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  • Chemistry  (11,237)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (1,516)
  • Industrial Chemistry  (804)
  • SPACE RADIATION  (790)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (509)
  • Magnetism
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  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (12,536)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1974  (6,479)
  • 1973  (6,057)
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  • 2010-2014
  • 2005-2009
  • 2000-2004
  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (12,536)
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  • 1
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    Biocore experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The Apollo 17 biological cosmic ray experiment to determine the effect of heavy cosmic ray particles on the brain and eyes is reported. The pocket mouse was selected as the biological specimen for the experiment. The radiation monitors, animal autopsy and animal processing are described, and the radiation effects on the scalp, retina, and viscera are analyzed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 14 p
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  • 2
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    Ultraviolet spectrometer experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The ultraviolet spectrometer (UVS) onboard the Apollo 17 orbiting spacecraft was used to measure emissions from the lunar atmosphere. The UVS and calibration are discussed along with the lunar atmosphere observations and lunar albedo measurements.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelimin. Sci. Rept.; 10 p
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  • 3
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    The nature of interplanetary heavy ions with 0.1 less than E less than 40 MeV/nucleon (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The populations of interplanetary particles were studied by examining the energy spectra in a cosmic ray detector placed in the shade, facing away from the sun. Suprathermal ions of solar origin, and low-energy galactic cosmic rays are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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  • 4
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    Quiet time energy spectra of heavy nuclei from 20 to 400 keV/amu (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Glass track detectors were exposed to cosmic rays on the moon from December 11 to 13, 1972, during a period of relatively quiet sun activity as inferred from satellite proton counters. From 80 to 400 keV/amu, the differential flux of heavy cosmic ray nuclei decreases roughly as E to the -2nd power; this result together with the greater flux from the solar than the antisolar direction identify these nuclei as solar in origin.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 4 p
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  • 5
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    Theory of microwave and X-ray emission (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: The behaviour of the nonthermal electrons created at the impulsive phase of flares has been deduced from the microwave impulsive bursts and hard X-ray burst by many researchers. There is almost no doubt of the emission mechanisms that radio emissions are due to gyrosynchrotron emission and hard X-rays are collisional bremsstrahlung. However, there remain three controversial problems. One is whether the emission sources of the microwave impulsive burst and hard X-ray burst are common or not. Another is whether the injection of the nonthermal electrons into the source is impulsive or continuous. The other is the relation among the nonthermal electrons, soft X-rays, EUV flash, H-alpha kernels, and white light flares. These three problems are not independent of each other.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 179-187
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  • 6
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    Energetic particles as a source of flare energy (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: The production of solar flares by the reservoir of energy generated by sunspot magnetic fields is discussed. Electrons play an important part in the flare process since high energy electrons are responsible for X-ray and radio emission. The energy required in the form of protons trapped in sunspot magnetic fields to produce large solar flares is analyzed. A trigger mechanism is described where the particles can be rapidly dumped into the chromosphere when fast electrons are produced by Coulomb collisions and through pion production by the highest energy protons.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 12-18
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  • 7
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    Image data processing of earth resources management (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: Various image processing and information extraction systems are described along with the design and operation of an interactive multispectral information system, IMAGE 100. Analyses of ERTS data, using IMAGE 100, over a number of U.S. sites are presented. The following analyses are included: investigations of crop inventory and management using remote sensing; and (2) land cover classification for environmental impact assessments. Results show that useful information is provided by IMAGE 100 analyses of ERTS data in digital form.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 201-218
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  • 8
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    High Energy Phenomena on the Sun Symposium - summary and outlook (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: A brief summary of the symposium is presented along with an outlook for developments in solar physics.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 625-630
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  • 9
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    Regular pulsations from the solar corona (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: Meter-wave pulsations observed at Culgoora are discussed. The characteristics of recorded pulsation events are summarized.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 589-593
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  • 10
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    Modulation of solar cosmic rays (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: Consideration is given to whether the modulation of low energy solar cosmic ray nuclei between the sun and earth can be so extreme that the fluxes observed at 1 AU imply (1) that the cosmic ray energy density in the solar atmosphere is comparable to the thermal energy density, and/or (2) that the cosmic ray intensity is sufficient in the solar atmosphere to produce detectable fluxes of secondary particles such as low energy positrons. It was found that such large modulation is compatible with observations, provided that the modulation occurrence is confined within a solar envelope lying within approximately 0.2 to 0.3 AU of the sun. There is, however, no compelling observational evidence to require that the modulation is this large.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 418-438
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  • 11
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    Decay time of type 3 solar bursts (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: Type 3 solar bursts observed by OGO-5, below 600 kHz, were analyzed. Decay times were measured, and collisional decay times were computed for distances out to 1 AU. By fitting power functions to the computed and observed decay times, and using local plasma hypothesis, it was found that the ratio rho of computed observed values varies with heliocentric radial distance according to a power function rho = 3r to the 0.7th power, assuming fundamental emission, and rho = 2r to the 0.7th power, assuming second harmonic emission.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 537-539
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  • 12
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    Soft X-ray flare spectra (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: Large solar flares produce intense soft X-ray emission, indicating the existence of high temperature plasmas that coexist in time with the plasmas responsible for the normally observed brightenings in H-alpha. The time behavior of the X-ray flux, as revealed, for example, by ion chamber detectors on the series of Solrad monitoring satellites, appears to roughly mimic the intensity-time behavior of the H-alpha flare, insofar as start times, times of maximum flux, and approximate decay times are concerned. In recent years, soft X-ray spectra of both active regions and solar flares have been obtained by instruments flown on spacecraft such as the Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO) series. The disbursing elements used were Bragg crystals, and in the 8 Angstrom region the resolution is typically approximately 1200. This paper discusses the observed characteristics of X-ray flare spectra and spectroscopic diagnostics for determining electron temperatures, electron densities, and departures from ionization equilibrium within the soft X-ray emitting plasma.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 262-275
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  • 13
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    Theory of solar microwave bursts (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: The theory of solar microwave bursts is discussed in terms of gyrosynchrotron emission and absorption in a magnetoactive plasma and other absorption processes by the background medium. Simplified formulas for all turnover frequencies are given. Above about 2 GHz the most likely absorption processes for large bursts are free-free absorption and gyrosynchrotron self-absorption. The former process is capable of producing flux densities which are flat or slowly varying functions of frequency. The latter process sets absolute upper limits on the intensities of microwave bursts, which at a given frequency, depend only on the magnetic field in the source region.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 188-197
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  • 14
