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  • 1980-1984  (1,652)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reversible crosslinking in cellulose. VI. Formation of sulfonium derivatives by the reaction of cellulose β-mercaptoethylaminocarboxylate with methyl iodide (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 283-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The reaction of methyl iodide with cellulose β-mercaptoethylaminocarboxylate (RDTC) made from cotton was investigated. The product was found to contain dimethyl sulfonium groups in addition to S-methyl groups, with accompanying hydrolytic cleavage of some of urethane linkages. The iodide counterions could be easily exchanged with hydroxide and chloride ions. The dyeabilty of RDTC and its sulfonium derivatives toward Direct Sky Blue A was studied. The equilibrium uptake of the dye by RDTC decreased with increasing sulfur content, while the uptake by the sulfonium derivatives was higher than that of control cotton and increased with increasing sulfonium content. The counterions did not affect the dyeability. The dye adsorbed onto the sulfonium derivatives was very fast against solvent extraction, and could be extracted only with Cadoxen containing 0.5% sodium hydroxide. The equilibrium uptake of the dye was much more than the amount calculated on basis of the 1 : 1 ionic bonding between the sulfonic acid group in the dye molecule and the sulfonium group in the modified cotton. The spatial effect in the dye-sulfonium bonding is discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170122
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  • 2
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    A cooperative molecular weight distribution test (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 269-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The development of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) has provided a convenient tool for the rapid determination of molecular weight distribution. The question has arisen as to the suitability of the method for specification purposes. The present work, suggested by the Naval Air Systems Command, represents an attempt to assess the precision of the method through a series of tests carried out by a number of laboratories using identical procedures on the same samples. Ten laboratories agreed to take part. Naval Ordnance Station, Indian Head, worked out standard conditions for operation of the chromatograph, for calibration of the columns, and for analysis of the GPC curves. Two samples of polystyrene were used by the various organizations for calibration of their instruments. Number-average molecular weight, heterogeneity index, and cumulative molecular weight distribution curves were determined on four samples of carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene (CTPB) and two samples of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), all unidentified except by letter code. All laboratories used identical directions for setting up CTPB and HTPB calibration curves which were based on curves determined from vapor-pressure osmometer molecular weights and GPC count numbers of fractionated material. Variation among the different laboratories was 0.15 in heterogeneity index, and a maximum of 1200 in molecular weight provided one aberrant set of values was eliminated. The six samples had heterogeneity indices from 1.15 to 1.54, while molecular weight varied from approximately 3000 to 6000. The average coefficient of variation of the molecular weight values was 6.2 ± 0.7%, which is quite acceptable. Variation in heterogeneity index was too great for specification purposes when considered among the different laboratories, but may be sufficiently good when measured by any one laboratory.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170121
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fractionation of ethylene-propylene copolymers (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 319-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Ethylene-propylene (EP) copolymers were fractionated according to chemical composition, molecular weight, or monomer sequence length, which are fundamental distribution factors. Cloud points of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and EP copolymer were determined prior to the fractionation. From the results, it was estimated that xylene-butyl cellosolve and tetralin-ethyl carbitol systems were suitable for the fractionations according to chemical composition and molecular weight, respectively. EP random-type copolymers were fractionated using a xylene-butyl cellosolve system. Separations according to chemical composition were obtained as expected. Then, the above polymer fractions were further fractionated in a tetralin-ethyl carbitol system. and the dependence on molecular weight was observed fairly well. Furthermore, fractionation according to monomer sequence length was satisfactorily achieved by solvent extraction using ethyl ether, n-hexane, cyclohexane, and n-heptane. Therefore, it is concluded that the more detailed characterizations of EP copolymers are made possible by a combination of these techniques.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170201
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  • 4
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    Electronic Resource
    Difficulties associated with the measurement of the diffusion coefficient of solvating liquid or vapor in semicrystalline polymer. I. Permeation methods (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 351-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The diffusion coefficients D for solvating liquids and vapors in membranes can be measured in a number of ways. The effectiveness of permeation methods for systems involving semicrystalline polymers at near-ambient temperatures has been assessed, and new experiments have been performed using p-xylene and high-density polyethylene. The conclusions are likely to apply to any semicrystalline polymer where the diffusant concentration is not zero. Stresses induced in the downstream side of the membrane by solvent sorption at the upstream surface during the nonsteady period are shown to lead to underestimation of D. The rate of attainment of a steady state is controlled primarily by the rate at which these stresses relax. The extremely slow rate of stress relaxation in polyethylene implies that, under many experimental conditions, a true steady state of permeation is not attained within an experimentally accessible time, a conclusion supported by experimental evidence. Diffusion coefficients calculated in the usual way from apparently steady-state permeation rates may be grossly underestimated. In liquid permeation experiments, some of the polymer may dissolve in the upstream permeant, and this may lead to overestimation both of the time to reach an apparently steady state and of the steady-state permeation rate itself.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170203
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  • 5
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    Identification of cis-4,5-epoxy-2-pentenal from pyrolysis of H3PO4-treated celluloseBased on a paper presented at the 162nd ACS National Meeting, Division of Cellulose, Wood and Fiber Chemistry Washington, D.C., September 13-17, 1971. (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 391-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An important product, C5H6O2, from the pyrolytic decomposition of phosphoric acid, treated cellulose was isolated and identified as cis-4,5-epoxy-2-pentenal. NMR, IR UV, and mass-spectral data of this product were analyzed and discussed. A method for the preparation of cis-4,5-epoxy-2-pentenal is presented, and a mechanism for its formation is proposed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170206
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  • 6
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    The quantitative detection of free radicals on mechanically formed polymer surfaces (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 509-526 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mechanochemical reactions are becoming increasingly important; yet, quantitative data on mechanoradicals are sparse. A study was undertaken to determine the surface concentration of free radicals which are available for reaction when chemical bonds are broken by mechanically forming fresh polymer surface. Polyethylene and polypropylene were cut under a benzene solution of the free-radical scavenger diphenylpicryl-hydrazyl, using countersinks as the cutting tools. Accurate surface area measurements of the polymer shavings were made. Surface free-radical densities up to 2 × 1013/cm2 for polyethylene and 9 × 1013/cm2 for polypropylene were determined. The physical conditions of the test and of the cutting tool were found to have an effect on the results, but not as profound as that of base polymer.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170215
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  • 7
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    Effect of molecular structure on polyethylene melt rheology. III. Effects of long-chain branching and of temperature on melt elasticity in shear (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 797-808 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of long-chain branching and of temperature on the melt elasticity in shear of polyethylene were investigated using die swell measurements and relating them to recoverable shear strain, normal stress, and shear modulus. Die swell measurements, as a function of shear rate, were obtained for high- and low-density polyethylenes at temperatures ranging from 130° to 225°C. The samples were characterized by GPC and intrinsic viscosity for molecular weight distributions and degrees of long-chain branching. The importance of annealing the extrudates at temperatures above the polymer melting temperature to achieve equilibrium, or strain-free, values of die swell was demonstrated. The effect of long-chain branch was to decrease elastic deformation. At constant shear stress, the melt elasticity of both high- and low-density polyethylene was found to be essentially independent of temperature. Thus, at constant shear rate, elastic deformation decreased with increasing temperature, and it was demonstrated that this decrease could be quantitatively defined in terms of previously determined shear rate-temperature viscosity superposition shift factors.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170312
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  • 8
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    The influence of the stretch ratio on the rate of diffusion in a wet-spinning process (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 893-903 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article describes diffusion experiments on a single filament spinning set. The aim was to find phenomena which may occur in any wet-spinning process. An alkaline poly(vinyl alcohol) solution containing an indicator was spun out into a coagulation bath containing Na2SO4, after which the filament was guided into an acidic second bath. The first bath served to deswell the filament in order to avoid contamination in the diffusion study. In the second bath the diffusion of H+ and OH- ions was studied by measuring the distance which had to be covered by the filament in order to produce a color change of the indicator at the center of the filament. The equation for cylindrical diffusion was tested at various mechanical adjustments of the spinning set. It was found that the rate of diffusion decreases with increasing stretch ratio. Moreover, the relevant diffusion equation is qualitatively very well applicable to the phenomena considered, provided the applied stretch ratio is taken into account.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170319
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  • 9
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    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical anchoring of polymer layers on polymer substrates with an open-porous surface structure (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 977-981 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170323
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  • 10
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    Craze growth in PMMA under cyclic loads (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 987-1005 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of tests have been conducted to measure the effects of fatigue loading on environmental stress crazing in PMMA. Testing in methanol has shown that long crazes are grown prior to fracture in the same manner as previously observed for constant-load conditions. An analytical model which had been used to describe craze kinetics in terms of environmental flow within the craze for static loads has been amended to account for the variable loads and gives excellent prediction of craze speeds under numerous types of loading. The correlation of theory and experimental data for this second case suggests that environmental crazing is controlled mainly by the way in which the hostile environment is able to flow through the voided structure of the craze. A brief description of the effects of varying the cyclic frequency is also given in an attempt to provide guidelines for future research.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170401
