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  • Articles  (2,835)
  • Springer  (2,835)
  • 2020-2020
  • 1970-1974  (2,835)
  • 1970  (2,835)
  • Geosciences  (1,832)
  • Natural Sciences in General  (758)
  • Technology  (245)
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  • Articles  (2,835)
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  • 2020-2020
  • 1970-1974  (2,835)
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Journal
  • 1
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 2
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 71-74 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 3
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 112-116 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Repair and Reconstruction of Railway Tunnels During Traffic Maintenance The reconstruction and repair of railway tunnels on lines of the Czechoslovak State Railways (CSD) requires — especially on main lines with high traffic density — special kinds of solution. New, progressive methods enable a considerable increase in efficiency and much shorter working times. The method of tunnel reconstruction during railway traffic maintenance is based on a modification of the ring tunnelling system. This system takes advantage of the natural properties of the rock mass for the stabilization of the expanded tunnel tube. For a successful application of this kind of renovation a profound knowledge of the laws of origin and effects of rock pressures (their magnitude and direction) is absolutely necessary, and also an exact geotechnical prospection to reliably ascertain the properties of the rock mass. The article is dealing with the reasons for renovations, with a new working method for tunnel reconstruction and its techniques. A completely mechanized working train can be applied for the renovation works.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ausbesserung und Umbau von Eisenbahntunneln während des Betriebes Die Ausbesserung und der Umbau von Eisenbahntunneln auf den Strecken der Tschechoslowakischen Eisenbahnen (CSD) erfordert, namentlich auf Strecken mit hoher Verkehrsdichte, Lösungen ganz besonderer Art. Neue, fortschrittliche Methoden können dabei eine wesentliche Leistungssteigerung und erheblich kürzere Baufristen ermöglichen. Die hier behandelte Methode der Tunnelerneuerung unter Aufrechterhaltung des Betriebes beruht auf einer Modifizierung des Ringausbausystems. Diese Bauart nützt die natürlichen Eigenschaften des Gebirges zur Stabilisierung des aufgeweiteten Tunnelhohlraumes aus. Voraussetzung zur erfolgreichen Anwendung dieser Erneuerungsart ist eine gründliche Kenntnis der Gesetze der Entstehung und Wirkung der Gebirgsdrücke (Größe, Wirkungsrichtung) und eine genaue geotechnische Aufnahme, welche die Eigenschaften des Gebirges verläßlich feststellt. Der Aufsatz behandelt die Gründe für Erneuerungsarbeiten, eine neue Arbeitsmethode zum Tunnelumbau und deren Techniken. Bei den Erneuerungsarbeiten kann eine komplett mechanisierte Arbeitsgarnitur auf Waggons angewendet werden.
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  • 4
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 120-122 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 5
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 173-175 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Stress Phenomena over Galleries in Prestressed Sandy Gravel The outlets of an airraid shelter in prestressed gravel have been observed to widen like a trumpet due to the spalling of stressed shales. Distressing at the tunnel outlet can lead to dangerous collapse of the tunnel entrance.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Spannungserscheinungen über Stollen in vorgepreßten sandigen Kiesen Die Ausmündungen einer Luftschutzanlage, die in vorgepreßten Kiesen angelegt war, erweitern sich durch das Abplatzen von Entspannungsschalen trompetenförmig. Die Spannungen, die am Stollenmundloch herrschen, führen oft zu Zusammenbrüchen am Stollenbeginn.
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  • 6
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 177-180 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 7
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 181-188 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Experimenteller Nachweis zur Dilatanz als volumenbezogene Eigenschaft spröder, bis zum Bruch belasteter Körper. Dilatanz, d. h. relative Volumenvergrößerung im Vergleich zur elastischen Zusammendrückung, ist ein Phänomen, welches häufig bei der Druckbeanspruchung von Gesteinen beobachtet werden kann. Diese Erscheinung ist für das Verständnis der Bruchvorgänge von Gesteinen und deren Anwendung auf geologische und technische Probleme von beträchtlicher Bedeutung. Ein Großteil der bisherigen Untersuchungen zu dieser Frage wurde an kleinen zylindrischen Probekörpern mit großem Verhältnis von Oberfläche : Volumen durchgeführt. Bei diesen Versuchen wurden meist Dehnmeßstreifen an die Oberfläche der Probekörper geklebt. Demnach kann die Möglichkeit nicht ausgeschlossen werden, daß die beobachtete Dilatation infolge abnormaler Oberflächenverformungen ein Oberflächenphänomen ist. Messungen der Dilatation an der Innen- und Außenseite eines hohlen zylindrischen Probekörpers während der Druckbeanspruchung in einem homogenen Spannungsfeld bilden eine Möglichkeit, diese Ungewißheit zu beseitigen. Im Falle einer oberflächengebundenen Dilatation würde es zu einer relativen Verkleinerung des inneren Querschnittes des hohlen Probekörpers kommen, während die Dilatation der Außenseite mit der Verformung anwachsen würde. Demgegenüber würde es im Falle der Dilatation als einer volumetrischen Eigenschaft zu einer ähnlichen relativen Vergrößerung des inneren Querschnittes des hohlen Probekörpers und des Probekörpers selbst kommen. Die Experimente an hohlen zylindrischen Probekörpern aus Quarzit zeigen, daß die Dilatanz ein volumetrisches Phänomen ist.
