of microwave sensors in future airborne and spaceborne observations of hydrologic parameters is presented. The rationale is based on a review of the status and future trends of active (radar) and passive (radiometer) microwave research as applied to the remote sensing of soil moisture content, snowpack water equivalent, freeze/thaw boundaries, lake ice thickness, surface water area, and the specification of watershed runoff coefficients. Analyses and observations based on data acquired from ground based, airborne and spaceborne platforms, and an evaluation of advantages and limitations of microwave sensors are included.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 67-86
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Remote sensing was applied to a preliminary study of suspended solids in the Requena Dam. Aerial and terrestrial photographs were analyzed by photointerpretation and microdensitometry. Field measurements and sampling were also made. A relationship between ground data for the concentration of suspended solids and the transmissibility of the aerial infrared film was suggested.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 495-504
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The cooperation and assistance of industrialized nations and the United Nations and its agencies in promoting the transfer of remote sensing technology in developing nations was discussed. Training programs, workshops, and seminars as well as on-going globally scattered demonstration projects were evaluated and it was suggested that emphasis should shift from centralized training to scheduled regional training programs, resulting in larger local participation and on-the-spot application of the technology to solve local problems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 339-351
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  • 69
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Current applications and products from existing operational satellites, are reviewed. The future data and information that will become available before the end of this decade are described with emphasis on global oceanic data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 279-297
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  • 70
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A variety of photographic and nonphotographic sensors are briefly described which were used for remote sensing purposes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing and the Earth; p 26-41
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The ability of Landsat multispectral digital data to differentiate among 62 combinations of rock and alteration types at the Goldfield mining district of Western Nevada was investigated by using statistical techniques of cluster and discriminant analysis. Multivariate discriminant analysis was not effective in classifying each of the 62 groups, with classification results essentially the same whether data of four channels alone or combined with six ratios of channels were used. Bivariate plots of group means revealed a cluster of three groups including mill tailings, basalt and all other rock and alteration types. Automatic hierarchical clustering based on the fourth dimensional Mahalanobis distance between group means of 30 groups having five or more samples was performed. The results of the cluster analysis revealed hierarchies of mill tailings vs. natural materials, basalt vs. non-basalt, highly reflectant rocks vs. other rocks and exclusively unaltered rocks vs. predominantly altered rocks. The hierarchies were used to determine the order in which sets of multiple discriminant analyses were to be performed and the resulting discriminant functions were used to produce a map of geology and alteration which has an overall accuracy of 70 percent for discriminating exclusively altered rocks from predominantly altered rocks.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 783-790
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A survey of several offshore islands, rocks and shoals on the Labrador Coast was performed, using LANDSAT imagery to assist in the location of uncharted hydrographic features. Several satellite coverages of the coast were studied prior to the survey, and suspected shoal points identified. Using map-derived control points and monocomparator measurements of the LANDSAT images, the positions of these points were determined by mathematical adjustment to an estimated position accuracy of 150 meters. As a result, on the survey, an uncharted island and eight uncharted drying rocks, which might easily have escaped detection from a survey ship, were verified and positioned. To check the accuracy of the coordinates derived from LANDSAT, three islands were positioned by standard ground survey methods. The positional differences, all less than 150 meters, are not plottable at the scale of the existing offshore charts. The LANDSAT positions were also used to control aerial photography of a shoal area for office compilation of a hydrographic chart.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol 1; p 775-781
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  • 73
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: System specifications are proposed for an imaging radar whose primary objective is to provide useful information for land applications including hydrology, agriculture and geology.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 407-425
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Tennessee Valley Authority was created in 1933 as a resource development agency and was charged with the basic mission of improving the economy of a depressed region through power production, flood control, and navigation. Those programs which availed themselves of remotely monitored data, either directly or indirectly supporting this mission, were examined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 385-392
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  • 75
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The transfer of technology from industrialized countries to the third world is a very complicated process and one that requires a great deal of research and development. The political and social obstacles to this transfer are generally greater than the technical obstacles, but technical assistance programs have neither the competence nor the inclination to deal with these factors adequately. Funding for technical assistance in remote sensing is now expanding rapidly, and there is a growing need for institutions to study and promote the effective use of this technology for economic development. The United Nations, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the World Bank, the United States Agency for International Development and the Canadian technical assistance agencies take different approaches to the problem and deal with the political pressures in different ways.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 333-338
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  • 76
