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  • Springer  (152,449)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (122,265)
  • 1965-1969  (32,719)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1991  (62,371)
  • 1990  (59,894)
  • 1968  (32,719)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (122,265)
  • 1965-1969  (32,719)
  • 1955-1959
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Note from the editor (1968)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 30 (1968), S. 1-1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476935
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  • 2
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    Erythrocyte distribution in arterial blood flow: IV. Simplification of the proposed equations (1968)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 30 (1968), S. 27-32 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In a previous paper (Bull. Math. Biophysics,29, 565–574, 1967) the author developed equations to represent velocity and hematocrit profiles in quasi-Poiseuille flow of blood. It was assumed that energy dissipation was minimized and that the viscosity depended on hematocrit and shear rate according to the Casson formula. These equations are simplified considerably, placed in a form more suitable for numerical solution and shown to depend on a single dimensionless parameter. Typicalin vivo values for this parameter are calculated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476937
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  • 3
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    Éléments d’une théorie générale de la croissance d’une population (1968)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 30 (1968), S. 33-46 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, discrete models of reproduction are studied. In part one, definitions are given, particularly on order of the reproduction; part two concerns the growth of the population; part three, the phenomena of delay or acceleration; and part four, the consequences of mortality.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476938
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  • 4
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    Neuroendocrine control of thyroid secretion in living systems: A feedback control system model (1968)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 30 (1968), S. 3-26 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A model of the regulation of thyroid hormone in the bloodstream of living systems is formulated and analyzed. The portion of this model defined as theregulator includes components representing the thyroid, anterior pituitary and hypothalamic organs and their intercommunicating channels, that is, the peripheral plasma and hypophysial portal circulations and certain neuro-secretory connections. The loss of hormones from the plasma in the living system associated with physiological mechanisms within the peripheral tissue space and the excretory pathways is represented in the model by a lumpedload on the regulator. The model is reduced to a system of differential equations involving eleven parameters and variables, all of which are identified with certain physiological structures and states. Five of these are currently observable by available laboratory techniques and two others are computable explicity from the equations of the model; the remaining four can be computed in the same way to within a multiplicative constant. Procedires for carrying out ten of these measurements and calculations are suggested. On the basis of the equations and parameters of the model, a discussion of the normal behavior and the response of this system to certain types of disturbances is presented. A systematic effort has been made in the development of this model to include all relevant physiological data and relationships reported in the biological literature. A summary of this literature, reflecting the views and interpretations made by the authors of this paper, is included for completeness and ease of reference.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476936
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  • 5
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    Linear bulk diffusion into heterogeneous tissue (1968)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 30 (1968), S. 47-59 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper an expression is derived which describes the transient overall uptake of an inert solute by a section of tissue excised with parallel faces and placed upon an impermeable base. The approach diverges from the conventional analyses for perfused tissue (Morales and Smith,Bull. Math. Biophysics,6, 125–141, 1944;7, 47–99, 1945) because the extravascular zone is regarded as a heterogeneous diffusion medium. Account for this is taken by regarding tissue as effectively composed of two phases—a continuous (extracellular) phase similar to water, and a dispersed phase comprising cells of irregular profile. In both phases the relevant mode of uptake is taken as bulk diffusion rather than surface permeation, thus emphasizing the influence of the internal geometry of the tissue upon its overall exchange response.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476939
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  • 6
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    The identification of recirculating systems in the frequency domain (1968)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 30 (1968), S. 87-104 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A method for the identification of flow systems by frequency domain analysis has been extended to include systems with recirculation and truncated data curves. Application of the technique to clinical indicator-dilution curves indicates that the method may be useful in the quantitation of intracardiac shunts. A number of numerical examples which demonstrate the accuracy of the method are included.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476941
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  • 7
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    A systems-mathematical interpretation of psychoanalytic theory (1968)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 30 (1968), S. 61-86 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract By assigning time-varying coordinates to all environmental stimuli, it has been possible to axiomatize psychoanalytic theory on the five principles of multiple causation, growth-aging influence, genetic influence, historic influence and conscious-unconscious activity. The theorems of summation of response and the inevitability of conscious-unconscious conflict with their corollaries follow directly from the axiomatic foundations, as does the existence of an adaptation-defense mechanism. The interpretation of the defense mechanism in terms of an ego-id feedback system provides the basis for the structural existence of conscious-conscious and unconscious-unconscious conflict.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476940
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  • 8
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    Cellular systems as sequential machines: Stability properties (1968)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 30 (1968), S. 117-122 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In previous studies of (M,R) (Rosen, 1961; Demetrius, 1966), it was assumed that changes in the structure of (M,R) which were induced by environmental alternations occurred without error. Here, the effect of both “genetic” and “metabolic” malfunctions on the behavior of (M,R) is examined and a subclass of these systems whose behavior is invulnerable to such errors is specified.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476943
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  • 9
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    Cellular systems as graphs (1968)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 30 (1968), S. 105-116 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The definition of an (M,R) is formulated in a way that emphasizes its mathematical properties. Neglecting interactions between the components, it is shown that: (1) An (M,R) contains only one non-reestablishable component. (2) If an (M,R) contains only one non-reestablishable component, then that component is central. Examples are given to illustrate the biological significance of these two results. The notion of “lag-independence” is introduced, and it is shown that if a system possesses only one non-reestablishable component which is “lag-independent” then all components are lag-independent. The concepts of reestablishability, centrality and lag-independence are applied in order to suggest various criteria for optimal organization of (M,R).