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  • 11
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    Physical-chemical studies of polyhexene-1. Some dilute solution propertiesAbstracted from dissertation submitted by F. C. Lin in partial fulfillment for the Ph.D. degree at Stevens Institute of Technology. (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 1073-1090 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This work is a study of some dilute solution properties of polyhexene-1. Results with the following experimental measurements are reported: osmotic pressure, phase equilibrium, viscosity, light scattering, molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and degree of chain extension. Three good solvents were used, cyclohexane, tetrahydrofuran, and toluene, and one poor solvent, phenetole, in order to obtain theta conditions. The properties of polyhexene-1 are compared with those of other α-olefin polymers reported in the literature.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170406
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  • 12
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    Electronic Resource
    Effect of the continuous medium on the color of discontinuous substrates. IV. The effect of the refractive index of the continuous medium (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 873-884 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is known from experience that light scattering-absorbing substrates are darker when the continuous medium is water instead of air. This is due to the decrease in scattering efficiency of the scattering particles caused by the smaller value of the ratio n1/n2 of the refractive indices of the scattering particles (n1 = 1.5 to 1.7) to that of water (n2 = 1.33) as compared to that ratio when the continuous medium is air (n2 = 1). Experimental evidence for this phenomenon is presented for polyester fabric viewed in air, water, and a concentrated sucrose solution. The wavelength range from 0.4 to 0.7 microns, and absolute “dry” reflectances from 0.02 to 0.7 were covered. The phenomenon cannot be adequately described with the Kubelka-Munk theory of the color of scattering-absorbing substrates.1 Evidence is presented that at high reflectance values (0.4-0.7), the theory describes the color adequately and the results are consistent with a prediction based on a modified Mie equation for the scattering efficiency of “large” particles.2,3 At low reflectance values (〈0.05), the Kubelka-Munk theory breaks down completely. This is consistent with the observation that this theory is not capable of predicting precisely high dye concentrations on textiles but is quite adequate for low concentrations.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170317
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  • 13
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    Studies on melt spinning. IV. Spinning through a ribbon die (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 1165-1172 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental study has been carried out to investigate effects of stretch ratio on molecular orientation in polypropylene monofilaments which are melt spun from a ribbon die into a water bath with an adjustable air gap distance between the two. By varying the air gap distance and the rate of stretching, a variety of filaments of different molecular orientations were obtained. Measurements were taken of fiber birefringence of finished filaments under a polarizing microscope with camera attachment and mercury lamp. It has been found, according to the already established relationship between the molecular orientation and birefringence, that the molecular orientation in polypropylene filaments is increased with the rate of stretching. Two other interesting observations were made. One was that the filaments form crimps whose frequency increases with the rate of stretching. The other was that the phenomenon of draw resonance was observed when the rate of stretching was increased beyond a certain critical value.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170413
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  • 14
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    Anionic polymerization of ∊-caprolactam. II. Initiation by ∊-thiocaprolactone (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 983-986 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170324
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  • 15
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    Analysis of tanks-in-series model with backflow for free-radical polymerization (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 1339-1360 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Free-radical polymerization in a flow reactor represented by the tanks-in-series model with backflow was considered. Conversions and molecular weight distributions were computed as functions of the backflow parameter, and the results were compared with the conversion and molecular weight distribution from a CSTR and those from a plug-flow reactor. Backflow was found to be undesirable for the polymerization mechanism under investigation. Values of the degree of segregation for the tanks-in-series model were calculated by using Zwietering's approach as a function of backflow.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170504
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  • 16
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    Physicochemical criteria for reverse osmosis separation of monohydric and polyhydric alcohols in aqueous solutions using porous cellulose acetate membranes (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 1043-1071 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Reverse osmosis data using different samples of Loeb-Sourirajan-type porous cellulose acetate membranes and single-solute aqueous solution systems involving 16 monohydric alcohols, 4 phenols, 18 polyhydric alcohols, pyrogallol, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, 6 aldehydes, and 8 carbohydrates (sugars) have been studied. The solute concentrations used were in the range of 0.0005 to 0.003 g mole/l. (∼100 ppm), and operating pressure used was 250 psig in all cases. The results show that correlations of acidity and basicity parameters (obtained from IR spectra) with solute separation data are equivalent, and they have predictive capability. A method is given for estimating Taft numbers (Σσ*) for monohydric and polyhydric alcohols from available data based on the additive nature of σ*. Data on solute transport parameters (DAM/Kδ) for the different solutes were calculated from membrane performance data. For all the alcohols studied, the Σσ*-versus-log (DAM/K)δ correlation was found to be a straight line with a slope different for different ranges of Σσ*, but independent of the porous structure of the membrane. Based on this result, it is shown that the parameters of the Taft equation can serve as a basis for expressing solute transport parameter, and this basis offers a means for predicting membrane performance for all alcohol-water systems from a single set of experimental data for a reference solute system. This prediction technique is illustrated using experimental data for 1,3-butanediol taken as the reference solute. The general applicability of the technique has been tested for predicting the separation of some aldehydes and carbohydrates.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170405
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  • 17
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    Studies on phenoplasts by pyrolysis gas chromatography (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 1113-1118 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new technique of pyrolysis gas chromatography was used for the investigation of pyrolysis of phenol formaldehyde polycondensates and useful information about the nature of the chemical bonds and their relative strengths in these polycondensates were obtained. It was also found that by identifying only one of the pyrograms of a series of homologous compounds produced by the pyrolysis of polycondensates, all the pyrograms of the series were easily characterized and correspondingly the number of components in each series were identified.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170409
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  • 18
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    Strain rate dependence of failure processes in polycarbonate and nylon (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 1467-1478 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study has been made of two types of failure, namely, monotonic fractures using Charpy-type specimens and fatigue crack propagation using rectangular plates containing an initial central notch. The work was conducted on an amorphous polymer (polycarbonate) and a semicrystalline polymer (nylon N 6.6). Monotonic tests were performed in an Instron testing machine between 0.002 and 20 in./min, and in a Charpy testing machine between 2000 and 11800 in./min. The cyclic tests (under constant K conditions) were carried out at frequencies that ranged from 0.1 to 20 Hz. A model for the relationship between the cyclic rate of crack growth and appropriate LEFM parameters, previously described, has now been converted into cyclic strain energy transformations. In computing the strain energy, the value of the time-dependent modulus of the material was used; and under cyclic loading conditions the glassy (short time) value was employed. The authors have proposed that the modulus measurements obtained at very low temperatures, where the viscous response of the material is highly restricted, will approximate the glassy value, Eg, found by conducting relaxation measurement tests at different temperatures down to -197°C. Within the range of tests conducted, the fracture toughness values of both PC and N 6.6 apparently decrease with increase in loading rate. Fatigue crack growth in both materials is influenced by loading frequency and cyclic waveform. These variations may be related to the magnitude of the viscous energy loss and hence to the available energy for crack extension per cycle.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170514
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  • 19
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    Molecular weight distributions of standard polystyrene samples by GPC and by sedimentation velocity analysisPresented at the 164th ACS National Meeting, New York, New York, September, 1972. (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 1589-1596 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In precision gel permeation chromatographic (GPC) work, the spreading (zone spreading) characteristics of the instrument must be calibrated. Standard samples of anionic polystyrene have been used for this purpose. The molecular weight distributions of these standard samples, nevertheless, have not been determined carefully. In this work, several standard polystyrene samples obtained from Pressure Chemical Company were examined by GPC and by sedimentation velocity analysis. The results show that (1) the high molecular weight polystyrene samples have skewed molecular weight distributions as has been suspected and that (2) the present data treatment technique for GPC is effective for these very narrow-distribution samples.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170521
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    Viscosity profiles for aqueous dispersions of extracellular anionic microbial polysaccharides (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 1621-1624 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170525
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    Studies in chemically modified celluloses. V. Affinities of vat dyes for chemically modified celluloses (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 1727-1739 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Cotton cellulose was separately oxidized by potassium metaperiodate, potassium dichromate-sulfuric acid, and potassium dichromate-oxalic acid at two oxidation levels, and the resulting oxycelluloses were further modified by treatment with chlorous acid and sodium borohydride in order to prepare a series of chemically modified celluloses with different functional groups. These fiber substances were dyed with leuco-flavanthrone at 40°C for different periods till equilibrium was reached. Adsorption isotherms were obtained with three purified vat dyes, and thermodynamic affinity of the dyes for the modified celluloses was determined, taking into consideration the adsorption of hydroxyl ions by cellulosic material and of sodium ions by carboxylate groups of oxycellulose. The presence of aldehyde and carboxyl groups is shown to decrease the rate of dyeing as well as the affinity of the dyes.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170607
