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  • Oxford University Press  (10,246)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 2020-2024
  • 2020-2023
  • 2005-2009  (8,964)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (5,179)
  • 1950-1954
  • 2008  (8,964)
  • 1973  (5,179)
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  • 2020-2024
  • 2020-2023
  • 2005-2009  (8,964)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
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  • 1
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    Evidence of seismic deformation of the paved floor of the decumanus at Tindari (NE, Sicily) (2008)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Most of the ancient town of Tindari (NE, Sicily) was settled on a plateau the most surficial layer of which was made of unconsolidated material. Ongoing excavations at the archaeological site at Tindari uncovered a large portion of the decumanus which suffered deformations preliminarily assigned to coseismic effects. An analysis of the local dynamic response through the simulation of strong seismic shaking to the bedrock and modelling of spectral ratios of the bedrock-soft soil was carried out to verify the susceptibility of superficial terrains of the promontory to coseismic deformations. To perform this simulation the finite element method (FEM) was used. Four accelerometric recordings of three earthquakes of medium-high magnitude, recorded on rocky sites, were chosen to simulate the seismic shaking, using a constitutive law for the materials composing the promontory layers both of linear-elastic type and of elastoplastic type. The analysis of the linear-elastic field allowed the definition of the frequencies for which the spectral ratios of the accelerations recorded the highest amplifications; in particular the frequency range 31.5–37.2 Hz can be combined with deformation of the paved floor of the decumanus. The analysis in the elastoplastic field highlighted the zones of promontory more susceptible to suffer plasticization process. The results show that the topmost layer of the decumanus is the most susceptible to suffer plasticization. Therefore, the performed analysis lends greater support to the hypothesis that the deformations were produced by seismic shaking.
    Description: Published
    Description: 213-222
    Description: 3.10. Sismologia storica e archeosismologia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Fourier analysis ; Elasticity and anelasticity ; Earthquake ground motions ; Site effects ; Computational seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Tectonic features of the Lipari–Vulcano complex (Aeolian archipelago, Italy) from 10 years (1996–2006) of GPS data (2008)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The tectonic deformation of the Lipari-Vulcano complex, one of the most important active volcanic areas of Mediterranean region, is studied here through the analysis of ten years (1996-2006) of GPS data from both 3 permanent and 13 non-permanent stations. This area can be considered crucial for the understanding of the Eurasia-Africa plates interaction in the Mediterranean area, and, in general, this work emphasize a methodological approach, already applied in other areas worldwide (e.g. Shen et al., 1996, El-Fiki and Kato, 1999) where geodetic data and strain parameters maps of critical areas can help to improve our understanding of their geodynamical aspects. In this framework, this study is aimed at providing a kinematic deformation model on the basis of the dense geodetically estimated velocities of the Lipari-Vulcano complex. In particular, the observed deformation pattern can be described by a mix between 1) the main N-S regional compression and 2) a NNE-SSW compression with a small right-lateral strike slip component acting along a tectonic structure N°40W trending located between the two islands. This pattern was inspected through a simplified synthetic model.
    Description: This research has benefited from funding provided by the Italian Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri – Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (DPC).
    Description: Published
    Description: 370–377
    Description: 1.9. TTC - Rete GPS nazionale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: GPS ; Aeolian Islands ; strain ; modelling ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    P-wave propagation heterogeneity and earthquake location in the Mediterranean region (2008)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-03
    Description: We analyse P-wave traveltimes for the Mediterranean area, using both teleseismic and regional arrivals for shallow earthquakes reported in the Bulletins of the International Seismological Centre. We model delays between pairs of 0.5° × 0.5° cells, obtaining a detailed representation of the P traveltime heterogeneities. Examination of these anomalies shows the clear presence of geographically coherent patterns—consistent with known geological features—due to significant structure in the upper mantle. We present a scheme, based on an empirical heterogeneity correction (EHC) to P-wave traveltimes, to improve earthquake location. This method provides similar benefits to those of a location procedure based on ray tracing in a 3-D model, but it is simpler and computationally more efficient. The definition of the traveltime heterogeneity model, being based on a statistical procedure, bypasses most of the critical points and possible instabilities involved in model inversion. EHC relocation, applied to Mediterranean earthquakes, allows one to predict about 70 per cent of the estimated signal due to heterogeneity and produces epicentral and origin time-shifts of, respectively, 4.22 km and 0.35 s (rms). From a synthetic experiment, in which we use the proposed algorithm to retrieve known source locations, we estimate that the rms improvement achieved by the EHC relocation over a simpler, standard, 1-D location is more than 20 per cent for both epicentral mislocation and origin time-shifts.
    Description: Published
    Description: 232-254
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: earthquake location ; Mediterranean ; P waves ; traveltime ; upper mantle ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    New results of 40Ar/39Ar dating constrain the timing of transition from fissure-type to central volcanism at Mount Etna (Italy) (2008)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Recent geological studies performed at Etna allow reassessing the stratigraphic frame of the volcano where distinct evolutionary phases are defined. This stratigraphic reconstruction was chronologically constrained on the basis of a limited number of U–Th and K–Ar age determinations whose uncertainty margins are sometimes too wide. For this reason, we successfully adopted at Etna the 40Ar/39Ar technique that allowed obtaining more precise age determinations. The incremental heating technique also gives information on sample homogeneity, and potential problems of trapped argon. Five samples were collected from stratigraphically well-controlled volcanic units in order to chronologically define the transition between the fissure-type volcanism of the Timpe phase to the central volcanism of the Valle del Bove Centers. Isotopic ages with an uncertainty margin of 2–4% have been obtained emphasizing that this transition occurred (130– 126 ka) without significant temporal hiatus.
    Description: University of Catania grants (COFIN- 2002, resp. F. Lentini); CNR-IDPA and INGV-Sezione di Catania grants.
    Description: Published
    Description: 292-298
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: 40Ar/39Ar dating ; Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    Methane seepage in an urban development area (Bacau, Romania): origin, extent, and hazard (2008)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The paper describes a case of a natural emission of methane from soil in an urban development area, generating a significant risk for the local population and buildings, due to gas explosiveness and asphyxiation potential. The site is located on the south-western margin of the East-European Platform in eastern Romania, in a hydrocarbon-prone area crossed by the Pericarpathian lineament and regional faults. Molecular composition of gas and stable isotopic analyses of methane (CH4〉90%, δ to the power of 13 C1: -49.4‰, δD1: -173.4‰) indicate a dominant thermogenic origin, with significant amounts of C2-C5 alkanes (~5%), likely migrating through faults from a deep reservoir. Possible candidates are the Saucesti and Secuieni gas fields, located in the same petroleum system. Two surface geochemical surveys, based on closed-chamber flux measurements, were performed to assess the degassing intensity and the extent of the affected area. Methane fluxes from soil reach orders of 10 to the power of 4 mg m to the power of -2 day to the power of -1. Gas seepage mainly occurs in one zone 30 000 m2 wide, and it is likely controlled by channeling along a fault and gas accumulation in permeable sediments and shallow subsoil. The estimated total CH4 emission is about 40 t year to the power of -1 CH4, of which 8–9 t year to the power of -1 are naturally released from soil and 30–35 t year to the power of -1 are emitted from shallow boreholes. These wells have likely channeled the gas accumulated in shallow alluvial sediment but gas flux from soil is still high and mitigation measures are needed to reduce the risk for humans and buildings.
    Description: Published
    Description: 311-320
    Description: 3.8. Geofisica per l'ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: gas hazard ; methane seepage ; soil degassing ; thermogenic gas ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    New evidence for a mixed inorganic and organic origin of the Olympic Chimaera fire (Turkey): a large onshore seepage of abiogenic gas (2008)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The Chimaera gas seep, near Antalya (SW Turkey), has been continuously active for thousands of years and it is known to be the source of the first Olympic fire in the Hellenistic period. New and thorough molecular and isotopic analyses including methane (approximately 87% v/v; δ to the power of 13 C1 from -7.9‰ to -12.3‰; δ to the power of 13 D1 from -119‰ to -124‰), light alkanes (C2 + C3 + C4 + C5 = 0.5%; C6+: 0.07%; δ to the power of 13 C2 from -24.2‰ to -26.5‰; δ to the power of 13 C3 from -25.5‰ to -27‰), hydrogen (7.5–11%), carbon dioxide (0.01–0.07%; δ to the power of 13 CCO2: -15‰), helium (approximately 80 ppmv; R/Ra: 0.41) and nitrogen (2–4.9%; δ to the power of 15 N from -2‰ to -2.8‰) converge to indicate that the seep releases a mixture of organic thermogenic gas, related to mature type III kerogen occurring in Palaeozoic and Mesozoic organic-rich sedimentary rocks, and abiogenic gas produced by low-temperature serpentinization in the Tekirova ophiolitic unit. Methane is not related to mantle or magma degassing. The abiogenic fraction accounts for about half of the total gas released, which is estimated to be well beyond 50 ton year to the power of -1. Ophiolites and limestones are in contact along a tectonic dislocation leading to gas mixing and migration to the Earth’s surface. Chimaera represents the biggest emission of abiogenic methane on land discovered so far. Deep and pressurized gas accumulations are necessary to sustain the Chimaera gas flow for thousands of years and are likely to have been charged by an active inorganic source.