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  • 10
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    A theoretical model for the control mechanisms in biochemical reactions (1968)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 30 (1968), S. 123-133 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical representation for the analysis of control mechanisms in biochemical reactions is presented. First, the theoretical concept of concentration in biological systems is developed. Then a system consisting of two functions λ and τ is constructed as a network of single output automata. The range of λ is taken to be formed by a set of twostates qualitatively different from the “repair function” Φ f of a mappingf: A→B in the stimulated Φ1 and unstimulated state Φ0. Likewise, the range of τ is formed by the set δ={f o ,f 1} wheref 1 means the mappingf in its stimulated state andf o in the unstimulated one. It is demonstrated that the mathematical structure described acts as a control mechanism over thef and Φ f , so that two biochemical components,A→B, are transformed at a controlled rate. Some of the biological applications of this model are briefly examined. The Jacob-Monod model, the enzymatic adaptation phenomenon, and the “rheon unit” hypothesis are discussed within our framework. Eventually, a concrete model for the RNA-polymerase mechanism, based on the above discussion, is presented.
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  • 11
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    A contribution to Rashevsky’s mathematical theory of development (1968)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 30 (1968), S. 135-151 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The application of Rashevsky’s transformationT to a primordial graph yields a set of graphs corresponding to different stages in the development of the organism. However, sinceT is multiple-valued the graphs obtained are not ordered. To obtain an ordering, it is first shown that the set of graphs under consideration is equivalent to a well defined setO (for “organism”) ofn-tuples. A metric is then introduced which is based on a biological consideration discussed by Rashevsky (Bull. Math. Biophysics,16, 317–348, 1954). Since a metric implies an ordering of the setO, with a knowledge of the structure of the primordial, one can obtain the developmental sequence. Unfortunately, at present, the structure of the primordial graph is unknown which makes the direct application of the above principle impossible. Consequently, an indirect approach which makes use of more accessible biological phenomena is discussed as well. The hypothesis thatrate of development decreases exponentially and the implications this has with regard to the metric onO are discussed. It is shown that if the hypothesis is accepted the search for the developmental sequence is narrowed.
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  • 12
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    The chemical basis of morphogenesis (1990)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 52 (1990), S. 153-197 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract It is suggested that a system of chemical substances, called morphogens, reacting together and diffusing through a tissue, is adequate to account for the main phenomena of morphogenesis. Such a system, although it may originally be quite homogeneous, may later develop a pattern or structure due to an instability of the homogeneous equilibrium, which is triggered off by random disturbances. Such reaction-diffusion systems are considered in some detail in the case of an isolated ring of cells, a mathematically convenient, though biologically unusual system. The investigation is chiefly concerned with the onset of instability. It is found that there are six essentially different forms which this may take. In the most interesting form stationary waves appear on the ring. It is suggested that this might account, for instance, for the tentacle patterns onHydra and for whorled leaves. A system of reactions and diffusion on a sphere is also considered. Such a system appears to account for gastrulation. Another reaction system in two dimensions gives rise to patterns reminiscent of dappling. It is also suggested that stationary waves in two dimensions could account for the phenomena of phyllotaxis. The purpose of this paper is to discuss a possible mechanism by which the genes of a zygote may determine the anatomical structure of the resulting organism. The theory does not make any new hypotheses; it merely suggests that certain well-known physical laws are sufficient to account for many of the facts. The full understanding of the paper requires a good knowledge of mathematics, some biology, and some elementary chemistry. Since readers cannot be expected to be experts in all of these subjects, a number of elementary facts are explained, which can be found in text-books, but whose omission would make the paper difficult reading.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02459572
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  • 13
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    Book reviews (1990)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 52 (1990), S. 319-334 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02459577
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  • 14
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    SIAM 1990 Annual Meeting and Short Course 15–20 July 1990 Hyatt Regency Hotel, Chicago, IL (1990)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 52 (1990), S. 335-337 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02459578
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  • 15
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    Editorial: Software survey section (1990)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 52 (1990), S. I 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
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  • 16