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    Probabilities for the peak flux and fluence of energetic solar protons incident on interplanetary spacecraft (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: Energetic protons injected into interplanetary space in solar particle events can interfere with spacecraft operations and experiments and can cause permanent degradation of some components. For future long term interplanetary and planetary missions, techniques were developed which use solar particle event data from 1956 through 1970 to predict the probability of exceeding any value of peak proton intensity or mission proton fluence. Dependences on proton energy (near 10 to 100 MeV), heliocentric distance, and phase of the solar cycle are included. The techniques are described and applied to the Mariner Jupiter/Saturn 1977 mission.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: JPL Quart. Tech. Rev., Vol. 3, No. 2 (NASA-CR-133863); p 37-44
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  • 15
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    Possibility of using sources of vacuum ultraviolet irradiation to solve problems of space material science (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: An urgent problem in space materials science is simulating the interaction of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) of solar emission with solids in space conditions, that is, producing a light source with a distribution that approximates the distribution of solar energy. Information is presented on the distribution of the energy flux of VUV of solar radiation. Requirements that must be satisfied by the VUV source used for space materials science are formulated, and a critical evaluation is given of the possibilities of using existing sources for space materials science. From this evaluation it was established that none of the sources of VUV satisfies the specific requirements imposed on the simulator of solar radiation. A solution to the problem was found to be in the development of a new type of source based on exciting a supersonic gas jet flowing into vacuum with a sense electron beam. A description of this gas-jet source, along with its spectral and operation characteristics, is presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 102-123
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  • 16
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    Effect of small flares in the neutral component of secondary cosmic radiation (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The results are presented of an investigation of the effect of small flares, scale divisions 1 and 1(+), in the neutron component of secondary cosmic radiation from the data of neutron supermonitors at the stations of Kiev, Bukhta Tiksi, and Deep River. It is shown that flares of scale divisions 1 and 1(+) are accompanied by an effect in the neutron component amounting to about 0.4%. A mechanism is presented for calculating the outflow of particles accelerated in small flares, owing to diffusion across the magnetic field of a trap.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 77-85
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  • 17
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    Analysis of the nature of excessive cosmic radiation in the area of the Brazilian magnetic anomaly at altitudes 250-500km, from Kosmos-225 satellite data (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Results are presented from a study of the region of anomalous cosmic radiation in the area of the Brazilian magnetic anomaly at the altitudes 250-500 km, using data measurements taken on the Kosmos-225 satellite (14-29 June 1968). The existence of a stable intensity anomaly discovered in the experiments on the second and third Soviet spacecraft-satellites is confirmed. The total vector of the geomagnetic field at different altitudes was compared with isoline maps. An altitude profile of the South Atlantic anomaly of radiation intensity was obtained, using data from the same instrument. The nature of the anomalies in cosmic radiation intensity over the regions of negative magnetic anomalies is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 86-94
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  • 18
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    Acceleration of solar cosmic rays during chromospheric flares (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Using the Fokker-Planck equation, an examination is made of the acceleration of charged particles by fluctuational electric fields caused by the propagation of intense radio emission in the long-wave range. Correlation functions of electric fields near the boundary of plasma instability were computed. The interaction of charged particles with these fields is examined. It is shown that due to the interaction of particles with fluctuational fields, solar cosmic rays can be accelerated to energies of E=100 to 1000 MeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 69-76
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  • 19
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    Chromospheric flares and sudden commencements of geomagnetic storms (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A catalogue of flare activity was compiled during 1957-1967 (the solar activity cycle). By comparing all reliable SC during this period with chromospheric flares, the following conclusions are drawn; (1) There is no statistically significant correlation between SC and chromospheric flares. (2) The assumption that a shock wave propagates throughout the entire hemisphere is unjustified and contradicts the fact of recurrence of SC. (3) A statistically significant correlation was established between SC and chromospheric flares, that is, a relationship between a SC and the moment that a flare active region transits the Central Meridian. (4) SC are caused by shock waves or tangential discontinuities formed at the western boundary of the quasisteady directed corpuscular flux or at the boundary between sectors.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 61-68
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  • 20
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    Biostack experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The Apollo 17 biostack experiment to establish the biological efficiency of individual heavy nuclei particles of galactic cosmic radiation are reported. The experiment theory, interaction of heavy nuclei particles with biologic matter, and the total dose of cosmic ionizing radiation are discussed along with the radiation effects of heavy nuclei on Artemia salina eggs, and Bacillus subtilis.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 10 p
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  • 21
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    Gamma ray spectrometer experiment, NaI(Tl) detector crystal activation (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Preliminary results are presented of data on the extent of the cosmic ray-induced activity obtained by a sodium iodide thallium-activated crystal flown onboard the Apollo 17 command module. Qualitative identification is reported for the following: Na-24, I-123, I-124, I-125, I-126, and Xe-127.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 4 p
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  • 22
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    Measurements of heavy solar wind and higher energy solar particles during the Apollo 17 mission (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The lunar surface cosmic ray experiment, consisting of sets of mica, glass, plastic, and metal foil detectors, was successfully deployed on the Apollo 17 mission. One set of detectors was exposed directly to sunlight and another set was placed in shade. Preliminary scanning of the mica detectors shows the expected registration of heavy solar wind ions in the sample exposed directly to the sun. The initial results indicate a depletion of very-heavy solar wind ions. The effect is probably not real but is caused by scanning inefficiencies. Despite the lack of any pronounced solar activity, energetic heavy particles with energies extending to 1 MeV/nucleon were observed. Equal track densities of approximately 6000 tracks/cm sq 0.5 microns in length were measured in mica samples exposed in both sunlight and shade.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 9 p
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  • 23
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    A storm of type 3 bursts observed by RAE-1 in August 1968 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: Curves of the number of type 3 bursts as a function of time are presented for six fixed frequencies (2.8, 1.65, 1.31, 0.995, 0.700, and 0.54 MHz). The curves peak at approximately 0500 UT August 20, 1968, and are symmetrical on both sides. Sakurai (1971) has shown that this time correlates well with the CMP of the McMath Region 9597. The maximum rate of bursts is approximately 150 per hour at the higher frequency of 2.8 MHz. Over 20,000 bursts were counted during the 15-day period from August 13 to August 27 when the active region was visible to the earth. A least-squares normal curve has been fitted to the observational data and calculations of variance and standard deviation are given.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 552-557
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  • 24
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    Flare-induced MHD disturbances in the corona - Moreton waves and type 2 shocks (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: The propagation in the corona of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) disturbance possibly emitted at the explosive stage in the initial phase of a flare is considered. The behavior of the MHD fast-mode wavefront, whose source is located at the flare, is calculated by using eiconal-characteristic method in the High Altitude Observatory (HAO) realistic models of coronal magnetic field and density for the days of some particular flare events. It is shown as the result that the peculiar behavior of Moreton's surface wave and the peculiar appearance in the shape and position of the type 2 burst sources can be consistently understood by considering the refraction, focussing, and formation of shocks of MHD fast-mode disturbance in the actual distribution of Alfven velocity in the corona. Moreton waves seem to appear only when the flare explosion happens to occur at the edge of an active region and faces a low-Alfven-velocity region lying on the surface. The wave, which is initially emitted isotropically is refracted into a direction in which the condition for down-refraction holds to allow chromospheric reentrance of disturbance.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 577-588