    Description: Published
    Description: 263-273
    Description: 3.8. Geofisica per l'ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: abiogenic methane ; isotopic composition ; ophiolites ; seep ; serpentinization ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    Multiple hydro-fracturing by boron-rich fluids in the Late Miocene contact aureole of eastern Elba Island (Tuscany, Italy) (2008)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In eastern Elba Island (Tuscany, Italy), a shallow crustal level felsic, tourmaline-bearing, dyke-sill swarm of Late Miocene age is associated with abundant tourmaline-quartz hydrothermal veins and metasomatic masses. Development of these veins and masses in the host rocks demonstrates multiple hydro-fracturing by magmatic, boron-rich saline fluid. Tourmalines in felsic dykes are schorl, whereas in veins and metasomatic masses, tourmaline composition ranges from schorl-dravite through dravite to uvite. This compositional shift is evidence for an increasing contribution to the magmatic boron-rich fluids by a Mg-Ca-Ti-rich external component represented by biotite-rich and amphibolite host rocks. This system can be envisaged as an exposed proxy of the high temperature hydrothermal system presently active in the deepest part of the Larderello-Travale geothermal field (Tuscany).
    Description: Published
    Description: 318-326
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Hydro-fractures ; geothermal systems ; Magmatism ; southern Tuscany ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    GiardiaDB and TrichDB : integrated genomic resources for the eukaryotic protist pathogens Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis (2008)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © 2008 The Authors. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License. The definitive version was published in Nucleic Acids Research 37 (2009): D526-D530, doi:10.1093/nar/gkn631.
    Description: GiardiaDB (http://GiardiaDB.org) and TrichDB (http://TrichDB.org) house the genome databases for Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis, respectively, and represent the latest additions to the EuPathDB (http://EuPathDB.org) family of functional genomic databases. GiardiaDB and TrichDB employ the same framework as other EuPathDB sites (CryptoDB, PlasmoDB and ToxoDB), supporting fully integrated and searchable databases. Genomic-scale data available via these resources may be queried based on BLAST searches, annotation keywords and gene ID searches, GO terms, sequence motifs and other protein characteristics. Functional queries may also be formulated, based on transcript and protein expression data from a variety of platforms. Phylogenetic relationships may also be interrogated. The ability to combine the results from independent queries, and to store queries and query results for future use facilitates complex, genome-wide mining of functional genomic data.
    Description: Federal funds from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health (HHSN266200400037C). Funding for open access charge: National Institutes of Health (HHSN266200400037C).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 9
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    Molecular dissection of Penelope transposable element regulatory machinery (2008)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © 2008 The Authors. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The definitive version was published in Nucleic Acids Research 36 (2008): 2522-2529, doi:10.1093/nar/gkm1166
    Description: Penelope-like elements (PLEs) represent a new class of retroelements identified in more than 80 species belonging to at least 10 animal phyla. Penelope isolated from Drosophila virilis is the only known transpositionally active representative of this class. Although the size and structure of the Penelope major transcript has been previously described in both D. virilis and D. melanogaster transgenic strains, the architecture of the Penelope regulatory region remains unknown. In order to determine the localization of presumptive Penelope promoter and enhancer-like elements, segments of the putative Penelope regulatory region were linked to a CAT reporter gene and introduced into D. melanogaster by P-element-mediated transformation. The results obtained using ELISA to measure CAT expression levels and RNA studies, including RT–PCR, suggest that the active Penelope transposon contains an internal promoter similar to the TATA-less promoters of LINEs. The results also suggest that some of the Penelope regulatory sequences control the preferential expression in the ovaries of the adult flies by enhancing expression in the ovary and reducing expression in the carcass. The possible significance of the intron within Penelope for the function and evolution of PLEs, and the effect of Penelope insertions on adjacent genes, are discussed.
    Description: This work was supported by grants from Russian Academy of Sciences (Cell and Molecular Biology to M.E.), and Welcome Trust Grant (075698) to M.E and D.J.F.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EXPERIENCES IN PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEYING (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 7 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The author outlines his experiences of photographic surveying, in the early years of the 1930's in the Survey of India, which involved the use of simple graphical methods of plotting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1973.tb01208.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AIRFLOW PATTERNS FROM PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF WINDBLOWN TIMBER (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 7 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Aerial photography may be used to quickly locate and measure the extent and severity of forest damage due to windblow. This paper describes such an application in a small area of semi-natural woodland in central Scotland after the “Great Gale” of 14th and 15th January, 1968. A 1 : 2000 scale map, showing the location and direction of fall of each windblown tree, suggests certain relationships between topography and the severity of woodland damage and gives considerable information on the airflow pattern existing over the area during the gale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1973.tb01213.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Ottawa Congress (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 7 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1973.tb01219.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE OTTAWA CONGRESS (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 7 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The International Society for Photogrammetry held the XIIth International Congress at Ottawa during July and August 1972. The authors comprised a panel which engaged in discussion upon the Congress at a meeting of the Photogrammetric Society on 17th October, 1972.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1973.tb01186.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING, 1972 (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 7 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1973.tb01192.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF CONSTRUCTIONAL DISPLACEMENTS OF A ROCKFILL DAM (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 7 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A phototheodolite was used during the construction of Llyn Brianne dam to provide stereoscopic coverage of both upstream and downstream shoulders of the dam at each of eight stages of construction. Ground control was established on the valley sides, together with 80 targeted points at various levels on the dam as it progressed. The co-ordinates of the targeted points were determined numerically using a Wild A7. Three dimensional displacements were determined from the change of position to an average accuracy of 0–05 m. Agreement was obtained with independent and more precise measurements and comparisons are made with the upstream displacements. The assumptions of an analytical prediction technique are examined. Profile lines through the dam were also obtained numerically to record the progressing shape of the dam.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1973.tb01203.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BOOK REVIEWS (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 7 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book reviews in this article:A LAND SYSTEM ATLAS OF WESTERN KENYA. By R. M. Scott, R. Webster and C. J. Lawrance.THE OVERHAUL OF THE 1 : 2500 COUNTY SERIES OF MAPS. Ordnance Survey Professional Paper No. 25, Ordnance Survey of Great Britain, Southampton.TERRAIN ANALYSIS: A GUIDE TO SITE SELECTION USING AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION. By D. S. Way.PROCEEDINGS OF MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE IN PHOTOGRAM-METRY. Edited by E. Dorrer.ELEMENTARY AIR SURVEY. By W. K. Kilford.CARTOGRAPHIE GÉNÉRALE. Tome II: Méthodes et techniques de production. By R. Cuenin.INTERNATIONAL YEARBOOK OF CARTOGRAPHY (Vol. XII, 1972). Edited by E. Arnberger and F. AuradaRESOURCE SATELLITES AND REMOTE AIRBORNE SENSING FOR CANADA. Proceedings of the First Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing, Ottawa, February 1972. Edited by D. White.LIBYA: AGRICULTURE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. Edited by J. A. Allan, K. S. McLachlan and E. T. Penrose.ÉTUDE EXPÉRIMENTALE DE ĽAÉROTRIANGULATION SEMI-ANALYTIQUE. RAPPORT SUR ĽESSAI “GRAMASTETTEN”. Publication Officielle No. 7 de ľOrganisation Européenne ďÉtudes Photo-grammétriques Expérimentales. By P. Wiser.COORDINATE SYSTEMS AND MAP PROJECTIONS. By D. H. Maling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1973.tb01216.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    OBITUARY (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 7 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1973.tb01221.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE USE OF PHOTOGRAPHIC METHODS FOR TRAFFIC DATA COLLECTION (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 7 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Several problems are encountered when collecting traffic information by conventional methods and which leave scope for the development of more comprehensive techniques. This paper reviews the potential of different types of photography as an effective means of obtaining comprehensive traffic information. Comparisons between conventional methods and photographic methods are made. The different types of available photography are discussed, together with their uses in the field of traffic data acquisition. Finally, the paper assesses the use of automatic and semiautomatic methods of photographic data analysis in this context.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1973.tb01189.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BOOK REVIEWS (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 7 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book reviews in this article:PHOTOGRAMMETRIC GUIDE. By J. Albertz and W. Kreiling.THE READJUSTMENT OF THE RETRIANGULATION OF GREAT BRITAIN, AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE EUROPEAN TERRESTRIAL AND SATELLITE NETWORKS. By V. Ashkenazi, P. A. Cross, M. J. K. Davies and D. W. Proctor.GUIDE TO SITE SURVEYING. Edited by R. Hewitt.PHOTOGRAMMÉTRIE GÉNÉRALE. By H. Bonneval.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1973.tb01195.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    COMPUTER SYSTEMS IN HIGHWAY DESIGN (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 7 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1973.tb01193.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volume Determination from Irregularly Placed Spot Heights (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 7 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1973.tb01197.x
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    EDITORIAL (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 7 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1973.tb01201.x
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    MEDIUM SCALE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MAPPING AT THE DIRECTORATE OF OVERSEAS SURVEYS (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 7 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The authors describe the photogrammetric procedures involved in the production of 1 : 50 000 scale mapping within the Directorate of Overseas Surveys, making specific reference to a project in Ethiopia.