    Abstract: Résumé Expérience prouvant que la dilatance est répartie dans tout le volume des roches fragiles chargées jusqu'à la rupture. La dilatance, c'est-à-dire l'augmentation de volume par rapport à la déformation élastique en compression, se manifeste souvent quand on comprime des échantillons de roche jusqu'à la rupture. Ce phénomène a une importance considérable pour la compréhension des processus de rupture des roches, et pour les applications aux problèmes géologiques et géotechniques. La plupart des essais ont été faits à ce jour sur de petits échantillons cylindriques, dont la surface est grande par rapport au volume, le plus souvent au moyen de jauges à résistance collées sur la surface de l'échantillon. Il reste la possibilité que la dilatance mesurée ne soit qu'un phénomène superficiel, dû à des déformations anormales de la surface. Pour lever cette incertitude, on peut mesurer la dilatance à la fois sur la surface externe et sur la surface interne de cylindres creux soumis à des contraintes homogènes: une dilatance superficielle produirait une diminution de la section du trou et une augmentation de la section totale, tandis qu'une dilatance répartie dans tout le volume produirait des augmentations de section similaires. Les essais sur cylindres creux de quartzite montrent que la dilatance est un phénomène réparti dans tout le volume.
    Notes: Summary An Experiment Proving that Dilatancy is a Pervasive Volumetric Property of Brittle Rock Loaded to Failure. Dilatancy, that is, volumetric expansion relative to the compression resulting from elastic deformation is often observed in the compression of rock specimens to failure. This phenomenon is of considerable importance to the understanding of the processes of rock failure and in their application to geological and engineering problems. Most of the observations to date have been made on small cylindrical specimens of rock, with a high surface area to volume ratio; frequently by means of resistance strain gauges cemented to the surface of the specimen. The possibility of the measured dilatancy being a superficial phenomenon due to anomalous surface deformations cannot be excluded. Measurements of dilatant deformation on the inside and outside of hollow cylindrical specimens during compression under homogeneous stresses provide a means of resolving this uncertainty. Superficial dilatancy would result in a relative diminution of the cross-section of the hole as that of the outside of the specimen increases with deformation; whereas pervasive volumetric dilatancy would result in similar relative increases in the cross-section of both the hole and the specimen. Experiments on hollow cyclindrical specimens of quartzite show that dilatancy is a pervasive volumetric phenomenon.
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  • 8
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 245-248 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Function of Rock Mechanics in Modern Tunnelling. For modern methods of tunnel driving it is necessary to apply new procedures of geological investigations including large-scale rock mechanics tests. This view holds equally for reconstruction projects. In addition to the mechanical properties of the rock masses it is necessary to determine the intrinsic stresses in the rock and in the tunnel lining, the thickness of the inelastic (relaxed) zone around the tunnel, as well as the possibility of grouting and anchoring.
    Abstract: Résumé Application de la mécanique des roches aux méthodes modernes de construction et de reconstruction des tunnels. Dans la technique moderne des tunnels il est nécessaire d'appliquer de nouvelles méthodes de reconnaissance comportant davantage d'essais de mécanique des roches. La même exigence est valable pour la reconstruction des tunnels. Outre les propriétés mécaniques du massif rocheux, on déterminera aussi les contraintes dans le rocher et dans le revêtement, l'épaisseur de la zone décomprimée et même les possibilités d'injection et de boulonnage.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aufgaben der Felsmechanik bei neuzeitlichen Tunnelrekonstruktionen. Für die neuzeitliche Tunnelbauweise müssen neue Erkundungsmethoden mit erweitertem Umfang felsmechanischer Prüfungen angewandt werden. Diese Forderung soll ebenso bei Rekonstruktionen erfüllt werden. Außer den mechanischen Eigenschaften werden auch die innere Spannung im Felsmassiv und in der Ausmauerung, die Mächtigkeit der gelockerten Zone sowie die Injektions- und Verankerungsmöglichkeit bestimmt.