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  • 25
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    Solar flare observations and solar flare models (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: The use of solar flare models based on specific and detailed observations of solar flares is discussed. A process for determining the validity of various solar models is analyzed. The process relegates the infall-impact model for flares to a secondary role in high energy solar events. The strictly thermal infall-impact model cannot lead to temperatures greater than five million degrees K. Another process is needed to explain the high energy aspects of solar flares which are related to temperatures equal to or greater than 10 to the 7th power degrees K, nonthermal X-ray and radio emissions, white light flares, high energy particles from the sun, and gamma ray producing particles in the sun.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 19-25
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  • 26
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    Plasma column changes at small solar elongations (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: The differenced range versus integrated Doppler (DRVID) technique was used to study charged particle changes in the ray path between earth and Mariner 9. For plasma activity near the sun, DRVID data were obtained from August 10 to October 24, 1972, surrounding the Mariner 9 superior conjunction on September 7. If the records are viewed in terms of range change or range change rate, the day-to-day fluctuations in these quantities mask the changes expected due to the varying solar elongation. Thus, while the steady-state total electron content varies by a factor of 4, the columnar content changes show no systematic variations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 471-472
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  • 27
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    Apollo orbital geochemistry: Gamma rays (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Lunar gamma ray spectra obtained during Apollo-15 and -16 flights show a natural radioactivity due to potassium, thorium, and uranium as well as a cosmic ray induced activity in the lunar surface due to high neutron interactions produced by (p,n) reaction in the lunar surface. The radioactivity is at a low in the highlands on the backside of the moon; most of the radioactivity is confined to the Oceanus Procellarum/Mare Imbrium region and to the Van de Graff area on the lunar backside.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 132-135
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  • 28
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    Apollo orbital geochemistry: X-rays (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Aluminum/silicon and magnesium/silicon concentration measurements along Apollo-15 and -16 lunar groundtracks by X-rays show that the highlands are very rich in aluminum, and that mare basalts cover large areas.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 127-131
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  • 29
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    Low-intensity optical emissions from the interstellar medium (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Spectrometric scans of faint optical emissions from interstellar gas are reported. Systematic variations along the galactic plane in both the intensity and radial velocity of the galactic H alpha suggest that the diffuse emission is strongly associated with three nearby galactic spiral arms.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 88-91
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  • 30
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    The study of solar flares during the next sunspot maximum (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Scientific goals and the instrumentation package for the OSO-K/solar flare mission are reported. The problem of determining origin and energetics of solar flares is considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 63-68
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  • 31
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    Spatial structure of a two-phase solar flare observed in the EUV by OSO-7 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Soft X-ray and hydrogen alpha observations on the structure of a solar flare show the typical flare behavior - a rapid rise to maximum and a gradual exponential decay, with good time correlation between the soft X-rays and H alpha. The emission is identified by Fe XI ion, and the emitting region is contoured on EUV maps.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 54-57
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  • 32
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    Solar flare produced pulsations in meter and X-ray wavelengths (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: The mechanism responsible for the modulation of synchrotron radiation in the meter wave range by a solar flare is examined. The proposed explanation is based on the interaction of a flare generated shock front with a magnetic flux tube extending out into the corona over the flare. As the shock wave propagates through the flux tube, Alfven waves are developing and travelling up the tube toward each other, thereby accelerating electrons and protons by the Fermi mechanism and thus filling the top of the flux tube with energetic electrons. Radial oscillations develop as the shock front becomes parallel to the magnetic field direction and the intensity of the synchrotron radiation is modulated by these oscillations. An OSO-5 experiment detected a hard X-ray burst associated with the flare that produced modulated radio emission and X-ray modulations that are attributed to density fluctuations in the X-ray bursts.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 49-53
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  • 33
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    Ground-based flare studies at Sacramento Peak (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: The structure of an isolated solar flare point observed by vacuum telescope and multichannel spectrophotometer is considered. The tiny bright spot in H alpha photos lasted less than 30 seconds and coincided with a Type-III solar burst; a soft X-ray burst peaked at the time of this event. The small scale structure of the flare point exhibited in miniature the characteristics of a true flare event.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 58-62
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    Observations of solar cosmic rays at 2 AU (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Solid state low-energy telescopic observations on solar and galactic cosmic rays from 2 AU outward by satellites are evaluated. Plots of solar events leading to large injections of particles from the sun show that low energy slower protons arrive first by many hours before the higher energy protons, and that the higher energy particles are falling off more rapidly.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 38-44
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  • 35
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    Radial gradients of galactic cosmic ray protons and helium nuclei (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Variation of the cosmic ray intensity as a function away from the sun and its radial derivative is studied by plotting satellite cosmic ray measurements against sea level neutron monitor data. Results show that the solar modulation cavity extends well beyond 2 AU and that irregularities in the sun's magnetic field are carried outward radially by the solar wind, thus sweeping low energy cosmic rays out of the solar system and at the same time cooling cosmic rays reaching the earth.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 45-48
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  • 36
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    Progress in the measurement of high-energy galactic cosmic ray electrons (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Cosmic ray electron measurements by individual threshold detector elements show that about 30 percent of observed electron-like galactic cosmic showers are really proton initiated events. The cosmic electron spectrum at about 10 GeV exhibits a consistent dropoff in intensity leading to a best fit at a power law of spectral index -3.2; a break in the spectrum should occur above 10 GeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 24-28
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  • 37
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    Modulation of low-energy galactic cosmic rays over the present solar cycle (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Explorer satellite observations of modulations in the cosmic ray spectrum during the entire period of the solar cycle show intensity variations in the proton and alpha modulated spectra. A positive correlation between plasma density and variation in cosmic ray intensity is found that breaks during the transition period when higher energy intensity is decreasing as the solar activity increases. It is suggested that the alpha particles lead the proton particles during transition periods and thus make the lag time shorter for high rigidity near the solar maximum and the solar minimum.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 34-37
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  • 38
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    The first integrated interplanetary electron spectrum (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Observations of a quiet-time interplanetary electron component in the 20 keV to 2 MeV energy range are reported. The measurements fill in the gap between the highest-energy known solar wind and the lowest-energy previously observed electron populations, and connect for the first time the entire solar-quiet interplanetary electron spectrum over a dynamic range of nearly 10 to the 12th power in energy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 29-33
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  • 39