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    THE STATUS OF THE OPTICAL TRANSFER FUNCTION IN THE CALIBRATION OF PHOTOGRAMMETRIC LENSES (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 7 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The paper reviews the status of the optical transfer function (OTF) as a potential standard method for measuring the definition of photogrammetric camera lenses. The nature of the OTF and its relation to resolving power are explained. The limited success in obtaining agreement in international comparisons of OTF measurement and the programme of the Scientific Instrument Research Association group research project on the O TFare summarised. Some of the difficulties envisaged in applying the OTF as an ISP standard are discussed.
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    CONTROLLING A 1:2500 SCALE ORTHOPHOTOMAPPING PROJECT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 7 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Orthophotomaps at 1 : 2500 scale, contoured at 1 m vertical intervals, have been produced for an area of 52 km2 from 1 : 10 000 scale photography especially flown for the project. Planimetric and height information on published Ordnance Survey 1 : 2500 scale maps was used as control for the aerial triangulation on which the orthophotomapping was based.
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    AN AUTOMATIC METHOD FOR HEIGHT PROFILE DETERMINATION (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 7 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The paper describes a method for the automatic determination of height profiles in the stereomodel. The model is scanned automatically in epipolar planes. The photographic densities are recorded. The density values are correlated, either on or off line, to obtain the height profiles. The method was developed for the analytical plotter but can be applied to other photogrammetric instruments.
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    NOTES (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 7 (1973), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    The Readjustment of the Retriangulation of Great Britain (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 7 (1973), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    POINT TRANSFER FROM ONE PHOTOGRAPH TO ANOTHER (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 7 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Experiments are described which compare point transfer from one photograph to another by stereoscopic and non-stereoscopic procedures. It is shown that, whereas it may be possible to achieve very high accuracies by both methods, the former method is more dependent for its accuracy on a high observer skill and is also more prone to occasional mistakes in identification.
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    EXPERIENCE WITH APPLICATIONS OF BLOCK ADJUSTMENT FOR LARGE SCALE SURVEYS (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 7 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Methods and results of practical applications of block adjustment by independent model cadastral surveys are described. The wider implications of the results are assessed in conjunction with current research trends in the adjustment of extremely large blocks for small scale mapping and in the use of the bundle adjustment method.
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    PHOTOGRAMMETRIC DIGITISING AND EDITING UNDER COMPUTER CONTROL (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 7 (1973), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Digitising from a photogrammetric instrument can be controlled by a unit specially designed for this purpose, or by a digital control computer. In the latter case, the digitising system is more flexible since alterations and additions to the real-time programs can easily be made to effect different digitising applications. The control computer can also be used in processing the digitised data.The use of such digital control in photogrammetry is as yet limited. The reasons are examined. The characteristics and real-time requirements of a computer controlled digitising system are stated. Different digitising and recording modes, identification numbers and editing arrangements are then given to illustrate the flexibility and limitations of such a system.
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    PHOTOGRAMMETRY ROUND THE WORLD (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 7 (1973), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    Digital Maps (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 7 (1973), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    Aerial Cameras as Museum Pieces (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1973.tb01199.x
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    THE EFFECTS OF MACROECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 19 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This study develops a microanalytic simulation model to examine the effects of macroeconomic fluctuations on the distribution on the distribution of income. A representational sample of the population of the United States is linked with equations determining the variability of various types of factor income. Each family's income experience is simulated under alternative aggregate conditions, and the income distributions arising under these conditions are compared. The main results are similar for alternative specifications of the model. The incidence of a downturn in economic activity, whether accompanied by changes in the rate of inflation or not, and measured in terms of the loss of factor income, leaves the upper middle class relatively better off than before and leaves most others relatively worse off. The very rich bear the heaviest burden.
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    THE TREATMENT OF STOCK APPRECIATION IN THE MEASUREMENT OF NATIONAL INCOME (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 19 (1973), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In the latest official national income publication the Australian Commonwealth Statistician has altered the treatment of stock appreciation in the measurement of national income at current prices. Previously, stock appreciation had been included in both national expenditure and national product. Now the amount of stock appreciation (the difference between the change in the value of stocks and the value of the change in stocks) has been deducted from investment in stocks, and consequently national expenditure, and from trading incomes, and consequently national income. The former procedure (including stock appreciation in national expenditure and national product) had been advocated by the present author, when editor of the first official national income publications issued by the Commonwealth Statistician. In this note an attempt is made to set out the reasons for this view. A new approach is also suggested for handling the item of stock appreciation in national income accounts, which does not rest on the assumption that stock appreciation is a capital gain which should be excluded from trading incomes and national product.
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    DATA REVISIONS AND FORECASTING ACCURACY: AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS BASED ON PRELIMINARY AND REVISED NATIONAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 19 (1973), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper entails an investigation of the effects of data revisions on forecasting accuracy, through use of preliminary and revised national accounting data compiled by the United Nations. A small model was estimated for each of fourteen countries and ex post“forecasts” generated for each country and each year of the period 1957–1964, using first preliminary and then revised data.A prior analysis of the data revisions indicated a strong and widespread tendency for the preliminary estimates to understate both levels and year-to-year changes. This is consistent with the findings of other studies.Two sets of forecasts obtained from the reduced form of the model were considered in relation to “actual” levels and changes, obtained from the revised data, and also in relation to each other. A strong downward bias was observed in the forecasts of levels based on preliminary data, and a weaker one in the forecasts of changes. The forecast discrepancies for different variables were found to be significantly correlated.The results suggest that a tendency toward understatement in preliminary data may account in part for the general tendency toward understatement in forecasts noted in other studies.
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    SIZE-DISTRIBUTION OF EARNINGS AND HOUSEHOLD INCOMES IN SMALL SOCIALIST COUNTRIES (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 19 (1973), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Part I: Availability and meaning of East European distributional statistics are discussed. Part II: Measures of inequality to be used in this study are examined: the Gini coefficient of concentration, though superior to some other single indicators, is found to be an unreliable comparative measure of inequality, and is therefore supplemented by a set of ratios of selected percentiles to the median. Part III: Inequality of full-time gross monthly earnings is measured for (almost) the whole civilian working population and for some subpopulations (selected industries, men, women) in Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia through 1970, in Hungary through 1968: the observed inequality appears to be less than in small capitalist countries, in spite of the reversal of the socialist egalitarian trend in the 'sixties. The main factor of equalization of socialist earnings are small interoccupational and interregional differentials and a very flat age profile. Part IV: The socio-economic structure of households, the size of samples underlying the distributional statistics, and the composition of household “revenues” (wage and salary earnings, agricultural incomes, social security payments, relatively unimportant property incomes, as well as non-income cash flows) are examined. Inequality coefficients are estimated for per capita revenues of all households as well as subpopulations of households in Czechoslovakia and Hungary, and some information is given on the distribution of household incomes in Yugoslavia. Part V: Limits of desirable equalization of earnings are discussed. With very narrowly dispersed short-term earnings, lifetime earnings tend to be rather unequally distributed because of the variation of earning years among occupations. With largely equalized primary incomes, per capita household incomes tend to be more unequally distributed, in spite of massive transfers, because of the varying ratio of earners to dependents within households. The need of income differentials as incentives to work, the probable trade-off between income equality and economic growth, and socialist distributive principles are outlined.