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  • 9
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 205-222 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Theorie für die Scherfestigkeit von Gröbstkornschüttungen (Steinbrockenschüttungen). Das vorhandene Wissen vom Wesen der Scherfestigkeit von Gröbstkornschüttungen sowie davon, wie und warum sie verschieden groß ist, ist unzulänglich. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Scherfestigkeit durch den entscheidenden Reibungswinkel von Gestein auf Gestein (Φ u ), den Hohlraum-Quotienten (e) und den Bruch von Teilchen (B) bestimmt wird, und daß sie von dem Quotienten aus größter und kleinster Hauptnormalspannung abhängt. Bei der Anwendung statistischer Methoden, welche mit einigen einfachen, auf Versuchen beruhenden Annahmen kombiniert werden, können Formeln für die Scherfestigkeit von Gröbstkornschüttungen abgeleitet werden. Theoretische Ergebnisse werden mit den Ergebnissen von Triaxialversuchen im Labor verglichen.
    Abstract: Résumé Une théorie pour la résistance au cisaillement des enrochements. Les connaissances actuelles sur la signification de la résistance au cisaillement des enrochements, et sur le pourquoi et le comment de ses variations sont insuffisantes. On montre que la résistance au cisaillement dépend de l'angle de frottement élémentaire rocher sur rocher (Φ u ), de l'indice des vides (e) et de la rupture des blocs (B), et qu'elle varie avec le rapport des contraintes principales extrêmes. Grâce à des méthodes statistiques et à quelques hypothèses simples basées sur un travail expérimental, on obtient des formules donnant la résistance au cisaillement des enrochements. Les résultats théoriques sont comparés avec les résultats d'essais triaxiaux au laboratoire.
    Notes: Summary A Theory for the Shear Strength of Rockfill Existing knowledge of the meaning of the shear strength of rock fill, and of how and why it varies is inadequate. Shear strength is shown to be controlled by the basic angle of friction of rock on rock (Φ u ), the voids ratio (e) and the particle breakage (B) and to be dependent on the ratio of major to minor principal stresses. Using statistical methods combined with some simple assumptions based on experimental work formulas are derived for the shear strength of rock fill. Theoretical results are compared with the results of laboratory triaxial tests.
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  • 10
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 189-204 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bestimmung des Verhaltens von sprödem Gestein nach dem Bruch mittels eines servogesteuerten Prüfgerätes. Es wird über ein neues Verfahren berichtet, den Bruch spröden Gesteins zu kontrollieren, nachdem seine maximale Bruchlast überschritten ist. Dieser Bereich ist im allgemeinen der Untersuchung nicht zugänglich, da bei der Verwendung herkömmlicher Belastungs-Maschinen vom Belastungs-System ein Überschuß an Energie frei wird, der für eine explosionsartige Zerstörung des Gesteins verantwortlich ist. Bei dem hier beschriebenen Verfahren wird das Freiwerden der im System gespeicherten Energie durch ein hochfrequentes, elektronisch geregeltes Servo-System in Verbindung mit einer Hydraulik mit kurzer Verzögerungszeit kontrolliert. Es wird dabei der Gesteinsprobe zu jedem Zeitpunkt nur so viel Energie zugeführt wie zur Aufrechterhaltung für den stabilen Bruch notwendig ist. Die theoretische Betrachtung des Systems zeigt, daß die Bedingung für den stabilen Bruch entlang der Post-Failure-Charakteristik durch die Fähigkeit des Belastungs-Systems bestimmt wird, rasch zu entladen. Der Begriff einer ‚dynamischen Steife‘ wird definiert. Für genügend kleine Verformungsgeschwindigkeiten und kurze Verzögerungszeiten des Servo-Systems kann der Bruch auch dann kontrolliert werden, wenn die Neigung der Post-Failure-Kurve sich sehr großen Werten (− ∞) nähert. Der Versuchsaufbau und die Versuchsdurchführung werden beschrieben und es werden einige Post-Failure-Kurven für Tennessee Kalkstein unter einachsiger und zweiachsiger Druckbeanspruchung wiedergegeben, wobei das neue Verfahren verwendet wurde.