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    Atmospheric secondary gamma radiation (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: A theoretical model in the form of a three-dimensional Monte Carlo calculation is developed that starts with known cosmic ray flux at the top of the atmosphere and follows particles as they interact with the atmosphere for a schematic representation of how atmospheric secondary gamma rays are produced. The model predicts atmospheric secondary gamma radiation as a function of altitude, energy, and zenith angle.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 16-19
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  • 40
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    Primary and secondary nuclei in high-energy cosmic rays (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Charge and particle trajectory measurements during a balloon-borne experiment observing the composition of cosmic rays, are interpreted by plotting differential intensities of various nuclei of both primary and secondary origin above 3 GeV/nucleon. The large spectral difference between carbon plus oxygen and iron is confirmed in the difference between their secondary products. This large difference cannot be explained as being solely due to propagation effects and it is concluded that preferential acceleration of heavy nuclei due to a source effect is present.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 20-23
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  • 41
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    Positron annihilation radiation from neutron stars (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Balloon observations of a low energy flux line at 2 x 0.001 photons cm/2 s/1 from the galactic center region around 470 keV are interpreted as the positron annihilation radiation that occurs on the surface of old neutron stars and is redshifted by their gravitational fields. An astrophysical model is formulated to explain the observed flux that provides for about 0.2 neutron stars per 3 x 10 to the 49th power cubic meters assuming that the disk thickness is about 1.5 x 10 to the 19th power meters.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 9-11
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  • 42
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    The chromospheric association of the metric type 3 bursts - implications concerning the acceleration of solar electrons and the active streamers (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: In two recent papers it was shown that the metric type 3 emission is closely related to a transient perturbation seen in absorption in the H alpha line. In addition, this perturbation sometimes triggers a flare, sometimes not. This can explain why the type 3 have a poor H alpha flare correlation rate and still are a typical flash phase emission when flare-associated. The characteristics are summarized of the new association proposed. It is assumed that 10 to 100 keV electrons are accelerated in connection with a particular kind of transient H alpha absorbing feature. For as yet undetermined reasons, this process would often, but not always, result in a more efficient acceleration coincident with the early phase of the optical flare. The possibilities that this process could lead occasionally to long lasting subrelativistic particle emissive region are explored.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 615-622
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  • 43
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    Time profile of type 3 bursts in decameter and hectometer range (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: The following new hypothesis is proposed. The decay time of plasma waves is much shorter than the time scale of type 3 bursts especially at low frequencies. Accordingly, the time variation of radio flux at a given frequency merely corresponds to the flux of fast electrons passing through the corresponding plasma layer.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 573-576
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  • 44
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    Type 2 and type 3 burst theory (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: The present state of the theory of type 3 bursts is reviewed by dividing the problem into the exciting agency, radiation source, and propagation of radiation between the source and the observer. In-situ measurements indicate that the excitors are electron streams of energy about 40 keV which are continuously relaxing. An investigation of neutralization of an electron stream indicates that n sub s is much less than 100,000 n sub e, where n sub s is the stream density and n sub e the coronal electron density. In situ observations are consistent with this result. An analysis of propagation of electrons in the current sheets of coronal streamers shows that such propagation at heights greater than 1 solar radius is impossible. The mechanisms for radiation are reviewed; it is shown that fundamental radiation at high frequencies (approximately 100 MHz) is highly beamed in the radial direction and that near the earth second harmonic radiation must be dominant. Because of beaming of the fundamental at high frequencies, it can often be quite weak near the limb so that the second harmonic is dominant. In considering propagation to the observer, the results of scattering of radiation are discussed. The present state of the theory of type 2 bursts is reviewed in the same manner as type 3 bursts.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 558-572
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  • 45
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    Further results on cooling mechanisms for soft X-ray flares (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: Analysis of data from the soft X-ray proportional counter spectrometer on OSO-4 has been continued along the lines of earlier work. It was noticed that the time profiles of X-ray counts from the OSO-4 instrument's 1 to 3 Angstrom detectors for two events showed a very rapid initial decay after maximum, followed by a much more slowly falling section. At least in the case of the larger of the two events, the change of slope seems quite definitely to be discontinuous. Temperatures and emission measures for both flares have been derived, by fitting an emission function to eight-channel count histograms which form the output of the 1 to 3 Angstrom detectors, analyzed into eight energy intervals by pulse-height analysis. The computer program is described. It employs temperature and continuum emission measures in the Culhane-Acton formula and the flux in the 6.7 KeV iron-line feature as free parameters, adjusting them by small amounts in successive iterations until the original historgram is approximately reproduced. A chi-squared is used to examine the agreement between histograms and terminates the iteration accordingly. Account is taken of the proportional counters' energy resolution in the fitting process.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: High Energy phenomena on the Sun; p 276-282
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  • 46
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    Nuclear gamma rays from solar flares (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: The theory of gamma-ray line emission from solar flares is reviewed and revised. It is shown that the line emissions at 0.5, 2.2, 4.4, and 6.1 MeV are due to positron annihilation, deuterium deexcitation following neutron capture on hydrogen, and the deexcitation of excited states in carbon and oxygen. From the observed relative line intensities it is possible to determine the spectrum of accelerated protons in the flare region. This spectrum is found to be very similar to that of charged particles from the flare observed near earth. The total number of protons at the sun is deduced from the observed absolute line intensities for various interaction models.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 301-314
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  • 47
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    Application of advanced signal processing techniques to the rectification and registration of spaceborne imagery (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: The development of an ERTS/MSS image processing system responsive to the needs of the user community is discussed. An overview of the TRW ERTS/MSS processor is presented, followed by a more detailed discussion of image processing functions satisfied by the system. The particular functions chosen for discussion are evolved from advanced signal processing techniques rooted in the areas of communication and control. These examples show how classical aerospace technology can be transferred to solve the more contemporary problems confronting the users of spaceborne imagery.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 245-255
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  • 48
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    The application of natural science data to land management decision-making (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: A natural environmental analysis process which allows the decision maker to know the probable consequences of a decision prior to the act is developed. Emphasis is placed on the fit between the natural environment and the social, economic, and functional attributes of man's communities and the transition from nature in its present state to various forms and intensities of development. Applications of the analysis are examined. It is concluded that the analysis is a workable system for land use management.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 219-228
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  • 49
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    Comment on satellite altimeter data (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: SKYLAB mission SEASAT-B altimeter observations in combination with surface gravity measurements provide useful data on the marine geoid and expected ocean perturbations from analyses of seamount structures.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA, Washington Seasat-A Sci. Contrib.; p 38
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  • 50