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    The cellular computer DNA: Program or data (1990)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 52 (1990), S. 335-348 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The classical metaphor of the genetic program written in the DNA nucleotidic sequences is reconsidered. Recent works on algorithmic complexity and logical properties of computer programs and data are used to question the explanatory value of that metaphor. Structural properties of strings are looked for which would be necessary to apply to DNA sequences if the metaphor is to be taken literally. The notion of sophistication is used to quantify meaningful complexity and to distinguish it from classical computational complexity. In this context, the distinction between program and data becomes relevant and an alternative metaphor of DNA as data to a parallel computing network embedded in the global geometrical and biochemical structure of the cell is discussed. An intermediate picture of an evolving network emerges as the most likely where the output of the cellular computing network can produce, at a different time scale, changes in the structure of the network itself by means of changes in the DNA activity patterns.
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  • 17
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    Distribution of the number of matches between nucleotide sequences (1990)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 52 (1990), S. 349-358 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract When two strings of symbols are aligned it is important to know whether the observed number of matches is better than that expected between two independent sequences with the same frequency of symbols. When strings are of different lengths, nulls need to be inserted in order to align the sequences. One approach is to use simple approximations of sampling for replacement. We describe an algorithm for exactly determining the frequencies of given numbers of matches, sampling without replacement. This does not lead to a simple closed form expression. However we show examples where sampling with, or without, replacement give very similar results and the simple approach may be adequate for all but the smallest cases.
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  • 18
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    Consistency of optimal sequence alignments (1990)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 52 (1990), S. 509-525 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Pairwise optimal alignments between three or more sequences are not necessarily consistent as a whole, but consistent and inconsistent residues are usually distributed in clusters. An efficient method has been developed for locating consistent regions when each pairwise alignment is given in the form of a “skeletal representation” (Bull. math. Biol. 52, 359–373). This method is further extended so that the combination of pairwise alignments that gives the greatest consistency is found when possibly many alignments are equally optimal for each pairwise comparison. A method for acceleration of simultaneous multiple sequence alignment is proposed in which consistent regions serve as “anchor points” limiting application of direct multi-way alignment to the rest of “inconsistent” regions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02462264
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  • 19
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    Conditions for the unlimited growth in multitype population size dependent galton-watson processes (1990)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 52 (1990), S. 527-534 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Sufficient conditions are given for the unlimited growth or otherwise in multitype population size dependent Galton-Watson processes. These conditions are given in terms of moments of offspring distributions and extend known conditions for processes with one type.
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  • 20
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    A deterministic model of the cell cycle (1990)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 52 (1990), S. 535-547 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The variability of the duration of the cell cycle is explained by the phenomenon of sensitive dependence upon initial conditions; as may occur in deterministic non-linear systems. Chaotic dynamics of a system is the result of this sensitive dependence. First a deterministic system is formulated that is equivalent to the Smith-Martin transition probability model of the cell cycle. Next the model is extended to a dynamic process that ranges over the cell generations. A deterministic non-linear relationship between the cycle time of the mother and daughter cell is established. It clarifies the variability of mother-daughter correlation for the different cell types. The model is fitted to two different cell cultures; it shows that the graph of the non-linear relation has the same shape for different cell types.
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  • 21
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    Book reviews (1990)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 52 (1990), S. 583-596 
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  • 22
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    Editorial: Software survey section (1990)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 52 (1990), S. I 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
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  • 23
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    Diffusion regulated growth characteristics of a spherical prevascular carcinoma (1990)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 52 (1990), S. 549-582 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract Recently a mathematical model of the prevascular phases of tumor growth by diffusion has been investigated (S. A. Maggelakis and J. A. Adam,Math. Comput. Modeling, in press). In this paper we examine in detail the results and implications of that mathematical model, particularly in the light of recent experimental work carried out on multicellular spheroids. The overall growth characteristics are determined in the present model by four parameters:Q, γ, b, andδ, which depend on information about inhibitor production rates, oxygen consumption rates, volume loss and cell proliferation rates, and measures of the degree of non-uniformity of the various diffusion processes that take place. The integro-differential growth equation is solved for the outer spheroid radiusR 0(t) and three related inner radii subject to the solution of the governing time-independent diffusion equations (under conditions of diffusive equilibrium) and the appropriate boundary conditions. Hopefully, future experimental work will enable reasonable bounds to be placed on parameter values referred to in this model: meanwhile, specific experimentally-provided initial data can be used to predict subsequent growth characteristics ofin vitro multicellular spheroids. This will be one objective of future studies.