    Abstract: Résumé Détermination du comportement après la rupture des roches fragiles au moyen d'une machine d'essai asservie. On présente un nouveau système pour contrôler la rupture des roches fragiles lorsque leur limite de rupture est dépassée. En général, il n'est pas possible d'étudier le comportement des roches dans ce domaine. L'emploi d'une machine d'essai traditionnelle libère inévitablement lorsque la limite de rupture est dépassée, un excès d'énergie qui provoque une violente désintégration de la roche. L'appareil, décrit dans cet article, contrôle la libération de l'énergie accumulée dans le système à l'aide d'un servosystème électronique à haute fréquence règlant un mécanisme hydraulique à temps de réponse très court. De cette facon, il est possible de limiter l'énergie transmise à la roche à la quantité nécessaire pour développer une rupture stable. L'analyse théorique du système révèle que la possibilité d'obtention d'une rupture stable, la limite de rupture ayant été dépassée, est déterminée par la rapidité avec laquelle le système hydraulique peut se décharger. Le concept de rigidité dynamique est défini. Si les vitesses de déformation sont petites et si les temps de réponse du servosystème sont courts, il est possible de contrôler la rupture, même lorsque la pente du diagramme effort-déformation tend à devenir infiniment raide, la limite de rupture étant dépassée. Le dispositif expérimental et l'exécution d'un essai sont décrits. Quelques diagrammes complets (y compris la partie descendante) d'un marbre du Tennessee pour les cas de compression simple et de compression double utilisant ce nouveau système sont présentés.
    Notes: Summary Determination of the Post-Failure Behavior of Brittle Rock Using a Servo-Controlled Testing Machine. The use of the servo-controlled testing machine to control fracture when a rock specimen is deformed beyond its peak strength is discussed. This region of deformation can not usually be examined because excess energy released by the loading system produces rapid disintegration of the specimen. In the test method described the energy release is controlled by a high frequency electronic servo-control system acting in combination with a hydraulic system of very short response time. The control causes the excess energy to be withdrawn before it can be released into the disintegrating specimen, by removing pressurized fluid from the hydraulic system. Theoretical considerations reveal that the condition for controlled fracture is determined by the ability of the hydraulic loading system to unload rapidly. This may be expressed in terms of a ‘dynamic stiffness’,K r , of the hydraulic system. For sufficiently small deformation rates and short servo-control response times the fracture process can be controlled, even though the unloading slope of the stress-strain curve of the rock specimen tends to become infinitely steep. The experimental technique is described in detail and some results obtained in studying the post-failure behavior of Tennessee Marble under uni-axial and bi-axial compression using the new system are presented.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 256-256 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 249-256 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 65-70 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 74-74 
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 118-119 
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  • 16
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 138-145 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Keywords: creep ; rheology ; stress-strain relation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Über die Rheologie der Kriecherscheinungen im Gestein Es wird gezeigt, daß die üblichen linearen rheologischen Modelle nicht genügen, um das Kriechverhalten von Gestein zu beschreiben; zu diesem Zwecke muß eine neue rheologische Gleichung postuliert werden. Eine derartige Gleichung wird mittels eines Korrespondenzprinzips zu einem Kelvin-Körper abgeleitet. Sie ist nichtlinear und hat die folgende Form: $$\sigma ' = 2\eta \ddot \varepsilon + \beta \dot \varepsilon ^2 $$ wobeiε die Schiebung,σ die Schubspannung, ein Punkt Ableitung nach der Zeit undβ, η Konstanten bedeuten. Einige Folgerungen aus dieser Gleichung sind dargestellt.
    Abstract: Résumé Sur la rhéologie du fluage des roches Il est démontré que les modelès rhéologiques ordinaires (linéaires) ne suffisent pas pour décrire le caractère du fluage des roches. Dans ce but il faut postuler une nouvelle équation analytique. Une telle équation est déduite en utilisant un principe de correspondance avec un matériau de Kelvin. Elle est non-linéaire et s'écrit comme suit: $$\sigma ' = 2\eta \ddot \varepsilon + \beta \dot \varepsilon ^2 $$ où 2ε est l'angle de glissement,σ la contrainte de cisaillement,η etβ sont des constantes et un point signifie la différentiation par rapport au temps. Quelques conséquences de la nouvelle équation sont démontrées.