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: During the past decade, there has been a rapid expansion of remote sensing research and technology development related to coastal wetlands. As a result of this research, all of the 23 coastal states have ongoing or completed wetland inventories, most utilizing aerial photographs as the data source for producing a variety of map products with varying scales, formats, classification systems and intended uses. The U.S. Geological Survey is increasing emphasis on map production and revision for the coastal zone. The new U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Wetland Inventory is intended to provide a standardized method for comparison of wetlands on a national basis - it too will use available aerial photographs as a basic data source. At present, satellite data is not used for operational mapping of coastal wetlands because of resolution and geometric constraints. In the future, however, satellite data may provide an accurate reliable and economical source to update wetland inventories and to monitor or evaluate coastal wetlands. The technological improvements accompanying the development and launch of Landsat C and D and the space shuttle promise to make satellite digital data a more powerful tool to supply information for future management decisions for coastal wetlands.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 301-323
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Problems arising from remote sensing of the earth by satellites have been the subject of indepth research and analysis by the United Nations. Every aspect of this multidisciplinary subject has been explored in more than 100 reports and papers published as UN documents dealing with all the implications of remote sensing: scientific, technological, institutional, political, economic, cultural, and legal. National, regional and international situations have been analyzed, and the General Assembly has passed resolutions requesting that the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space give a high priority to remote sensing. The identification and analysis of issues has been going on for several years, the objective being international agreement on general principles to guide nations in the conduct of their remote sensing activities.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 247-256
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  • 78
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Most of the remote sensing related work in hydrologic modeling has centered on modifying existing models to take advantage of the capabilities of new sensor techniques. There has been enough success with this approach to insure that remote sensing is a powerful tool in modeling the watershed processes. Unfortunately, many of the models in use were designed without recognizing the growth of remote sensing technology. Thus, their parameters were selected to be map or field crew definable. It is believed that the real benefits will come through the evolution of new models having new parameters that are developed specifically to take advantage of our capabilities in remote sensing. The ability to define hydrologically active areas could have a significant impact. The ability to define soil moisture and the evolution of new techniques to estimate evoportransportation could significantly modify our approach to hydrologic modeling. Still, without a major educational effort to develop an understanding of the techniques used to extract parameter estimates from remote sensing data, the potential offered by this new technology will not be achieved.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 87-99
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The design of general remote sensing-aided methodologies was studied to provide the estimates of several important inputs to water yield forecast models. These input parameters are snow area extent, snow water content, and evapotranspiration. The study area is Feather River Watershed (780,000 hectares), Northern California. The general approach involved a stepwise sequence of identification of the required information, sample design, measurement/estimation, and evaluation of results. All the relevent and available information types needed in the estimation process are being defined. These include Landsat, meteorological satellite, and aircraft imagery, topographic and geologic data, ground truth data, and climatic data from ground stations. A cost-effective multistage sampling approach was employed in quantification of all the required parameters. The physical and statistical models for both snow quantification and evapotranspiration estimation was developed. These models use the information obtained by aerial and ground data through appropriate statistical sampling design.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 795-806
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effects of soil water deficit on spruce and pine seedling canopy reflectance, needle reflectance and transmittance, and canopy density were measured in a greenhouse with a diffuse source of radiant flux. A potential for early or pre-visual detection of plant water stress was not supported by these measurements made at visible, and reflected infrared wavelengths to 1950 nm. Needles were found to transmit approximately thirty percent of the radiant flux incident on them at 780 nm, ten percent at 700 nm, and were found to be opaque at 450, 550, 600 and 650 nm.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 719-728
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Multispectral data analysis was incorporated with multiseasonal data analysis based on a spectral radiance data-set. Concepts include comparing data types, exploring relationships between periodicity of LANDSAT and the seasonal sense of the Orientals, and derivation of a method to register the acquired data. Examples include a quality investigation of a paddy field by seasonal LANDSAT data, a progress check of the field in harvest season, and a detailed survey of the vegetational environment by summer and winter LANDSAT data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 545-561
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  • 82
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A linear classifier is developed. The classifier algorithm derives, from the picture element (pixel) response values, the response values for a point (called footpoint) consisting of determined proportions of distinct and operator defined land surfaces. The algorithm decides whether the pixel contains the content of the defined surfaces by testing the footpoint to pixelpoint distance against an operator specified threshold value. The test can be either of statistical or geometric form. Those pixels which give a positive result to the test are subclassified according to the proportions of the distinct land surfaces. The practical characteristics of the classifier are discussed and the classification results achieved, in a number of test areas, are described. The artificial nature of the classifier assumptions relate to certain land surface conditions. Testing the suitability of the classifier for other conditions is discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 535-543