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    The ferric hydroxide/hydrazine system as an initiator of vinyl polymerization (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 1787-1793 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The reaction between ferric hydroxide and hydrazine was used to initiate the solution polymerization of methyl methacrylate. Polymerization occurs readily at pH 〉 6, over a wide range of iron concentration and of temperature. The initiation reaction appears to be of heterogeneous nature, like those in similar metal hydroxide/hydrazine systems.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170611
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  • 23
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    Modification of nylon 6 by organochlorosilanes. I. Chemical reaction (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2097-2108 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The reaction of nylon 6 with dimethyldichlorosilane and vinylmethyldichlorosilane was investigated. Bright, 20-denier monofilament, nylon 6 yarns with 12.83% nitrogen, 61.16% carbon, and 10.16% hydrogen content were taken. Benzene or toluene was used as solvent for the reagents. The extent of reaction was estimated from the increase in weight of the parent yarn. Reaction was carried in the presence of nitrogen or in atmospheric oxygen (air). The per cent weight gain increased with increase in concentration of reagents, time, and temperature of the reaction. Viscosity and dyeability of the modified samples were measured, and in some samples the percentage of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen was also determined.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    High-temperature elastomers: A systematic series of linear poly(carborane-siloxane)s containing icosahedral (—CB10H10C—) cages. I. Thermomechanical behavior in nitrogen (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2141-2172 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An extensive study of structure-bulk property relations for a systematic series of well-defined linear poly(carborane-siloxane)s is reported. These polymers form the backbone components of the most recently developed high-temperature elastomers. The basic structure is where (1) x = 1, 3, 4, 5, ∞; (2) A = endgroups (reactive and inert); (3) Z = meta-, para-carborane (for x = 3); (4) R = —CH3, R = —C2H4CF3 (for x = 3), one in five R = —C6H5 with the remainder ∼CH3 (for x = 4, randomly and regularly substituted); (5) molecular weight = ∼10,000, ∼50,000 (for x = 3). Thermomechanical spectra (∼1 cps) from -180°C to 625°C to -180°C in nitrogen at 3.6°C/min and thermogravimetric data from 25°C to 800°C in argon are presented. Physical transitions (Tg, Tm, Tcrys, Tsec) are discussed, including a correlation of Tg data with structure (for x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ∞) using a copolymer equation. Thermostability is also discussed in terms of structure.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    Mechanism of yield and fracture in ABS materials (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2203-2212 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Four commercial grades of ABS of varying physicomechanical properties were fractured in tension at three straining rates. Photomicrographs of the fracture surfaces were used to qualitatively describe the effects of straining rate on craze growth. Based on a micrograph of what is assumed to be the first stress-activated state of craze formation, a model describing the function of the elastomer phase in these materials is presented.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170719
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    Polyesters from bisacid A2. Electrical properties of glass fiber laminates (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2245-2255 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The preparation and purification of bisacid A2, the preparation of crosslinkable polyesters from bisacid A2, and some of the properties of the resulting resins and laminates have been reported in earlier communications.1-7 This paper reports the surface and volume resistivities of laminates according to B.S. 2782 as well as their dielectric loss and permittivity at 23°C over a frequency range of about 9 decades and discusses the significance of the results.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170723
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    Polymerization of laurinolactam. I. Impurities in industrial laurinolactam and their influence on anionic polymerization (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2131-2140 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Fractions containing predominantly cyclododecanone (0.02%), C24 hydrocarbons (0.02%), and probably isomers of the mono- and diunsaturated 13-membered lactam (0.05%) were isolated from industrial laurinolactam. Both the cyclic ketone and unsaturated lactams slow down the anionic polymerization of laurinolactam, but they exert only insignificant or no effects on the molecular weight of the resulting polymer if the polymerization has been activated with N,2-disubstituted 3-oxoamide. On the other hand, the molecular weight is greatly affected by the type of catalytic system. Of the purification techniques tested, the most effective and advantageous one was crystallization from 1,2-dimethoxyethane.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Viscoelastic properties of epoxy resins. II. Antiplasticization in highly crosslinked epoxy system (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2173-2181 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of the addition of certain low molecular weight compounds to highly crosslinked epoxy resins was investigated. The behavior which is known as antiplasticization, such as increases in modulus and yield strength and the elimination of β-transition, was observed in the highly crosslinked system as well as in the reported cases of thermoplastics - poly(vinyl chloride), bisphenol A polycarbonate, and polysulfone. Chlorinated biphenyl was found to be one of the most effective antiplasticizers examined in the present paper. However, the remarkable reduction in compressive strain at break and impact strength was not recognized for the highly antiplasticized samples. These phenomena have been interpreted on the basis of free volume concept.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170716
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    New technique for polymer density estimation (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2457-2461 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A general equation is derived for estimating polymer density for amorphous polymers. The method is based on the molecular weight and parachor of the polymer repeat unit to give the limiting density.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170812
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    Plasma synthesis of fluorocarbon films (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2501-2507 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Fluorocarbon films were obtained by introducing perfluorobutene-2 into the afterglow region of an argon plasma. The plasma was generated electrodelessly using plates excited at 13.56 MHz at 70 watts of power. Film deposition rates between 250 Å and 450 Å per minute were obtained during typical operating conditions. The films were light yellow in color, adhered strongly to dry glass substrates, and exhibited liquid contact angles very similar to those reported for poly(tetrafluoroethylene) surfaces. The infrared spectrum of the film was quite similar to that obtained for Teflon. The freshly prepared film contained a high concentration of unpaired spins, and the ESR signal decayed slowly on standing in vacuum. The films could be removed from the glass substrates by immersion in dilute hydrofluoric acid or in brackish water.
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    An automated oxygen absorption instrument (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2305-2310 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Oxygen absorption is a widely used test for measuring polymer stability and antioxidant effectiveness. Commonly, periodic measurements are made using a mercury buret to measure the rate at which oxygen is taken up by the polymer. We designed and built a safe, dependable apparatus that continuously monitors the reaction of a hydrocarbon polymer with oxygen. The instrument operates by recording the frequency with which small, known volumes of oxygen are introduced into the sample tube to maintain a preestablished pressure in the tube. No operator time is required during the test. The instrument readings are readily converted to standard oxygen absorption curves.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Graft copolymerization of vinyl monomers on modified cottons. VI. Vinyl graft copolymerization initiated by manganese (IV) (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2547-2556 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The ability of potassium permanganate in the presence of different acids to induce grafting of methyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile onto sodium hydroxide-treated cotton, partially carboxymethylated cotton, partially cyanoethylated cotton, and partially acetylated cotton was investigated. The copolymerization reaction was carried out under a variety of conditions. The graft yields are greatly enhanced by increasing concentration of monomer, reaction time, and temperature. The opposite holds true for initiator at higher concentrations. The effectiveness of the acids was: nitric acid 〉 sulfuric acid 〉 perchloric acid 〉 hydrochloric acid. The change in the physical and/or chemical structure of cellulose by its modification via etherification reaction or esterification reaction had a significant effect on the susceptibility of cellulose toward grafting. While partial carboxymethylation or partial cyanoethylation of cellulose prior to grafting increased the graft yield, partial acetylation caused a decrease.
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    Announcement (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2619-2619 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170825
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    High-temperature elastomers: A systematic series of linear poly(carborane-siloxane)s containing icosahedral (—CB10H10C—) cages. III. Spectroscopic identification (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2635-2652 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Documentation and preliminary analysis of the infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of a systematic series of poly(carborane-siloxane)s containing —CB10H10C— cages are reported. Inconsistencies in the spectra are interpreted in terms of complications in the syntheses.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Mechanical and dielectric relaxations in alternating block copolymers of dimethylsiloxane and bisphenol a carbonate (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2695-2706 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Alternating block copolymers of bisphenol A carbonate and dimethylsiloxane at three different compositions were studied by mechanical and dielectric measurements. Both sets of data exhibit transitions characteristic of the primary glass transitions of the component polymers. This behavior is characteristic of heterophase polymers. Dielectric data for all three samples cast from methylene chloride solution are presented. In addition, one sample was also cast from the solution of methylene chloride-n-hexane. The resulting morphologic differences among the samples are reflected in the activation energies associated with the low-temperature transitions. The time-temperature superposition principle was invoked to construct master curves for both mechanical and dielectric data. It was found that there exist considerable discrepancies in the respective master curves and the shift factor data. These results indicate that this heterophase block copolymer is thermorheologically complex.
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    Radiation-induced solid-state polymerization in binary systems. IX. Polymerization and foaming of multicomponent systems including inorganic acid and acrylic monomers (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2753-2759 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: It was found that binary systems consisting of inorganic acid and organic amide or nitrile form a stable glassy phase owing to the large molecular interaction between the components. The change in Tg values with change in composition of these binary systems was studied. Gamma ray-induced polymerization of inorganic acid and acrylamide or acrylonitrile systems was carried out in a supercooled phase. The polymerization rates in acrylamide-inorganic acid systems had a maximum at a temperature Tv (30°-50°C higher than the glass transition temperature), but in acrylonitrile-inorganic acids systems there was no maximum rate at any temperature. Foaming occurred during irradiation in the polymerization of acrylamide-urea-sulfuric acid system. The insource foaming was attributed to the promoting effect of sulfuric acid for the decomposition of urea and the heat accumulation by the acceleration of the polymerization.