    Notes: Summary On the Rheology of Rock Creep The standard (linear) rheological models and the experimental evidence on rock creep are reviewed and it is shown that a new rheological equation (“stress-strain relation”) must be found to describe the most common behavior of rocks. Such a rheological equation is deduced by a correspondence principle with a Kelvin material and is presented. It is nonlinear and of the form: $$\sigma ' = 2\eta \ddot \varepsilon + \beta \dot \varepsilon ^2 $$ whereε is shear strain,σ shear stress, dot denotes time derivation, andη andβ are constants. Some consequences of this equation are discussed.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 146-166 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Driving of Pressure Tunnels in the Suabian Alb for the Second Pipe Line of the Lake of Constance Scheme Within the last 2 1/2 years about 27.5 km of pressure tunnels have been driven for the second potable water pipeline from the Lake of Constance into the dry areas in the middle of Baden-Württemberg, South-West Germany. Not less than 18 km of these were driven by mechanical moles. Three different types of full-face boring machines with varying diameters were used in all kinds of rock in the White Jura and also in the upper part of the Brown Jura. The hard rock formations of the Upper White Jura were driven by a Demag-Mini-Mole of very compact design in the so-called Southern Pressure Tunnels. The total length of these 5 tunnels amounted to 3.4 km, the bored diameter was 2.15 m, the average rate of driving being 10 m per day, the maximum 32 m per day and 304 m per month. The crushing-strength of the rock was found to be 1800–2100 kp/cm2. About 60% of the 24 km long Alb Pressure Tunnel was driven by two moles in middle-hard and soft rock-formations. From the bottom of the 120 m deep Burladingen-Shaft, a Robbinsmole was set in operation in a southerly direction. This machine was not a new one, but it operated very successfully on a 4.7 km long tunnel section, the drilling diameter being 2.7–2.9 m. The following rates of progress were recorded: Rate in the soft marl of White Juraα (compressive strength about 600–800 kp/cm2), average 31.2 m per day, maximum 55 m per day, 860 m per month; in the upper part of White Juraα with some hard rock layers of varying thickness, average 23.3 m per day, maximum 42.0 m per day and in the middle-hard formations of the White Juraβ (horizontal stratified limestone, compressive strength 1600 kp/cm2), average 17.2 m per day, maximum 27.0 m per day. About 9 km in soft ground of the Upper Brown Jura (Ornatenton, compressive strength 400–600 kp/m) were driven by a mole built by Krupp. Despite the fact that the tunnel suffered from falls due to the geological weakness of the strata, and had therefore to be supported by bolting and sprayed concrete immediately after driving, the average rate of driving was 22.5 m per day and 500 m per month. Maximum values of 64 m per day and 847 m per month were recorded. A lot of experience was gained on mechanical driving, especially as there was occasion for direct comparison between these new driving methods and traditional blasting. With mechanical driving, the overbreak factor was limited to 0–3 percent against the about 20–30 percent overbreak observed in the rock formations described above, the amount of support required being only about 1/3 in the mechanical-driven tunnel-sections. The tunnels are to be completed in summer 1970.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Bau von Druckstollen durch die Schwäbische Alb für die zweite Fernleitung der Bodensee-Wasserversorgung Für die zweite Trinkwasserfernleitung vom Bodensee in die Wassermangelräume Baden-Württembergs sind in den letzten Jahren 27,5 km Stollen aufgefahren worden. Hievon wurden nicht weniger als 18 km unter Einsatz dreier Stollenbohrmaschinen verschiedenen Fabrikates und Durchmessers in stark unterschiedlichen Gebirgsarten bezwungen. Nach einer Skizzierung der allgemeinen Projektzusammenhänge wird zunächst über den ersten Einsatz einer von der Demag gebauten Hartgesteinsmaschine in den sogenannten Südstollen berichtet. Diese Bohrmaschine hat etwa 3,4 km im oberen Weißjura durchfahren bei einer mittleren Leistung von 10 m/d, einer maximalen Auffahrung von 32 m/d und einer höchsten Monatsleistung von 304 m. Nahezu 60% des 24 km langen Albstollens, vornehmlich die mittelharten und milden Strecken im Nordtrum, sind mit 2 Vortriebsmaschinen durchörtert worden. Von einem 120 m tiefen Schacht aus kam ein von Robbins gebautes, aus den USA gebraucht bezogenes Gerät zum Einsatz, der sehr erfolgreich verlief. In den nahezu durchwegs standfesten 4,7 km langen Strecken wurden folgende Auffahrergebnisse erreicht: Im weichen Mergel des Weißjuraα i. M. 31,2 m/d, max. 55 m/d und 860 m/Monat; im oberen Weißjuraα, der mit harten Kalksteinbänken wechselnder Mächtigkeit durchzogen war, i. M. 23,3 m/d und max. 42,0 m/d; im Weißjuraβ, die mittelharten „Wohlgeschichteten Kalke“, i. M. 17,2 m/d, max. 27 m/d. Nahezu 9 km im weichen, aber größtenteils nicht standfesten Ornatenton, wurden mit einer durch Krupp gebauten Stollenfräse in 1 1/2 Jahren vorgetrieben. Die Auffahrleistung war durch die immer sofort notwendige Torkretabsicherung und -absiegelung stark beschränkt. Dennoch war die mittlere Leistung von 22,5 m/d und knapp 500 m/Monat beachtlich, noch mehr die Maximalwerte mit 64 m/d bzw. 847 m/Monat. An Hand der beim Albstollen und anderen Maschineneinsätzen gewonnenen Erfahrungen wird auf Konstruktion der Maschinen generell eingegangen und der mechanische Vortrieb als solcher besprochen. Vor- und Nachteile werden z. T. an Hand von Erfahrungswerten herausgearbeitet.