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  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (809)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (809)
  • American Society of Hematology
  • Wiley
  • 2005-2009
  • 1980-1984  (625)
  • 1965-1969  (184)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1984  (625)
  • 1969  (184)
Collection
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Publisher
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (809)
  • American Society of Hematology
  • Wiley
Years
  • 2005-2009
  • 1980-1984  (625)
  • 1965-1969  (184)
  • 1955-1959
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphological, ultrastructural, histochemical and electrophoretic studies on the venom system of Nasonia vitripennis walker (hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 177-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The venom system of Nasonia vitripennis is well-developed and composed of an unbranched acid gland and associated reservoir. Fine-structural, histochemical and electrophoretic studies indicate that the venom is produced by two protein-secreting epithelia. The bulk of the venom is synthesised in the columnar cells of the acid gland and discharged via “vesicular organelles” and the efferent ductular system into the lumen of the reservoir. The acid gland also contains squamous chitogenous cells, situated either around the central lumen or interposed between the bases of the columnar cells. Once within the reservoir, the venom is probably activated by enzymatic secretions from the reservoir secretory cells. Each of these cells has a “vesicular organelle” but, in contrast to the columnar cells of the acid gland, the cytoplasm contains a preponderance of free ribosomes, and protein segregation apparently occurs outside the Golgi complexes.The venom is expelled through the efferent discharge duct by muscular contractions, which open the duct lumen and bring it into contact with the funnel of the ovipositor. Excessive distortion of the duct is prevented by a massive ventral ligament.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051270205
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  • 2
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    Electron microscopic studies of the compound eye of the toadbug, Gelastocoris oculatus (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 233-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: There are eight retinula cells in the ommatidium of the compound eye of the toadbug (Gelastocoris oculatus), two of which are central in position. Along the axial sides of the six peripheral retinula cells expand six cytoplasmic processes from the apical crystalline cone cells. These processes, which contain longitudinally-oriented microtubules, are associated with all eight retinula cells by means of desmosomal junctions. In addition to providing structural support, the possibility is set forth that the interconnecting cone processes might also serve to functionally integrate the retinula cells of an ommatidium. The eight retinula cells possess microvillus surfaces, which are especially prominent in the six peripheral cells, where they extend into the lumen of the ommatidium. There is evidence of pinocytotic activity at the bases of microvilli. Multivesicular bodies are present in the cytoplasm of retinula cells, and the means by which these bodies might be elaborated are discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051270208
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  • 3
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    On the mechanism of respiration in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana: A reassessmentSupported (in part) by National Science Foundation grant GB-6521X. Presented (in part) at the 150th Conference of the Society for Experimental Biology in Bristol, England, during March 1968, at the meeting of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists at Ann Arbor, Michigan on 18 June 1968, and before the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles meeting at Mountain Lake, Virginia on 24 August 1968. (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 259-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mechanism of respiration in the bullfrog has been analyzed by means of pressure recordings from the buccal cavity, the lungs and the abdominal cavity, by cinematography and cinefluorography, and by electromyography of buccal, laryngeal and abdominal muscles. Gas flow was investigated by putting frogs in atmospheres of changing argon and nitrogen content and monitoring the concentration of the nostril efflux.Three kinds of cyclical phenomena were found. (1) Oscillatory cycles consist of rhythmical raising and lowering of the floor of the mouth, with open nares. They have a definite respiratory function in introducing fresh air into the buccal cavity. (2) Ventilatory cycles involve opening and closing of the glottis and nares and renewal of a portion of the pulmonary gas. More muscles are involved and the pattern of muscular activity is more complex than in the oscillatory cycles. (3) Inflation cycles consist of a series of ventilation cycles, interrupted by an apneic pause. The intensity of the ventilatory cycles increases before this pause and decreases immediately thereafter. This results in a stepwise increase in pulmonary pressure, to a plateau (coincident with the pause) followed by a sudden or stepwise decrease.The respiratory mechanism depends on the activity of a buccal force pump, which determines pulmonary pressure whose level is always slightly less than the peak pressure values of the ventilation cycles. The elevated pulmonary pressure is responsible for the expulsion of pulmonary gas during the second phase of the next ventilation cycle. This pressure is maintained by the elastic fibers (and the smooth masculature) of the lungs.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051270302
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  • 4
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    Tentacular and oral-disc regeneration in the sea anemone, Aiptasia diaphana. I. Sequential morphological events in distal-end restitutionThis work was supported by National Science Foundation grant GB-5045 and National Institutes of Health Bio-Medical Sciences Support grant to NYU. (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 373-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The complete regeneration of a new oral-disc and tentacles has been observed and described for Aiptasia diaphana. These structures are regenerated quite rapidly: seven to ten days at 20°C. At three days post-amputation, the new primary, secondary, and tertiary tentacle buds begin to develop in direct association with the underlying primary, secondary, and tertiary septae (respectively) of the column, suggesting that the latter organize the form of the regenerating oral-disc. Two days after amputation, the zooxanthellae of the presumptive oral disc arrange themselves into a ring which quite precisely delimits the area from which the tentacle buds will form. In spite of its suggestive proximity, this accumulation of algae plays no role in the induction of tentacle buds as was shown by studying regeneration in anemones which essentially lacked large quantities of these symbiotic algae.Cuts perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the column result in an equal rate of tentacular regeneration around the entire circumference of the presumptive oral disc. Oblique amputations foster an asynchronous regeneration: the tentacle buds of the distal-most area of the severed column are larger and regenerate much sooner than those of the proximal region. Similar results were obtained by studying anemones which were cut perpendicular to their longitudinal axes at different levels along the column. The data suggest that an oral-aboral gradient exists concerning the time required for the initiation of tentacle budding and the rate of tentacle regeneration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051270308
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  • 5
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    Masthead (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051280101
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  • 6
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    A rapid method for detecting malformations in rat fetusesSupported in part by National Heart Institute Graduate Cardiovascular Training grant 2T1-HE 5493 (Dr. Barrow, Trainee) and by grants from the North-east Florida Heart Association, Inc., and the Palm Beach Heart Association, Inc., Chapters of the Florida Heart Association, Inc. Read before the Teratology Society, Estes Park, Colorado, May, 1967. (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 291-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A rapid method for examining rat fetuses is presented. The technique consists of fixing the fetuses in Bouin's solution, serially sectioning the head, neck and lower trunk with a razor blade and doing sagittal sections of the heart after opening the thoracic cavity. Examples of sections from normal 20 day rat fetuses are given as well as some with the following abnormalities: cleft palate produced by chlorcyclizine and eye and heart malformations resulting from anti-adult rat kidney serum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051270303
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  • 7
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    The structure of an epidermal cell during the development of the protein epicuticle and the uptake of molting fluid in an insect (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 7-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A structure for a generalized insect epidermal cell during the formation of the epicuticle is proposed, based on studies of several different epidermal cell types. The protein epicuticle is defined as the dense homogeneous layer below the cuticulin. The formation of the protein epicuticle involves secretory vesicles arising in Golgi complexes, and marks an interlude in the involvement in cuticle formation of plasma membrane plaques. The plaques are concerned in cuticulin formation before and in fibrous cuticle formation after the deposition of the protein epicuticle.The epidermis is characterized by the possession of a cytoskeleton of microtubules and a matrix of microfibers. In the elongated cells forming bristles and spines, the microfibers are often oriented in bundles with an axial banding which repeats every 120 Å. The microtubules are also arranged in columns with a trigonal packing and center to center spacing of about 800 Å. These cytoskeletal structures separate the other organelles into channels which may restrict the pathways open for the movement of secretory and pinocytotic vesicles. The protein epicuticle arises from the secretory vesicles which discharge at the apical surface. The contents disperse and reaggregate below the cuticulin. The Golgi complexes in the basal and central regions have many secretory vesicles and a small saccular component, differing from those nearer the apex which are smaller and have fenestrated saccules. The small coated vesicles (800 Å in diameter) associated with both sorts of complex, probably move to the apical and basal faces of the cell where they may give rise to the large coated vesicles (2000 Å in diameter) inserted in the plasma membrane. Pinocytosis occurs from both apical and basal faces but most lytic activity is in the apical region. Plant peroxidase injected into the haemocoel is taken up basally and transported to the apical MVBs. The large coated vesicles on the apical face may be concerned in the control of the extracellular subcuticular environment. They appear to fill up and detach, fusing to become the apical MVBs.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051270103
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  • 8
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    The cytology of submandibular glands of the opossumThis study was supported by U.S.P.H.S. grants DE 02110 and DE 02670. (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 1-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Submandibular glands of the opossum have been studied by light and electron microscopy and compared with other mammalian salivary glands. The glands have four parenchymal segments which connect in the order named below to convey saliva toward the oral cavity. 1Secretory units are elongated branching tubules exhibiting mucous and special serous cell types. Mucous cells predominate and resemble those in other salivary glands. Special serous cells differ from “typical” serous cells. They contain a preponderance of tubular or vesicular endoplasmic reticulum and secretory granules which vary from electron lucent to electron opaque.2Intercalated ducts are short segments lined by nonsecretory, cuboidal cells.3Striated ducts are numerous and lie in the center of the lobule. The duct epithelium has four cell types, designated light cells, dark cells, Type I basal cells, and Type II basal cells. Light cells possess basal infoldings associated with mitochondria, but the other cell types lack this characteristic.4Excretory ducts are also lined by four cell types which bear the same names as those of striated ducts. Three of the four cell types are virtually identical to those of striated ducts, but light cells differ. They do not always contain basal infoldings and the supranuclear cytoplasm lacks distinct inner and outer zones.The glands resemble salivary glands of higher mammals in many respects while possessing certain unique cytological features which may reflect the secretory needs of the organism.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051280102
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  • 9
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    Morphologic variation in the cranium and mandible of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus): A comparative study of geographical and four biological distances (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 95-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Several biological distances based on cranial and mandibular variation among breeding groups of white-tailed deer were calculated and compared with geographic distances among the groups. Distances based on epigenetic variation among ten groups were calculated using 16 non-metric variants of the cranium and mandible. Penrose's size and shape distances and Mahalanobis' D2 distance were calculated for 11 groups; the calculations were based on seven skeletal and seven dental metric variables of the mandible.The biological distances were correlated with geographic distance as follows: the epigenetic distance, 0.74; Penrose's shape distance, 0.71; Penrose's size distance, 0.45; and Mahalanobis' distance, 0.37. All correlations were significant at the 0.01 level. The epigenetic and Penrose shape correlations were significantly higher than the Mahalanobis correlation.Because of the conditions under which the breeding groups were selected, it was assumed that genetic affinites among the groups would be a function of geographic distance. The results suggest that the epigenetic distance and Penrose's shape distance reflect genetic affinities among groups better than do the Penrose size and Mahalanobis distances.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051280105
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  • 10
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    Mechanics of respiration in the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina (Linné) (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 195-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mechanism of lung ventilation in chelonians has been much debated. Electromyographic studies show that the basic mechanism in the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina, is dependent on the activities of four major respiratory muscles that are capable of varying the volume of the visceral cavity. The precise mechanism utilized varies in response to environmental factors, especially the depth to which the animal is submerged. Chelydra tends to reduce muscular activity to a minimum, and hydrostatic pressure or gravity replaces muscular effort whenever possible. The response is subject to hysteresis. Both the mechanics and pattern of ventilation in Chelydra differ from those of Testudo. The differences appear to be attributable in part to Chelydra's markedly reduced plastron and more extensive respiratory musculature and in part to the different habitats occupied by the two species.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051280205
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  • 11