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  • 24
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    Synchronization of the behaviour within nests of the antleptothorax acervorum (fabricius)—I. Discovering the phenomenon and its relation to the level of starvation (1990)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 52 (1990), S. 597-612 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract Workers of the speciesLeptothorax acervorum show age-polyethism, they start their life as broodworkers and later on they become nestworkers and foragers. Nestworkers and foragers of this ant species are inactive for 72% and 15% of the total time respectively. The short bursts of activity within the nest do not occur randomly but are synchronized so that the whole nest population exhibits nonperiodic pulses of activity: the ants were seen to wake each other actively. In addition starvation experiments were done to assess whether ants react upon food availability. In appeared that during a longlasting period of starvation the proportion of active ants in the nest is at a higher approximately constant level.
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    The economics of exhaustible resources (1991)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 53 (1991), S. 281-312 
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    Some aspects of the dynamics of populations important to the management of the commercial Marine fisheries (1991)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 53 (1991), S. 253-279 
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    Book reviews (1991)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 53 (1991), S. 313-326 
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    Editorial: Software survey section (1991)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 53 (1991), S. I 
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  • 29
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    Resource management and behavioural ecology: A Conference in Celebration of the 60th Birthday of Colin Clark 24–26 July 1991 University of British Columbia, Cancouver, B.C. (1991)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 53 (1991), S. 327-327 
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  • 30
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    The statistical correlation of nucleotides in protein-coding DNA sequences (1991)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 53 (1991), S. 345-353 
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    Notes: Abstract The statistical correlation of nucleotides in a DNA sequence is described by a set of redundanciesD 1,D 2,D 3,... By calculation of {D n} of 2341 coding regions of nucleic acid sequences it is demonstrated that about 2/3 of sequences has correlation length ≤2, 10% of sequences—correlation with 3-periodicity and others—long range aperiodic correlations. The implications of the results from the interactions of random mutation and natural selection are discussed briefly.
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  • 31
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    Autocatalytic membrane conductance and memory (1991)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 53 (1991), S. 327-343 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract A basic characteristic of biological memory is that it has a graded duration, which, even for socalled short-term memory, can vary from minutes to days (i.e. over about three orders of magnitude), depending on the training protocol, which one can think of as determining the “strength” of the memory. Furthermore, the molecular analysis of simple learning in invertebrates has revealed many examples where “learning” is produced by adecrease in an appropriate membrane conductance. This paper provides a quantitative analysis of a simple kinetic scheme where by a conductance decrease can be produced by repetitive nerve impulses, with a duration that varies with stimulus frequency. The simplest model considered is based on the actual kinetics of the naturally-occurring ionophore Monazomycin. This model yields durations ranging only over a factor of about 10, for reasonable parameter values. However, a simple modification of the model yields memory durations ranging over three or more orders of magnitude. We also show that Monazomycin-like kinetics can appear as the result of a combination of simple uni- and bi-molecular reactions, thus making more plausible the possibility that the effects described here may operate in actual biological systems.
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    Statistical evaluation of dendritic growth models (1991)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 53 (1991), S. 579-589 
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    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model (Kliemann, W. 1987.Bull. math. Biol. 49, 135–152.) that predicts the quantitative branching pattern of dendritic tree was evaluated using the apical and basal dendrites of rat hippocampal neurons. The Wald statistics for χ2-test was developed for the branching pattern of dendritic trees and for the distribution of the maximal order of the tree. Using this statistic, we obtained a reasonable, but not excellent, fit of the mathematical model for the dendritic data. The model's predictability of branching patterns was greatly enhanced by replacing one of the assumptions used for the original model “splitting of branches for all dendritic orders is stochastically independent”, with a new assumption “branches are more likely to split in areas where there is already a high density of branches”. The modified model delivered an excellent fit for basal dendrites and for the apical dendrites of hippocampal neurons from young rats (30–34 days postpartum). This indicates that for these cells the development of dendritic patterns is the result of a purely random and a systematic component, where the latter one depends on the density of dendritic branches in the brain area considered. For apical dendrites there is a trend towards decreasing pattern predictability with increasing age. This appears to reflect the late arrival of afferents and subsequent synaptogenesis proximal on the apical dendritic tree of hippocampal neurons.