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    ANNOUNCEMENTS (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 19 (1973), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    OUTPUT AND PRICES IN THE INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON PROJECT (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 19 (1973), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this paper we discuss a few of the problems that have been encountered in defining output and in comparing prices for the International Comparison Project (ICP). We report also on the way in which these problems are being met.The ICP has for its purpose the establishment of a systematic set of procedures for making international comparisons of gross domestic product (GDP) and of the purchasing power of currencies. Substantive work on comparisons involving Colombia, the European Economic Community (EEC), Hungary, India, Japan, Kenya, the United Kingdom and the United States is also being carried on with the aid of the statistical services of the countries and of the EEC. It is hoped to expand the comparisons beyond these countries as rapidly as possible.
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    PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTING AGGREGATES BETWEEN COUNTRIES WITH DIFFERENT ECONOMIC SYSTEMS (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 19 (1973), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper discusses a number of problems arising in comparisons of levels of national accounting aggregates between countries with different economic systems, notably between countries with market economies and countries with centrally planned economies. It considers problems arising from differences in the national accounting concepts used and problems arising from institutional differences, both of which are viewed as relating to the concepts on which the comparison should be based and the adjustment of national data to these concepts. The final section considers index number problems.
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    ON CONSISTENT INTERGROUP COMPARISONS OF PURCHASING POWER OF MONEY (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 19 (1973), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: There is some advantage in comparing price levels using consistent methods because this gives unique results. This paper examines some available methods of consistent comparison, pointing out difficulties associated with heterogeneous data, and suggesting adaptations yielding better comparisons. Next, the problem of non-availability of price and quantity decomposition is considered. Another problem relating to non-identical lists of commodities and quality differences is tackled by using linear programming instead of regression methodology, both methods using some transformed variables. The procedure suggested is likely eventually to be useful for comparison of dissimilar countries. Computations on some Indian population groups illustrate the findings.
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    WEIGHTING OF INDEX NUMBERS IN MULTILATERAL INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 19 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The article reviews the methods used in practice and/or proposed by various authors for compiling indices in multilateral international comparisons. The various procedures are examined in the light of the following requirements: characteristicity (i.e. the weights should be characteristic to the countries which are compared), unbiasedness, circularity, internal consistency and factor relations.There is no perfect solution since characteristicity and circularity are always and unbiasedness and internal consistency often in conflict with each other. The indices which are best for bilateral purposes are not transitive and the basic problem of multilateral comparisons is to obtain circularity, without losing too much of the characteristicity of the bilateral comparisons. Different compromises between the two requirements are possible and this is first of all what distinguishes the various methods used in practice.Two main types of solution are applied in the various international comparisons. The first is based on the inter-spatial Fisher's ideal formula (e.g. the Eltetö–Köves–Szulc method, the van Yzeren method, the “central country” solution); the second type uses some kind of average prices (e.g. the Geary–Khamis method).In the author's view there is no best method in absolute terms. Every method has some weaknesses and which of these weaknesses is the easiest to accept depends to a large extent on the actual aims of the comparison and on various other circumstances.
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    RETURNS TO SCALE IN RETAIL TRADE (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 19 (1973), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper attempts to estimate genuine scale effects in retail trade from a cross section of retail stores in Israel. This is done by estimating a simple production function for several retail branches and employing the faithful old direct Cobb-Douglas structure with value added as output and labor and capital inputs. And indeed despite the well-known peculiarities of the retail industry, a cross section estimation produces “normal” production-function estimates with reasonable input elasticities. The estimates also identify marked increasing returns-to-scale parameters, higher in food and lower in branches less affected by consumer participation and geographical dispersion. These increasing returns may explain a good part of the increase in sales per unit of inputs observed in time series.
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    PRICE DIFFERENTIATION AND COMPUTATION OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS FIGURES AT CONSTANT PRICES (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 19 (1973), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    ON NATIONAL ACCOUNTS AT CONSTANT PRICES (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 19 (1973), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
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    REFLECTIONS ON NATIONAL ACCOUNTING (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 19 (1973), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This article consists of a description and critical analysis of two important works on national accounting which have appeared fairly recently—see footnotes 1 and 2. There are fundamental differences between the systems of accounts proposed in these two works, the author tending to prefer the Ruggles system. While full of admiration for the thoroughness and other qualities of the new SNA, the author finds the system it proposes over-elaborate as a programme for national statistical offices. In his view decision as to which is the “best” system is still wide open, despite the acceptance of the new SNA by the UN Statistical Commission. In the article there is bare mention of a new (1972) book Economic Accounts and Their Uses by J. W. Kendrick which the author has since read. All three works help in determining the best practical system of accounts. It is hoped that this article (in its small way) will also make a contributionThe subject of national accounts at constant prices is not dealt with at all in any of the three works despite the fact that it has received considerable attention at various meetings of IARIW. Accounts at constant prices and their concomitant price indexes are more important in these days of the curse of inflation than are accounts at current prices. Of course the new SNA deals with items at constant prices but the author finds the treatment rather inadequate.It is satisfactory that the new SNA provides for input-output but the author agrees with the Ruggles view that the textual treatment in SNA is somewhat incomplete.The article gives the author's views on many other topics relevent to national accounting (which encompass all economic statistics!) including price index number making, inaccuracies in data, delays in availability of so-called “current” statistics, and treatment of financial intermediaries.
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    ANNOUNCEMENTS (1973)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    ON THE APPROPRIATE MODEL FOR ANALYZING INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL WHERE THE CAPITAL MARKET IS IMPERFECT (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 19 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper suggests a modification of the Becker–Chiswick model for analyzing investment in human capital where the capital market is imperfect. The modification essentially involves the addition of a consumption function to the model. As a result it is possible to include the effects of human capital investment on a student's income expectations, on consumption, and thereby on the availability of funds for the student to finance investment in human capital.
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    U.S. INCOME, SAVING, AND WEALTH, 1929—1969 (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 19 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The objective of this paper is to present income and expenditure accounts, accumulation accounts, and the asset side of the wealth accounts for the U.S. private national economy in current and constant prices. These accounts are integrated with the production and factor outlay accounts for the U.S. private domestic economy in current and constant prices given in our earlier papers. Taken together, these accounts constitute a complete accounting system in current and constant prices for the private sector of the U.S. economy.Our complete accounting system incorporates a new concept of the standard of living, defined as the ratio of the quantity index of gross private national expenditures to the quantity index of gross private national consumer receipts. Our concept of the standard of living is similar but not identical to our concept of total factor productivity. Changes in the private standard of living reflect both changes in total factor productivity and changes in the proportion of the total product consumed in the public sector.
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    CONSIDERATIONS ON THE CHOICE OF PRICES OR UNIT VALUES AS DEFLATORS FOR THE CENSUS BENCHMARK PRODUCTION INDEXES (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 19 (1973), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
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    THE USE OF UNIT VALUES TO MEASURE DEVIATIONS OF TRANSACTION PRICES FROM LIST PRICES (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The results reported in the Searle report have stimulated me to carry out an extensive study of unit value indices, based on a much more extensive body of data and much improved procedures as compared to the preliminary evidence contained in my “Measurement Bias in Price Indices for Capital Goods,” published in this journal in June, 1971. Once again, the new study confirms the hypothesis that transaction prices of capital goods exhibit procyclical fluctuations relative to list prices. Machinery prices appear to have been considerably more flexible downward during the period of weak investment demand between 1957 and 1963 than indicated by the Wholesale Price Index (WPI), and more flexible upward during the subsequent expansion during 1963–1969. This brief paper is a summary of the study. A complete and detailed report or results is contained in my forthcoming monograph, Measurement of Durable Goods Prices, to be published by the National Bureau of Economic Research.