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    Cytological observations on the so-called neoblasts in the serpulid SpirorbisThis work was supported by a Faculty Research grant from the Graduate Council of the University of Massachusetts. (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 241-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The purported “neoblasts” of the serpulid Spirorbis have been studied in Spirorbis (Paradexiospira) vitreus and Spirorbis (Laeospira) borealis at both the light and electron microscopic levels. These perivasal cells occur in greatest abundance around the ventral blood vessel of the achaetous region. In light microscope preparations, the perivasal cells are intensely basophilic, containing basally situated nuclei, and relatively large nucleoli. The fine structure of the perivasal cells reveals that they contain an abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum, well-developed Golgi complex, heterogeneous dense bodies, and cytolysomes. The respiratory pigment chlorocruorin, which has a diameter of about 230 Å and is believed to be composed of two superimposed hexagonal components, has been localized within: cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, elements of the Golgi complex, and membrane-bounded vesicles at the base of the perivasal cells. Evidence is advanced which strongly suggests that molecules of chlorocruorin are transported from the perivasal cells into the lumen of the vessel by reverse pinocytosis. It is concluded that whatever other functional role(s) the perivasal cells of Spirorbis may have, a major function is the synthesis and secretion of chlorocruorin. Whether the perivasal cells can be considered to be pluripotent is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051280207
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  • 12
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    Functional components versus mechanical units in descriptive morphologyPresented (in part) before the annual meeting of the Section of Vertebrate Morphology, American Society of Zoologists, on December 30, 1968 at Dallas, Texas. (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 365-368 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The concept of functional components was initially proposed by van der Klaauw ('45, '52) to indicate overlap of functional influences particularly in mammalian skulls; his analysis marked a departure from the study of single characters to that of function-modified systems. A very similar set of terms is now coming into vogue to describe the mechanically separable components of highly kinetic fish, amphibian and reptilian skulls. In these cases the term functional unit often pertains only to the musculo-skeletal system and is utilized during the process of description; it is often applied before a complete functional analysis has been carried out.Yet, any structure tends to be affected by the influence of multiple functions, and any function will almost certainly affect multiple characteristics of the animal. Since functional components overlap, the term should not be used to label an essentially topographical dissection of the animal. It cannot be expected that each loosely connected component of a kinetic skull subserves as a single “function,” and that this function does not overlap onto other units.It is suggested that the term mechanical unit be substituted as a label for the mechanical sub-divisions often utilized to organize descriptions. The concept of functional units in the original sense then remains available as an analytical tool.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051280305
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  • 13
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    The cytology of the vitellogenic stages of oogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. I. General staging characteristics (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 427-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cytology of the vitellogenic stages in the development of the oocyte of Drosophila melanogaster has been studied using whole mounts and sections of plastic-embedded ovaries and single egg chambers for light microscopy and cytochemistry. The migrations, changes in morphology, and synthetic products of the follicle cells are described as a function of developmental stage. The follicle cells synthesize the egg coverings, the vitelline and chorionic membranes, and elaborate the micropyle and dorsal chorionic appendages. The changing structure of the nurse cell nucleus and changes in organelle composition of its cytoplasm are described. The nurse cells synthesize ribosomes, lipid droplets, and mitochondria. These components pass through the ring canal system into the oocyte, which increases in volume some 200,000 times during its 78 hours of development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051280404
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  • 14
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    Musculature, nervous system and glands of metasomal abdominal segments of the male of Nomia melanderi Ckll. (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)Supported by Grant 12-14-100-8072(33) from Agricultural Research Service, USDA. (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969), S. 59-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Each muscle of the third metasomal segment of the male of Nomia melanderi Ckll. is described in detail. The points of attachment of each muscle are compared with their homologs in other pregenital segments and with their homologs in the female. The function desgnated for each muscle describes its action alone or in conjunction with other muscle(s). New names are given to genital muscles by referring in the name to their points of attachment. Each intratergal muscle has homologous points of attachment in the pregenital segments of both sexes. The median tergo-dorsoplical muscle of the seventh segment and the oblique tergo-dorsoplical muscle of the eighth segment have changed their points of attachment. The intrasternal muscles are modified to suit the needs of courtship and mating, thus they are different from their homologs in the female. The spiracular muscles are well developed in all segments except the eighth, where the sterno-spiracular muscle is absent. The extrinsic genital muscles are derived from the intrasternal muscles of the eighth and ninth segments. The parameral and volsellar muscles are reduced in number. The aedeagal muscles, except the aedeago-phallic, have retained similar points of attachment to those found in primitive Hymenoptera. The topography of the metasomal nervous system is reported in detail by following each nerve and nervule to its termination. The study shows that (at least in Nomia) the criterion of nerve-concentration should not be used alone to indicate evolutionary levels. To accommodate the morphological changes in the terminal segments the Anterior and Posterior Lateral Nerves have migrated to new locations. The pattern of nerve topography (even at the nervule level) is homologous both in the different pregenital segments and between the sexes. The fact that homology does not exist between the external genitalia of the male and the modified ovipositor of the female supports the thesis that the male genital capsule is of phallic rather than prephallic origin. A pair of intersegmental membrane glands located between the seventh and eighth sterna is described. These glands may be the source of a pheromon responsible for gregariousness among “sleeping” males.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051290105
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    Ultrastructure of thymic myoid cellsThis investigation was supported in part by National Science Foundation grant GB-6984 and U.S.P.H.S. grant FR-05423. (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969), S. 201-210 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mature myoid cells in the parenchyma of reptilian thymus contain all the organelles typical of striated muscle. The presence of both immature and degenerating stages indicates a turnover of myoid cells in the adult thymus. In the earlier stages of differentiation myoid cells resemble thymic epithelial cells. A close parallel exists between developing myoid cells, skeletal muscle differentiating in vitro, rhabdomyoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. Elaborate lattice-like structures are formed by transverse tubules. These structures are compared with similar configurations which have been described in muscle and mitochondrial cristae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051290205
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    The hatching thread of praying mantids: An unusual chintinous structure (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969), S. 307-315 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The hatching threads of praying mantis embryos are silk-like in appearance, but cellular in origin. Their development can be divided into four phases. In phase 1 each embryonic cercus produces a hollow column of cells which is pushed out dorso-laterally, on either side of the embryo, between the epidermis and the chorion. In phase 2 each column becomes transformed into an unbroken helical cellular filament. The terminal five or six cells at the distal end of each filament become permanently attached to the inner surface of the chorion. The cellular arrangement of the filament is superseded by an apparent syncytial condition. In phase 3 the extensive proximal parts of the two filaments become folded into a compact space, flanked by the cerci and styli, at the tip of the abdomen. Throughout phase 4 the filaments remain in two tightly coiled groups, connected to the chorionic attachments by loosely coiled distal regions. Progressive secretion of chitin by, and around, each filament forms a sheath, 1-2 μ thick, which provides the tensile component of the hatching threads. During emergence these threads become unravelled to form a double thread which allows the insect to hang from the ootheca and complete its first ecdysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051290304
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  • 17
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    Masthead (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051290401
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    The influence of the nerve on lower jaw regeneration in the adult newt, Triturus viridescensPortion of a thesis submitted to the Graduate School of Case Western Reserve University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anatomy.,This investigation was supported by grants GM 08580-07 and GM 12653 from the National Institutes of Health. The work was performed while the author held a pre-doctoral fellowship from the National Institutes of Health. (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969), S. 401-413 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The present investigation was undertaken in an attempt to determine the role played by the nerve in the regeneration of the lower jaw of the adult newt, Triturus viridescens. The results indicated that the number of nerve fibers normally available at the amputation surface was very low compared with that of the newt forelimb. Furthermore, denervation of the lower jaw reduced the number of nerve fibers available to an extremely low level and maintained the number at a low level for up to four weeks without intervening redenervations. The regenerative events in the denervated and amputated lower jaws were indistinguishable histologically from those in amputated jaws having normal innervation. This presented an apparent exception to the general rule that regeneration of external body parts is dependent on the nerve. Several possible explanations are proposed by which this apparent exception might be explained. The process following amputation might be an exaggerated form of wound healing and tissue regeneration which can occur in the absence of nerves. The tissues of the lower jaw might be more sensitive to the influence of those nerve fibers present. The nerve fibers themselves might be qualitatively different and thus exert a greater influence on the tissues.
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    A comparative study of the embryological development of the median cord in hemipteraAuthorized for publication on September 11, 1968 as paper No. 3476 in the journal series of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station. (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969), S. 375-399 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Median cord development is uniform in six families of Hemiptera and five non-hemipterans. The median cord arises independently from the lateral cords and is histologically distinguishable from the latter throughout development. Intrasegmentally, median cord nuclei possess prominent nucleoli and many small chromatin granules surrounded by clear nuclear sap. This region forms what appear to be glial elements at the midline of the neuropile. Intersegmentally, a spherical clump of eight to twelve large nuclei develops surrounded by dark-staining granular cytoplasm. Each intersegmental clump migrates anteriorly into the preceding ganglionic region but degenerates soon after katatrepsis.
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    Sequence of ossification in the skeleton of growing and metamorphosing tadpoles of Rana pipiensSupported by research grants from the National Science Foundation (GB 4317) and the U. S. Public Health Service (GM 05867-10). (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969), S. 415-443 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The order of ossification of bones in the skeleton of Rana pipiens during larval growth and metamorphosis has been determined from observations on specimens fixed in 70% alcohol and stained with alizarin red S. The axial skeleton ossifies in a generally cephalo-caudal sequence, beginning with the parasphenoid bone at Taylor-Kollros stages IV-IX, followed by vertebrae (V-IX) and then the urostyle (IX-XIV). Exoccipitals (VII-IX), frontoparietals (XI-XII) and prootics (XIII-XVII) are additional cranial bones which successively ossify before metamorphosis. With the onset of metamorphosis at stage XVIII jawbones and rostral bones of the skull ossify in the following succession: premaxilla, maxilla, septomaxilla, nasal, dentary, angular, squamosal, pterygoid, prevomer, mentomeckelian, quadratojugal, palatine, columella, posteromedial process of “hyoid.” The sphenethmoid does not ossify until after metamorphosis.Ossification of limbbones begins with the femur or humerus at stages X-XII and progresses proximo-distally to the phalanges by stages XIII-XV. Carpals, however, do not ossify until stage XXV or after metamorphosis. The ilium of the pelvic girdle begins to ossify at stages X-XII, but the ischium is delayed until stages XX-XXIII. Scapula and coracoid of the pectoral girdle undergo initial ossification at stages XII-XIV, suprascapula and clavicle at stages XIII-XV. The sternum does not begin to ossify until stage XXIV. The possible role of thyroid hormones in stimulating osteogenesis is discussed.
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    Cell proliferation in Xenopus tissues: A comparison of mitotic incidence in vivo and in organ culture (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 363-372 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Using the Colcemid technique, the mitotic incidence (MI) was measured in the epidermis, lung, spleen, liver, kidney and ovarian follicular cells of metamorphosed, immature Xenopus laevis laevis. The MI was higher at 25°C than at 20°C, and there was a significant ranking correlation between organs in respect of the MI in different animals. With the exception of the liver and kidney, organ cultures showed good preservation for up to six days in vitro using a medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, and values for MI comparable with or even higher than in vivo were obtained.
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    Masthead (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051270401
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    Ultrastructure of bovine parotid glandsSupported by U.S.P.H.S. grants DE 02670 and DE 02110. (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 453-473 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Bovine parotid glands exhibit outstanding structural differences when compared with those of non-ruminant mammals. The acini are tortuous, branched and lined with cells of different heights, imparting a scalloped appearance to acinar lumina. Numerous microvilli, ca. 1.5 μ in length, extend into the lumina and intercellular canaliculi. Intercellular canaliculi measure ca. 3 μ in diameter and interweave in close association with intercellular tissue spaces. Intercellular tissue spaces are separated from the extraacinar spaces across a basal lamina only, whereas junctional complexes guard canaliculi from direct continuity with tissue spaces and/or extraacinar spaces. Flattened cytoplasmic lamellae extend from adjacent acinar cells and loosely interdigitate with one another across the tissue spaces. Acinar cells contain more mitochondria and less granular endoplasmic reticulum than parotid glands of non-ruminant mammals. Two types of secretory material, in the form of inclusions which vary in size and electron density, are present in the acinar cells. Intercalated ducts connect acini with striated ducts which in turn, empty into collecting ducts located between gland lobules. In terms of frequency of “basal infoldings” and numbers of mitochondria, striated ducts of calf parotid glands are not as well developed as those of certain other salivary glands. Myoepithelial cells are most often present at junctions of acini and intercalated ducts where they may attach to both acinar and ductal epithelium. Nerve “terminals” were not observed on the epithelial side of basement membranes in relation to the secretory cells.