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Efforts of the Agency for International Development to stimulate interest in remote sensing and the use of operational data are described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 243-246
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  • 84
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Variables involved in data analysis and equipment used to process information are discussed. Standard photointerpretation keys for railroad trains and trees are included.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing and the Earth; p 60-72
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  • 85
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Significant early developments of remote sensing are traced, as well as important contributions of the space program.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing and the Earth; p 1-9
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  • 86
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results of crescentic features study of sandy coasts, using high altitude aerial photography are presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. John F. Kennedy Space Center Remote Sensing and the Earth; p 305-314
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  • 87
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Quaternary Geologic Map of Minnesota is a compilation based both on the unique characteristics of satellite imagery and on the results of previous field investigations, both published and unpublished. The use of satellite imagery has made possible the timely and economical construction of this map. LANDSAT imagery interpretation proved more useful than expected. Most of the geologic units could be identified by extrapolating from specific sites where the geology had been investigated into areas where little was known. The excellent geographic registry coupled with the multi-spectral record of these images served to identify places where the geologic materials responded to their ecological environment and where the ecology responded to the geologic materials. Units were well located on the map at the scale selected for the study. Contacts between till units could be placed with reasonable accuracy. The reference points that were used to project delineations between units (rivers, lakes, hills, roads and other features), which had not been accurately located on early maps, could be accurately located with the help of the imagery. The tonal and color contrasts, the patterns reflecting geologic change and the resolution of the images permitted focusing attention on features which could be represented at the final scale of the map without distraction by other interesting but site-specific details.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 791-794
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A low-cost transportable earth resources ground station was built in Canada and installed to operational status at Shoe Cove, Newfoundland. The system concepts developed for this station provide timely availability of data in both photographic and digital form. The system was designed with several objectives in mind: (1) to provide a system which could receive, store and process line-scan image data from a wide variety of satellites, most especially the LANDSAT and NOAA (VHRR) series, as well as aircraft scanner data, and data from future remote sensing and meteorological satellites; (2) the system has been designed to be operated by a small staff and to produce black and white images and computer-compatible tapes (CCT's) of all relevant data; (3) the system is compact in its physical design so that it is possible to configure it as a self-contained ground station, housed in a 3 x 12 meter trailer; (4) the system is designed to process all data at real-time rates or better and is designed in a modular fashion so that it can be easily upgraded to do further processing of the data, and/or to handle new satellites and sensors.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 757-773
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  • 89
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Experiments performed by stacking cotton leaves in the port of a spectroradiometer indicate that single leaf reflectance ceases to vary with more than two leaves in the visible region and eight leaves in the infrared region. Chance and LeMaster have shown that the Suits spectral reflectance model predicts an asymptotic dependence of crop reflectance on leaf area index (LAI) with crop reflectance static for leaf area indices in excess of two in the visible regions and six in the infrared regions of the spectrum. These results are experimentally verified in the field for Milam and Penjamo spring wheat, and a theoretical relationship is discussed that relates crop reflectance at 650 nm to crop canopy LAI. Experimental data are given that relate observer zenith angle to crop reflectance for wheat. The Suits reflectance model calculations for wheat fail to agree with this data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 703-710
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: State, local, and regional agencies involved in natural resources management were investigated as potential users of satellite remotely sensed data. This group's needs are assessed and alternative data management systems serving some of those needs are outlined. It is concluded that an operational earth observation data management system will be of most use to these user agencies if it provides a full range of information services -- from raw data acquisition to interpretation and dissemination of final information products.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 659-670
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Multipolarized scatterometer sea ice measurements at 13.3 GHz obtained during the winter and spring of 1975-76 from a number of flight lines off the east coast of Canada were analyzed. Radar scattering coefficients, sigma, were calculated for several regions of sea ice as interpreted from aerial photographs. The variation in sigma which incidence angle is presented for HH (Horizontal transmit - Horizontal receive) and HV (Horizontal transmit - Vertical receive) polarizations for the various ice regions. The depolarization ratio (sigma HH/sigma HV) as a function of incidence angle is also given. The sea ice regions studied included shorefast ice with varying degrees of snow cover and surface roughness and several varieties of floating sea ice with different thicknesses.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 645-657