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 242-244 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Some Reflections on Rock Stresses Due to Modern Tunnelling and Mining Methods. The safety of work crews at the tunnel face can be increased by blasting shorter rounds, since in this case the unprotected working room is shorter. Record performances in tunneldriving demand the highest degree of tunnel protection, otherwise the owner has to pay more for protection and preservation. Thus, the tunnelling schedule should be designed to allow as much time as realistically possible for completion of the project. In this way the work can be carried out with reasonable, but not excessive haste. Removal of material leads to discharge and ground control problems. This becomes clearly apparent with modern rapid tunelling methods. If the ground is plastic, it swells up in front of the face and leads to undesirable open joints which cause rock falls and, in extreme cases, collapse.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gedanken eines Baugeologen zur Beanspruchung des Gesteins durch moderne Stollenbau- und Abbaumethoden. Kürzere Schüsse erhöhen die Sicherheit der Mannschaft vor Ort, weil der ungesicherte Arbeitsraum kürzer ist. Rekordleistungen im Stollenvortrieb verlangen höchste Leistungsfähigkeit der Stollensicherung, sonst zahlt der Bauherr größere Sicherungs- und Erhaltungskosten. Aus diesem Grunde sollte der Stollenbau, wenn er nicht den Terminplan beherrscht, möglichst große Baufristen erhalten, damit rasch, aber nicht extrem rasch gearbeitet wird. Große Materialentnahmen führen zu Entlastungen des Untergrundes, die sich bei der Schnelligkeit des modernen Abbaues deutlich bemerkbar machen. Ist der Untergrund plastisch, dann quillt er vor der Abbauwand hoch und verursacht in ihr technisch unangenehme offene Klüfte, Steinfall und im Extrem auch Zusammenbrüche.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 80 (1970), S. 5-26 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Second derivative coefficients for various grid systems are derived followingPeters' andElkins' approaches. Two simple formulae, one for three dimensional bodies and the other for two dimensional bodies are also suggested. These utilise the average of the anomalies around a single circle and the anomaly at the central point. All the coefficient sets and the proposed simple formulae are applied to gravity fields of spheres and cylinders. Coefficients ofElkins' type derived with a weightage of 1/r 4 to all the circles gave excellent results in both the cases of spheres and cylinders, whereasPeters' coefficients without any weightage to the circles gave reliable results in case of cylinders only. The simple formulae suggested gave more accurate results than any of the above coefficient sets.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 80 (1970), S. 48-70 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The frequency equation of Rayleigh waves propagating over the free surface of an isotropic, perfectly elastic, heterogeneous semi-infinite medium with material properties varying asλ =λ 0 e az ,μ =μ 0 e az ,ϱ =ϱ 0 e az (a〉0) has been obtained. Solution of the frequency equation in closed form is obtained in two cases (i) λ=0, (ii) λ=μ, and the Rayleigh wave dispersion curves for phase and group velocities drawn. In both the cases the medium yields single Rayleigh modes which cannot propagate below certain cut-off frequencies. It is found that in case (i), β〈c〈c 0 and 0.87500 β〈c g 〈c 0, and in case (ii), 1.03082 β〈c〈c 1 and 0.90850 β〈c g 〈c 1, wherec andc g denote phase nad group velocities respectively, β is the constant shear wave velocity of the mediumc 0 andc 1 are the corresponding Rayleigh wave velocities of the homogeneous medium of the same Poisson's ratio. The motion of the surface particles is found to be retrograde elliptical as in the homogeneous case, but the ratic of the major and minor axes now becomes frequency dependent and is plotted against frequency. In both the cases (i) and (ii), the ratio starts at a lower value at the cut-off frequency and approaches the corresponding value of the homogeneous medium at high frequencies.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 80 (1970), S. 71-83 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Notes: Summary The displacement produced in the half-space by uniform impulsive pressure acting over a circular portion of the surface has been obtained in terms of definite integrals. FollowingCagniard andGarvin, the displacement at an interior point on the axis of symmetry has been calculated. The approximate displacement at points far off from the axis of symmetry has been obtained by using saddle point method and Tauberian limit theorem.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 80 (1970), S. 92-101 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Notes: Summary A new significant correlation has been sought between high magnitude global seismicity and lateral surface wave velocity gradients. Rayleigh wave velocity divisioning of Eurasia, Africa, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean into regions of similar group velocity dispersion character of 30 sec period bySanto andSato [1]3) has been mainly used for calculating the gradients. It is quite striking to note that all earthquakes of magnitude 8.6 and above during 1897–1956 have occurred in regions having gradients of the order of 1.5·10−3 sec−1. Finally, some potential areas for high magnitude earthquake occurrences are predicted and the possible velocity gradients in regions, where division pattern is not yet investigated like South America and Australia, are also estimated.