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    Computer simulations of cell-target encounter including biased cell motion toward targets: Single and multiple cell-target simulations in two dimensions (1991)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 53 (1991), S. 591-621 
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    Notes: Abstract In order for immune cells to carry out many of their functions, including clearance of infectious agents from tissue, they must first encounter their targets in the tissue. This encounter process is often the rate-limiting step in the overall function. Most immune cells exhibit chemotactic ability, and previous continuum models for encounter rates and dynamics have shown that chemotaxis can be a great advantage to cells by greatly increasing encounter rates relative to those for randomly moving cells. This paper describes computer simulations of discrete cell-target encounter events in two dimensions, for the two cases considered by the continuum models: where only a single cell and a single target are present, and where many cells and targets are present. The results of these simulations verify our previous model predictions that a small amount of chemotactic bias dramatically decreases the encounter time, while further increases in the amount of bias have a much smaller effect. Chemotactic ability is shown to be an important determinant of the kinetics of target clearance, and its effects depend on the initial cell-target ratio and the initial distributions of cells and targets. To the best of our knowledge, this work provides the first computer simulations of particle-target encounter in which there is biased motion of particles toward their targets, and is therefore of general interest beyond specific application to immune cell function.
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    Book reviews (1991)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 53 (1991), S. 657-663 
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    One-way blocks in cardiac tissue: A mechanism for propagation failure in purkinje fibres (1991)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 53 (1991), S. 881-899 
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    Notes: Abstract The concept of a one-way block, arising from a region of depressed tissue, has remained central to theories for cardiac arrhythmias. We show that both the geometry of a depressed region and spatial heterogeneities in depression are key factors for inducing such a block. By using an asymptotic approximation, known as the eikonal equation, to model qualitatively the movement of a depolarization wave-front down a Purkinje fibre bundle, we show how a one-way block in conduction may result from asymmetric constriction in the width of a depressed bundle. We demonstrate that this theory is valid for biologically relevant parameters and simulate a one-way block by numerically solving the eikonal approximation. We consider the case of non-uniform depression, where the planar travelling wave speed is spatially dependent. Here, numerical simulations indicate that such a spatial dependency may, in itself, be sufficient to produce a one-way block.
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    A system dynamics model of island biogeography (1991)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 53 (1991), S. 911-940 
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    Notes: Abstract The MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium theory of island biogeography has been one of the more influential concepts in modern biogeography and ecology. In this paper, we synthesize the theory and examine effects of different immigration/extinction rate-species diversity curves on original predictions from the theory by using the System Dynamics simulation modeling approach. Moreover, we develop a comprehensive and generic System Dynamics model to incorporate a variety of recent modifications and extensions of the theory, including area effect, distance effect, competition effect, habitat diversity effect, target effect, and rescue effect. Through computer simulation with STELLA, a more profound understanding of the theory of island biogeography can be gained. The System Dynamics modeling approach is especially appropriate for such a study because it maximizes the utilization of the ecological data by incorporating qualitative information so that a complex, imprecisely-defined ecological system can be studied quantitatively, effectively, and comprehensively. Our simulation results show that different monotonic rate-species diversity curves do not affect the essence of the theory of island biogeography, while the magnitude of equilibrium species diversity may be greatly affected. Non-monotonic rate-species diversity curves may result in potential multiple equilibria of species diversity. In addition, our model suggests that a non-monotonic relationship may exist between the equilibrium turnover rate and island area and between the equilibrium turnover rate and distance.
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    The estimation of the Kolmogorov entropy from a time series and its limitations when performed on EEG (1991)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 53 (1991), S. 665-678 
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    Notes: Abstract A method to estimate a lower bound of the Kolmogorov entropy—the so calledK 2-entropy—from a time series is presented which avoids use of the generalized correlation integral. The influence of the norm is studied. The method is demonstrated on some standard examples. The entropy of the attractor apparent in the EEG of the foetal sheep is estimated and the results are compared with results obtained from synthesized data featuring some basic properties of EEG. This gives an insight into the limitations of the procedure.