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    Baring high-albedo soils by overgrazing - A hypothesized desertification mechanism (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observations are reported of high-albedo soils denuded by overgrazing which appear bright, in high contrast to regions covered by natural vegetation. Measurements and modeling show that the denuded surfaces are cooler, when compared under sunlit conditions. This observed 'thermal depression' effect should, on theoretical grounds, result in a decreased lifting of air necessary for cloud formation and precipitation, and thus lead to regional climatic desertification.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Science; 186; Nov. 8
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  • 51
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    Rigidity spectrum of z greater than or equal to 3 cosmic-ray nuclei in the range 4-285 GV and a search for cosmic antimatter (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A measurement, using the magnetic emulsion spectrometer system, of the differential rigidity spectrum of Z greater than or equal to 3 nuclei of the galactic cosmic radiation is presented. The system was flown on Aug. 22, 1969, from Palestine, Texas. The instrument floated above 125,000 feet for eight hours. The data in the rigidity range 8-285 GV can be represented by a power-law spectrum in rigidity, J(rho) = A rho to the minus gamma power, with the exponent gamma = 2.6 plus or minus 0.10. The spectrum in the range 15-285 GV is also described by the same exponent, gamma = 2.6 plus or minus 0.25. The data below 8 GV cannot be described by the same power law without invoking solar modulation. A set of nonunique parameters for modulation are given. Upper limit for the fraction of antimatter in the rigidity range 4-125 GV is .005 with 95% confidence limit.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 192; Sept. 15
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  • 52
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    The distribution of cosmic rays in the galaxy and their dynamics as deduced from recent gamma ray observations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Data from SAS-2 on the galactic gamma ray line flux as a function of longitude is examined. It is shown that the gamma ray emissivity varies with galactocentric distance and is about an order of magnitude higher than the local value in a toroidal region between 4 and 5 kpc from the galactic center. This enhancement is accounted for in part by first-order Fermi acceleration, compression, and trapping of cosmic rays consistent with present ideas of galactic dynamics and galactic structure theory. Calculations indicate that cosmic rays in the 4 to 5 kpc region are trapped and accelerated over a mean time of the order of a few million years or about 2 to 4 times the assumed trapping time in the solar region of the galaxy on the assumption that only an increased cosmic ray flux is responsible for the observed emission. Cosmic ray nucleons, cosmic ray electrons, and ionized hydrogen gas were found to have a strikingly similar distribution in the galaxy according to both the observational data and the theoretical model discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 241-248
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  • 53
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    Observations of discrete gamma ray sources with SAS-2 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Compact gamma ray sources centered on the Crab nebula and the Vela X supernova remnant are considered. An excess in the galactic radiation was observed in both regions. Data indicate that a large fraction of this flux is pulsed. The excess from the Vela region could reflect either a large-scale galactic feature, such as a superposition of spiral arm segments, or it could be associated with the Vela supernova remnant. Low-energy gamma ray bursts were observed in the SAS-2 anticoincidence shielding.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 273-277
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  • 54
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    Cosmic electrons (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The published literature on cosmic electrons is summarized. The primary and secondary sources of cosmic electrons are discussed, and the propagation of the electrons in the interstellar medium is studied with respect to energy loss mechanisms, age distributions, and spectral modifications during flight. Various portions of the electron and positron spectra are then considered in relation to problems of astrophysics. New information is presented on such topics as the origin of low-energy positrons, the decay kinematics of the pi-mu-e process, the application of age distributions for nuclear cosmic rays to cosmic electrons, and the possibility of nonidentical sources for cosmic electrons and protons.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 55
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    Solar particles /observations, relationship to the sun acceleration, interplanetary medium/ (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The major features of the propagation of flare particles in the interplanetary medium are discussed in terms of the classic well-behaved flare having unique impulsive injection and a smooth time profile. Topics include flare events, their frequency of occurrence, development of a typical event, energy spectra, proton and electron types, charge and isotopic composition, solar flares and particle accelerations, radio and X-ray observations, the Fermi mechanism, the betatron mechanism, acceleration models, plasma instabilities, two-stage acceleration, propagation mechanisms, the anisotropic stage, the diffusive stage, and the convection and energy loss stage.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 56
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    Sweet's mechanism in the solar wind (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Sweet (1956, 1958) proposed a mechanism for the rapid, steady-state dissipation of a magnetic field in a resistive plasma. It is shown that Sweet's mechanism operates in the interplanetary medium near 1 AU in structures which Burlaga and Ness (1968) have identified and called D-sheets. The basic equations are considered of a specific mathematical model provided by Parker (1963) for the case of antiparallel fields and incompressible flow. The theoretical conclusions are related to interplanetary observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 191; Aug. 1
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  • 57
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    The distribution of cosmic rays in the Galaxy and their dynamics as deduced from recent gamma-ray observations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent data from SAS-2 on the galactic gamma-ray line flux as a function of longitude reveal a broad maximum in the gamma-ray intensity in the longitude region less than or equal to 30 deg. These data, when unfolded, imply that the low-energy (1 to 10 GeV) galactic cosmic-ray flux varies with galactocentric distance and is about an order of magnitude higher than the local value in a toroidal region between 4 and 5 kpc from the galactic center. It is further shown that this enhancement can be plausibly accounted for by first-order Fermi acceleration, compression, and trapping of cosmic rays consistent with present ideas of galactic dynamics and galactic structure theory. Calculations indicate that cosmic rays in the 4- to 5-kpc region are trapped and accelerated over a mean time of the order of a few million years or about 2 to 4 times the assumed trapping time in the solar region of the Galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 15
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  • 58
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    Origin of QSO absorption lines (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Consideration of the origin of the absorption lines in QSOs with observed absolute redshifts much less than the empirical values. As a possible alternative to the plasmoid mechanism for decreasing the relatively large possible macroscopic or bulk motions in QSO clouds, it is shown that certain large relative bulk motions in QSO clouds can be dissipated without the presence of strong magnetic fields and without large adiabatic expansions. The essence of the argument is that a cloud with convergent internal velocities can coalesce inelastically, because the internal kinetic energy can be dissipated and radiated away. There are thus indications that observed QSO absorption clouds may have their origin in clouds with internal velocities which are convergent.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 250; July 26
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  • 59
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    478-keV and 431-keV line emissions from alpha-alpha reactions (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 1
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  • 60
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    1.0 arc second structure on the sun at 3.71 cm wavelength (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 36; June 197
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  • 61
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    Ionization equilibrium in soft X-ray-emitting solar flares (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Studies of the 1.9-A line produced by highly ionized iron during a solar flare indicate that this emission occurs under conditions approaching a steady-state ionization equilibrium. Time-dependent and steady-state ionization equilibrium values are used for calculation of 1.9 A line fluxes per unit flare emission. The results are compared with those obtained by observations of some four solar flares, showing that the calculations from time-dependent equilibrium values approximate the observed line flux values with the same accuracy as the calculations from steady-state equilibrium values only when the electron densities are equal to or greater than 10 billion per cu cm.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 36; June 197
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  • 62