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An infrared polarimeter, capable of operating between 1 and 12 micrometers wavelength has been used to measure the polarization of emitted radiation from the sea. The observed polarization at 10.6 micrometers from a smooth sea was found to be positive, indicating the dominance of reflected infrared sky radiation over the emitted. With the appearance of waves, the percent polarization increased, as expected, for a zenith angle well above the Brewster angle for water. This is qualitatively in accordance with a model presented to explain the behavior. Initial analyses indicate that the polarized components of the sea's emitted and reflected radiation are affected by type and direction of waves, angle of viewing, and foam. The effects of variations in these parameters require further delineation. The infrared polarimetric technique appears to be a novel new passive method for remote monitoring of waves.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 635-644
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In 1974 a circular-shaped iron oxide anomaly was observed in an image of a LANDSAT frame centered near Truth or Consequences, New Mexico. Field examination of the anomaly has shown that it coincides with a zone of hydrothermal alteration on the northern edge of the Nogal Canyon Cauldron. The altered area contains clay minerals ranging in colors from white to vivid red, the latter presumably resulting from hematite staining. In situ gas measurements showed no evidence of active hydrogen sulfide seepage. Preliminary geochemical analyses of grab samples have detected no significant amounts of mineralization. Whereas this area does not at present appear to be economically important, it provides an example of how LANDSAT can be utilized in reconnaissance mapping for cauldrons, calderas, and other volcanic features which display hydrothermal alteration.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 579-590
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Remote sensing of various coastal phenomena on the Kujukuri Coast and Kashimanada Coast was done by the use of aircraft for the purpose of investigating the characteristics of shore reefs and floating sand, and the depth of the sea. A multispectral camera and a video ITV camera were used as sensors. The first flight was over the Kashimanada and Kujukuri Coasts and the next flight was over the Katsuura Bay. The shape of shore reefs, the state of floating sand, the depth of the sea, etc., are represented by equidensitographs using texture. The interval of density slices is 0.05. Correlations between the textures represented by equidensitographs, digital graphs and analog display are estimated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 571-578
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  • 95
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The capability to monitor land cover, associated in the past with aerial film cameras and radar systems, was discussed in regard to aircraft and spacecraft multispectral scanning sensors. A proposed thematic mapper with greater spectral and spatial resolutions for the fourth LANDSAT is expected to usher in new environmental monitoring capability. In addition, continuing improvements in image classification by supervised and unsupervised computer techniques are being operationally verified for discriminating environmental impacts of human activities on the land. The benefits of employing remote sensing for this discrimination was shown to far outweigh the incremental costs of converting to an aircraft-satellite multistage system.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 363-377
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The dynamic nature of agriculture requires repetitive resource assessments such as those from remote sensing. Until recently, the use of remote sensing in agriculture has been limited primarily to site specific investigations without large-scale evaluations. Examples of successful applications at various user levels are provided. The stage of development for applying remote sensing to many agricultural problems is assessed, and goals for planning future data characteristics for increased use in agriculture are suggested.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 257-266
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  • 97
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The importance of information gathered, integrated and analyzed over broad regions of the world is discussed. Means of acquiring information on critical areas are outlined, and the particular role that remote sensing can play is described in each case. The possible implementation of a global information system and some of the current difficulties in initiation of such a system on an operational basis are explored. In this way, issues will be surfaced for consideration. Topics include: the importance of innovative leadership, and some actions that the government might take, both in Congress and in the Executive Branch; the relationship of U.S. government activities to international interests and to industry; and the need to stimulate more private sector initiative and to transfer responsibilities from government to commercial interests.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 237-241
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  • 98
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The sensors currently projected for the new generation of meteorological satellites which will be in operation during the First Global Atmospheric Research Program GARP Global Experiment (FGGE) are described. The closely related subject of on-board data processing is treated briefly as well as efforts by the countries/agencies responsible for these satellites to make useful products available to developing countries at low cost.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 189-199
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  • 99
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: NASA's remote sensing technology as exemplified by ERTS-1 and LANDSAT 2 developed far more rapidly than they could have been reasonably absorbed with proved results by geological industries. This under-utilization of available technology is due to the ingrown infrastructure of exploration and engineering programs and techniques, and the inherent indirectness and long term effectiveness of the application of remote sensing to geological needs. The value of four dimensional geologic maps and the capabilities of various sensors are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 183-187
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Currently there is considerable interest in active microwave sensors for earth resources applications, such as the SEASAT-A radar. However, to obtain spatial resolutions comparable to optical sensors at radar frequencies, sophisticated image formation processing techniques must be applied to the raw data. Processing requirements for non-coherent optical and coherent radar imaging systems are compared. The image formation processing requirements for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems are discussed. Both optical and digital techniques are addressed, and examples of hardware and imagery for each processing technique are presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 137-159
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