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    SOCIAL INDICATORS—SYSTEMS, METHODS AND PROBLEMS (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Professor Moser regards the purpose of social indicators as being to aid the policy maker by summarizing the state and changing conditions of society, pinpointing the outstanding existing and emerging social problems and monitoring the effects of social policies and programmes. Thus social indicators will frequently, though not necessarily, be normative and they will often, though again not necessarily, be concerned with outputs rather than inputs. Although many writers regard social indicators as being combinations of series, the problems of construction are substantial. Central to the idea of a social indicator, however, is that it should represent or summarize a broader concept than itself and that it should belong to a structure or system of series. Although there are no social theories about society in general on which a structure of indicators can at present be based there are a number of middle range theories relating to specific fields or sectors, such as occupational mobility, education, migration, mental health, etc., around which quantitative relationships and models can gradually be be built to give insight into social changes and perhaps eventually into the manipulation of policy instruments for the improvement of social conditions.
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    THE TREATMENT OF IMPORT DUTIES IN NATIONAL ACCOUNTS, A COMMENT ON A. L. GAATHON: EXCHANGE RATE PROBLEMS IN NATIONAL ACCOUNTING OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 19 (1973), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
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    FILES OF INDIVIDUAL DATA AND THEIR POTENTIALS FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 19 (1973), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In a statistical file system, data collected from different sources and at different dates are stored at an individual unit level. Thus, they may be linked and used for the preparation of statistics and for analytical purposes as the need arises. The statistical file system will provide a much improved data basis for empirical research in the social services including demography, economics, economic geography, sociology, education, labour, social medicine, criminology and social psychology.
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    INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR RESEARCH IN INCOME AND WEALTH (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
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    INDIAN SAVING BEHAVIOR: A RECONCILIATION OF TIME SERIES AND CROSS SECTION EVIDENCE (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 19 (1973), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Serious doubts have been raised as to the validity of using cross-sectional estimates of the average propensity to consume over time. These d⊙ubts are based on empirical evidence for the United States presented by Kuznets and Goldsmith. This paper extends these considerations to developing countries by looking at the evidence for India. Simple statistical techniques, including ordinary least squares regression, Chow tests, and t-tests, are used in the estimation of the consumption functions and the formulation of hypotheses. Both India and the U.S. are seen to exhibit the same characteristic secular constancy in the average propensity to consume. For India the average propensity to consume is about 0.95 and is maintained in the face of no substantial secular increases in per capita income during the period under study (1919–1960).The same inconsistencies between time series and cross-section evidence on the average propensity to consume are found to exist for India. The permanent income theory suggested only a partial explanation of these inconsistencies and the reconciliation was achieved by a Duesenberry type explanation based on evidence for a shifting cross section consumption function over time. The date was provided by a set of Family Living Surveys for Industrial Workers: 1926, 1933–1935, 1950–1952, 1958–1959.Finally it was noted that the cross-section consumption function in India had shifted both upwards and downwards over the period under study, in contrast to the strict upward shift for the U.S. In an economy such as India's, where secular growth is by no means assured, it is not always likely that consumers can avoid lowering previously achieved consumption standards in the face of cyclical economic conditions.
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    EXPERIENCE IN MEASUREMENT OF WELFARE COMPONENTS AND THEIR REGIONAL IMPLICATIONS (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 19 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper relates the Swedish discussion and criticism of national accounting statistics, especially GNP, as a measure of welfare. It describes some results of recent Swedish attempts to find practicable measures of welfare components, i.e. the investigations of the Low Income Commission and of the Expert Group on Regional Development Research. In both cases the regional aspects of welfare are emphasized in the paper.The results are presented as a sign of important needs for new methods and new systems of concepts in measuring welfare. The Expert Group has for instance in different ways tried to map and compare the “service structure” of separate parts of Sweden. The Low Income Commission has principally studied the position in Swedish society of low income recipients and has not been working particularly on the illumination of regional differences, but since different types of region are included as a background variable, the investigations also give certain measures of the regional aspects of welfare.In the last part of the paper some of the risks that seem to be difficult to avoid in trying to use welfare measurements are pointed out.
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    A SYSTEM OF SOCIAL MATRICES (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper is concerned with a method of organizing and analyzing information relating to human stocks and flows. The kind of statistical reporting system envisaged is of a traditional kind, but extended so as to record year-to-year changes of state. Life is divided into a number of sequences, each with its own set of characteristic classifications, to avoid an excessive proliferation of categories and so enable many analyses to be made with the kind of statistics already avilable in a number of countries. The need, for some analytical purposes, to combine classifications from different sequences is fully recognized; and this need indicates a direction in which statistical reporting systems should move in the future.The main analytical tool is a set of linear difference equations which, under suitable conditions, can be interpreted either in terms of an input-output system, as in economics, or in terms of an absorbing Markov chain, as in probability theory. A simple regression model is used to link characteristic classifications.About half the paper is taken up with numerical examples, mainly connected with the British educational system as it was in the mid-1960's. An application is also given to movements into, through and out of a psychiatric service system in Scotland.
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    NOTES ON DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND THEIR STATISTICS—COMMENT (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
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    ANNOUNCEMENT (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
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    INTERNATIONAL PRICE COMPARISONS BASED UPON INCOMPLETE DATA (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 19 (1973), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper is directed at the following question: given an incomplete set of price data relating to goods or services in some category of output for each of a number of different countries, what arithmetic should be performed on the prices to get a meaningful representation of the relative category price-levels of the countries? In the course of developing an answer to the question, some broader matters are considered and illuminated. A comparison of category price-levels for different countries is analogous to a commonly-encountered problem in many areas, that of ranking ordinally or cardinally in one dimension a group of “entities”—persons, households, firms, industries, etc.—on the basis of sets of measurements associated with the individual entities. It is this point of view which dominates the following presentation.
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    PROBLEMS OF COMPARISONS IN AFRICA WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO KENYA (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 19 (1973), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In order to obtain the information needed to include Kenya in an international comparison of income and purchasing power, it was necessary to collect some data to supplement the regularly collected statistics. Special collection was particularly important for capital goods prices and rural consumer goods prices. The remainder of the work involved using unpublished data available from the Kenyan Statistical Division, either to obtain additional detail required by the comparison, or to maintain international consistency in concept and estimating procedures.
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    PRICE, PURCHASING POWER AND REAL PRODUCT COMPARISONS IN LATIN AMERICA (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 19 (1973), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper begins with a discussion of the concepts used and the scope of their application. Then the purchasing power parity rates for LAFTA countries in 1968 are presented and analyzed. With the aid of such rates the real gross domestic products of these countries in 1968 are estimated. Among other conclusions, it is found that these differ quite importantly from GDP calculations using foreign exchange rates, even within the LAFTA area. Finally, the levels of consumer prices in the region in 1968 are compared, and these are contrasted with the results of a similar survey undertaken in 1960.
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    A COMPARISON OF SOME SHORT-CUT METHODS OF ESTIMATING REAL PRODUCT PER CAPITA (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 19 (1973), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Several recent studies of short-cut estimates comparing real income (on a purchasing power basis) of countries are reviewed, including methods comparing real income based on indicators, like electricity consumption. New estimates are presented for 101 countries which had a tradition of conventional national income estimates in 1965, and for 40 countries without extended national income series. One conclusion from the empircial analysis was that until there exist a large number of countries for which purchasing power estimates of real income are available, it is difficult to discriminate between alternative short-cut methods using indicators, and difficult to estimate real per capita incomes of low income countries without substantial errors of estimate. The paper advocates more purchasing power estimates, and institutionalizing the collection of international prices of specified items so that abbreviated market baskets can be readily compared across countries.
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    THE INADEQUACY OF UNIT VALUE INDEXES AS PROXIES FOR CANADIAN INDUSTRIAL SELLING PRICE INDEXES (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 19 (1973), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper considers the adequacy of unit value indexes as proxies for industrial selling price indexes in Canada, in light of the considerations raised in the Searle report for the United States (summarized elsewhere in this issue). Some 3,237 regressions are run using the industrial selling price index for a commodity group as the dependent variable and the corresponding unit value index as the independent variable. The unit value indexes perform poorly as predictors of the I.S.P.I.; the overall tendency is for the unit value index to overestimate changes in the I.S.P.I.; and to explain on average only about 30 percent of the total variance of the I.S.P.I.