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    Pigment cell differentiation in the fire-bellied toad, Bombina orientalis. I. Structural, chemical, and physical aspects of the adult pigment pattern (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984), S. 229-242 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Wild-collected adults of Bombina orientalis are bright green dorsally and red to red-orange ventrally. As a prelude to an analysis of the differentiation of pigment cells in developing B. orientalis, we describe structural and chemical aspects of the fully differentiated pigment pattern of the “normal” adult.Structurally, differences between dorsal green and ventral red skin are summarized as follows: (1) Dorsal green skin contains a “typical” dermal chromatophore unit comprised of melanophores, iridophores, and xanthophores. Red skin contains predominantly carotenoid-containing xanthophores (erythrophores), and skin from black spot areas contains only melanophores. (2) In ventral red skin, there is also a thin layer of deep-lying iridophores that presumably are not involved in the observed color pattern. (3) Xanthophores of red and green skin are morphologically distinguishable from each other. Dorsal skin xanthophores contain both pterinosomes and carotenoid vesicles; ventral skin xanthophores contain only carotenoid vesicles. Carotenoid vesicles in dorsal xanthophores are much larger but less electron dense than comparable structures in ventral xanthophores.The presence of carotenes in ventral skin accounts for the bright red-orange color of the belly of this frog. Similar pigments are also present in green skin, but in smaller quantities and in conjunction with both colored (yellow) and colorless pteridines. From spectral data obtained for xanthophore pigments and structural data obtained from the size and arrangement of reflecting platelets in the iridophore layer, we attempt to explain the phenomenon of observed green color in B. orientalis.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800101
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    Intercellular bridges in ovaries of the newborn gerbil (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 29-35 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study describes intercellular bridges in the ovaries of neonatal gerbils. Electron microscopy has revealed the presence of true intercellular bridges, connecting oogonia or oocytes, in ovaries of newborn gerbils. The cytoplasm of the intercellular channels is similar to that of the connected cells, with mitochondria, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and free ribosomes present. Lysosomes are also occasionally present in the intercellular bridges and they may be involved in early waves of oocyte atresia. An electrondense substance, 350-500 Å thick, is located immediately beneath the unit membrane of the intercellular bridges. Accumulation of electron-dense material increases the thickness of the walls of the intercellular bridges, supporting and maintaining the patency of the channels. It is suggested that the intercellular channels probably allow the interchange of nutrients, organelles, and possibly regulatory materials as well.
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    Comparative study of the forelimbs of the semifossorial prairie dog, Cynomys gunnisoni, and the scansorial fox squirrel, Sciurus nlger (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 55-68 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A comparative study of the forelimbs of the semifossorial prairie dog, Cynomys gunnisoni, and the scansorial tree squirrel, Sciurus niger, was focused on the musculoskeletal design for digging in the former and climbing in the latter. Based on lever arm mechanics, it was expected that the forelimb of the prairie dog would show features appropriate to the production of relatively large forces and that of the fox squirrel to relatively great velocity. Force and lever arm measurements were made of select forelimb muscles at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints for a series of angles in both species. Contraction time and fatigue indexes were determined for the same forelimb muscles. Contrary to expectation, in the few cases in which significant (P 〈 .05) differences were found, the forces, lever arms, and torques (force times its lever arm) were greater in the smaller fox squirrel. The observed variation in the torques produced fits the demands on the forelimb during climbing and digging as estimated from films. Several forelimb muscles of the fox squirrel show significantly higher mean contraction times than do the homologous muscles of the prairie dog. There were no significant differences between the two species in the fatigability of the selected forelimb muscles, although the mean fatigue index was always higher (less fatigable muscle) in the prairie dog. Similarities in the forelimbs of these two sciurids suggest that only minor modifications may have been required of the ancestral forelimb in order for descendent forms to operate successfully as climbers and diggers.
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    The stomatogastric nervous system of the house cricket Acheta domesticus L. II. Iontophoretic study of neuron anatomy (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 105-124 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The anatomy of neurons of the stomatogastric nervous system of Ascheta domesticus was studied using heavy metal iontophoresis through cut nerve ends followed by silver intensification. Nineteen categories of neuron are described and compared with neurons known from the stomatogastric nervous system of other insects. Possible functions for the neurons are suggested. Motor neuron candidates are suggested for all parts of the gut served by the stomatogastric nervous system, and axons of sensory neurons of the anterior pharynx are located. There are four neuron types that cannot readily be assigned motor, sensory, or interneuron functions: large dorsal cells of the frontal ganglion; the two neurons of the nervus connectivus, and two categories of neurons in the median neurosecretory cell group of the pars intercerebralis, the axons of which are contained in the stomatogastric nerves.
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    Antennal receptors in the blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala. I. The gigantic central projection of the pedicellar campaniform sensillum (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 159-169 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the pedicellar segment of the fly antenna there is a large campaniform sensillum. The central projection of the sensory cell (LCC) of this large campaniform sensillum is described from labeling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and cobalt. The LCC projects bilaterally to several regions of the brain and subesophageal and thoracic ganglia. The LCC processes in these termination areas were analyzed in relation to other neural processes, including the remaining antennal sensory and motor projection. This analysis was aided by combining HRP labeling with Golgi silver impregnation. Based on earlier findings and the present data we suggest that the LCC, with its various outputs in, e.g., antennal and leg motor centers, serves as a multifunctional sensory path involved in control functions necessary in flight.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800301
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    Alterations of endocrine pancreas B cells in a sahelian reptile (Varanus exanthematicus) during starvation (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 173-180 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: During the long starvation period (November to June) of the lizard (Varanus exanthematicus), pancreatic B cells undergo profound modification. The degeneration of β granules observed in electron microscopy appears correlated with the diminution of the immunoreactive insulin-like content of the pancreas. The analogy between the phenomena observed here and those reported in animals treated with alloxan is discussed.
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    Structure, crystallography, and morphogenesis of the cryptic shell of the terrestrial slug Limax maximus (Mollusca, gastropoda) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 195-211 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure and crystallography of the internal shell of the pulmonate gastropod slug Limax maximus were studied at the levels of light and scanning electron microscopy, revealing patterns of shell ontogeny and morphogenesis. The calcified portion of the slightly convex ovoid shell is composed of a single palisade layer of calcitic crystals. Numerous projections, 100 μm in width at the dorsal tip, are found on the dorsal surface of the shell and coincide with local nucleation sites of primordial calcium salt deposition onto the periostracum. With continued calcification these projections coalesce ventrally, forming the single crystalline shell layer. The organic portion of the shell includes the periostracum and an extensive PAS-staining conchiolin. In EDTA-etched preparations, conchiolin appears as a spongy network of fibers throughout the shell. Both horizontal and vertical components of the conchiolin are present, the former of variable thickness and occurring in an intercrystalline manner, the latter always occurring normal to the horizontal set. Macromorphogenic growth is characterized by three distinct temporal stages. Primary growth occurs radially from the umbonal region. Secondary growth is synonymous with shell thickening. Tertiary growth is characterized by both a lateral component, in which the shell extends beyond the primary growth boundaries, and a ventral component, in which the shell continues to grow in thickness. SEM of the ventral shell surface reveals a pattern of growth at the crystalmatrix interface. Proteinaceous fibers of the conchiolin occur unidirectionally in horizontal rows. Zones of incipient calcitic crystallization onto these hypostracal fiber bundles are contrasted by zones of increasing crystallization until the fibrous template (reduced hypostracum) is completely covered by crystals.
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    Ultrastructure of a complex epithelial system: The pharyngeal lining of the larval lamprey Petromyzon marinus (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 271-296 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Electron microscopy shows that the pharyngeal lining of the larval lamprey Petromyzon marinus is a structurally complex epithelial system that can be separated into eight epithelial types: gill lamellar, gill interlamellar, goblet cell, protective, terminal (taste) bud, preciliated, ciliated in tracts, and ciliated in grooves. Furthermore, these epithelial types encompass at least sixteen different cell types based on ultrastructure and, in some cases, correlative histochemistry (PAS, Alcian blue). Common to nearly all the epithelial types are basal cells and intermediate cells. These two cell types are seen as undifferentiated. Among mature cells, structural specialization as proceeded in three directions: (1) elaboration of mitochondria, probably related to molecular transport (ion-uptake cells, chloride cells); (2) ciliogenesis (preciliated and ciliated cell types); and (3) production of mucous secretory granules (mucous-platelet cells, goblet cells, superficial protective cells, columnar mucous cells, “cobblestone” cells, and marginal and dark cells in the terminal buds). Many of the functions of the cell types relate to the process of suspension feeding in this animal.
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    A comparison of spindle concentrations in large and small muscles acting in parallel combinations (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 243-252 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A small short muscle frequently acts across a joint in parallel with a vastly larger and longer muscle; therefore it should play a minimal role in the mechanical control of that joint. This study provides evidence suggesting that the small member of such a “parallel muscle combination” (PMC) may serve an important sensory feedback role. The spindle densities of large and small members of PMCs in man and the dog were determined and compared. Epaxial PMCs controlling canine intervertebral joints were dissected and tissue samples were embedded in paraffin, sectioned transversely to the muscles' long axis and, stained with hematoxylin-periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). Representative tissue sections were projected on to stereological grids and the percentage volume of spindles was determined. Data existing in the literature were used to ascertain spindle densities in human PMCs controlling joints in the cervico-occipital region and the extremities. The spindle density for each muscle in a group of PMCs controlling a particular motion was listed, and the mean spindle densities were determined for both the large and the small members of the group. Student's unpaired t test was used to determine the significance of the differences between mean spindle densities. Linear regression was calculated and the data were plotted graphically.In all PMCs examined, the spindle density of the small muscles was significantly higher than that of their large counterparts. It is therefore proposed that the small muscles of PMCs may function as “kinesiological monitors” generating important proprioceptive feedback to the central nervous system.
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    Histomorophological studies of the female reproductive system of Platynotus punctatipennis (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The internal reproductive apparatus of female Platynotus punctatipennis is composed of the paired ovaries, paired lateral oviducts, common oviduct, spermatheca associated with its accessory gland, and a bursa copulatrix. The accessory (colleterial) glands are absent. The ovary is made up of a large number of telotrophic ovarioles which are covered by a double-layered peritoneal sheath. The terminal filament is separated from the germarium by the basement membrane of the latter and consists of a syncytial core surrounded by the peritoneal sheath. Nutritive cords are absent. The pedicel shows highly eosinophilic and PAS-positive secretion of obscure origin. The spermatheca reveals a number of interesting features. It is composed of a pair of sperm-storing tubules, enclosed in a very thin muscle layer. A winecup-like structure, provided with a thick coat of circular muscles, connects the spermathecal gland with thespermathecal duct. Four types of intimal linings occur in the spermatheca and its associated structures. The wine-cup-like connection and four types of intima are entirely new features observed. Histology of the various parts of the reproductive apparatus is described.