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    Analysis of oscillations in yeast continuous cultures by a new simplified model (1991)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 53 (1991), S. 685-700 
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    Notes: Abstract The autonomous oscillations in yeast continuous cultures are investigated analytically and related to the behaviour of the single cell by means of a suitable modified version of Monod’s classical chemostat model. Two main cell phases or states are considered to account for the experimentally observed changes occurring in the cell growth course: the budded phase and the unbudded one. Thus, a sort of two compartment structure is given to the total biomass. The model so far obtained allows one to analyse the local properties of the predicted steady states under various assumptions, both on the yield coefficients and the specific growth rates. Necessary conditions for the local instability are derived and the existence of stable limit cycles is shown by computer simulation. With respect to the qualitative changes in the metabolic parameters, this analysis agrees with the results obtained by simulation of complex structured and segregated models. However, the oscillation period is too long compared with the experimental one and this fact may be mainly due to the strong simplifying assumptions on the dynamic evolution of the transfer rates between the two compartments. The model’s usefulness seems until now restricted to the identification of the relationships between the cell cycle regulation and the oscillation triggering.
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    Analysis of chemotactic bacterial distributions in population migration assays using a mathematical model applicable to steep or shallow attractant gradients (1991)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 53 (1991), S. 721-749 
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    Notes: Abstract The mathematical model developed by Riveroet al. (1989,Chem. Engng Sci. 44, 2881–2897) is applied to literature data measuring chemotactic bacterial population distributions in response to steep as well as shallow attractant gradients. This model is based on a fundamental picture of the sensing and response mechanisms of individual bacterial cells, and thus relates individual cell properties such as swimming speed and tumbling frequency to population parameters such as the random motility coefficient and the chemotactic sensitivity coefficient. Numerical solution of the model equations generates predicted bacterial density and attractant concentration profiles for any given experimental assay. We have previously validated the mathematical model from experimental work involving a step-change in the attractant gradient (Fordet al., 1991Biotechnol. Bioengng.37, 647–660; For and Lauffenburger, 1991,Biotechnol. Bioengng,37, 661–672). Within the context of this experimental assay, effects of attractant diffusion and consumption, random motility, and chemotactic sensitivity on the shape of the profiles are explored to enhance our understanding of this complex phenomenon. We have applied this model to various other types of gradients with successful intepretation of data reported by Dalquistet al. (1972,Nature New Biol. 236, 120–123) forSalmonella typhimurum validating the mathematical model and supportin the involvement of high and low affinity receptors for serine chemotaxis by these cells.
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    Book reviews (1991)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 53 (1991), S. 797-804 
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    Rook’s tour representation of the genetic code (1991)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 53 (1991), S. 845-851 
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    Notes: Abstract Disconnected recurrences of the stop signal, serine and arginine appear in the original representation of the genetic code, and of the stop signal, arginine, serine and leucine in the codon ring representation. To achieve connectedness along with structural continuity, arook’s tour representation is presented here. On the basis of structural similarities and disparities in their side groups, each of the 20 amino acids is associated with a domain comprised of from one to six contiguous squares on the chess board. As the rook moves on the chess board, it reaches all 64 squares in the ordering of the codon numbers, which prescribe the codons by a simple formula based on the position and size of the nucleotides in a triplet. Recurrences of the stop signal, arginine and serine occur naturally on the tour as the rook enters each of the latter domains for the second time. A mathematical equivalent of the rook’s tour may enter as a programming device in the implementation of the code by the RNAs.
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    Some results on sensitivity of general input-output systems (1991)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 10 (1991), S. 71-89 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We consider general input-output systems, which need not be of a feedback type, that are governed by nonlinear operator equations which relate the input, state, and output. Assuming that these equations depend on a parameterA which is allowed to vary in a neighborhood of a “nominal value”A 0 , we study the dependence of the output onA when the input is fixed. Essentially, we call a system insensitive if the output depends continuously onA. Two insensitivity concepts are introduced, and it is shown that certain monotonicity-like conditions ensure insensitivity. Also, several particular cases of the governing equations are studied. As examples, a control system described by a singular system of ordinary differential equations and a nonlinear feedback system are discussed.
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    On limit cycles inn-order direct-form digital filters (1991)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 10 (1991), S. 153-161 
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    Notes: Abstract The relationship between the elements in the vector of any limit cycle due to rounding in ann-order direct-form digital filter is established. Some bounds on the elements in such vectors are also determined. Sufficient conditions for the accessibility of period-r limit cycles due to rounding inn-order digital filters are presented.