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    HUMAN CAPITAL: DETERIORATION AND NET INVESTMENT (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The current practice in national accounting is to exclude from national product investment in schooling and on-the-job training, except for direct costs of schooling which are included in consumption. Foregone earnings, which form the major part of investment in human capital, go unrecorded.Much is to be gained in consistency and analytical clarity by treating human capital like physical capital in national accounting. Estimating the amount of foregone earnings net of deterioration, that is, net investment, is a step in this direction.Using the framework of the life-cycle hypothesis of earnings, and assuming declining-balance deterioration of human capital, estimates of deterioration rates in respect of American males by race and education level are computed for 1960. Every such d is, however, the minimum consistent with the respective costs and benefits profile. Hence an upper limit d is assumed. The model generates for each costs and benefits profile and in respect of either d, a year-by-year series of net investment in human capital. These are used to obtain two estimates (which turn out to be close to each other) of aggregate net investment in American white males in 1960. On the basis of these estimates, aggregate net investment in human capital is found to be about equal to net investment in physical assets (including consumers’durables).It is also found that the Denison method of estimating the contribution of the increase in human capital to economic growth understates this contribution by a ratio approximately equal to net investment in on-the-job training to returns to human capital. This was about 16 percent in 1960.
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    REPLY (1973)
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    REPLY (1973)
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Since Dr. Bartsch has gone only partially into the history of the United Nations definition of employment and unemployment, let me pursue it a bit further. To begin, the ILO is a Member Agency of the UN and thus automatically subsumed under the latter. I am fully aware that the ILO segment of the UN was given the area of labor statistics as its domain, and hence draws up official definitions, etc. (Except for the industrial composition classification of the economically active, which area was assigned to the UN Statistical Office.)
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    INLINE AND BROADSIDE EM DIPOLE DIPOLE PROFILING OVER A THIN VERTICAL INFINITELY CONDUCTING VEIN (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 21 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Master diagrams for electromagnetic responses of nine dipole dipole systems are presented for various depths of a vertical infinitely conducting vein. The YY system gives the minimum anomaly for both the inline and broadside arrays. Among other inline systems, it is difficult to decide the clearcut superiority of one system over the other, whereas the XX system in broadside array gives maximum anomaly.
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    PHYSICAL AND COMPUTER MODELING OF INDUCED POLARIZATION (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The Laboratory of Geophysics of the University of Arizona was presented with an exploration problem by Falconbridge, Ltd. of Canada. Massive mineralized hemispherical “pods” are in the vicinity of a tuff layer of high conductivity and induced polarization response, covered by large thicknesses of resistive volcanics. The initial approach was to utilize electrolytic tank modeling. The extreme resistivity and IP contrasts proved to be difficult to recreate. Two dimensional modeling was attempted next with conductive paper, using copper and silver paint for anomalous masses. This method also proved inadequate. Finally, mathematical equations were solved which could model any arbitrary anomalous body in any steady state electrical field. Plane waves as well as point current sources producing non-plane waves are possible. Finite difference equations were derived for the non-linear partial differential equations under consideration. The equations were solved using a digital computer. Initially, the boundary conditions had to be satisfied at the boundaries of resistivity changes, severely restricting possible geometric shapes for anomalous bodies. The final and successful solution was to apply numerical techniques to obtain solutions of equations which require only that the relative resistivities through the area be specified. The Falconbridge problem and its solution are analyzed.
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    THIRTY FIFTH MEETING OF THE EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION OF EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICISTS, HELD IN BRIGHTON, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th JUNE, 1973 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 21 (1973), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    AN INTERPRETATION SYSTEM FOR GEO-ELECTRICAL SOUNDING GRAPHS (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: For the two and three layer cases geo-electrical sounding graphs can be rapidly and accurately evaluated by comparing them with an adequate set of standard model graphs. The variety of model graphs required is reasonably limited and the use of a computer is unnecessary for this type of interpretation.For more than three layers a compilation of model graphs is not possible, because the variety of curves required in practice increases immensely. To evaluate a measured graph under these conditions, a model graph is calculated by computer for an approximately calculated resistivity profile which is determined, for example, by means of the auxiliary point methods. This model graph is then compared with the measured curve, and from the deviation between the curves a new resistivity profile is derived, the model graph of which is calculated for another comparison procedure, etc. This type of interpretation, although exact, is very inconvenient and time-consuming, because there is no simple method by which an improved resistivity profile can be derived from the deviations between a model graph and a measured graph.The aim of this paper is, on the one hand, to give a simple interpretation method, suitable for use during field work, for multi-layer geo-electrical sounding graphs, and, on the other hand, to indicate an automatic evaluation procedure based on these principles, suitable for use by digital computer.This interpretation system is based on the resolution of the kernel function of Stefanescu's integral into partial fractions. The system consists of a calculation method for an arbitrary multi-layer case and a highly accurate approximation method for determining those partial fractions which are important for interpretation. The partial fractions are found by fitting three-layer graphs to a measured curve. Using the roots and coefficients of these partial fractions and simple equations derived from the kernel function of Stefanescu's integral, the thicknesses and resistivities of layers may be directly calculated for successively increasing depths.The system also provides a simple method for the approximative construction of model graphs.
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    RESISTIVITY TYPE CURVES OVER OUTCROPPING VERTICAL DYKE—I (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The theoretical horizontal resistivity profiles over an outcropping vertical dyke for various parameters-electrode spacing, vein-width and resistivity contrast—with inline alpha, beta and gamma-Wenner electrode systems are described. The resistivity profiles present a most bewildering variety of shapes as compared to those in resistivity soundings. The analysis of type curves suggests suitable electrode configuration for detection of wide, moderately wide, and thin veins. The negative apparent resistivity values on the gamma anomalies for resistive vein over certain vein-widths of higher positive values of resistivity reflection factor contradict the concept of apparent resistivity hitherto held.
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    EXEMPLES D'APPLICATION DE TRAITEMENTS AUTOMATIQUES À L'INTERPRÉTATION DE SONDAGES ELECTRIQUES (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 21 (1973), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Il est maintenant courant d'employer l'ordinateur pour interpréter les sondages électriques. Cependant, le problème à résoudre en prospection électrique n'admettant pas une solution unique, le but des traitements automatiques consiste simplement à fournir plusieurs hypothèses qui aident à bâtir une interprétation géologique des mesures géophysiques. C'est, d'ailleurs, ce qu'on recherche aussi par la comparaison visuelle des courbes de terrain avec des abaques précalculés. Mais, tandis que l'interprétation manuelle, pour conduire à des solutions qui respectent les mesures faites sur le terrain, exige un temps très long, le traitement automatique fournit immédiatement des solutions compatibles avec les courbes àétudier.Les procédés employés s'adaptent aux divers besoins de la prospection: ils peuvent traiter aussi bien la station isolée que les profils de sondages électriques. C'est ce qu'on se propose de montrer, à l'aide de quelques exemples tirés d'études récentes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1973.tb00044.x
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    EXPERIENCES WITH AUTOMATIC MAGNETIC INTERPRETATION USING THE THICK PLATE MODEL (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 21 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Various experiments are described in designing two-dimensional magnetic interpretation algorithms using computer curve fitting techniques.For a single anomaly the position of the anomaly maximum and the half-width of the anomaly give good initial estimates of the plate position and thickness. A nomogram and formulae for improving these estimates is given. Curves and estimates for the effects of finite depth extent of a plate show the limits, when the lower surface of the plate can be neglected in curve fitting.The combined anomaly of two parallel plates can be separated into partial anomalies with no common points using the horizontal derivative of the anomaly. The changes of the anomaly maxima and changes in anomaly half-widths are studied as a function of plate separation. The position of the maxima and the half-widths can be corrected before applying the one-plate procedure for obtaining initial estimates of plate positions and thicknesses.The performance of standard optimization methods of Powell, Davidon, and Marquardt in improving the values of the plate parameters are compared. The Powell method seems to be the most reliable for both single and multi-plate anomalies. All methods become unacceptably slow when the number of plates is greater than 2 or 3. In these cases feasible interpretation times are obtained using the partial anomalies and sequential parabolic search of the parameter values as tailored specially to the thick plate model.Experiments with three different error norms, the classical least squares, weighted least squares and minimax, show that the first norm gives the best overall performance in automatic interpretation. The behaviour of the classical least squares norm as a function of the plate parameters is also briefly described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1973.tb00026.x