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    Mesodermal organogenesis in the embryo of the primitive moth, Neomicropteryx nipponensis Issiki (Lepidoptera, Micropterygidae) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 29-47 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The formation of somites, coelomic sacs, splanchnic mesoderm, fat bodies, circular system, gonads, and musculature in the embryo of the primitive moth, Neomicropteryx nipponensis Issiki, is described. The following paired somites are formed: the labral, antennal, intercalary, mandibular, maxillary, labial, three thoracic, and 11 abdominal. Small but distinct coelomic cavities appear in all these somites. Labral somites differentiate into the labral muscles, stomodaeal muscles, and dorsal dilator muscles of the pharynx. Antennal somites differentiate into the antennal muscles, aorta, and the ventral dilator muscles of the pharynx. Intercalary somites are short-lived, disintegrating to liberate many free cells into the yolk. The suboesophageal body is not formed. Mandibular somites differentiate into the mandibular flexor and extensor muscles. Maxillary and labial somites differentiate into the splanchnic mesoderm, fat bodies, and into muscles of the maxillolabial region. Three pairs of thoracic and ten pairs of abdominal somites split into the splanchric and somatic mesoderm. The 11th abdominal somites merge into the proctodaeal mesoderm, and differentiate into the musculature of the hindgut. The heart is formed by the fusion of the cardioblasts derived from the first thoracic to the tenth abdominal segment. The aorta arises from the antennal median mesoderm. Blood cells are derived from the median mesodermal cells of the maxillary to the tenth abdominal segment. Germ cells appear at the mediodorsal corner of each somite in the fifth abdominal segment. They become enclosed with a mesodermal sheath to form a pair of rudimentary gonads in this segment. Major muscles in the head, thorax, and abdomen of the fully grown embryo are described.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810201
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    Architectural and histochemical analysis of the semitendinousus muscle in mice, rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 155-160 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The architectural and histochemical properties of the anatomically distinct compartments of the semitendinosus muscle (ST) of mice, rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits show that the ST is composed of two separate compartments aligned in series - a destal compartment (STd) and a proximal one (STp). The STp is further subdivided into a ventral head (STpv) and a dorsal head (STpd). The muscle fibers were arranged in parallel to the line of muscle pull within each compartment. The STd has the longest and the STpv the shortest fibers in all species. The physiological cross-sectional area and the estimated tetanic tension was greatest in the STd. Based on the staining pattern for myosin ATPase (alkaline preincubation) and an oxidative indicator (NADH or SDH), the STpv has the highest percentage of slow-oxidative (SO) or SO plus fast-oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) fibers of any portion of the muscle. The differences in fiber-type distributions and architectural designs of the separate compartments suggest a specialization of function of the individual compartments.
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    Morphology and ultrastructure of the organ of Bellonci in the marine amphipod Gammarus setosus (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 97-131 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The three-dimensional structure of the organ of Bellonci in the marine amphipod Gammarus setosus and the relationship between its sensory cells and concretion are described using light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy, with chemical treatment for cell lysis, calcium chelation, glycogen staining, and lanthanum labelling. The organ is encapsulated and has three units called fuselli. Each is enclosed by two fusellar cells which generate and release calcium granule strands into the cores of the fusellar concretions, which are united in the center of the organ. The surface of each fusellus is traversed by spiral dendrites entering dorsally and ending ventrally. The spiral dendrites arise from sensory neurons contained in a palm-shaped ganglion in the center of the capsule, beyond which they are twisted like a rope before reaching the concretion. The spiral dendrites are linked in pairs by gap and tight junctions and each gives origin to two pairs of 9+0 sensory cilia 30 μm apart. The ciliary distal segments give rise to long tubules which are in contact with the calcium granule strands. The ciliary proximal segments are expanded by many long mitochondria which interdigitate with the branched striated ciliary rootlets. The concretion is suspended in the capsule cavity by axons originating from four neurons of a remote mechanoreceptor. The structure of the organ suggests that it is a sensory organ involved in the reception and integration of a variety of stimuli.
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    Electron microscopic study of the innervation of the renal tubules and urinary bladder epithelium in Rana catesbeiana and Necturus maculosus (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 143-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the kidney and the bladder of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), the bullfrog tadpole, and the mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) were studied with special attention to the innervation of renal tubule cells and bladder epithelial cells. In the bullfrog kidney, nerve terminals and varicosities were frequently associated with the tubule cells, apparently in an increasing order from the proximal tubule to the connecting tubule. Although these terminals and varicosities did not directly contact the tubular cell membrane, an aggregation of synaptic vesicles on the side facing the tubule was considered as morphological evidence that neurotransmitter can be released here and can affect the transport activity of the tubule cells. The association of nerve varicosities with canaliculi cells in the connecting tubule was also demonstrated. In the bullfrog tadpoles, renal tubule cells were occasionally innervated. In the mudpuppy, renal tubule cells were only poorly innervated. The epithelium of the bullfrog bladder was commonly innervated. Nerve terminals with synaptic vesicles were located very near basal cells and even contacted them directly on rare occasions. In the mudpuppy, the innervation of the bladder epithelium was observed infrequently. The bullfrog tadpoles did not possess an apparent bladder. In all materials studied, renal arterioles and bladder smooth muscle cells were innervated.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810301
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    Masthead (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051270101
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    Coordinated development in the fly foot: Sequential cuticle secretion (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 73-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Development of the adult fly foot falls into clearly defined phases of cell division, growth, cuticle secretion and cell death. The pulvillus is composed dorsally of two giant cells and ventrally of thousands of minute tenent cells; the former produce the dorsal footpad cuticle and the latter the thousands of tenent hairs. Cell divisions are still occurring in future tenent cells when increase in size of the cells and in polyteny of the chromosomes is already occurring in the two dorsal cells. Also cell death occurs considerably earlier in the tenent cells, yet the sequential secretion of some six cuticular layers takes place at comparable times in dorsal and ventral cuticles. The cuticular layers formed are, in their order of secretion: ecdysial membrane, cuticulin of the epicuticle, dense exocuticle, homogeneous exocuticle, an intermediate layer, wax of the epicuticle, and an extensive mass of endocuticle. The ecdysial membrane seems to perform an important mechanical role in maintaining the shape of the delicate cytoplasmic projections of the tenent cells, before and during cuticle secretion, and in establishing the cuticular pattern of ridges in the dorsal cuticle. Comparisons are made with trichogen cell cuticle development and with tracheal cuticle. Tracheal, trichogen and dorsal footpad cuticle patterns are compared.Details of giant cell activity provide a working basis for studies of nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions, and the whole system raises many unsolved problems in the general field of cell differentiation and pattern formation.
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    Innervation of the antennal musculature of the centipede Scolopendra morsitans Linn. (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 105-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A detailed description of the innervation of the individual muscles of the antenna of the centipede Scolopendra morsitans is given. There are six nerves supplying the antennal muscles of each side. The nerve N I consists of 26 bundles of which two are motor, 12 sensory and 12 are mixed. It innervates the intrinsic muscles of the antenna and the antennal sense organs. The nerves N II, N III and N IV innervate the dorsal extrinsic muscles and the nerve N V and N VI the ventral extrinsic muscles.
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    Dense bodies of the contractile system of cardiac muscle in Venus mercenaria (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 151-161 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Dense bodies in the heart muscle of Venus mercenaria exist in two forms, free and attached. Free dense bodies morphologically consist of fascicles of thin filaments in parallel array and bound together by a dense, amorphous proteinaceous material. The binding of dense bodies to the cell membrane is effected via connecting filaments of the amorphous material of the dense body which join a condensation of morphologically similar material attached to the inner osmiophilic layer of the unit membrane. This composite of dense body, connecting filaments, membrane condensation and unit cell membrane has been termed collectively the attachment plaque. The attachment plaque is part of an extensive network on the cell surface which obligates that surface to a role in the contractile process. Moreover, this set of attachment plaques imposes an organization and an orientation to most thin filaments of the cell and preserves the contractile axis of the cell.
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    A mechanism for rapid transport of colloidal particles by flounder renal epithelium (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 205-223 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Large quantities of colloidal particles were rapidly transported around the junctional complex into the lateral intercellular spaces by flounder renal epithelial cells. Large invaginations containing particles developed in the apical cytoplasm of cells when tracer particles were injected into the tubular lumens. Some membranebounded profiles containing particles appeared close to the lateral intercellular spaces. Particles were then found in the lateral intercellular spaces, between the basal plasmalemma and the basement membrane, and within the basement membrane. It is suggested that this transport might operate in situ and provide a morphological mechanism to explain a type of protein transport noted in the renal tubules of another flounder species by Maack and Kinter ('67). It is interesting to consider that perhaps a similar mechanism for the transport of intact proteins might also operate in mammalian nephrons as well.
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    Specialized basophilic cells in the ventral lobe of the pituitary of the smooth dogfish, Mustelus canisPartial support during 1965 by an NSF Institutional grant (GU 816) and the Wilder Fund in Zoology, Smith College. (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 439-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ventral lobe of the adenohypophysis of the smooth dogfish, Mustelus canis, a viviparous elasmobranch, has been found to possess distinctive cells identified as basophils on the basis of staining properties. At maximum size, such a cell consists of a distended vesicle containing PAS-positive, AF-negative material surrounded by a thin envelope of cytoplasm and an eccentric nucleus. In earlier stages of these cells, vesicles are small or absent and granules in the more abundant cytoplasms are AF or Alcian-positive.Basophil numbers are high in pre-ovulation and mid-ovulation females, decrease markedly after the end of ovulation until embryos are about 1 cm long then increase greatly during August and September while embryos grow to 8 cm in length. Early high counts, if these basophils are gonadotropes, may be correlated with stimulation of the ovary and ovulation; reduced numbers suggest inhibition, possibly by ovarian hormones for a period, while subsequent increase may indicate indirect involvement in uterine conditions in this viviparous species. Conclusion are, admittedly, tentative as specimens were available during only a fraction of the ten month gestation period.
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    Silk secretion in sawflies (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 355-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The serigenous glands of a number of different sawfly larvae have been examined. Silk is secreted by pear-shaped cells which may be fused together in pairs or triplets, or exist simply as free, single cells. The cells are arranged in numerous groups attached to a pair of wide silk reservoirs by means of short canals. Each gland cell contains a large, irregular, ramifying nucleus and an intracellular duct which receives droplets of synthesised silk protein. Two modifications of this basic arrangement are described. It is suggested that the secretory cells are dermal gland cells, and that the intracellular duct is a rudimentary end-apparatus. A comparison is made between these and some other types of dermal gland cell found in insects.
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    Ultrastructure of human labial salivary glands. I. Acinar secretory cells (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 383-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure of human labial salivary gland acini was studied by light and electron microscopy. Contrary to previous reports, these glands were pure mucous in nature; no serous elements were present. The acinar cells were found in all stages of maturation. Immature cells were characterized by an extensive and highly organized rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. The Golgi complex was extremely prominent, consisting of stacks of flattened cisternae and swarms of small vesicles. Mucous droplets were almost completely absent. As secretory activity progressed, the endoplasmic reticulum involuted, while the Golgi cisternae became distended and formed many vacuoles. In mature mucous cells, the apical cytoplasm was filled with membrane-bounded mucous droplets, and the nucleus was displaced basally. The droplets frequently showed great variation in density from cell to cell, and even within the same cell they sometimes were quite heterogeneous. They were liberated from the acinar cells by an apocrine process, so that droplets with intact limiting membranes were often observed in the acinar lumen. These droplets soon lysed, their contents fusing into streams of mucus. Occasionally during apocrine secretion a mucous cell failed to reconstitute its apical surface, and its entire contents spilled into the acinar lumen.Unusual cytoplasmic inclusions were present in many of the acinar cells. These inclusions, which were surrounded by a single membrane, consisted of lipid droplets closely associated with bundles of fine filaments.
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    The involvement of nurse cells in oogenesis and embryonic development in the marine sponge, Haliclona ecbasisThis paper is based on a dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of Stanford University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, November, 1967. This work was supported in part by USPHS Predoctoral Fellowship 1 F1 GM-19,267-1. (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 133-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Oogenesis and embryonic development in the marine sponge, Haliclona ecbasis, were studied using standard histological procedures.When the oocytes reach a diameter of about 30 μ, nurse cells begin to aggregate around them. Then when the oocytes are about 36 μ in diameter, they begin to engulf the associated nurse cells. Whole nurse cells are engulfed; and although the nucleus of the nurse cells disappears either as or soon after the cells are engulfed, the cytoplasm remains essentially unchanged. The accumulation of these cells within the oocytes most of the cytoplasm is nurse cell cytoplasm.During cleavage of the egg, the engulfed nurse cells are gradually fragmented, but otherwise appear unchanged. At the same time the cytoplasm of the nurse cells is progressively incorporated into that of the blastomeres by what appears to be fusion process. When the latter process is complete, the embryo develops into a typical parenchymula larva.