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    Polymerization of methyl methacrylate by catalyzed peroxide decomposition without applied heat (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2771-2782 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The exotherm for the polymerization of methyl methacrylate was monitored by a simple thermal technique to gain useful information about the effect of several factors on the polymerization rate and the degree of completion. All reactions were begun at room temperature (24°C) and no external heating was provided. Initiation was by decomposition of benzoyl peroxide (and mixtures with lauroyl peroxide) catalyzed by the accelerator N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine. Specific factors examined were peroxide and accelerator levels, sample size, peroxide combinations, and crosslinking agents. The results are discussed in terms of the stoichiometry of the initiator system; the balance of heat generation, heat capacity, and heat loss; and the autoacceleration effect.
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    Hydroxypropylcellulose - The reaction of alkali cellulose with propylene oxide (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2783-2790 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Several methods for the hydroxypropylation of alkali cellulose have been investigated to obtain a uniformly substituted material soluble in dilute alkali and regenerable in dilute acid. The reaction in which alkali cellulose is reacted with a 60% concentration of liquid propylene oxide based on the cellulose content was found to be reproducible giving a film-forming derivative of 6% substitution with minimum by-products in less than 2 hr. During the course of this work, hydroxypropylcellulose solutions and films were prepared and evaluated. A valid comparison of the physical properties with those of hydroxyethylcellulose and viscose solutions and films has been made.
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    Styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers. Construction of porosity in styrene divinylbenzene matrices (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2835-2846 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experimental data are presented describing the formation of porosity in styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers as a function of the organic components present during the suspension polymerization. The reaction system contains a mixture of diluents such as toluene and hexane, which results in matrices that differ significantly in pore structure from the porous resins so far known. From these data a model of the physical structure is proposed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    Orthotropic swelling and simplified elasticity laws with special reference to cord-reinforced rubber (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2847-2853 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Further implications of equations for the directional dependence of swelling 1 \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ a\theta ^2 = \left( {a_{T^2 } - a_{L^2 } } \right)\sin ^2 \theta + a_{L^2 } $\end{document} and elastic modulus 2 \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 {E_\theta }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {E_\theta }} = \left( {\cos ^2 {\theta \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\theta {E_L }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {E_L }}} \right) + \left( {\sin ^2 {\theta \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\theta {E_T }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {E_T }}} \right) $\end{document} which were originated by Coran, Boustany, and Hamed1 are given. Equation (1) is practically equivalent to the standard tensor transformation equation assuming that swelling is equivalent to negative hydrostatic pressure and the new relationship \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{a_L - 1}}{{a_{T - 1} }} \approx \frac{{E_T \left( {1 - 2v_{LT} } \right)}}{{E_L \left( {1 - v_{TT} } \right)}} $\end{document} is derived for the case E1 ≫ E2. A corollary of eq. (1), 3\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 {G_{LT} }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {G_{LT} }} = {1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 {E_T }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {E_T }} + {{\left( {1 + 2v_{LT} } \right)} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\left( {1 + 2v_{LT} } \right)} {E_L }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {E_L }}, $\end{document} conflicts with three commonly used models of unidirectional composites. Anisotropic laminate theory is used to show that eq. (3) has important consequences for multiply laminates with no triangulation. These results indicate that the equations of Coran et al. cannot be expected to have wide application to other systems, especially continuous cord-reinforced rubber.
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    The surface composition of biconstituent fibers (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2911-2914 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170928
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    Effects of electric discharge surface treatment on the diffusion characteristics of polymers (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2915-2918 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170929
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    Preparation of the fine powdery copolymer of glycidyl methacrylate-divinylbenzene and its application as a pigment (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2925-2934 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In order to prepare the functional and fine powdery polymer, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and divinylbenzene (DVB) were polymerized in cyclohexane. This polymerization was heterogeneous. In the time-conversion curve, an autoaccelerating phenomenon and an apparently steady state were observed, and the activation energies for both reactions in the earlier stage and the steady state were calculated to be 28 kcal/mole and 11 kcal/mole, respectively. It is especially noteworthy that the increase in the DVB concentration decreased the polymerization rate. The diffusion of the monomers through the polymer matrix should be one of the most important factors. Some properties of the copolymer and its application as a mordant were studied.
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    Studies of relaxation phenomena in polymers. II. The behavior of simple polymers in their main transition region (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2977-2986 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In an earlier paper, a “new” viscoelastic function, log J2 = g{log J1}, was defined. For polymers, the linear viscoelastic behavior of which is characterized by “simple segment movements” in their main transition regions, the following general properties are found: (1) The local maxima of the function for different polymers fall along a straight line width the slope approximately equal to 1.1. (2) A characteristical general shape is noticed for the function after shifting along the straight line and reducing the J1 compliance as regards the “frozen in” compliance J10. (3) J1 reflects the storage and J2, the loss mechanisms of the system. The relation J2/J1 is an expression for the average retardation time.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Molecular aggregation in poly(vinyl chloride) (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 3033-3047 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Molecular weight distributions and molecular aggregation for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) polymerized in bulk at -10, -30, and -50°C have been measured using gel permeation chromatography. The aggregate content in PVC polymerized at -50°C was found to be 87 wt-%. These spherical aggregates of mean diameter of 5000 A are formed preferentially from PVC chains having high molecular weights and long syndiotactic sequence lengths. A temperature of 200°C was used to disintegrate these aggregates into single PVC molecules. In disagreement with measurements of Mn and Mw published in the literature, our measured values do not reach a minimum but rather increase continuously with decreasing temperature of polymerization. This disagreement is most probably due to the phenomenon of molecular aggregation in PVC.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    A rotating sphere viscometer (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 3069-3083 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The use of a rotating sphere viscometer for the measurement of parameters in the flow curves of inelastic as well as viscoelastic liquids is examined. An experimental investigation of the primary flow around a sphere rotating in Newtonian and viscoelastic liquids is carried out by using a new “three-dimensional particle technique.” Currently available theoretical analyses of rotation of a sphere in viscoelastic liquids are shown to be inadequate to describe the experimental primary velocity distribution data. Theoretical results for the primary distribution derived on the basis of a creeping flow of a power law liquid are found to describe the experimental data well. This distribution is then used to derive torque-angular velocity relationships, which are then confirmed experimentally for both inelastic and viscoelastic liquids. The results of this work justify the use of a rotating sphere viscometer as a useful tool for the measurement of parameters of flow curves of inelastic and viscoelastic liquids.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    The water absorbency of hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile-grafted cellulose fibers (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 3143-3156 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The water absorbency of a bleached softwood kraft pulp, as measured by its water retention value (WRV), was increased up to 30 times by graft polymerizing polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and subsequently hydrolyzing it to sodium polyacrylate-polyacrylamide copolymer. WRV was found to be related to the initial PAN graft level rather than to the final sodium polyacrylate content, and was independent of the grafting process used. However, the ceric ion process was found superior to both the cellulose xanthate-H2O2 and ferrous ion-H2O2 redox systems in that it occasioned only a minor loss during the hydrolysis stage and the WRV was less affected by drying. The WRV remained constant as pH was lowered from 9 to 5 but dropped to the level of unmodified pulp at pH 3.5 where the sodium salt is fully converted to poly(acrylic acid). Retention of 1% aqueous NaCl was about 60% of the WRV. The swelling properties of the grafted fibers under various conditions appear to be explained by considering the grafting to act in two ways: (a) the introduction of a potentially hydrophilic component capable of generating swelling pressures and (b) the reduction in the cohesion of the fiber by the interposition of graft polymer chains in the fiber structure.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    In situ polymerization of monomers for high-performance poly(phenylquinoxaline)/graphite fiber composites (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 3235-3238 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070171024
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    A note on the mechanism of drag reduction (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 3239-3240 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070171025
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    Dynamic mechanical studies of four elastomeric fibers at low, intermediate, and high extensions (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 3259-3271 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A dynamic mechanical study of four elastomeric threads has been made: the threads comprise natural rubber, nitrile rubber, Lycra, and Spanzelle. The dynamic loss modulus (E″) and the dynamic storage modulus (E′) were studied over a wide range of temperature (-110°C to 180°C) and the transitions were interpreted in the light of the chemical composition of the materials. The threads were investigated at 2%, 200%, and 400% static strain at a frequency of 110 Hz.