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    Solar longitude dependence of some characteristics of type III radio bursts from metric to hectometric wavelengths (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Using the observed data for metric and hectometric type III radio bursts, the dependence of burst characteristics on the solar longitude has been examined over a wide frequency range. It is found that there exists and east-west asymmetry for the extension of metric type III bursts into the hectometric wavelength range. In particular, hectometric bursts are rarely observed for solar flares associated with metric bursts east of 60 E solar longitude. Furthermore, for east longitudes, the low-frequency radio observations show a large dispersion in drift time interval.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 36; May 1974
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  • 63
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    On helium-like 1s2l-1snl prime transitions in solar flare spectra (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Expected wavelengths and intensities are computed for 1s2l-1snl prime transitions in helium-like ions of the abundant elements from oxygen to iron under coronal conditions. Probable observations of some of these lines in the spectra of solar flares are discussed, and attention is called to a possible reversal of singlet and triplet intensities as compared to laboratory observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 36; May 1974
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  • 64
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    The Fokker-Planck coefficient for pitch-angle scattering of cosmic rays (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: For the case of homogeneous, isotropic magnetic field fluctuations, it is shown that most theories which are based on the quasi-linear and adiabatic approximations yield the same integral for the Fokker-Planck coefficient for the pitch-angle scattering of cosmic rays. For example, despite apparent differences, the theories due to Jokipii and to Klimas and Sandri yield the same integral. It is also shown, however, that this integral in most cases has been evaluated incorrectly in the past. For small pitch angles, the errors in previous evaluations are fortuitously of minor importance. For large pitch angles, however, these errors become more significant; and for pitch angles of 90 deg, the actual Fokker-Planck coefficient contains a delta function which has been overlooked in the past. The implications of these corrections on the possibility of relating cosmic-ray diffusion coefficients to observed properties of the interplanetary magnetic field are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 190; June 1
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  • 65
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    Empirical solar proton model for orbiting spacecraft applications (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An empirical model for energetic solar proton fluxes is presented. With this model the effects of such protons on geocentric space missions, to be flown during the next solar active period (1977-1983), and with orbits involving partial magnetospheric shielding, may be estimated. A synoptic background review is given, followed by a detailed discussion of the model's use, errors, uncertainties, and limitations, including sample calculations which demonstrate the application of specific or general project missions. Finally, for circular trajectories, percentage exposure maps are presented, depicting fractional mission times spent outside particular L shells as functions of orbit altitude and inclination.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems; AES-10; July 197
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  • 66
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    Solar proton fluences for 1977-1983 space missions (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The probability with which any given solar proton fluence level will be exceeded during a space mission is computed for mission to be flown during the active phase of the next solar cycle (1977-1983). This probability is a function of fluence level, proton energy threshold, and mission duration. Calculations are based on 1966-1972 data only. In estimating mission fluences, a distinction is made between ordinary and anomalously large events. Probable numbers of each type of event are estimated from Burrell's extension of Poisson statistics. Fluences of all anomalously large events are assumed to have a spectrum given by the August 1972 event, while fluences of the ordinary events are assumed to obey a log normal distribution.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 11; June 197
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  • 67
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    The anomalous abundance of cosmic-ray nitrogen and oxygen nuclei at low energies (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent measurements using the Goddard-University of New Hampshire cosmic-ray telescope on the Pioneer 10 spacecraft have revealed an anomalous spectrum of nitrogen and oxygen nuclei relative to other nuclei such as He and C, in the energy range 3-30 MeV per nucleon. The intensity of nitrogen and oxygen nuclei is enhanced by a factor of up to 20 relative to their abundance in galactic or solar cosmic rays. It is argued that this is most likely a new extrasolar component of cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 187; Feb. 1
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  • 68
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    An upper limit on soft X-ray pulsations from the pulsar PSR 0833-45 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Vela pulsar PSR 0833-45, located in the Vela X nebula, has the second shortest period of any of the known radio pulsars. Soft X-ray observations are described which place an upper limit of 0.3% on the pulsed fraction of the Vela pulsar relative to the flux from the entire Vela X Nebula, in the 0.5- to 1.0-keV energy band. The present results are about a factor of 7 below the value of 2% measured by Harnden and Gorenstein (1973) for the pulsed fraction relative to the flux from the Vela X Nebula.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 189; May 1
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  • 69
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    The helium component of solar wind velocity streams (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Systematic variations of the properties of the helium constituent of the solar wind in the velocity streams are described. It is found that the helium abundance varies by about a factor of 2 as the stream is crossed. The velocity of the helium differs from that of the hydrogen by a few kilometers per second throughout much of the stream structure. This velocity difference is greatest immediately after the proton density peak passes, the helium velocity being typically 20 km/sec faster than the protons at that position in the stream. A sharp dip in the helium to proton temperature ratio is centered on the proton density peak. Although it appears reasonable that at least the velocity and temperature effects are due to the dynamic interactions of the two streams, it is not yet clear exactly what physical processes are directly involved in producing the effects described here.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Mar. 1
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  • 70
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    Effects of heavy ions on electron temperatures in the solar corona and solar wind (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effects of the reduction in the thermal conductivity due to heavy ions on electron temperatures in the solar corona and solar wind are examined. Large enhancements of heavy ions in the corona appear to be necessary to give appreciable changes in the thermal gradient of the electrons. These enhancements, if they should occur, may contribute to the understanding of some low values of solar wind temperature measurements at 1 AU.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Jan. 1
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  • 71
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    X-ray spectral features of the Crab Nebula and NP0532 (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature Physical Science; 246; Dec
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  • 72
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    Expansion pattern of flare-associated disturbances near the earth's orbit during October 23 to November 4, 1968 (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A series of solar flares accompanying type II and type IV radio bursts were observed while the active region McMath No. 9740 was on the solar disk. Most of these flares were also associated with solar cosmic rays and SSC geomagnetic storms. The expansion pattern of these disturbances near the earth's orbit is considered. This pattern appears to be useful for studying the propagation of interplanetary shock waves which are generated by solar flares.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature Physical Science; 246; Dec. 3
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  • 73
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    X ray analysis of balloon-collected particles erroneously considered as an October influx into the lower stratosphere (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Individual particles were analyzed on the collection screens in a Jeolco scanning electron microscope using a Kevex Li-drifted silicon energy dispersive X ray detector. It was found that the bulk of the stratospheric samples studied comes from explosive squib devices. It is pointed out that this finding does not invalidate the extensive results obtained by Bigg et al. (1970, 1971) in previous sampling experiments.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Nov. 20
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  • 74
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    Some effects of diffusion on the flow of ions in the solar wind (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The contribution of diffusive effects to the near equality of flow velocities of H+ and heavier ions of the solar wind at 1 AU is examined. Frictional drag on heavy ions from average solar wind fluxes of H+ appears to make an appreciable contribution to equalizing velocities. The frictional drag on H+ due to the presence of heavy ions may make an appreciable contribution to equalizing flow velocities, since compensating increases in coronal temperatures may be required in order to give solar wind velocities for H+. However, rather large enhancements of heavy ions near the sun appear to be required. If appreciable enhancements of heavy ions extend beyond about 2.5 solar radii, significant increases in heavy ion temperatures above H+ temperatures may be produced. This temperature difference may contribute to equalizing flow velocities and may contribute to the explanation of measured temperature differences at 1 AU between H+ and He++.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Apr. 1