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    Masthead (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Quantitative and functional studies on the hands of the anthropoidea. I. The Hominoidea (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 309-363 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The hands of the Hominoidea evidence four adaptive modes which distinguish the lesse apes (Hylobatidae), the orangutan (Pongo), the African apes (Pan), and man (Homo) from one another. The hands of the apes consist of compromises between manipulatory and locomotor functions because selection has operated for precision of grip as well as for special locomotor mechanisms. The human hand is almost totally devoted to manipulation. The hands of gibbons, orangutans and the African apes differ in many features that may be correlated with locomotion. The gibbons and siamang are specially adapted for ricochetal arm-swinging. The great apes possess morphological adaptations for arboreal foraging and climbing distinct from those of the hylobatids. In addition, the African apes have become secondarily adapted for terrestrial quadrupedal locomotion. Many features that distinguish the hands of chimpanzees and gorillas may be associated with the development of efficient knuckele-walking propulsive and support mechanisms.
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    Special cutaneous receptor organs of fish: IV. Ampullary organs of the nonelectric catfish, KryptopterusAided by a grant from The National Science Foundation. Contribution 168 from the Institute of Cellular Biology. (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 291-308 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ampullary organs of the transparent catfish, Kryptopterus bicirrhus, are present in large numbers on the head and in a regular pattern of lines on the body and fins. The organs lie in the epidermis, and have a pore that opens to the surface. Flattened cells form a roof and walls. On the floor of the organ there are a “sensory hillock,” composed of spherical receptor cells and columnar supporting cells, and a “secretory hillock” composed of columnar secretory cells. The receptor cells are nonciliated and have only afferent innervation. The organ cavity is filled with jelly. The organs are compared with ampullary organs of the weakly electric fish Eigenmannia, ampullae of Lorenzini of Raja, and small pit organs of Amiurus. Structural characteristics of the ampullary organs of Kryptopterus make them especially suitable for electrophysiological studies.
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    A comparative study of the adrenergic innervation of the iris and ciliary structures in 18 species in phylogenesisWilmer Ophthalmological Institute, W. K. Kellogg Foundation Laboratories, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205. The publication was supported by NIH Research grant NB-06561-01 from National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness. (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 387-401 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A detailed topography of adrenergic innervation in invertebrates (lobster), low vertebrates (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds), and nine species of mammals is presented. Flack and Hillarp's specific fluorescent histochemical method using freeze-dried material was used. Phylogenetically, adrenergic innervation appeared earlier under the ciliary epithelium and in the muscle than surrounding the vessels, and in all species many fibers were without any connection to the vessel walls. Adrenergic innervation was very rich in the dilator muscle extending toward the epithelium of the posterior chamber; a surprisingly rich network was found in the sphincter muscle and also in ciliary spaces of some species. Numerous fluorescent mast cells were visualized in the pecten of the bird eye and in the ciliary tissue of the sheep and cow.
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    An autoradiographic analysis of yolk deposition in the cortex of the cecropia moth oocyteSupported by grants from Phi Beta Psi Sorority, the National Institutes of Health (RG-8977), and the National Science Foundation (GB-4463). (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969), S. 1-15 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cecropia moth oocyte accumulates proteins from the blood during vitellogenesis; the proteins reach the oocyte by an intercellular route, are taken in by pinocytosis, and become components of the protein yolk spheres. Different proteins vary greatly in the extent to which they are incorporated into the yolk spheres. One objective of the work described in this paper was to determine where the selectivity of protein uptake occurs. An autoradiographic analysis of the uptake of tritiated blood proteins injected into the hemocoel indicated that there are at least two sites of selectivity - one between the hemocoel and the intercellular spaces of the follicular epithelium that surrounds each oocyte, and another between the intercellular spaces and the yolk spheres. Another objective was to determine if only proteins from the blood are deposited in the protein yolk spheres. Studies of the incorporation of tritiated leucine provided evidence that the ovary itself synthesizes proteins that are deposited in the yolk spheres along with the blood proteins. Finally, evidence is presented that the various regions of the oocyte cortex are not equally active in the deposition of yolk.
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    Analysis of the embryonic sources and mechanisms of development of posterior levels of chick neural tubes (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 465-501 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mechanisms of development of posterior levels of neural tubes of chick embryos were analyzed by study of serial cross-sections of a continuous series of normal embryos between 40 to 72 hours of incubation. Two extirpation experiments were performed in ovo on other embryos of the same stages. Descriptive studies revealed the presence of an overlap zone in which two types of neural tube formation occurred. Open neural tube formation (by fusion of neural folds) occurred dorsally in this region; closed neural tube formation (by canalization of solid medullary cord tissue) occurred ventrally. Extirpation of the posterior end of the neural plate produced defects within the lumbosacral region, indicating that the posterior neural plate participates in the formation of the lumbosacrum, and that the overlap zone is therefore in the lumbosacral region. Extirpation of the prospective neural tissue in the anterior end of the tail bud indicated that only the most posterior levels of the neural tube originate exclusively by cavitation of the tail bud. In both extirpation experiments a neural tube formed independently within the tail bud tissue, indicating that formation of the neural tube in this region is not dependent upon direct continuity with neural tissue anteriorly.
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    The ontogeny of interstitial cells in Pennaria tiarella (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969), S. 81-87 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The interstitial cells of Pennaria tiarella differentiate exclusively from the central endoderm of the planula. Shortly after their appearance, most of the interstitial cells become cnidoblasts. Subsequently, as the larva transforms into a polyp, both cnidoblasts and interstitial cells migrate from the endoderm, through endoblast and mesoglea, into the ectoderm. It is suggested that some interstitial cells remain in the endoderm and differentiate into the gland and mucous cells of the polyp gastroderm.
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    The descriptive use of neighborhood limited classification in functional morphology: An analysis of the shoulder in primates (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969), S. 127-148 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A series of dimensions of the shoulder girdle of primates has previously been chosen as being related to function in that anatomical region. Their examination by canonical analysis suggests that they do indeed reflect aspects of the use of the shoulder in locomotion in the different primates.Further analysis is here performed using the technique of neighborhood limited classification and this confirms the basic picture presented by the previous analysis. The new method also gives more detailed information about the grouping of the specimens; thus it endorses the reality of functional divisions that appear to exist in the data. And in addition the groupings reflect differences in the structure of the shoulder that correlate well with certain taxonomic subdivisions of the order. The method maintains contact with individual specimens throughout the analysis and is capable of placing them within groups, at the boundaries of groups, within the interfaces between groups, or as satellites to groups.The new method appears to have a part to play in the description of the relationships between biological objects that is complementary to that of canonical analysis. As the mathematical concepts upon which the two techniques are based differ totally, the risk that the results might be inherent in statistical assumptions is thus averted.
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    Masthead (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051290301
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    Oogenesis in the annelid Enchytraeus albidus with special reference to the origin and cytochemistry of yolkResearch sponsored by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission under contract with the Union Carbide Corporation. (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969), S. 317-343 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the annelid Enchytraeus albidus the ovary is composed of packets containing eight synchronously developing oocytes. Each oocyte in the packet is connected, via a bridge, to a common cytoplasmic mass. Developmental synchrony of oocytes within individual packets is probably related to the ooplasmic continuity.The young previtellogenic oocyte contains many polysomes, a few cisternae of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, small Golgi complexes, and mitochondria. Many of the mitochondria are dumbbell-shaped and may thus represent division stages.Vitellogenesis is marked by the appearance of peripherally located lipid yolk and small, densely staining granules scattered throughout the ooplasm. There is an increase of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and enlarged Golgi elements. Small multivesicular-like bodies, the early stages of developing yolk, are derived from the Golgi complex. The mature yolk sphere is bipartite and consists of (a) a variable number of dense spheres, the core bodies, which are produced in the ooplasm by the Golgi complex and which become embedded in (b) a dense matrix. The electron opaque tracer, horseradish peroxidase is incorporated into the oocyte and deposited in the matrix suggesting that this component of the yolk sphere is obtained by micropinocytosis. Enzyme digestions and various cytochemical techniques suggest that the core bodies are rich in carbohydrate, probably as glyco- or mucoproteins, and that the matrix is rich in lipid.
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    Electron microscopy of the normal and I131 treated thyroid gland of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 369-385 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the thyroid of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, was studied with the electron microscope. Specimens were injected I.P. with 30 μc of I131 and sample thryoids were examined at 12 hour intervals thereafter. The ultrastructure of the normal thyroid gland is described, and compared with that of the irradiated glands. The first visible ultrastructural change observed after injection of the radioiodin was a striking alteration of nuclear morphology. This effect was followed by an increase in the frequency of whorled lamellar structures, a decrease in the number of microvilli, and degeneration of the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. Further effects observed included an increase in the number of large cytoplasmic granules and a decrease in the number of smaller ones, the presence of autophagic vacuoles, and finally, an increase in the number of degenerated mitochondria.
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    Evidence for the fusion of myoblasts in amphibian embryos. I. Homoplastic transplantations of somitic material labeled with tritiated thymidineSupported by United States Public Health Service Graduate Training grant GM 658, and National Science Foundation grant GB-2125, awarded to Professor Johannes Holtfreter.Submitted to the University of Rochester in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 403-425 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In order to obtain more direct evidence for the occurrence of myoblast fusion in the developing amphibian embryo, the following transplantations were performed in vitro. The nuclei of early embryos. Ambystoma tigrinum and A. maculatum, were labeled with tritiated thymidine. Portions of prospective somite areas from these labeled donors were grafted homoplastically and orthotopically into unlabeled hosts of the same, or nearly the same, stage. The stages employed were: neurula, early tail bud, and late tail bud. Hosts were raised until they had developed into more advanced larval forms, fixed, sectioned, and prepared for radioautographic processing according to the customary procedures.The histological preparations contained varying numbers of multinucleate myotubes of a “composite” nature: that is, individual myotubes contained labeled nuclei of the donor, side by side with unlabeled nuclei of the host. There was no doubt that the mononucleate myoblasts of the grafts had fused with those of the host species to form the mutlinucleate composite myotubes.In addition to the above determinations, the method of thymidine labeling has proven to be a satisfactory method of tracing, in the context of the intact organism, somitic cell derivatives up to the feeding larval stage. Mesenchymal cells from the grafted labeled somitic tissues were consequently found in: dermatomic, sclerotomic and intermyotomic locations; the matrix of the dorsal fin; the limb bud; the abdominal muscles.
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    Cellular organization and ferritin uptake in the mid-gut epithelium of a moth, Ephestia kühniellaThe work described in this paper was carried out during a graduate course in Cell Biology, conducted in Spring 1966 by the senior author, in the Biology Department, University of Virginia. (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 41-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the mid-gut epithelium and regenerative cells of larvae of a moth (Ephestia kühniella) is described. Particular attention is paid to the absorptive and goblet cells and their lateral junctions; these features are discussed in terms of the digestive and regulatory functions of the epithelium. One digestive pathway has been investigated with the aid of ingested ferritin; intake of this marker by endocytosis and the evident involvement of Golgi vesicles in the transformation of endocytic vesicles into multivesicular bodies, together with the fate of the latter, are discussed in terms of the digestive function of this part of the alimentary tract and of the lysosome concept.
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    The biology of cartilage. I. Invertebrate cartilages: Limulus gill cartilage (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 67-93 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The endoskeletal structure supporting the gill-books of Limulus polyphemus has been investigated by means of light and electron microscopy, chemical analysis and x-ray diffraction. This tissue is a cartilage which has significant correspondences with both vertebrate cartilage and plant tissues. Morphologically, the Limulus cartilage resembles certain cellular vertebrate cartilages with relatively scant matrix, and also certain plant parenchyme, collenchyme and sclerenchyme tissues. Of particular interest, was the observation that during cytoplasmic division, a phragmasome-like structure appears between the daughter cells of the dividing gill cartilage cells. This phragmasome-like structure appears to be a precursor of new matrix (cell-wall) formation between the young chondrocytes, in much the same fashion as its counterpart in plant tissues. Perichondrial cells and underlying chondrocytes contain lipid droplets, abundant glycogen and ribosomes, as do corresponding vertebrate cartilage cells. In some of the Limulus cells, glycogen and ribosomes appear to be admixed with lipid, forming aggregates in which all three materials are in intimate intraparticulate relationship. During molting, the number of ribosomes seen in chondrocytes increases. The tissue contains both hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, and gives a weak x-ray diffraction pattern.