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    Retention of antioxidants in polyethylene by silane coupling agents (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 3323-3335 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Antioxidant additives in polyethylene films have been shown to diffuse to the surface where they are subsequently lost, exposing the polymer to oxidation. Compatibility of antioxidants with polyethylene may be increased by use of silane coupling agents. In this study, three approaches to antioxidant modification are examined: (1) bonding antioxidant directly to silicon, (2) coupling the silane to an antioxidant hydroxyl function, and (3) dissolving antioxidants in silanes. All three approaches are shown to be effective in reducing antioxidant loss by diffusion.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070171107
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    Applications of gel permeation chromatography. III. Formulation (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 3357-3365 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper describes a general theory for the optimization of multicomponent blending to achieve a desired chromatographic distribution. A procedure for compound blending is also discussed, where optimum replication of both the chromatographic spectra and a second independent parameter can be achieved. Lastly, this theory is applied in a hypothetical example.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070171110
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    Flow properties of aqueous solution of methylcellulose (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 3439-3456 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Flow properties of aqueous solution of methylcellulose, especially nonlinear viscoelasticity, were investigated. The peculiar flow properties of the aqueous solution of methylcellulose were compared with the existing theories of non-Newtonian viscosity of concentrated polymer solutions and the experimental results obtained for the aqueous solution of sodium alginate which behaves as polyelectrolyte in solution. The characteristic time for the formation of entanglement couplings between molecular chains was mainly examined. To investigate the elastic behavior under steady-shear flow, normal stress difference was measured with a coaxial cylinder apparatus, and extinction angles were determined with a flow birefringence apparatus. The values of normal stress difference obtained by the mechanical and the optical methods coincided with each other. For the aqueous solution of methylcellulose as reported for solutions of nonpolar polymers, the relation between normal stress difference and shear stress was represented by a single curve irrespective of temperature and concentration. Non-Hooken behavior was observed for the relation between recoverable shear and shear stress and attributed to the strong intermolecular interactions and the stretching-out effect of structural networks.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070171115
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    Molecular weights from fractionation data by a simplified log-normal treatment (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 3477-3484 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A simplified procedure is presented to estimate the two adjustable parameters in a lognormal distribution function. From values of these parameters, the weight distribution function, W(M), as well as various molecular weight averages can be calculated. The method was applied to fractionation data selected at random for several polymers. The agreement between calculated and reported values appears to be good.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070171118
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    Studies on tack of pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes: On the relationship between pressure-sensitive adhesion and surface energy of adherends (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 3495-3502 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The relationship between wetting and pressure-sensitive adhesion was studied using an adhesive composed of poly(butyl acrylate) and various adherends of different surface tension. The amount of adhesive deposit was determined quantitatively by tracer technique although the unbonding process was apparently observed as interface failure. The adhesive force and amount of deposit were both dependent on the critical surface tension of the adherends. Maximum tack value and contamination were observed with adherends whose critical surface tension was close to that but a little higher than that of the adhesive. The adhesive force obtained was lower than cohesive strength of adhesive. From this evidence, a mechanism for pressure-sensitive adhesion was discussed: the bond breaks in the addesive mass around the very minute spots where interaction is at work between adhesive and adherend. Inasmuch as the density of the minute spots per unit area depends on the surface tension, the adhesive force also depends on the surface tension.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Hydroxypropylcellulose-the reaction of alkali cellulose with propylene oxide (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 3553-3553 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070171127
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    On the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride). II. The effect of atmosphere (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 3577-3594 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The early stages of the thermal degradation of PVC were studied. Two commercial, suspension-polymerized resins were thermally treated at different temperatures and oxygen contents. Dehydrochlorination kinetics were followed by conductometric measurements and the formation of polyene sequences by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. Crosslinking and chain scission were followed by gel chromatography (GPC) and viscometry. No chain scission was observed in nitrogen atmosphere and no crosslinking in oxygen. Degradation in air proceeded by both reactions. The rate of dehydrochlorination for one of the investigated polymers increased linearly with the logarithm of the oxygen pressure. In nitrogen, an increasing degradation temperature was found to give both an increasing crosslinking and less discoloration. In oxygen, chain scission reactions showed a slight temperature dependence. The temperature effect on the discolorations was similar to that in nitrogen. The main difference between the investigated resins was the amount of internal doubled bonds in the original polymers, the ratio being 2:1. The higher amount resulted in a higher rate of dehydrochlorination, a larger extent of chain scission in oxygen, and a lower extent of crosslinking in nitrogen. Both in oxygen and nitrogen, the obtained results are consistent with allylic mechanisms. In nitrogen, the polyene formation supposedly proceeds by a unimolecular reaction and crosslinking by an intermolecular nonradical dehydrochlorination. In oxygen, radical reactions are superposed and may lead to chain rupture via β-scissions of alkoxy radicals.
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    Molecular weight decrease in the early pyrolysis of crystalline and amorphous cellulose (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 3627-3635 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Samples of ordinary “ash-free” cellulose papers and similar samples decrystallized by swelling in liquid ammonia were pyrolyzed in vacuo to a weight loss ranging from 〈0.1% to nearly 20%. The samples were then nitrated and their molecular weight distributions determined by gel permeation chromatography. When weight loss reached 1%, both the ordinary and the ammonia-swelled celluloses showed a large drop in average degree of polymerization (D.P.). However, the ordinary cellulose showed this sharp drop long before there was any measurable weight loss; the ammonia-swelled cellulose changed D.P. only gradually in the early stages. Further, x-ray diffraction measurements showed that by the time the D.P. of the ammonia-swelled cellulose had dropped appreciably, the material had developed a significant crystalline pattern. These results support the suggestion that initial rupture of the cellulose molecule occurs at strain points at the crystalline-amorphous boundaries.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Reverse osmosis separation of hydrocarbons in aqueous solutions using porous cellulose acetate membranes (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 3683-3708 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A physicochemical parameter, represented by the symbol Σs*, based on molar solubility in water and molar attraction constants of Small, has been developed to express quantitatively the relative hydrophobicity, or nonpolar character, of the hydrocarbon molecule. The value of Σs* can be calculated for a hydrocarbon from its chemical structure. The scale of Σs* is consistent within each group of aromatic, cyclic, and noncyclic hydrocarbons. Reverse osmosis data have been obtained at 250 psig for single-solute aqueous feed solution systems involving low concentrations of 39 different hydrocarbons (including 13 aromatics, 10 cyclic, and 16 noncyclic compounds) and several samples of cellulose acetate membranes of different surface porosities. The effect of operating pressure on membrane performance has also been studied for two aromatic hydrocarbon solutes. The values of Σs* for the solutes used were in the range of 425 to 924 for aromatic hydrocarbons, 521 to 931 for cyclic hydrocarbons, and 369 to 960 for noncyclic hydrocarbons. The reverse osmosis data have been correlated with Σs* for each group of hydrocarbons studied. In all cases, positive solute separations were obtained, and the ratio [PR]/[PWP] was less than 1. With respect to each film, solute separation increased with increase in Σs*, and decreased with increase in operating pressure. Also, solute separation decreased in the order aromatic hydrocarbon 〉 cyclic hydrocarbon 〉 noncyclic hydrocarbon at any given value of Σs*. At a given operating pressure, for low values of Σs* (∼500 or less) solute separation increased with progressive decrease in average pore size on the membrane surface. For high values of Σs* (∼800 or more), solute separation initially increased with decrease in average pore size, then passed through a maximum and minimum with further decrease in average pore size, and again increased with still further decrease in average pore size. The results are discussed on the basis of preferential sorption of solute at the membrane-solution interface under the experimental conditions studied.
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    The formation of translucent cold-drawn polypropylene (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 3747-3759 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The behavior of quenched samples of polypropylene subjected to stress relax-reload cycles during cold drawing has been investigated as a function of quench severity and strain rate. Results obtained by cooling the propagating neck of a drawing sample are also discussed. A translucent cold-drawn form of the polymer, characterized by a small microvoid content, is observed when the propagating neck boundary is cooled or when stress relax-reload cycles are carried out at sufficiently high strain rates. A small mobility of the chains relative to the local strain rate is postulated as necessary for the formation of the translucent material.