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    Mineralium deposita 5 (1970), S. 280-299 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Justified by the existence of previously known indications and by the presence of saliferous series, recurring from Infracambrian to Quaternary, in the stratigraphical sequence, a study of the possibilities of exploration for potash deposits in Iran (restricted to Central Iran and Azerbeidjan), resulted in the localisation of several outcropping showings, mainly inside Tertiary series. These indications are described, together with their position in the formations concerned. Through this geological study, an attempt is made to define, in conclusion, the guide lines for a systematical potash exploration venture in Iran.
    Notes: Résumé Justifiée par l'existence d'indices déjà connus ainsi que par la présence dans l'échelle stratigraphique de séries salifères, récurrentes de l'Infracambrien au Quaternaire inclus, une étude des possibilités de recherche de gisements de potasse en Iran (restreinte à l'Iran Central et à l'Azerbeidjan) a permis de repérer à l'affleurement plusieurs nouveaux indices, principalement dans des séries d'âge Tertiaire. Ces indices sont décrits ainsi que leur position dans les formations intéressées; de cette étude géologique, on tente, en conclusion, de dégager les lignes directrices d'une entreprise systématique de prospection de la potasse en Iran.
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    Mineralium deposita 5 (1970), S. 320-320 
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    Mineralium deposita 5 (1970), S. 321-322 
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    Mineralium deposita 5 (1970), S. 345-353 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cet article traite de la formation de minerais de fer et de skarns aux dépens de roches principalement carbonatées dans le voisinage de corps intrusifs. Les arguments qui militent en faveur de cette théorie métasomatique bien connue sont brièvement discutés: ils ont trait à la répartition des corps minéralisés, à leur structure interne, à l'altération des roches intrusives adjacentes; ou encore ils reposent sur des données expérimentales et géochronologiques. Il est suggéré que, dans l'évolution géologique des auréoles métamorphiques, il faut distinguer deux stades. Au cours du premier, les roches intrusives sont partiellement liquides; les roches encaissantes se déforment par fluage; les gaz diffusent des premières au travers des secondes, où ils s'infiltrent dans les limites intergranulaires; ils sont saturés vis-à-vis de la calcite ou se saturent rapidement. Au cours du second stade, les roches intrusives sont consolidées; les roches encaissantes sont capables de se fracturer; les fluides s'écoulent dans des systèmes de chenaux plus ou moins ouverts; ils sont sous-saturés vis-à-vis de la calcite. L'origine des fluides du second stade est discutée dans la dernière partie de l'article. Elle peut être magmatique. Il peut également s'agir de fluides non-magmatiques remobilisés et canalisés par le corps intrusif. Parallèlement l'origine du fer peut être recherchée dans le magma en voie de différenciation ou dans l'altération de la roche intrusive déjà consolidée.