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    Direction-of-arrival estimation in applications with multipath and few snapshots (1991)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 10 (1991), S. 327-342 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper analyzes two direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation algorithms used in the presence of multipath propagation and with very few snapshots. The conditional maximum likelihood (CML) algorithm and the method of direction estimation (MODE) are discussed. The estimates provided by these algorithms are shown to coincide for large number of snapshots or large signal-to-noise ratio. Necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for the algorithms to yield unique estimates. It is shown that their uniqueness conditions coincide with the minimal uniqueness condition on the array, that is independent of the algorithm used (if the array does not satisfy this minimal condition, no DOA estimation method can give unique estimates). Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the theoretical results.
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    Robust stability and senstivity of input-output systems over extended spaces (1991)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 10 (1991), S. 361-389 
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    Notes: Abstract In Part I of this paper we consider a general model of an input-output system governed by nonlinear operator equations that relate the system's input, state, and output, all of which are elements in extended spaces. This model encompasses feedback systems as a special case. Assuming that the equations governing the system depend on a parameterA that is allowed to vary in a neighborhoodN r (A 0) of a nominal valueA 0 in a linear space, we study conditions under which the system is stable for everyA ε Nr(A0), i.e., when the system exhibits robust stability. By stability we essentially mean that the input-output operator is continuous. Depending on the type of continuity of a map between two extended spaces, four concepts of robustness are introduced. The main results, Theorems 1 and 2, furnish sufficient conditions for a system to be robust in the respective sense. Basically, they show that if the nominal system satisfies a certain condition guaranteeing its stability, and the operators appearing in the governing equations depend continuously on the parameterA, then we have robust stability. As examples illustrating the applications of our results we discuss (1) a feedback-feedforward system, in particular the case when the extended space consists of locally square-integrable functions or functions continuous on [0, ∞), and (2) a time-varying dynamical system described by a linear vector differential equation, whose variables are continuous functions on [0, ∞) which decrease exponentially to zero ast → ∞. At the end of the paper some modifications of the presented theory are discussed.
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    Higher-order statistics-based input/output system identification and application to noise cancellation (1991)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 10 (1991), S. 485-511 
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    Notes: Abstract Higher-than-second-order statistics-based input/output identification algorithms are proposed for linear and nonlinear system identification. The higher-than-second-order cumulant-based linear identification algorithm is shown to be insensitive to contamination of the input data by a general class of noise including additive Gaussian noise of unknown covariance, unlike its second-order counterpart. The nonlinear identification is at least as optimal as any linear identification scheme. Recursive-least-squares-type algorithms are derived for linear/nonlinear adaptive identification. As applications, the problems of adaptive noise cancellation and time-delay estimation are discussed and simulated. Consistency of the adaptive estimator is shown. Simulations are performed and compared with the second-order design.
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    Comments on “Fault prediction for analog circuits” (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 501-502 
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    Reply to comments on “Fault prediction for analog circuits” (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 503-503 
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    Further comments on “Fault prediction for analog circuits” (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 505-505 
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    Symmetric matrices associated with a nonnegative matrix (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 171-180 
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    Notes: Abstract For ann-by-n nonnegative matrixP, we consider the entrywise harmonic meanH, geometric meanG, and arithmetic meanA, ofP and PT. Simple proofs are given for the inequalities ρ(H)≤ρ(G)≤ p(P)≤ ρ(A), and attention is focused upon characterization of the case of equality in each of these six inequalities. In caseP is irreducible, ρ(G)=p(P) exactly whenP is diagonally similar to a symmetric matrix, and several other equivalent conditions for diagonal symmetrizability ofP are collected together here. Other conditions which arise involve further variations upon symmetry, and may be viewed as algebraic descriptions of various features of symmetry. A tool of interest is a slight variation upon a recent characterization of the Perron root.
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    Shorted matrices in star and related orderings (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 197-212 
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    Notes: Abstract A new class of shorted operators is considered. The shorted operator has an intimate relationship with electrical networks and has been extensively studied. In this work we consider the class of matrices with row and column spans in specified linear subspaces and dominated in a given partial order by a matrixA. If this class of matrices has an unique maximal element under the partial order, then this maximal element is called the shorted matrix ofA relative to the given linear subspaces and the relevant partial order. We study the shorted matrix under the star order of Drazin, the minus order, and also under partial orders induced by the minimum norm and least squares g-inverses. The parallel sum of matrices is intimately related to the shorted matrix and results are given for parallel addition.
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    An alternate variational characterization of matrix Riccati equation solutions (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 223-228 
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    Notes: Abstract A new variational characterization of the solution of a matrix Riccati equation is presented. The characterization is given as the maximum Hermitian matrix that makes a certain compound matrix Hermitian positive semidefinite. The shorted operator (Schur complement) applied to the compound matrix produces the Riccati equation.