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    THREE-DIMENSIONAL SEISMIC MODELING FOR ARBITRARY VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 21 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The growing awareness of the significance of three-dimensional interpretation of seismic reflection data carries with it a need for better understanding of the role of the velocity configuration in the production of reflection patterns. Modeling the reflection responses of a simple dipping plane reflector through velocity models of various degrees of complexity demonstrates the importance of overlying velocities in determining the reflection pattern.Modeling is accomplished using a raytracing technique which determines total travel time of the normal incidence raypath through an arbitrary iso-velocity layer model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1973.tb00031.x
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    A NEW PARAMETER FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF INDUCED POLARIZATION FIELD PROSPECTING (time-domain) (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 21 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: In a previous paper it has been shown that we can relate the transient IP electric field Ep, existing in a rock after a step wave of polarizing current, with the steady-state current density Jss during the current step wave as follows: Ep=ρ'Jss.This relation may be interpreted as a generalized Ohm's law, valid in linear cases, in which ρ’(fictitious resistivity) is defined as the product of the true resistivity ρ with the chargeability m.Supposing Ep=—grad Up and applying the divergence condition div Jss= o, one can, for a layered earth, obtain a general expression for the depolarization potential Up as a solution of Laplace's equation ∇2Up= o.Since the mathematical procedure for the solution of this last equation is identical to that used in resistivity problems, we propose now the introduction of an apparent fictitious resistivity ρ'a (defined as the product of the apparent resistivity ρa with the apparent chargeability ma) as a new parameter for the interpretations of IP soundings carried out over layered structures with a common electrode array.The most general expression of ρ'a as a function of the electrode distance turns out to be mathematically identical to the general expression of ρ'a. Therefore it is possible to interpret a ρ'a field curve using the same standard graphs for resistivity prospecting with the usual method of complete curve matching.In this manner a great deal of work is saved since there is no need to construct proper ma graphs for the interpretation of IP soundings, as it has been done up to now.Finally some field examples are reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1973.tb00030.x
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    A STUDY ON THE DIRECT INTERPRETATION OF DIPOLE SOUNDING RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS OVER LAYERED EARTH (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 21 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Dipole sounding resistivity measurements over layered earth can be interpreted directly by adapting the procedure given by Koefoed (1968) for Schlumberger system. To carry out the first step of the interpretation leading to the determination of the raised kernel function, partial resistivity functions for the dipole method are derived and given in the form of standard curves. The second step involving the derivation of layering parameters from the kernel being independent of the electrode configurations remains unaltered. The applicability and limitations of the method are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1973.tb00034.x
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    TOPOGRAPHIC EFFECTS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC DEPTH SOUNDING SYSTEMS (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 21 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Computations have been made for the effect of ground slope in combination with transmitter coil misorientation on different electromagnetic depth sounding systems and sets of frequency sounding master curves are presented for different angles. The effect of a thin air layer due to the elevation of coils above ground surface has been studied for different systems. Also discussed are the effects due to an error in transmitter-receiver coil separation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1973.tb00011.x
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    ELECTROMETRIC OBSERVATIONS OF ANTIFILTRATIONAL CEMENTATION CURTAINS (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 21 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Creation of antifiltrational cementation curtains needed to prevent increased seepage from water reservoirs is a rather labour-consuming and costly measure. High cost of such curtains necessitates careful checking of the quality of cementation as well as the strength and stability of the solidified cement which is being formed in the pores and fissures of injected rocks.The traditional methods of control are rather labour-consuming and do not allow observations during process of cementation. The advantage of electrometric observations of cementation curtains lies in the possibility of making measurements on the surface from the moment of pumping slurry into a borehole up to the termination of cement hardening.The laboratory investigations carried out by the authors demonstrate an increase in the specific electrical resistivity of a cement in the course of hardening as well as the existence of a functional dependence between the electrical and strength parameters which allows to use the resistivity method for checking the cement strength.Methods of electrometric observations of cementation curtains are dependent on the particular features of cementation and the curtain dimensions. The observations are usually conducted in a network of profiles parallel to the curtain axis. The cement slurry spreading in the space is studied on the maps of ρa and geoelectrical sections obtained at different distances from the feed line. Zones of the strongest absorption of cement slurry are indicated by resistivity minima. The electrometric observations should be compared with the data on cement expenditure in the boreholes.The cement strengthening is monitored by comparing the results of control observations consecutively conducted in 1-2 months following the cementation, with utilization of the ρa maps and graphs. If the specific resistivities of the skeleton of the enclosing rocks and the filler of cavities are known, one can approximately evaluate the changes in the cement strength in absolute units (kg/cm2).By way of example, the authors give the results of electrometric observations conducted to evaluate the quality of an antifiltrational curtain on one of the high-mountain water reservoirs in Armenia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1973.tb00029.x
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    COMPUTATION OF THE TIME-DISTANCE CURVE FOR A DIPPING REFRACTOR AND VELOCITY INCREASING WITH DEPTH IN THE OVERBURDEN (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 21 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The paper presents the method and algorithm for computing the time-distance curve for head waves in the case of a dipping refractor and velocity increasing with depth in the overburden. The method is illustrated by an example.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1973.tb00033.x
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    A LOW-COST SYSTEM FOR GRAZING SMALL EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 28 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A technique using a lead running on a suspended wire, is described which allows small plots, e.g. 0.01 ha (1/40 ac) or less, to he grazed individually at 30% of the cost of conventional fencing. It also offers a means of minimizing the concentration of nutrients in dung on camp areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1973.tb00747.x
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    THE EFFECT OF COMPANION GRASSES ON TIMOTHY PRODUCTION IN SWARDS CUT FOR CONSERVATION (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 28 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: To assess the effect of companion grasses on timothy productivity, swards of timothy sown alone or with one of eight companion grasses were harvested as for silage four times per year for two years. The companion grasses were: diploid perennial ryegrasses S24 and S23; tetraploid perennial ryegrasses Reveille and Taptoe; meadow fescues S215 and S53 and cocksfoots Trifolium and S143. Averaged over the N application rates (226, 339 and 452 kg N/ha per year) the total herhage yields of timothy/companion-grass mixtures were all significantly superior to that from timothy alone in the first year. Only perennial ryegrass S24 and the cocksfoot mixtures significantly outyielded timothy alone in the second year. Winterkill hecame evident in April of the second year and pure timothy and timothy/meadow-fescue swards were least affected. Over all swards, timothy DM increased hy a mean of 19% from the first to the second year, compared with a fall of 20% in total herhage DM. The contrihution of timothy herhage to the mixtures was very low with companions other than meadow fescue. Late-heading varieties were more compatihie than early-heading varieties, and tetraploid ryegrasses were more compatihie than diploid ryegrasses. It is concluded that if the inherently valuahle characteristics of timothy are to he exploited, it should not he sovm with aggressive companion grasses.