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the formation of iron ores and skarns chiefly at the expense of carbonate rocks in the neighborhood of intrusive bodies. The arguments in favor of this well known metasomatic theory are briefly reviewed: they deal with the frequency and localization of ore bodies, their internal structure, the hydrothermal alteration of adjacent igneous rocks, experimental data and geochronology. It is suggested that, in the geological evolution of metamorphic aureoles, two stages must be considered. During the first one, the intrusive rock is partially liquid; the country rock yields by flowing; gas, which soon becomes saturated with respect to calcite, flows or diffuses through the intergranular boundaries of the country rock. During the second stage, the intrusive rock is solid; the country rock is capable of being fractured; gas flows through more or less open channelways; gas is unsaturated with respect to calcite. The origin of the fluids during the second stage is discussed in the final part. They may be magmatic. They may also be non-magmatic fluids remobilized by the intrusive body and ascending through it. Correlatively, the origin of the metal may be found either in the differenciating magma or in the altering intrusive rock.
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    Mineralium deposita 5 (1970), S. 375-382 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die einzigartigen gangförmigen Graphitlagerstätten von Ceylon befinden sich in einem hochgradig metamorphen Gebiet präkambrischer Sedimente. Die Bogala Grube liegt in einer Granulit- und Almandin-Amphibolitzone. Die Richtung der Gänge wird weitgehend bestimmt durch die beiden regionalen Gesteins-Hauptrichtungen; doch gibt es auch Gänge, die einer dritten Richtung folgen. Länge, Breite und lokaler Verlauf der Gänge sind sehr unregelmäßig. Neben reinem Graphit weisen sie nur geringe Mengen anderer Mineralien auf. Jeder einzelne Gang besteht aus einer Reihe gangparalleler Graphitzonen. Es besteht die Vermutung, daß die ceylonesischen Graphitgänge und möglicherweise alle ähnlichen Lagerstätten durch Lateralsekretion entstanden sind. Der Graphit stammt aus den stark karbonhaltigen Sedimenten der Umgebung und wird im festen Zustand umgelagert, indem die Graphitblättchen sich auf Korngrenzen in Richtung des Druckabfalls bewegen. Der Graphit sammelt sich entlang den Bruchzonen mit relativ niedrigem Druck an. Jedes Graphitband im Gang ist auf eine Druckentlastung entlang der Bruchzone zurückzuführen.
    Notes: Abstract The unique vein-type graphite deposits of Ceylon occur in high-grade metamorphic terrain of Early Precambrian metasedimentary series. At the Bogala graphite mine, the rocks are of the granulite and almandine amphibolite metamorphic facies. The direction of veins is strongly controlled by the two major regional lineation directions; veins with a third direction are also present. The veins are very irregular in length, width, and local attitude and contain only minor amounts of other minerals than pure graphite. Each vein is made up of a number of parallel graphite sheets oriented parallel to the vein. It is suggested that the Ceylon graphite veins, and possibly all similar deposits, form by lateral secretion. The graphite is obtained from the surrounding carbon-rich sediments and transported in the solid phase as the slippery graphite grains move along grain boundaries down a pressure gradient. The graphite accumulates along the relatively low-pressure zones of fractures. Each graphite sheet within the vein represents a period of pressure release along the fracture.
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    Mineralium deposita 5 (1970), S. 396-397 
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    Mineralium deposita 5 (1970), S. 398-398 
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    Naturwissenschaften 57 (1970), S. 1-5 
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    Naturwissenschaften 57 (1970), S. 29-36 
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    Naturwissenschaften 57 (1970), S. 6-10 
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    Naturwissenschaften 57 (1970), S. 10-16 
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    Naturwissenschaften 57 (1970), S. 36-37 
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    Naturwissenschaften 57 (1970), S. 17-23 
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    Naturwissenschaften 57 (1970), S. 37-37 
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    Naturwissenschaften 57 (1970), S. 23-28 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Riechzellen des SeidenspinnersBombyx mori reagieren auf ein einzelnes Lockstoffmolekül mit einem einzelnen Nervenimpuls. Die mittlere Reaktionszeit beträgt etwa 1/2 sec. Bei schwachen Reizen deckt sich die Häufigkeitsverteilung der Impulse mit der Zufallsverteilung der Molekültreffer. Dabei werden nahezu alle auf die Oberfläche der Riechhaare treffenden Moleküle zu den Wirkorten geleitet. Im Verhaltenstest reagiert ein signifikanter Prozentsatz von Tieren, wenn etwa 1% der Lockstoffrezeptoren der Antenne durch den Duftreiz errget ist. Das Signal-Rauschverhältnis der gesamten Rezeptoren hat dann das theoretische Minimum gerade überschritten. Die Impulsmeldungen können offenbar über mehr als eine Sekunde zentral integriert werden.
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    Naturwissenschaften 57 (1970), S. 41-41 
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