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    Poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels. Formation by electron beam irradiation of aqueous solutions and subsequent crystallization (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 3779-3794 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Aqueous solutions of poly(vinyl alcohol) were submitted to varying doses of electron beam irradiation. By modification of the classical Flory-Huggins equations appropriate to the initial state of solution of the polymer, the molecular weight between crosslinks, Mc, was calculated as a function of radiation dose, initial polymer concentration, and temperature. Following crosslinking in the solution state, crystallization was induced by dehydrating the network at temperatures above 90°C. Following dehydration, the polymer network was reequilibrated with water and its tensile properties compared with identically prepared hydrogels not subjected to crystallization by dehydration. Greatly enhanced values of ultimate tensile strength and resistance to tear result from the treatment producing crystallization, compared with those of the crosslinked but not previously dehydrated gels.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070171219
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    Interactions of poly(hydroxypropyl acrylate-co-tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate) with aqueous electrolytes (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 3815-3818 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070171223
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    Low-angle x-ray scattering investigation of untreated and alkali-treated jute (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2191-2202 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Pore analysis of untreated and alkali-treated samples of jute by the low-angle x-ray scattering method was made. The measurements were made using the low-angle scattering camera of the latest design by Kratky.1 The theories of Kratky2-4 and Porod5-7 were used to evaluate and compare the various parameters of the scattering particles present in both types of jute fibers. Babinet's8 reciprocal principle of scattering in optics was taken into account.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170718
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    A method for determining the optimum peroxide-to-amine ratio for self-curing resins (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2213-2222 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The rate of polymerization of a methacrylate monomer was influenced by the molar ratio of benzoyl peroxide to an aromatic tertiary amine accelerator when the product of the concentrations of these was kept constant. The maximum rate, measured as the minimum gel time, occurred in monomer solutions containing about 1.5 moles of peroxide per mole of amine.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170720
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    Vinyl bromide polymerization with alkylboron and alkyl halide catalyst (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2257-2262 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Trialkylboron-alkyl halide catalyst systems were found to induce the polymerization of vinyl bromide and other vinyl monomers at low temperatures. Tri-n-butylboron is the most effective catalyst. Among alkyl halide, carbon tetrachloride gives the best yield of poly(vinyl bromide). The polymerization process can be controlled by adjusting the reaction conditions of the initiating components. The rate of polymerization varies depending on the diluent.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170724
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    Studies of converging flows of viscoelastic polymeric melts. I. Stress-birefringent measurements in the entrance region of a sharp-edged slit die (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2329-2354 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Measurements were taken of flow birefringence of viscoelastic polymeric melts in the upstream reservoir and in the entrance region. Materials investigated were polypropylene, high-density polyethylene, and polystyrene. Stress-birefringent patterns, both isochromatics and isoclinics, were formed when a beam of polarized light was sent through a transparent glass cell which consists of a large reservoir and slit die section. Pictures were taken of stress-birefringent patterns, which were later used to obtain quantitative information on the stress distributions of flowing polymeric melts, with the aid of stress optical laws. Also measured were wall normal stresses in the fully developed region, downstream in the thin slit section, which then permitted us to directly determine the stress optical coefficients of the materials tested.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170803
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    Probing the state of absorbed water by diffusion technique (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2407-2414 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The diffusion coefficient of water, Dwm, across homogeneous cellulose acetate membranes of graded porosity ε (water content) are measured. At high values of porosity, Dwm varies monotonously as ε is varied. At a certain porosity εc, however, there is a sudden change in Dwm; and thereafter the change becomes linear again, but with a different slope. Diffusion coefficients are interpreted, through the Stokes-Einstein relation, in terms of the overall microscopic viscosities ηwm of the membrane matrix. The values of ηwm are then correlated with the equivalent pore size r of the membranes. It is discovered that the sudden change in Dwm (or ηwm) at εc correlates with similar changes in other properties such as hydraulic permeability and selectivity of the membrane. All these observations are then attributed to the water structure inside the membranes.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170807
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    One-point method for determination of number-average molecular weight (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2435-2441 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The following well-known equation permits the ready determination of Mn from a single osmotic pressure measurement at a known concentration, if the second virial coefficient is previously given: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \left( {{\pi \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\pi C}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} C}} \right)^{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}} = \left( {{{RT} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{RT} {\bar M_n }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\bar M_n }}} \right)^{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}} \left( {1 + {{\Gamma _2 C} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\Gamma _2 C} 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}} \right). $\end{document} On this basis, the one-point method was investigated to determine the number-average molecular weight. It was found that this method was applicable to commercial polymers. However, in this application, the dependence of Γ2 on molecular weight distribution has to be kept in mind.
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    Organoboron compounds as durable flame retardants for cotton fabric (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2523-2532 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Twenty-five organoboron compounds were evaluated for their ability to impart flame retardancy properties to a cotton twill fabric. Only those organoboron compounds in which the carbon-to-boron atom ratio was 4 or less imparted flame retardancy at an approximate 20% add-on level; if a halogen atom was also present in the molecule this ratio could be higher than 4. Washfast finishes with six different compounds were developed by either γ-radiation grafting of a vinyl organoboron compound or by chemical curing with hexamethylenediisocyanate, trimethylolmelamine or urea-formaldehyde.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170818
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    Studies of relaxation phenomena in polymers. IV. Superimposed transition mechanisms in polymethacrylates (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2997-3002 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The existence of superimposed transition mechanisms in the “Tg region” of polymethacrylates has been indicated by several authors including Ferry and co-workers, who also have tried to separate the mechanisms. Using the general properties of the viscoelastic function logJ2 = gα {log J1} and a simple weighting model, the α-and β-mechanisms have been separated. The viscoelastic function log J2 = gβ{log J1} is determined and is found to coincide both where different polymethacrylates are concerned and for the calculated as well as the directly measured data.
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    Studies of relaxation phenomena in polymers. III. Superimposed transition mechanisms in polyisobutylene and poly(vinyl acetate) (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2987-2996 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Based on the general properties of the function log J2 = gα{log J1}, discussed in earlier papers,1,2 the existence of two superimposed dispersion mechanisms in the glass-rubber transition of polyisobutylene (PIB), and poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) is discussed. A simple weighting model is used for separation of the two mechanisms. For the interpretation of the β-mechanism, in PIB, the following facts are taken into account: (a) The loss maximum of the β-mechanism appears in a zone where only very reduced segment movements occur. (b) The methyl side groups in PIB require special conformations of the main chains before they can rotate. (c) The apparent activation energy for the β-mechanism is approx. 20 kcal/mole. Thus, for PIB the following interpretations for the α- and β-mechanisms are proposed: (1) The α-mechanism is due to simple segment movements. (2) The β-mechanism appearing in the “Tg region” is due to coupled movements between the main chain and methyl side groups. The ester groups of poly(vinyl acetate) need a lot more space for their rotations than the carboxy groups of poly(methyl acrylate) and can be expected to give considerable steric hindrance. It is therefore reasonable to suppose that a transition mechanism similar to the β-mechanism of polymethacrylates will appear in the “freezing” region of poly(vinyl acetate). The analysis of the β-mechanism is made using the same separation method as for polyisobutylene.
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    Vapor permeation in polymer films (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 3821-3823 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070171225
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    Improvement of impact fatigue strength of adhesive joint by CTBN modification (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 373-382 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Impact fatigue behaviors of the steel/CTBN-modified adhesive/steel butt joint were investigated. The adhesive butt joint specimens used in the present work were bonded with epoxy-polyamide and CTBN-modified epoxy-polyamide adhesives. Fatigue tests were also conducted under nonimpact stress conditions to compare with the results from the impact fatigue test. The experiments showed that for the joint specimen from the adhesive modified with the CTBN the fatigue strength becomes higher under both of the stress conditions. In particular, the fatigue strength was improved remarkably under impact stress condition, that is, the distinct stress cycles dependence of impact strength was decreased by modifying the adhesive with CTBN. Furthermore, the effect of adhesive thickness on the fatigue strength was also discussed for the adhesive joint modified with CTBN. Under impact stress conditions, the relation between the fatigue strength and the adhesive layer thickness is different from that under the nonimpact one.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290135
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    Estimation of unperturbed parameter Kθ by gel permeation chromatography and viscometry (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 433-436 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290141
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    Modeling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) reactors. VIII. A modified continuous transesterification processNCL Communication No. 3165. (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 437-441 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290142
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    Thermal oxidation of polypropylene in the temperature range of 120-280°cPresented in part at the Macromolecular Symposium, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, July 12-16, 1982, Amherst, MA. (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 465-480 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Thermal oxidation of isotactic polypropylene films at 120-280°C in air was studied. Separation and identification of the volatiles formed was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sixteen products were tentatively identified for the first time. Altogether, 50 compounds representing hydrocarbons, ethers, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and acids are reported. Oxygen deficiency is manifested in diffusion-limited products of olefines, dienes, and aromatic compounds. The relative amounts of acetaldehyde and acetone are almost temperature independent in the range of 120-280°C. This indicates a similarity of oxidative degradation of the polymer in a broad temperature range. Addition of an antioxidant to the polymer depresses the evolution of the main volatiles by 9-10 times at 280°C. The relative amounts of the volatiles formed are, nevertheless, the same as for the polymer without an antioxidant. The mechanism of formation of the degradation products is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290203
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    The effects of degree of mixing on the properties of filled elastomers (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 499-508 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new technique has been established for improving the degree of mixing of the filler in an elastomer matrix. This technique includes a unique heating and colling mixing procedure in conjunction with surface modification of the carbon black and proper choices of polymers. The heating cycle is for decreasing the microvoid concentration and for enhancing polymer-filler adhesion. The cooling cycle is for improving the degree of mixing of the filler. Experimental data obtained from several polychloroprene systems strongly substantiate the new mixing technique. The results clearly show that a good degree of mixing obtained using the foregoing mixing technique can indeed enhance the mechanical and permeability properties of filled elastomers.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290205
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    Compatibility of nylon 6 and PMMA-oligoamide graft copolymer (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 567-576 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: PMMA-oligoamide graft copolymers, which were prepared by reacting poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacryloyl chloride) with oligoamide, were blended with nylon 6. The compatibility was examined by measuring thermal properties such as melting point and crystallization temperature. It was observed that the melting point was significantly depressed as the grafted PMMA was added to nylon 6, suggesting that the blend is a miscible system. It was concluded that hydrogen bonding between amide groups of the two polymers enhanced the miscibility.