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    Morphologic variation in the mandible of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus): A study of populational skeletal variation by principal component and canonical analyses (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 113-130 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A principal component analysis revealed that the two major components of mandibular shape variation among individuals within breeding groups of white-tailed deer in Canada and the United States involve contrasts between the mandible and the dentition and between the premolars and the molars. Size variation appeared to account for 34% of the total variation within the groups, and the two major shape variations accounted for 23% and 8% respectively.A canonical analysis was used to identify the major components of mandibular variation among the breeding groups and to provide measures of the proportion of the total variation accounted for by each component. Among male groups, size variation was associated with latitude, and the major shape variation was closely associated with longitude, so a bivariate plot of the first two canonical variates reflected the general geographic orientation of the populations.The mandibular size in a Tennessee population that descended from Wisconsin and Michigan ancestors appears to have not decreased appreciably in the more southerly habitat after introduction more than 20 years ago. Changes in range conditions in eastern Upper Michigan over the past 30 years have not influenced local mandibular morphology as reflected by the first two canonical variates. Regardless of general smallness of individuals, the mandibular morphology of the deer from the Cross Timbers area in Kansas appears to approximate more closely that of northern populations than that of the more southerly populations from Oklahoma and Texas.Sexual dimorphism on the first two canonical axes was observed.
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    Ultrastructural and functional changes during metamorphosis of a proleg muscle and its innervation in Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralididae)Based on part of a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley. (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 171-193 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Structural and functional changes have been correlated during metamorphic degeneration of a single muscle fiber, the plantar retractor of G. mellonella, its axon, and their junctions to determine which features persist as long as muscle contractility. Changes commence simultaneously in muscle and nerve near cuticular attachments, and spread towards the center. Alterations associated with the muscle, including appearance of collapsed tracheoles and mitochondria with dense bodies, begin late in the last larval instar. Within 12 hours after pupal ecdysis some tracheolar withdrawal occurs, sarcoplasmic reticulum becomes reduced, and many mitochondria have dense bodies, dense membranes, or are enlarged. By 17-19 hours primary myofilaments and striations begin to disappear, microtubules and autophagic vacuole-like bodies appear, and phagocytes invade the muscle. It remains partially contractile upon electrically stimulating its nerve, the ventral nerve, until these changes spread throughout the fiber.Neuromuscular junction changes, including appearance of dense mitochondria and isolation bodies, begin late in the last larval instar. Junctions become fewer, and none remain in those muscle areas where tracheoles, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and primary myofilaments have disappeared.Preliminary studies on nerve discharge activity to the muscle suggest that nerve silence occurs at approximately the time when the muscle loses all contractility. In some axons isolation bodies appear and neurotubules are lost, other axons remain unchanged, and new ones develop later in the pupal state. Phagocytes invade the neural lamella and it disappears in the late pupa, but it reappears in the adult.The adult ventral nerve has over three times more axons and a thinner layer of glial cells than the larval nerve.
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    Special cutaneous receptor organs of fish: III. The ampullary organs of EigenmanniaAided by a grant from the National Science Foundation. Contribution 167 from the Institute of Cellular Biology. (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 261-289 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ampullary receptor organs of the South American weakly electric gymnotid fish Eigenmannia virescens consist of a pore at the surface of the skin, a canal through the epidermis, and the expanded basal end of the canal in the corium. The cavity of the organ contains a jelly that is filled with fine fibers. The canal wall consists of three to six layers of flattened cells that appear to be derived from the adjacent skin. Along the lumen of the organ the cells are joined by tight junctions. Usually there are four spherical receptor cells in the base of the organ. They are innervated by single neural terminals. These organs are compared to tuberous receptor organs found in the same species, and the functional significance of the fine structure observed in these cells is discussed.
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    Masthead (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051280401
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    The fine structure of campaniform sensilla on the halteres of Drosophila melanogaster (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 443-463 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The campaniform sensilla on halteres of Drosophila were studied by electron microscopy in order to establish the relationships of functional elements in the sensory system. The surface of the sensillum consists of an oval cuticular cap membrane which may contain resilin, the rubberlike protein. A border of denser cuticle rings the cap membrane, and extending down around the neural process is a third type of cuticle filled with a fourth light fibrous type. The four cuticular components form a system for displacement of the neural process. The neural process is differentiated into a terminal fan-shaped structure projecting from a bulbous dilatation which tapers to a neck region ending proximally with two basal bodies. The neural process is packed with microtubules. Surrounding the dendrite is an inner enveloping cell, attached to the basal body region by septate desmosomes and by desmosomes to which microtubules of the enveloping cell are applied. An outer enveloping cell surrounds the inner one. The tip of the neural process is covered with a dense secretion which is tightly bound to the cap membrane. The dense secretion is surrounded by an extracellular fluid which might be compressed hydraulically by the cuticular system. The stimulus of cuticular distortion could thus be transmitted to the neural process which may be displaced between its fixed ends.
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    Masthead (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051290101
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    The food pump of Aphelocheirus aestivalis F. as compared with that of typical Naucoridae (Heteroptera) (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969), S. 17-30 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The heteropteran cibarium forms a sucking pump which conveys fluid foods into the pharynx. The food pumps of Hydrocorisae have the additional function of grinding or filtering particulate matter; they contain ridges, hairs, and sclerotized processes which have probably evolved at least twice among the hydrocorisine families. Aphelocheirus, like the Naucoridae, possesses a modified anteclypeus and a tripartite type of food pump. The main sucking action occurs in the pump's anterior and posterior regions, while the middle region is specialized for grinding and filtering. The anteclypeus has broadened and fused with other parts of the cranium, and is thus braced against the pull of the powerful cibarial dilator muscles. In the Naucoridae the three regions of the pump have the same functions as those of Aphelocheirus. The pumps of the five naucorid genera here studied are structurally very similar to each other but differ considerably from that of Aphelocheirus. Cibarial morphology, as well as respiratory differences, thus supports the contention that Aphelocheirus is not a member of the Naucoridae but should be placed in a separate family.
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    Masthead (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    A comparative study of the ring glands from wild type and 1(2)gl mutant Drosophila melanogaster (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969), S. 171-199 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Drosophila melanogaster homozygous for the second chromosomal, recessive lethal gene 1(2)gl form puparia much later than wild type (+) and are unable to metamorphose. Implantation of + ring glands accelerates puparium formation by 1(2)gl hosts. The ring gland is a compound structure containing the prothoracic glands (pg), corpus allatum (ca), and corpus cardiacum (cc). An electron microscopic study demonstrates that in both the pg and ca the most common subcellular component is smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (ser). In + flies the amount of ser per pg increases by ten times during the four hour prepupal period. In 1(2)gl flies which have spent two days in the prepupal period the pg looks juvenile and contains only 1% the amount of ser per cell found in the + prepupal pg. The ca cells look alike in both + and 1(2)gl individuals, and the cortical cells of the cc in both contain abundant neurosecretory spheres. We suggest that the + allele of 1(2)gl indirectly influences the synthesis of ser by the pg and that this is the site where dietary cholesterol is transformed to ecdysone.
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    Cytochemical and fine structural analysis of oogenesis in the gastropod, Ilyanassa obsoletaThis investigation was supported by a grant (GM 08776) to one of us (EA) from the National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health Service. (1969)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969), S. 211-247 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An analysis of differentiating oocytes of the gastropod, Ilyanassa obsoleta, has been made by techniques of light and electron microscopy. Early previtellogenic oocytes are limited by a smooth surfaced oolemma and are associated with each other by maculae adhaerentes. Previtellogenic oocytes are also distinguished by a large nucleus containing randomly dispersed aggregates of chromatin. Within the ooplasm are Golgi complexes, mitochondria and a few cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. When vitellogenesis begins, the oolemma becomes morphologically specialized by the formation of microvilli. One also notices an increase in the number of organelles and inclusions such as lipid droplets. During vitellogenesis there is a dilation of the saccules of the Golgi complexes and cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum. Associated with the Golgi complexes are small protein-carbohydrate yolk precursors encompassed by a membrane. These increase in size by fusing with each other. The “mature” yolk body is a membrane-bounded structure with a central striated core and a granular periphery. At maturity a major portion of the ooplasmic constituents such as as mitochondria and lipid droplets occupy the animal region while the bulk of the population of yolk bodies are situated in the vegetal hemisphere.The follicle cells incompletely encompass the developing oocyte. In addition to the regularly occurring organelles, follicle cells are characterized by the presence of large quantities of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes whose saccules are filled with a dense substance. Associated with the Golgi saccules are secretory droplets of varied size.Amongst the differentiating oocytes and follicle cells are Leydig cells. These cells are characterized by a large vacuole containing glycogen. A possible function for the follicle and Leydig cells is discussed.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Perinuclear microtubules in postnatal rat heart (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984), S. 13-19 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cytoplasmic microtubules can be divided into two subpopulations: (1) those adjacent to the nucleus (perinuclear), and (2) those distributed between the myofilament bundles (nonperinuclear). Previous observations (Cartwright and Goldstein, '83) indicate total cytoplasmic microtubule numeric density increases to a maximum at 5-9 days and decreases to the steady value of the adult muscle. We have examined the numeric density (mean numbers of microtubule profiles per μm2 cross-sectional area) of the perinuclear subpopulation and compared it to the numeric density of the total cytoplasmic microtubule population in postnatally developing rat papillary muscle ages 1, 3, 5, 9, 21, and 42 days, and adult. The perinuclear region was defined as the area around the nucleus which extends to the 0.273 μm from the nuclear envelope. The density of perinuclear microtubules did not change with postnatal development. Our study suggests that perinuclear microtubules are a separate and relatively stable subpopulation of the total population of cytoplasmic microtubules and may serve a function different from that of the more variable nonperinuclear microtubules.
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    Fine structure of antennal mechanosensilla of adult Rhodnius prolixus stål (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 19-28 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Each antenna of both sexes of adult Rhodnius prolixus has approximately 570 mechanosensitive neurons that innervate five morphologic types of cuticular mechanosensilla: campaniform sensilla, tapered hairs, trichobothria, and type I and type II bristle sensilla. Each campaniform sensillum and tapered hair is presumably innervated by one mechanosensitive bipolar neuron and probably functions in proprioception. The campaniform sensilla being located at the base of the scape could monitor the position of the antenna. Tapered hairs are found at the distal margin of flagellar segment I and projecting laterally from the bases of the pedicel and scape. They probably provide information about the relative positions of the antennal segments. Seven trichobothrium are located on the pedicel and three on flagellar segment I. Each trichobothrium has a long filamentous hair inserted into the base of a socket that extends inwardly as a cuticular tube and is innervated by one bipolar neuron with a tublar body, a parallel arrangement of microtubules associated with electron-dense material. The trichobothria may respond to small variations in air currents.Type I bristles occur at the base of the antenna and are the most numerous type of mechanosensillum; an average of 452 occur on each antenna of females and 440 on males. The bristle is curved toward the antennal shaft and is serrated distally. Type II bristles are located distally and are the second most numerous type of mechanosensillum; an average of 88 were counted on each antenna of females and 94 on males. The type II bristle is straight with small, longitudinal, external grooves and projects laterally from the antennal shaft. Each type I and II bristle sensillum is innervated by a bipolar neuron whose dendrite is divided into an inner and outer segment. The outer segment is encased by a dendritic sheath which may be highly convoluted and distally contains a tubular body. Two sheath cells are associated with each sensillum. Both types of bristle sensilla have a tactile function.The tubular bodies of both types of bristle sensilla have a complex structure indicating that they are very sensitive. Variations in the amount and arrangement of the electron-dense material at the tip of the tubular bodies may reflect differences in viscoelastic properties that underlie functional characteristics.