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    POTENTIAL PASTURE PRODUCTION IN THE UPLANDS OF WALES (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 28 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Detailed soil and vegetation analysis at Pant-y-dwr Hill Centre illustrated the main physical, chemical and biological factors involved in low output from rough grazing on 5 soil series, ranging from acid brown earth to undifferentiated peat, which are representative of most of upland mid-Wales. While all the soils, derived from Silurian shale, had low pH and base saturation status and high lime, phosphate and potash requirements, the principal restraint on the productivity of resown grassland, particularly on the wet peaty gleys, was low available N status.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1973.tb00753.x
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    CONVERSION TABLES FOR BRITISH AND METRIC WEIGHTS AND MEASURES (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 28 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1973.tb00756.x
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    INFLUENCE OF DRYING AND STORAGE CONDITIONS ON NONSTRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATE ANALYSIS OF HERBAGE TISSUE—A REVIEW (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 28 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: No one method of drying can be relied upon for all plant species, plant parts, or form (e.g., fresh v. ensiled herbage). Least changes in nonstructural carbohydrates appear to occur when fresh tissue is immersed in boiling alcohol. Freeze-drying provides results more similar to fresh tissue than heat-drying. Heat-drying at high temperatures (above 80°C) can cause thermo-cbemical degradation, while slow drying at low temperatures (below 50°C) allows time for DM losses by respiration and enzymatic conversions. The most acceptable heat-drying results have been obtained by drying for a short time at a high temperature (i.e. 100°C) and thereafter at a moderate temperature (i.e. 70°C).Changes in nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations occur during the storage of either freeze- or heat-dried tissues. Thus, analyses should be conducted as soon as possible after tissue sampling. The least changes occur during storage in alcohol, following killing of the tissue in boiling alcohol.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1973.tb00733.x
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    SUMMARIES OF PAPERS READ AT THE SUMMER MEETING OF THE BRITISH GRASSLAND SOCIETY IN HEREFORDSHIRE (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 28 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1973.tb00741.x
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    STUDIES OF RESPONSE TO FERTILIZER NITROGEN (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 28 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effects of 59, 118 or 177 kg N/ha were measured on 7 occasions from 8 to 57 days after application to a perennial ryegrass sward in terms of changes in composition.The first increase Dt of N significantly raised percentages of CP, non-protein N, K, P, Ca, Na and Mg and significantly depressed percentages of DM, OM and OM digestihility. The second increment of N resulted in a further rise in the percentages of CP, true protein, non-protein N, K, P, Ca, Na and Mg; the percentages of DM and OM were further depressed but OM digestihility was not significantly depressed. Percentages of P and Na showed increased responses for the more mature herbage; while percentage non-protein N showed a more marked response in younger herbage. As herbage matured percentages of OM and Na rose, the latter only from days 16 to 45. All other attributes showed falling percentages to levels which could be inadequate for a 500 kg dairy cow yielding 15 kg milk. CP percentage reached this critical level (1.4% N) at days 37, 45 or 56 given 59, 118 or 177 kg N/ha; P percentage became critically low (〈 0.36%) at days 27, 35 or 38, respectively; Mg percentage fell to the critical level (0.12%) at days 23, 35 and 46. Na percentage showed the reverse trend, being deficient (〈 0.13%) in the earliest samples and becoming satisfactory from days 23 or 27 at 118 and 177 kg N/ha but it remained inadequate at 59 kg N/ba.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1973.tb00740.x
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    POTENTIAL PASTURE PRODUCTION IN THE UPLANDS OF WALES (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 28 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A comprehensive study of the climatic, soil and vegetation restraints on grassland production in the hill areas of Britain is an essential preliminary stage in land use planning for those areas. Climatic data, recorded continuously at four centres in mid-Wales, emphasize the extent of altitudinal, topographic, seasonal and diurnal variation in zones with improvement potential. Annual solar energy income is negatively correlated with rainfall and cloud cover. Under wet conditions in the western hills, mean daily solar radiation during 1966–69 decreased by 15% between two centres at 30 and 305 m (103 and 1100 ft) 0.D. from 9.92 MJ/m2 to 7–07 MJ/m2= (204 to 169 cal/cm2). Radiation receipts in the drier eastern uplands at 305 m (1000 ft) were as high between May and August as in the western lowlands, but winter temperatures were considerably lower. Comparisons are made with conditions in other upland areas of Britain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1973.tb00722.x
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    THE MANAGEMENT OF LONG GRASS AS A BIRD REPELLENT ON AIRFIELDS (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 28 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Authorities responsible for the safety of aircraft have for a number of years been very concerned with the dangers and the damage caused by aircraft striking birds while in flight, particular since the introduction of the jet engine. Methods of reducing this risk have been sought, which have brought about the method of grass management described in this paper.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1973.tb00749.x
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    SHEEP GRAZING PREFERENCES ON A SALTINGS PASTURE AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE FOR WIGEON (ANAS PENELOPE L.) CONSERVATION (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 28 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Arising from the need to improve the palatability of tussocky, rank Festuca rubra swards to provide a greaer area of grazing for overwintering wigeon which avoided these swards, the effect of sheep grazing on these and close-mown F. rubra swards was studied by a point-quadrat method. This showed that close mowing improved the palatability of Festuca rubra swards for sheep to a degree comparable with swards made up of Puccinellia maritima and Agrostis stolonifera, for which sheep and wigeon had previonsly been shown to have a significant preference. The results of the study are discussed in relation to methods of managing an area of saltings pastnre made up of these two types of swards to increase the area of grazing available for wigeon; whilst still being compatible with the objectives of the grazier's sheep husbandry.
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    PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 28 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1973.tb00712.x
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    PASTURE YIELD INSTRUMENT USING A RADIO FREQUENCY BRIDGE (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 28 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A single unit grass-meter has been developed to replace the twin transmitter-receiver units which have been in use since 1958.In the new design a radio-frequency capacitance bridge is mounted on top of a measuring head. Introduction of grass into the measuring head unbalances the bridge and the amount of unhalance, which is a function of the mass of the herbage, is indicated on a micro-ammeter. Two ranges are incorporated so that sheep pastures with short grass and cow pastures with long grass can be measured.
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    SUMMARIES OF PAPERS READ AT THE WINTER MEETING OF THE BRITISH GRASSLAND SOCIETY IN LONDON 8 DECEMBER 1972 (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 28 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1973.tb00719.x
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    CONVERSION TABLES FOR BRITISH AND METRIC WEIGHTS AND MEASURES (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 28 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1973.tb00721.x
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    SOME RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS FOR LOCATION OF ANCIENT GOLD WORKINGS, KOLAR, INDIA (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 21 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: On an experimental basis, observations were made with various geophysical methods to locate the ancient gold workings in Kolar Gold Fields, Kolar, India. The results of experimental surveys indicated that two-electrode resistivity surveys with two spacings followed by limited trenching would be able to locate about 70 percent of the ancient workings, at 55-60 percent of the cost of conventional trenching.
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    ACOUSTIC WAVES ALONG OILFILLED STREAMER CABLES (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 21 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: There are different types of acoustic noise induced in streamer cables. One type consists of pulsed waves preferentially generated by vertical motions of the towing ship or of the tail buoy. The pulsed waves travel along the streamer with low attenuation and a velocity about 15% less than the velocity of water. Frequencies observed lie between 5 and 15 Hz.These pulsed waves are well known and for the last few years acoustic isolator sections have been used to reduce their generation. But under bad weather conditions and especially in cold water these waves become stronger. Recent investigations demonstrated that the pulsed waves are able to produce a high noise level even in new streamers with acceleration cancelling hydrophones. We point out that the material of the hoses has a dominant effect on the amplitude picked up by the hydrophones.Acoustic theory is applied to understand the phenomenon of these waves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1973.tb00028.x
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  • 99
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    SYSTEM APPROACH TO AIR-GUN ARRAY DESIGN (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 21 (1973), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: To specify intelligently a nondynamite source in a marine seismic data-collection system, it is important to use all known parameters of the system—source, receiver, and recording-system characteristics. A technique has been developed to design the far-field pressure pulse of an air-gun array by taking these parameters into account.Important source variables to consider are interaction among guns in the array and the depth of the array. Near-field pressure signatures of individual guns, which are relatively unaffected by boundaries, have been used to‘construct’the far-field pressure pulse of the array by considering these variables. Comparison between constructed pulses and measured far-field pulses shows substantial agreement.Streamer depth and recording-system bandpass should also be considered when designing an air-gun array. Comparison of far-field pressure pulses for several bandpasses clearly shows the importance of considering this variable; e.g., the initial pulse is severely attenuated when a high-cut filter is used. Likewise, an additional filtering effect due to the streamer's proximity to the surface should be taken into account.Design of an air-gun array using the principles just outlined are illustrated by an example.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1973.tb00016.x
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    A NEW ENERGY SOURCE FOR MARSH AREAS (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 21 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Many practical energy sources are available for land use and likewise a goodly number for marine operations. However, the transitional region between navigable water and negotiable land is poorly served. The vehicles that are capable of operating amphibiously are limited in the pay-load they can transport, and in the bulk of apparatus that can be operated from the space available. The Flex-O-Gun (Trademark of Geo Space Corporation) is a new, lightweight gas exploder designed to meet the requirements for operation in rivers, bays, and marsh areas not generally accessible to the larger, heavier systems such as the Dinoseis (Trademark of Atlantic Richfield Company), Vibrator and Air Guns. Weighing less than 70 kilograms, the Flex-O-Gun requires only modest sources of oxygen and propane and the associated firing equipment for operation.The gun delivers energy by the sudden introduction into the water of high pressure gases resulting from detonation. The device is unique in that the underwater gun assembly contains no gas mixing or firing elements. A flexible, metallic hose conveys the charge of mixed gases and subsequent detonating flame to the gun from control and firing mechanisms located above the surface. With its small weight and total space requirements, the Flex-O-Gun can be operated from small boats, buggies, or trucks, and is easily transported.In this paper the features of the gun are described and the results given of tests of its operations. An implanting device is also discussed which extends its application to viscous formations. The device employs water jets mounted below the gun to wash down a hole and insure placement of the gun at depths to obtain maximum energy output.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1973.tb00018.x
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