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    Novel method of preparing Ag-Hg alloy on polyacrylamide films and their structure (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 795-802 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A novel method is proposed of preparing thin Ag-Hg alloy on PAAm film surface at room temperature: The film of interest is formed by holding PAAm aqueous solution with AgNO3 in Hg-saturated atmosphere. Two kinds of films, one of which is a conductor and the other an insulator, can be selectively formed with pH-controlled PAAm solution by ammonia. The conducting surface is assigned to the α phase of Ag-Hg alloy by means of X-ray analysis. Potentiometric titration and IR spectral studies suggest the existence of PAAm-Ag+ complexes. On the basis of their structure and the oxidation and reduction potential of Ag+ and Hg2+, the mechanism of film formation is also discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Characterization of commercial polyvinylbutyral by gel permeation chromatography (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 803-808 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Fractions of commercial polyvinylbutyral “Movital” were investigated by the “off-line” combination of gel permeation chromatography and viscometry. Parameters of the Mark-Houwink equation were determined for polyvinylbutyral in tetrahydrofuran at 25°C. Real values of the molecular parameters were obtained by the evaluation of chromatographic data using the principle of universal calibration.
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    Properties of asymmetric polyimide ultrafiltration membranes. I. Pore size and morphology characterizationThis article presents the results of one phase of research carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under Contract No. NAS7-100 sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.Corrected proofs received November 3, 1983 (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 743-753 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Properties of asymmetric UF membranes made by solution casting of aromatic polyimides as a function of fabrication conditions are reported. The characteristic properties investigated include: the overall porosity, hydraulic permeability, the equivalent pore size of the skin layer (via a newly developed general diagram), and morphological features shown by the scanning electron microscope. It was found that as casting solution concentration and/or evaporation period was increased, the average pore size decreased while the skin thickness increased. At low casting solution concentrations the membranes were highly porous and the precipitated polymer phase had a granular structure consisting of aggregates of precipitated polymer micelles. While at high concentrations marcrovoid porosity was reduced but the precipitated polymer phase had a spongy structure. The interstitial openings of the granular skin structure of a membrane made from 15% polymer solution with no evaporation as revealed by SEM showed pore size values that were close to those calculated through pore models.
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    A stochastic model for predicting the service life of photolytically degraded poly(methyl methacrylate) films (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 777-794 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A stochastic model has been proposed and partially validated for predicting the service life of a nominal population of polymethyl methacrylate films subjected to photolytic degradation. Here, service life is defined as the time after which an unacceptable portion of a nominal population of PMMA films subjected to photodegradation have failed; failure occurs when a performance property of the film falls below a predesignated minimum value. The stochastic model has two parts. The first part uses a Poisson distribution in computing the probability that exactly K photon related chain scissions will occur in the film in the interval [0, t). The parameter of the Poisson distribution is made functionally dependent on temperature and the intensity of radiation absorbed. The second part determines the probability that a performance property will be greater than a minimum value after K chain scissions. This part is called the damage process. Together, the two parts of the model form a compound Poisson process. The main points of the models are validated against 25 published data sets. The plausibility of the Poisson process was substantiated for modeling the number of chain scissions occurring in the interval [0, t). Also, it was demonstrated that the expected change in two performance properties of the films was functionally related to the expected number of chain scissions.
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    The preparation of multiaxially oriented polyethylene morphologies with high mechanical properties in planar direactions (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 867-875 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The development of multiaxially oriented films of low molecular weight (Mw ≈ 59,000) high density polyethylene with high mechanical properties in planer directions has been pursued by inducing fibrillar crystallization under curvilinear flow conditions in a contained geometry using an extrudomolding process and by simulating similar crystallization conditions in an optical plate-plate rheometer. The films, like the uniaxially drawn morphologies of the same low molecular weight high density polyethylene by solid-state extrusion, had a high modulus (12-20 GPa) and strength (0.25 GPa) along the residual flow lines but they exhibited also a modulus enhancement (5 GPa) in the transverse direction as a result of the orientation gradient of the molecular chains in the thickness directions.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290315
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    Structural heterogeneities of suspension poly(vinyl chloride). I. Compact glassy particles (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 901-910 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: By using the modified suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride, samples of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) were prepared with a high content of unprocessible particles which were isolated and subjected to a morphological investigation. Their structure was examined viscometrically, by the light-scattering method, GPC, IR spectroscopy, and X-ray analysis; the specific surface area of the particles was measured, and their heat stability was determined. The results lead to a conclusion that the unprocessibility of the particles compared with the usual particles of suspension PVC is not caused by differences on the level of molecular structure, but ensues from the difference in their morphology.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290318
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    Chemorheology of thermosetting resins. IV. The chemorheology and curing kinetics of vinyl ester resin (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1879-1902 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The rheological properties and curing kinetics of a vinyl ester resin have been determined during isothermal cure. Both steady and oscillatory shearing flow properties were determined using a cone-and-plate rheometer, and the curing kinetics were determined using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Also determined were the rheological properties and curing kinetics of the resin when it had been thickened using magnesium oxide (MgO), in the presence of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as filler and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) as low-profile additive. The steady shearing flow behavior observed with the vinyl ester resin was found to be very similar to that observed with a general-purpose polyester resin, reported in Paper I of this series [C. D. Han and K. W. Lem, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 28, 3155 (1983)]. However, a significant difference in the oscillatory shearing flow behavior was found between the two resins. We have concluded that dynamic measurement is much more sensitive to variations in resin chemistry than steady shearing flow measurement. DSC measurement has permitted us to determine the degree of cure as a function of cure time. By combining the rheological and DSC measurements, we have constructed plots describing how the viscosity increases with the degree of cure, at various isothermal curing temperatures.