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    Ultrastructure of the neuromuscular system of the polyp of Aurelia aurita L., 1758 (Cnidaria, scyphozoa) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 69-79 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fine structural study indicates that the neuromuscular system of stage I polyps of Aurelia aurita is exclusively ectodermal.The three major muscle fields are the radial muscles of the oral disc, the longitudinal muscles of the tentacles, and the muscle cords of the septae and the column; the muscle fields are in physical continuity at the peristomial pits and share a common innervation and type of myofibril. The myofibril is striated in the tentacle base, in the outer oral disc, and in the upper part of the muscle cord; it grades into a smooth muscle toward the tentacle tip, the mouth, and the lower part of the cord. There is a fourth field of longitudinal smooth muscle in the pharynx.The nervous system consists of an epithelial sensory cell in the tentacle and a single type of neuron found in the subepithelial layer of the tentacle, oral disc, and muscle cord. The lack of gap junctions suggests that there is no nonnervous conduction system. The subepithelial layer also contains three types of fibers and a type of soma which cannot be characterized as neuronal. The soma is identified as the “neurosecretory cell” described in Chrysaora. The absence of neuromuscular elements in the column and stolon distinguishes the Aurelia aurita collected from Washington, USA, from English polyps previously described.
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    Mechanics of blood-feeding in black flies (Diptera, simuliidae) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 125-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure and interrelationships of the mouthparts and of the food canal and its accessory cephalic structures of the females of Simulium venustum are described through microscopic observations. The mouthparts that enter the would during feeding are the mandibles, maxillary laciniae, hypopharynx, and labrum and collectively form a “syntrophium.” The labium and labellar lobes, which do not enter the wound, ensheathe the syntrophium distally and must be retracted to allow biting.We present an interpretation of mouthpart function during biting that emphasizes how biting steps are accomplished and what sensory structures are used to monitor the process. Four phases of biting are identified: (1) initial penetration of the skin effected by the mandibles; (2) consolidation of mouthpart position involving anchoring the syntrophium into the wound by means of the barbed laciniae; (3) diet sampling and active feeding - food (blood) is pumped by three groups of muscles forming two functional pumps, one located in the cibarium, the other in the pharynx. These pumps are separated from each other and from surrounding regions of the food canal by valve muscles making the pumping process a complex and highly coordinated series of muscular contractions; and (4) mouthpart disengagement involving removal of the laciniae, thus releasing the syntrophium from the wound.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800204
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    The external morphology of contact-chemoreceptive hairs of flies and the motility of the tips of these hairs (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 37-54 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The external morphology of contact-chemoreceptive hairs (taste hairs) of six fly species, Calliphora vicina, Lucilia caesar, Musca domestica, Phormia terranovae, Sarcophaga carnaria and Stomoxys calcitrans, is described. The species can be distinguished by the differences between the patterns of taste hairs at the ventral side of their prothoracic tarsi. Taste hairs can be subdivided into morphological types, using the shape of the cuticle around the apical pore as criterion, even though this shape changes slightly on opening and closing of the pore. Light microscopical studies reveal that the nature and osmolarity of stimuli are decisive for the effect stimuli have on the shape of the top of the labellar hairs. The motions of the apical cuticle appear to be reversible.Gentle ultrasonic treatment preserves the shape of the cuticle of the top and the diameter of the pores on fluid stimulation. This technique makes it possible to study the effect of a previous stimulation on both tarsal and labellar hairs with the scanning electron microscope. It is supposed that stimuli can affect cuticular components around the pore, producing volume changes in that cuticle which alter the diameter of the pore.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800201
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    Sexually dimorphic muscles in the forelimb of the Japanese toad, Bufo japonicus (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 297-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: During the breeding season, male anurans display clasping behavior by holding females with their forelimbs. This behavior is peculiar to males, and may require specializations in forelimb musculature. The present study revealed that five kinds of forelimb muscles were heavier in the male Japanese toad than in the female: the flexor carpi radialis (FCR), the flexor antibrachii medialis caput superius (FAMsup), the abductor indicis longus (AIL), the extensor carpi radialis caput superius (ECRsup), and the flexor antibrachii lateralis superficialis caput superius (FALSsup). In addition, one breast muscle, the coracoradialis (CR), was also heavier in males than in females. A quantitative analysis of muscle fibers processed for myosin ATPase activity showed that, in such “sexually dimorphic muscles” of the female, both fast (twitch) and slow (tonic) muscle fibers were of smaller diameter than in other forelimb muscles of both sexes (all male muscles plus “nondimorphic muscles” of the female). Moreover, both types of fibers were less numerous than in the corresponding muscles of the male. These results suggest that the “sexually dimorphic muscles” are used especially for clasping by the male and are degenerative or subnormal in the female. Slow muscle fibers were neither peculiar to, nor abundant in, these clasping muscles, although they may well be necessary for tonic and prolonged contractions of the forelimb muscles during clasping. The mechanism of sexual dimorphism may be a direct action of androgens on clasping muscles or an indirect action on clasping muscles via the innervating motoneurons.
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    Morphology of shell formation in eggs of the turtle Kinosternon flavescens (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Shells from eggs of the turtle Kinosternon flavescens were examined during different stages of development with light and scanning electron microscopy. Prior to initiation of the calcareous layer, organic spheres or cores appear on the outer surface of the shell membrane. Presumably, these cores nucleate deposition of the mineral layer of the eggshell. Growing shell units of the mineral layer are rounded and nodular in shape, crystallites of adjacent shell units do not interlock, and numerous spaces occur between shell units. As growth continues, most of the spaces between shell units are obliterated, and shell units become more elongate in form. The calcareous layer of partially shelled eggs resembles the calcareous layer of flexible-shelled eggs of emydids and chelydrids. Eggshells assume the morphology typical of rigidshelled chelonian eggs only at an advanced stage of shell formation. These observations indicate that rigid and flexible eggshells may form by fundamentally similar mechanisms, with length of shell growth being the primary determinant of whether shells are flexible or rigid.
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    The morphology of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) venom gland and reservoir (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 69-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Hymenopteran venom glands are epidermal glands that have evolved from female accessory reproductive glands. In the honey bee, Apis mellifera L., the venom gland shows many of the fine structural features of primitive glands. A honey bee venom gland is a simple, long, thin, distally bifurcated structure, opening into an ovoid reservoir. Along most of the length of the gland are similar secretory units that have four major components (secretory cells, duct cells, ducts, and end apparatuses), except in the part of the gland proximal to the venom reservoir, where the secretory units resemble those around the venom reservoir. In the latter secretory units a funnel structure occurs between the duct (which is shorter than that of the secretory units of the gland) and the end apparatus. This funnel may be important in protecting the secretory cells around the reservoir from the cytolytic activity of the complex chemical mixture constituting the venom.
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    The feeding apparatus of the salamander Amphiuma tridactylum: Morphology and behavior (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 175-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Anatomical studies of cephalic bones and muscles combined with cine and high-speed videographic analyses of feeding demonstrate that Amphiuma tridactylum uses two distinct types of suction feeding. Small or relatively immobile prey generally elicit a stationary capture mode in which mouth opening precedes buccal expansion and there is no forward movement of the head of the salamander. Actively moving prey are captured by a rapid strike during which mouth opening and buccal expansion are synchronous and the extent of buccal expansion is greater than in stationary feeding. Differences between these feeding modes may be due to differences in the timing of contraction of the rectus cervicis muscle. Synchronous hyoid and mandibular excursions during the strike are probably generated by simultaneous contractions of the depressor mandibulae and rectus cervicis, whereas delay of hyoid excursions during stationary capture suggests sequential contraction of the depressor and rectus cervicis.
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    The nervous system of the tube-worm Chaetopterus variopedatus (Polychaeta) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 161-173 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Silver impregnation of serial histological sections of the tubeworm Chaetopterus variopedatus revealed the presence of a subepidermal nervous system. The anterior nervous system is delimited by the first 11 segments and comprises (1) two dorsolateral cerebral ganglia and lateral instead of ventral nerve cords which are widely separated and thus connected by unusually long commissures, (2) a pharyngeal ganglion in the fourth segment which is connected to the cerebral ganglia by pharyngeal nerves and constitutes along with the pharyngeal plexus a stomatogastric or enteric nervous system, and (3) small, presumably segmental ganglionic swellings along the lateral nerve cords from which emerge commissures and parapodial nerves. No subesophageal ganglion or periesophageal connective could be identified. The lateral nerve cords converge toward the midline in the 12th segment to form the posterior nervous system comprising a pair of ventromedian nerve cords with their repetitive segmental ganglia from which emerge numerous short commissures and three segmental nerves coursing toward the dorsal and ventral regions of parapods and toward the neuropod. Light and electron microscopic investigations of cerebral and segmental ganglia showed an arrangement of inner neuropile and of unipolar neuron somata at the periphery. The neuropile comprises numerous neurites ranging in diameter from 0.5 to 10 μm and making polarized or symmetrical synaptic junctions with each other. The pharyngeal ganglion consists of a similar neuropile and of a large mass of cell bodies which is traversed by an elaborate network of sinuses and harbors three types of neurosecretory cells in addition to the conventional neuron somata. These findings are interpreted in the framework of the highly specialized morphological features and habits of Chaetopterus, and the welldeveloped stomatogastric system is considered to be related to control of the feeding activities.
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    Allogeneic recognition in sponges: Development, structure, and nature of the nonmerging front in Ephydatia fluviatilis (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 297-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Whenever individuals of the freshwater sponge Ephydatia fluviatilis belonging to different strains come into contact, they reject each other by building a nonmerging front. The present work describes the development, the structure, and the nature of the barrier secreted between two individuals. The observations reported give unequivocal data about the collagen nature of the incompatibility barrier. First, ultrastructural investigations reveal the presence of fibrils and microfibrils which are, respectively, typical of collagen and spongin. Second, incorporation of tritiated proline, a characteristic precursor of collagen and related products, is particularly intense in the front. The involvement of several cell types in the barrier formation is discussed. The allogeneic incompatibility reaction between E. fluviatilis individuals appears very close to the process of allograft chronic rejection that we formerly described for some marine sponges. Both phenomena are basically analogous to the process which fixes to and isolates the sponges from their substrate.
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    Motor units of the primary ankle extensor muscles of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana): Functional properties and fiber types (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 305-317 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Motor units of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and the single lateral gastrocnemius/soleus (LG/S) muscles of the opssum (Didelphis virginiana) were found to have uniformly slow contraction times relative to homologous muscles of the cat. Though a broad range of peak tetanic tensions was found among motor units from both muscles, most of the motor units were quite large relative to tension of the whole muscle. Comparison of the relative sizes of motor units showed that those of LG/S are significantly larger and slower than the units of MG. This suggests that the motor units of the two muscles may be differentially recurited during different behaviors.All of the MG and LG/S motor units were highly or moderately resistant to fatigue. Histochemical staining for NADH-diaphorase activity indicated consistently high levels of the enzyme in all of the fibers of both muscles. Apparently, all of the fast motor units consist of fast oxidative/glycolytic (FOG)-type muscle fibers. Our data provide functional evidence that the types of myofibrillar ATPase demonstrated by Brooke and Kaiser ('70), are not necessarily correlated to physiological classification of fiber types as slow oxidative (SO), fast oxidative/glycolytic (FOG), and fast glycolytic (FG) (Peter et al., '72).Perhaps compartmentalization of muscle fiber types may be a first step in the separation of muscles into multiple heads during the evolution of specialization to diverse locomotor habits among the mammals.