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  • 75
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    Some measurements of the attenuation of solar radiation during BOMEX (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurements of the upward and downward flux of solar radiation in two broad wavelength bands defined by glass filters were made at height between about 300 and 12,000 m in the neighborhood of Barbados during the BOMEX experiment in the summer of 1969. These were examined on selected occasions, apparently cloudless, to determine the attenuation (absorption and upward scattering) that could not be attributed to atmospheric gases and must be considered to be caused by particles. Total particle absorption between the lowest and highest flight levels was found to be of order 5%, and upward scatter of order 1% of the incident radiation. Unexplained attenuation above the highest level was of order 2%. The attenuation attributed to particles was approximately the same magnitude as the geometrical cross section deduced by direct particle sampling on the same flights.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Mar. 197
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  • 76
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    Cosmic far ultraviolet background (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The expected intensities of various possible components of the far ultraviolet background are discussed. It is concluded that existing results do not place interesting constraints on the density of the intergalactic medium (IGM). Current techniques and instrumentation for far ultraviolet astronomy are, however, sufficient to achieve vastly improved limits. New observations are required to determine whether the IGM can be detected in the far ultraviolet or whether the extragalactic component of the background is masked by radiation with a more local origin.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 247; Feb. 22
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  • 77
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    K alpha line emission during solar X-ray bursts (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The expected flux of K alpha line emission from sulfur, argon, calcium, and iron is calculated during both thermal and nonthermal solar X-ray events. Such emission is shown to be weak during the course of most of the nonthermal hard X-ray bursts that Kane and Anderson (1970) have observed. If Compton backscattering is significant at high energies, the flux is reduced still further for disk flares, but it is noted that the strong, near-limb burst of June 26 would have produced about 100 photons /sq cm/sec of sulfur and iron K alpha emission. The impulsive hard X-ray bursts may in general be too short-lived for much K alpha emission. It may be noted that sulfur K alpha emission in particular depends sensitively on the lower-energy limit of the nonthermal electron spectrum, assuming such a sharply defined boundary exists. During soft X-ray bursts, when temperatures of a few 10 to the 7th power K are obtained, K alpha emission from certain iron ions, specifically Fe XVIII-XXIII, may be important.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 32; Sept
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  • 78
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    Effects of solar wind composition, anisotropy, and streaming on ordinary mode electromagnetic instability (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The stability of the low-frequency waves propagating transverse to the magnetic field of a plasma composed of electrons, protons, and alpha particles with anisotropic electron and ion temperatures is explored. The threshold for the ordinary mode instability and the growth rates have a very strong dependence on the electron temperature anisotropy but have a comparatively weaker dependence on the ion temperature anisotropy, on the relative abundance of helium to hydrogen, and on the relative streaming of two ion species. The threshold for the instability of these low-frequency waves is (m sub e/m sub p) to the 1/2 power times smaller than the one corresponding to high-frequency waves; however, for a relative abundance of helium to hydrogen up to 20% for the relevant known magnetic fields, particle densities, temperatures, and drifts, the solar wind remains below the threshold for this instability.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Dec. 1
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  • 79
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    Variations of the relative abundances of He, /C, N, O/ and Fe-group nuclei in solar cosmic rays and their relationship to solar particle acceleration (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 31; July 197
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  • 80
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    Jupiter's radiation belts - Can Pioneer 10 survive (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent calculations suggest that three of the Galilean satellites are very effective in limiting the fluxes of energetic electrons and protons diffusing inward from Jupiter's outer magnetosphere. Electron and proton densities with and without lunar effects are plotted as functions of the distance from the center of the planet in units of Jupiter radii. Both electrons and protons in the model come from the solar wind. The trajectory of Pioneer 10 in magnetic coordinates is examined and the period of greatest danger to the spacecraft is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Science; 182; Dec. 7
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  • 81
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    Pioneer-10 measurements of the differential and integral cosmic-ray gradient between 1 and 3 astronomical units (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 185; Nov. 1
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  • 82
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    Celestial diffuse gamma radiation above 30 MeV observed by SAS-2 (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 186; Dec. 15
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  • 83
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    SAS-2 observations of gamma rays from the galactic plane (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 186; Dec. 15
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  • 84
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    Expansion pattern of helium-enriched shells associated with solar flares (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The dependence of the thickness of the helium-enriched shell on the longitudinal position of the parent flares is considered along with the large-scale configuration of the expanding shell in interplanetary space. It is found that shock waves, magnetic bottles, and helium-enriched shells appear to expand eastwards of the meridian plane which crosses the flare region. It seems that the formation of the observed pattern of the shells is influenced by the interplanetary magnetic field between the sun and the earth.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature Physical Science; 246; Dec. 3
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  • 85
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    The diffuse X-ray spectrum from 14 to 200 keV as measured on OSO-5 (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Evaluation of OSO-5 measurements of the energy spectrum of the diffuse component of the cosmic X-ray flux in the energy range from 14 to 200 keV. A detailed description is given of the X-ray detector employed and of the method of selection and pulse-height analysis of X-ray events. The method employed in eliminating noncosmic X-ray contributions to the total counting rate is discussed. The final energy spectrum is found to be best fitted by a power law which is in essential agreement with that obtained from OSO-3 by Schwartz et al. (1970), in spite of what is regarded as an erroneous correction procedure used by them. In particular, it is suggested that the break in the energy spectrum at 40 keV which they reported may have been produced by an erroneous correction for the radioactivity induced in the detector during each passage through the intense charged-particle fluxes in the South Atlantic Anomaly.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 186; Nov. 15
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  • 86
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    Primary cosmic ray electrons above 10 GeV - Measurements using a thick detector (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A balloon-borne measurement of the cosmic ray electron spectrum from 10 to 200 GeV is reported in which two new techniques have been used to remove proton background contamination. First, the depth of the spectrometer was more than 40 radiation lengths, the equivalent of more than 3 mean free paths of material, enabling hadronically and electromagnetically induced cascades to be differentiated for a subset of the data. Second, electromagnetic cascade starting points were determined to within plus or minus 0.1 radiation lengths on the basis of a calibration with electrons from 5.4 to 18 GeV at the Stanford Linear Accelerator, greatly reducing the chances for a proton to simulate an electron. The resulting spectrum, when fitted with a power law, is quite steep, -3.2 plus or minus 0.1, but the fit to a power law is marginal.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Nov. 1
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  • 87
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    A short-lived chromospheric flare-point with a lifetime of 20 seconds and rise and fall times of 5 seconds (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: We have observed a chromospheric brightening in the H alpha and Ca II K lines with a diameter of about 1 arc second. The time structure of this event, obtained with a relative resolution of 1 second, shows the rise time to be 4 seconds, the lifetime (FWHM) to be 20 seconds, and the decay time to be 5 seconds. This imposes new constraints on flare-point models. These restrictions can be accommodated easily by either an infall-impact flare model or a model invoking the precipitation of high-energy particles from the corona.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 185; Nov. 1