    Additional Material: 26 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290538
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    Effects of catalyst on the electrical properties of silicone rubberThis paper has been published in part in the Proceedings of the 1982 International Microelectronics Conference, Tokyo, Japan, May (1982). (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1951-1958 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Electrical properties, such as dissipation factor and electric conductivity, were studied for silicone rubber sheets. The specimens were prepared by the reaction of α,ω-dihydroxypolysiloxane with ethoxysilane, using dibutyltin dilaurate as a catalyst, at a relative humidity of about 100% at various temperatures and for various reaction times. It was found that the electrical properties were a function of the vulcanizing conditions; i.e., the further the vulcanization proceeded, the higher the dissipation factor and the electric conductivity. A reaction describing deterioration in electrical properties was then considered. Infrared spectroscopic studies on dibutyltin dilaurate showed that the dibutyltin dilaurates were partly hydrolyzed to lauric acid and dibutyltin dihydroxide. It was concluded that electrical property deteriorations, which were caused by changes in the vulcanizing conditions, were due to dibutyltin dilaurate hydrolysis. However, since the decomposed products were finally oxidized at elevated temperatures in an oxygen atmosphere, with a subsequent change to electrically inactive compounds, the initial electrical properties were recovered.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290604
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    Solution NMR study of the post-polymerization crosslinking agent N,N′-(2-propyloximino)-4,4′-methylenebis(phenylcarbamate). I (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2299-2305 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Because of its possible use as a blocked “post-polymerization crosslinking agent” for polymers containing labile hydrogen, the structure of the acetone oxime adduct of 4,4′-methylenebis-(phenylisocyanate) has been determined. 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has identified this product to be N,N′-(2-propyloximino)-4,4′-methylenebis(phenylcarbamate). Chemical shift assignments were based on information obtained by proton decoupled, off-resonance decoupled, and gated decoupled 13C-NMR, proton-NMR, and semiemperical substituent chemical shift (SCS) parameters.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290706
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    Absorption of dicumyl peroxide by extruded polyethylene: Difference between surface and bulk morphology (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2383-2393 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Under some conditions, the absorption of dicumyl peroxide (DICUP) at 70°C by extruded low density polyethylene (LDPE) displayed features which are characteristic of two-stage sorption. For example, the initial slope of the DICUP absorption curve (plot of Mt/M∝ against \documentclass {article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\sqrt t$\end{document} ) reflecting diffusion in the surface region was 2.5 times higher than the slope of the second stage (reflecting diffusion in the bulk) for 4-mm-diameter LDPE rods extruded at 130°C and 180 rpm (die pressure = 6000 psig). Only a single stage curve was evident in the same rod with its surface removed or in smaller diameter extrudate. Increasing the screw speed from 10 to 45 rpm at nearly constant extrusion pressure (1800-2380 psig) resulted in an approximately 50% decrease in the initial (first stage) slope with a negligible effect on the second stage slope. Increasing the die pressure (4900-6000 psig), by decreasing the extrusion temperature, at constant screw speed (125 rpm) resulted in an almost threefold decrease in the second stage slope without apparent effect on the first stage slope. Photomicrographs demonstrated the presence of distinct surface and bulk morphologies with evidence of a transcrystalline surface layer oriented prependicular to the surface at low screw speeds and larger spherulites in the bulk of the high pressure extrudate. Such morphological features and the observed dependence of the two stage sorption curves on extrusion conditions are consistent with the surface and bulk morphology of the extruded LDPE rod being dependent on the screw speed and die pressure, respectively. These uptake curves were determined by modifying the classical sorption technique to separate the measurement of the equilibrium uptake from the continuous recording of the slow changes in mass during absorption. This technique may be useful in the characterization of the migration process in other plastic/penetrant systems where diffusion is too slow to be measured by conventional means.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290712
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    Accelerated degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) monitored by photoacoustic spectroscopyThis research is supported by Kuwait University Research Council Grant No. SP 105. (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2431-2442 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(vinyl chloride) film shows substantial changes in its photoacoustic absorption spectra (PAS) on either irradiation or heating in the presence of O2 or N2. These spectral changes are due to the conjugation structures and carbonyl (group formation), formed during photo and thermal degradation. In this paper interpretations of the PAS and of the decomposition mechanism of PVC are presented.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290801
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    Polyurethane ionomers. I. Structure-properties relationships of polyurethane ionomers (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2467-2479 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The influence of chemical structure on mechanical properties of polyurethane ionomers (PU ionomers) has been examined. NCO-terminated prepolymers prepared from primarily 4,4-methylene bis(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI) and poly(oxytetramethylene) glycol (PTMO) were chain extended with tertiary amine-containing diols and the ionomers obtained by quaternization of the prepolymers. The N-methyldiethanolamine chain extender gave the best physical properties. The mechanical properties of the PU ionomers were improved with decreasing chain length of PTMO and with increasing concentration of quaternary ammonium centers (or NCO/OH ratio of PU prepolymers). A lower degree of quaternization resulted in a decrease in the mechanical properties of the resulting PU ionomers, but their properties could be improved by post-quaternization. The adhesion of the PU ionomers to aluminum and the glass transition temperature increased with increasing concentration of quaternizing centers.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290804
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    Kinetics of phase separation in segmented polyurethanes (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2529-2535 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The phase-separation process in segmented copolymers is treated by first-order kinetics which couples with the Fox equation to derive an expression for describing the change of soft segment Tg with the annealing time. Kinetic data of five commercial polyurethanes have been analyzed. The studies conclude that the phase-segregation mechanisms involve two elementary steps which can be characterized by two discrete relaxation times. It has been shown quantitatively that a polyether-based polyurethane (ET) recovers its original domain structure faster than a polyester soft-segment material. The average activation energy of the demixing process of an ET polyurethane is found to be about 23 kJ.mol-1 and is not influenced by hydrogen bonding.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290809
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    Polymer composite of rigid and flexible molecules: Blend systems of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) and ABS resin (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2547-2559 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Homogeneous coagulant of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) and ABS resin was obtained by pouring the dimethylsulfoxide solution of N-sodium PPTA and ABS into acidic water. Transmission electron microscopic observation proved that PPTA was dispersed in the matrix in a form of microfibril with a diameter of 10-30 nm. The Tg of the resin component in ABS shifted to higher temperatures with increasing fraction of PPTA. Stress-strain behavior of the polymer composite showed increased tensile modulus and strength with addition of PPTA. The transition temperature from brittle to ductile fracture, however, shifted to higher temperature resulting in lower extensibility. Incorporation of the block copolymer of PPTA and polybutadiene into ABS improved the ultimate extensibility, i.e., increased toughness was provided compared with the simple composite systems of ABS and PPTA microfibrils. Scanning electron microscopic observation showed that the polymer composite made with the block copolymer generated many crazes upon deformation, while the composite with PPTA homopolymer fractured without remarkable craze formation. Thus, a new type of thermoplastic with improved mechanical properties was obtained by use of PPTA block copolymer as compatibilizer.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Influence of the structural order on thermodynamic properties for three different polyethylenes (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2671-2675 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290821
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    Carboxylation of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) and thermal properties of blends with atactic polystyrene (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2679-2682 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290823
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    Polymerization of tung oil by reaction of phenols with tung oil (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2735-2747 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Investigation was made on the mechanism of polymerization in reactions of tung oil and phenols in the presence of an acid catalyst. It was made by means of comparative HLC and NMR analyses of the products of tung oil self-polymerization, other varied vegetable oil-various phenol reactions, and tung oil-various-in-functionality phenol reactions under given conditions. As a result, it was confirmed that polymerization in reactions of tung oil and phenols is attributed not to tung oil self-polymerization but to di- or trialkylation, with tung oil, of phenols, which can serve as crosslinking agents of tung oil.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290905
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    Control of ionic interactions in sulfonated polystyrene ionomers by the use of alkyl-substituted ammonium counterions (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2719-2734 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Polystyrenes containing up to about 20 mol % sulfonic acid are reproducibly and readily prepared by the sulfonation of polystyrene at 50°C with acetyl sulfate in 1,2-dichloroethane solution. The metal salts of sulfonated polystyrene possess extremely high melt viscosities and are soluble in single solvents such as toluene and THF only at very low sulfonate levels. Such properties are the result of the very strong ion-dipole interactions among the metal sulfonate groups. Such strong interactions can be substantially reduced through the neutralization of the sulfonic acid with ammonia and, most especially, relatively simple low molecular weight amines. Sulfonated polystyrenes varying in sulfonic acid content from about 1 mol % to about 20 mol % were neutralized with various mono-, di-, and tri-substituted alkyl amines ranging in alkyl chain length from H (ammonia) to C20, and their rheological and thermal properties were measured. As the number of substituents on the nitrogen increased, the glass transition temperature and the melt viscosity decreased. The tributylamine sulfonates possessed viscosities almost as low as unsulfonated polystyrene and the longer chain amines behaved as if internally plasticized. The properties of amine neutralized sulfonated polystyrenes are concluded to be primarily a function of amine size. Increasing the size of the amine reduces the strength of the ion-dipole interaction by preventing close approach of the amine sulfonate groups.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    Permeability coefficient of proton-irradiated poly(ethylene terephthalate) thin filmsWork supported by FINEP and CNPq. (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2785-2795 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The principle of operation of an apparatus developed to study gas permeation through thin films is described, and the measurement method is discussed. Use is made of diffusion theory to obtain an expression for the permeability coefficient as a function of the rate of increase of the pressure in the receiving volume. The activation energy for permeation of helium through PET is determined. The permeability coefficient for helium is found to increase significantly with the range of the implanted protons although the incident charge has been kept constant. The hypothesis of structural modifications of the proton implanted PET seems to be confirmed by small-angle X-ray scattering experiments on the irradiated samples.
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    Preparation of spherical polymer beads of maleic anhydride-styrene-divinylbenzene and metal sorption of its derivatives (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2851-2856 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Compounds having acid anhydride moiety have been used for starting materials for many useful derivatives. Spherical crosslinked polymer beads of porous maleic anhydride-styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer are obtained by suspension polymerization. Glycerol is found to be a preferable dispersant to make spherical beads. The beads contained 93% of the anhydride and 7% of the free carboxyls. As one of applications, the beads were hydrolyzed or reacted with anhydrous hydrazine, and the metal sorption behavior of them was examined. The hydrolyzed beads show a similar sorption manner as a conventional cation exchange resin having carboxylic acid groups, but the hydrazide beads sorbed mercury (II) selectively over a wide pH range. This investigation suggests a simple preparative method for the insoluble spherical porous beads of the maleic anhydride copolymer.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Acetals as crosslinking reagents for cotton (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1433-1447 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Acetals that react with cotton to form cellulose crosslinks are derived from dialdehydes that can form five-or-six-membered tetrahydrofuran or tetrahydropyran rings. These aldehydes themselves are reactive to cotton, but the acetals do not form the aldehyde to react. The acetals were less reactive than the aldehydes and formed crosslinks with a different structure. Intrinsic reactivity of acetals increased with increased branching in the alkoxy group. but the increase was often hidden by the effect from changing solvents. In some instances a greater reactivity with methyl acetals was pronounced. Strength loss in cotton fabric from crosslinking was greater with acetals than with conventional crosslinking agents because even the most reactive acetals were less reactive and required more rigorous reaction conditions than conventional agents.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290436
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    Tubeless syphon flow of viscoelastic suspensions (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1467-1470 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290439
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