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    Ultrastructure of the sensory epithelia of oral tube, fungiform sensory bodies, and terminal knobs of tentacles of Ovatella myosotis Draparnaud (Archaeopulmonata, Gastropoda) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 333-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sensory epithelia of the oral tube, a fungiform body anterior to the tentacles and of the terminal knob of tentacles, were studied in Ovatella myosotis by electron microscopy. All three epithelia consist of columnar support cells, sensory cells, and, except in the oral tube, numerous goblet cells. The epithelia differ significantly in their apical differentiations. In the oral tube an outer layer is formed by irregularly bent villi of support cells completely embedded in a surface coat. Cilia and cytofila of the dendrites of sensory cells intertwine throughout the entire depth of the villous layer. In the fungiform sensory body some of the villi of support cells are singly branched. Their basal region is free of a surface coat. In this region cytofila and cilia of dendrites form a spongy layer, some cytofila extending into the surface coat. In the tentacular terminal knob the villi of the support cells branch dichotomously once or twice, a single villus thus ending with 2-4 tips. Only these terminal twigs are invested with the surface coat. The cytofila and dendritic cilia are confined to a broad spongy layer underneath. Three types of dendrites are present. They differ in their number of cilia, structure of basal bodies and occurrence in the three epithelia. Dendritic cytofila are most abundant in the tentacular terminal knob and least numerous in the oral tube. The observations are discussed with respect to corresponding epithelia in other pulmonates, the homology of the fungiform body, and possible functional correlates of structural features.
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    Histological and enzymatic studies on the renal tubules of some marine elasmobranchs (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 63-69 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Renal tubules in the dog shark, leopard shark, and red skate were examined histologically and analyzed histochemically for enzymes. Cells of the distal and collecting tubules exhibit extensive interdigitations and large intercellular spaces, suggesting that these tubules are sites of sodium reabsorption. Although Na-K-ATPase is very scarce to nonexistent in the distal and collecting tubules, very intense carbonic anhydrase activity in these segments indicates that they secrete large amounts of hyrogen ion and reabsorb sodium by H+/Na+ exchange process. Epithelial cells of the necks are not interdigitated, tightly join adjacent cells, and have low enzyme activities. They seem to be passively permeable to the water. Necks are attached to the distal tubules with scant intervening stroma. It seems likely that the stroma has a high osmotic pressure resulting from absorption of solutes in the distal tubules. Water may be reabsorbed from necks to stroma because of a concentration gradient of the solutes distributed between these sites.
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    Morphology of the intestine of prefeeding and feeding adult Lampreys, Petromyzon marinus L.: The mucosa of the diverticulum, anterior intestine, and transition zone (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 39-61 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Light and electron microscopy were used to examine the morphology of the mucosa of the diverticulum, anterior intestine, and transition zone in prefeeding and spontaneously feeding adult lampreys (Petromyzon marinus L.). Absorptive (either types A or B), ciliated, and enteroendocrine cells are present in all regions but the diverticulum and anterior intestine also possess zymogen (secretory) cells. Type A absorptive cells are restricted to the diverticulum and the rostral one-third of the anterior intestine and are characterized by abundant mitochondria and an extensive smooth tubular network. Type B absorptive cells, in the remainder of the anterior intestine and the transition zone, possess small numbers of these organelles but in the transition zone also have inclusion bodies. During feeding, abundant lipid droplets and lipoprotein (VLDL) accumulate in the cytoplasm of both types of absorptive cells and in the lateral intercellular and the perivascular spaces. Lipid is present to a limited extent in ciliated cells and is encountered only rarely in enteroendocrine and zymogen cells. Although the animals are obligate sanguivores, there is little evidence of iron within these mucosal cells. It is suggested that intestinal efficiency displayed by this animal is due in part to ion transport in osmoregulation in type A cells, lipid absorption in types A and B cells, and digestion through enzymes in zymogen cells.
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    External and internal sexual dimorphism in leiognathid fishes: Morphological evidence for sex-specific bioluminescent signaling (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 71-83 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fourteen species of leiognathid fishes (Perciformes, Leiognathidae) from the Philippine Islands, Thailand, Japan, Indonesia, and Palau were examined for accessory secondary sexual dimorphism. Thirteen species exhibit either external dimorphism (a clear patch of skin on the flanks of males, a large clear patch of skin on the opercular margins of males, or a flank stripe in males) or internal dimorphism (large light organs in males) or both. Eight of the 14 species (and possibly as many as 11) exhibit both forms of sexual dimorphism. Two species show only internal light organ volume dimorphism, and one species shows neither external nor internal dimorphism. Sexual dimorphism is thus very common in leiognathids. The externally dimorphic skin patches are closely associated with the internally dimorphic light organ system in seven species (and possibly as many as ten), indicating a potential for light emission through the clear patches. A bioluminescent signaling function by males is therefore suggested for the sexual dimorphism in leiognathids, which may play an important role in the schooling behavior as well as in species and sexual recognition of these coastal fishes.
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    Oral structures and their development in egg-brooding hylid frog embryos and larvae: Evolutionary and ecological implications (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 1-37 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Among egg-brooding hylid frogs there is much interspecific variation in the degree of development of the young at hatching. In certain species of Gastrotheca the eggs hatch into free-living tadpoles, whereas in others (and in the genera Amphignathodon, Cryptobatrachus, Stefania and Hemiphractus) the eggs hatch directly into frogs. We examined the oral anatomy of tadpoles and embryos of 22 species of egg-brooding hylids in order to determine the morphological differences between free-living larvae and embryos of species having direct development. All free-living Gastrotheca larvae are morphologically similar and have a large array of oral structures directly associated with a suspension feeding way of life. Among those egg-brooding hylids without free-living larvae there is a complete gradation from those with all of the free-living tadpole oral structures to those with none. Different lineages retain different vestiges of free-living larval morphology, suggesting that direct development has evolved multiple times among these frogs. All of the morphological patterns in the direct-developing embryos can be accounted for by simple truncation or acceleration of the normal tadpole developmental program. We explore the possibility that certain Gastrotheca species with tadpoles may have evolved from species that lack larval stages. The development of oral structures in egg-brooding hylids provides insight into the phylogenetic significance of these charactes in other groups of anurans. Most significantly they reinforce the idea that microhylids evolved from ranoidlike ancestors.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820201
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    Immunocytochemical study of crustacean hyperglycemic hormone in the eyestalks of the prawn Palaemon serratus (Pennant) and some other Palaemonidae, in relation to variations in the blood glucose level (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 85-94 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: With the use of rabbit antisera against crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH), it is possible to describe a distinct immunopositive reaction in a group of neurosecretory cells in the medulla terminalis ganglionic X-organ2 (MTGX2), in the MTGX-sinus gland tract, and in a considerable part of the sinus gland from several species of prawns belonging to the Palaemonidae. By introductory studies on the CHH system in Palaemon serratus, we can postulate a sequence in the activity cycle of the CHH-producing cells on the basis of differences in staining intensity of the immunoreaction and such morphometric parameters as cellular and nuclear diameter. By studying the CHH-producing system in combination with variations in the glucose level of the blood, an “inverse relationship” is observed between the number of immunoreactive cells and the blood glucose level during different periods of the year as well as during different stages of the molting cycle. A “shift in phase” of this correlation during the diurnal cycle suggests that several rhythmical phenomena may play a role in the regulation of glycemia in Crustacea.
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    Antennal receptors in the blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala: II. Fine structure of the large pedicellar campaniform sensillum (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 115-123 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A large mechanosensory campaniform sensillum (LCS) is found close to the flagellum/pedicellus joint in the antennae of the blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala. The LCS possesses a single sensory cell, enveloping cells and a cuticular stimulus-conducting structure. The distal part of the sensory process is developed as a tubular body and is connected to the two parts of the stimulusconducting apparatus. The sensory cell is characterized by the complete absence of ciliary structures in the transition zone between dendrite and sensory process.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820108
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  • 97
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    A three-dimensional muscle model: A quantified relation between form and function of skeletal muscles (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 95-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A three-dimensional muscle model with complex geometry is described and tested against experimental data. Using this model, several muscles were constructed. These muscles have equal optimum length but differ in architecture. The force exerted by the constructed muscles, in relation to their actual length and velocity of shortening, is discussed. Generally speaking, the constructed muscles with considerable pennation have great fiber angles, a great physiological cross section, a narrow active and steep passive length-force relation, and a low maximal velocity of shortening. The maximal power (force times velocity) delivered by the constructed muscles is shown to be almost independent of the architecture of the muscles. The steepness of the passive length-force relation is determined mainly by the shortest fibers within the group of constructed muscles, wheras maximal velocity of shortening and the width of the active length-force relation are determined mainly by the longest fibers.The validity of the three-dimensional muscle model with respect to some morphological and functional characteristics is tested. Length-force relations of constructed muscles are compared with the actual length-force relations of mm. gastrocnemii mediales and mm. semimembranosi of male Wistar rats. Moreover, actual fiber angle, fiber length, and muscle thickness of three mm. gastrocnemii mediales are compared with values found for constructed muscles. It is concluded that the three-dimensional muscle model closely approximates the actual muscle form and function.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820107
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Primary projections of the trigeminal nerve in two species of sturgeon: Acipenser oxyrhynchus and Scaphirhynchus platorynchus (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 125-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Horseradish peroxidase histochemical studies of afferent and efferent projections of the trigeminal nerve in two species of chondrostean fishes revealed medial, descending and ascending projections. Entering fibers of the trigeminal sensory root project medially to terminate in the medial trigeminal nucleus, located along the medial wall of the rostral medulla. Other entering sensory fibers turn caudally within the medulla, forming the trigeminal spinal tract, and terminate within the descending trigeminal nucleus. The descending trigeminal nucleus consists of dorsal (DTNd) and ventral (DTNv) components. Fibers of the trigeminal spinal tract descend through the lateral alar medulla and into the dorsolateral cervical spinal cord. Fibers exit the spinal tract throughout its length, projecting to the ventral descending trigeminal nucleus (DTNv) in the medulla and to the funicular nucleus at the obex. Retrograde transport of HRP through sensory root fibers also revealed an ascending bundle of fibers that constitutes the neurites of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, cell bodies of which are located in the rostral optic tectum. Retrograde transport of HRP through motor root fibers labeled ipsilateral cells of the trigeminal motor nucleus, located in the rostral branchiomeric motor column.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820202
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The nervous system in the hypostome of Pelmatohydra robusta: The presence of a circumhypostomal nerve ring in the epidermis (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 153-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two types of nerve cells, sensory and ganglion cells, were identified in the epidermis of the hypostome of Pelmatohydra robusta by light and electron microscopy. In the study of distribution of these cells, the presence of a circumhypostomal nerve ring in the epidermis was revealed, although hydras have been considered to possess only a diffuse nervous system or socalled nerve net. The nerve ring, which encircled the hypostome, was constituted by several clusters of ganglion cells, thick bundles of many neurites connecting these clusters, and a small number of individual ganglion cells located along the bundles. In the nerve ring, some of the lamellae protruding from the ganglion cells were frequently myelinated and wrapped the cell bodies of neighboring ganglion cells, and other lamellae were arranged in concentric circles.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820204
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    Morphology of the intestine of prefeeding and feeding adult lampreys, Petromyzon marinus (L): The mucosa of the posterior intestine and hindgut (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 137-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The epithelium of the posterior intestine and hindgut of recently metamorphosed adult lampreys (Petromyzon marinus L.) prior to and during spontaneous feeding was examined using light and electron microscopy. These two regions differ slightly in their general morphology but possess the same mucosal cell types. Included are caveolated absorptive and mucous cells, which are not present in more cephalic regions of the intestine, and ciliated and enteroendocrine cells. During feeding, the caveolated cells undergo dramatic transformation in their structure, namely, through the acquisition of numerous heterophagic vacuoles. Due to their morphology and to the fact that there are low amounts of lipid, it is suspected that caveolated cells are primarily involved in the absorption of protein components from the ingested host blood and body fluids. Iron in caveolated cells may result from the degradation of ingested heme or reflect the excretion of bile products at this location in the intestine. Mucous cells are likely responsible for lubrication of the luminal surface and may be important as a stem cell for the mucosal epithelium.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820203
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