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  • 88
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    Noble gas concentrations and cosmic ray exposure ages of eight recently fallen chondrites (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Abundances and isotopic compositions of He, Ne, Ar, and Xe have been measured in eight recently fallen chondrites. Ratios of concentrations of cosmic ray-produced He-3, Ne-21, Ne-22, and Ar-38 indicate that all eight samples experienced less than average cosmic ray shielding. He-3 and Ne-21 exposure ages were calculated using shielding corrected chondritic production rates and the measured Ne-22/Ne-21. Exposure ages calculated from Na-22/Ne-22 and Al-26/Ne-21 ratios and constant relative production rates show a bias between the two ages due to variations in Na-22/Al-26. Arguments are presented that this bias is due to irradiation hardness differences, and therefore the use of constant values for both the Na-22/Ne-22 and Al-26/Ne-21 production ratios is not permitted.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 37; Nov. 197
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  • 89
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    Results on the energy dependence of cosmic-ray charge composition (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results of measurements by a balloon-borne ionization spectrometer of the energy dependence of high-energy cosmic-ray charge composition. The results presented are greatly improved over those obtained earlier by Ormes et al. (1971) by the use of a multidimensional charge analysis with more efficient background rejection, and a more accurate energy determination. Complex couplings between the charge, energy, and trajectory information were taken into account and are discussed. The spectra of individual elements up to oxygen and of groups of nuclei up through iron were measured up to almost 100 GeV per nucleon. The energy spectrum of the secondary nuclei, B + N, is found to be steeper than that of the primary nuclei, C + O, in agreement with Smith et al. (1973). The most dramatic finding is that the spectrum of the iron nuclei is flatter than that of the carbon and oxygen nuclei by 0.57 plus or minus 0.14 of a power.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 186; Nov. 15
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  • 90
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    Solar flare line emission between 6 A and 25 A (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A list of emission lines in the spectra of solar flares between 6 and 25 A has been compiled using data obtained with a KAP crystal spectrometer on the OSO-5 satellite. The emission lines have been classified according to their sensitivity to flare activity. This classification provides a method for discriminating between iron in high stages of ionization (Fe XX-Fe XXV) and lower stages (Fe XVII-Fe XIX), the lines of which are both present in the same spectral region during flares. Identifications consistent with these classifications are proposed. Anomalous intensities in the spectra of Fe XVII and Fe XX are pointed out, and implications of the observations for models of the X-ray emitting regions are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 31; July 197
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  • 91
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    Consistency of cosmic-ray source abundances with explosive nucleosynthesis (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Certain results regarding the ratio of cosmic-ray sources (CRS) and Solar System abundances are the same as those obtained from explosive nucleosynthesis. Such a model is consistent with the fact that in the Solar System Mg, Si, and Fe are believed to be produced by explosive nucleosynthesis, whereas C and O are mainly products of other processes. The model considered explains the carbon-to-oxygen ratio in the cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature Physical Science; 246; Nov. 26
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  • 92
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    Neutral-pion-decay gamma rays from the Galaxy and the interstellar gas content (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Knowledge of the total gamma-ray production rate per H atom from the decay of neutral pions produced in interstellar cosmic-ray interactions is essential for determining the possible amount of interstellar H2. This production rate is recalculated here using the latest accelerator data on neutral pion production in p-p interactions up to about 1500 GeV. A simple but accurate approximation used here resolves the past disagreement over the magnitude of this rate. An upper limit is obtained of (1.51 plus or minus 0.23) times 10 to the -25th power/sec, consistent with the observed upper limit of 1.6 times 10 to the -25th power/sec.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 185; Oct. 15
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  • 93
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    Steepening of nonlinear waves in the solar wind. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two shock-like structures (i.e., abrupt step-like increases in number density, bulk speed, and proton temperature) were found in the data from Mariner 5 at 0.98 AU on June 26 and at 0.85 AU on Aug. 29, 1967. The thickness of these 'structures' determined from the magnetic field data was more than 1000 proton Larmor radii. They were also observed by Explorer 33, 34, and 35 at 1 AU, where the thicknesses were much smaller than in the Mariner 5 data. It is suggested that these two structures were nonlinear magnetoacoustic waves that were in the processes of steepening. It is further suggested that shocks would be formed just beyond 1 AU. These structures were not associated with corotating streams, but they could be associated with impressive solar events in which a flare was followed by type 2 and type 4 radio emission and a rare chromospheric wave.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Sept. 1
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  • 94
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    Acceleration of heavy ions by radiation pressure. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The possible acceleration of heavy ions by the resonance scattering of radiation near bright stellar objects is examined. Planck spectra are assumed. At any radiation temperature, heavy-ion energies are found to be limited by aberration and Doppler effects. Photoionization is found to limit maximum radiation temperatures and energies for each ion. Collisional ionization by ambient electrons and ions may further limit heavy-ion energies. Because of these limitations, the production of the more energetic cosmic rays by this mechanism appears to be very improbable. If supernova radiation temperatures are high enough, they may produce heavy ions with energies up to several hundreds of MeV per nucleon. O and B stars appear to be able to accelerate certain heavy ions to 200 and 80 MeV per nucleon, respectively.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 184; Sept. 1
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  • 95
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    X-ray spectrum of Cassiopeia A - Evidence for iron line emission. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A sensitive measurement by rocket-borne detectors of the X-ray flux from Cas A has revealed a steep continuum and a broad spectral feature in the region where line radiation from iron nuclei would be expected. The flux in this feature is 0.0122 plus or minus 0.0017 photons per sq cm per sec. The presence of broad iron lines is consistent with a model in which about 13 MeV-per-nucleon iron nuclei charge exchange with surrounding interstellar oxygen and other heavy atoms. The model suggests that a substantial fraction of the energy from the outburst has gone into low-energy cosmic rays which produce the observed H II region surrounding the remnant.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 184; Aug. 15
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  • 96
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    High-energy X-ray spectra of five sources. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: On October 15-16, 1970, we carried out balloon X-ray observations from Australia at energies above 15 keV. We present the high-energy X-ray spectra of three sources discovered by us, GX 301-2, GX 304-1, and GX 1 + 4. The data suggest that these high-energy sources correspond to the sources 2U 1223-62, 2U 1258-61, and 2U 1728-24 respectively. We also present the spectra for two additional sources, GX 5-1 (2U 1757-25) and GX 3 + 1 (2U 1744-26). The average intensity of the highly variable source GX 301-2 was observed to be as great as Tau X-1 in the energy range 15-50 keV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 184; Aug. 15
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  • 97
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    Interplanetary gas. XIX - Observational evidence for a meridional solar-wind flow diverging from the plane of the solar equator. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 184; Aug. 15
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  • 98
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    A density scale for the interplanetary medium from observations of a type II solar radio burst out to 1 astronomical unit. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 183; July 1
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  • 99
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    Development of moving type IV solar radio bursts and relation to expanding magnetic bottles from flare regions. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature Physical Science; 243; May 21
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  • 100
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    Ultrahigh energy photons, electrons, and neutrinos, the microwave background, and the universal cosmic-ray hypothesis. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 20; Jan. 197
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