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    Eigenstructure methods for direction finding with sensor gain and phase uncertainties (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 271-300 
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    Notes: Abstract An eigenstructure-based method for direction finding in the presence of sensor gain and phase uncertainties is presented. The method provides estimates of the Directions of Arrival (DOA) of all the radiating sources as well as calibration of the gain and phase of each sensor in the observing array. The technique is not limited to a specific array configuration and can be implemented in a'ny eigenstructure-based DOA system to improve its performance.
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    Analysis of systems subject to parameter uncertainties: Application of interval analysis (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 319-341 
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    Notes: Abstract The effects of system parameter uncertainties on system performance are always of great concern to the system designer. It is desirable to knowa priori estimates of the system response, subject to parameter uncertainties. In the following we propose using interval analysis techniques to establish estimates of system performance (e.g., envelopes of time response and frequency response). The results which we obtain constitute generalizations of existing work. Specifically, existing results address systems which are described by linear ordinary differential equations which are endowed with a single parameter belonging to an interval. In the present results we address systems described by linear or nonlinear ordinary difference equations endowed with more than one parameter belonging to intervals.
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    Some results on robust stability of general input-output systems (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 343-364 
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    Notes: Abstract We consider general input-output systems governed by nonlinear operator equations that relate the system's input, state, and output. The systems under consideration need not be of a feedback type. Assuming that the governing equations depend on a parameterA in a linear space that is allowed to vary in a vicinity Nr(A0) of a “nominal” valueA 0, we study conditions under which the system is stable for each A∈Nr (A0), i.e., when the system is robust. By stability we essentially mean that the input-output map is continuous. Depending on the type of continuity used, two concepts of robustness are introduced. The main theorem shows that a certain generalized monotonicity condition imposed on the nominal system combined with a Lipschitz-like condition imposed on the perturbed system guarantees robustness. Moreover, several particular cases of the governing equations are investigated. As examples, we consider (1) a singular system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (a semistate equation), (2) a feedback system, and (3) a feedback, feedforward system. At the end of this paper some extensions and modifications of the presented theory are discussed.
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    On a geometrical interpretation of differential-algebraic equations (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 367-382 
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    Notes: Abstract The subject of this paper is the relation of differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) to vector fields on manifolds. For that reason, we introduce the notion of a regular DAE as a DAE to which a vector field uniquely corresponds. Furthermore, a technique is described which yields a family of manifolds for a given DAE. This socalled family of constraint manifolds allows in turn the formulation of sufficient conditions for the regularity of a DAE, and the definition of the index of a regular DAE. We also state a method for the reduction of higher-index DAEs to lower-index ones that can be solved without introducing additional constants of integration. Finally, the notion of realizability of a given vector field by a regular DAE is introduced, and it is shown that any vector field can be realized by a regular DAE. Throughout this paper the problem of path-tracing is discussed as an illustration of the mathematical phenomena.
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    Stability regions for second-order fixed-point digital filters in coupled form (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 409-420 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the asymmetry parameterk on the extent and form of the stability region for second-order fixed-point coupled-form digital filters is analyzed. In particular, by extending the results of a previous paper by the same authors, the stability regions for filters with roundoff quantizers are first shown. Then, the corresponding results for filters with either two or four value-truncation quantizers are derived. It turns out that the shape of the stability areas is rather odd because of the asymmetry of the quantization characteristic.
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    Discrete-timep-powers and stability (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 435-448 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Iterated-integral operators calledp-powers arise in the theory of representations of nonlinear systems. In a recent paper, necessary and sufficient conditions are given for such operators to be stable in a standard sense, and it is shown that a well-known sufficient condition is not necessary for allp ≥ 2. Here corresponding results are given for discrete-time cases.
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    Application of signal subspace approach to high-resolution narrowband array processing (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 421-433 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The paper first briefly reviews some subspace techniques for high-resolution array processing. It is shown that existing high-resolution techniques like the MUSIC algorithm are based on visual inspection of the spatial spectrum. It is not a scientifically valid means of assessing resolution of a spectrum estimator. The paper then proposes a technique based on a combination of optimal processing and signal subspace extraction for high-resolution array processing. Numerical results show that the proposed technique not only achieves superresolution of the spectrum, but also provides power estimates of the arrivals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189335
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    A methodology for designing, modifying, and implementing Fourier transform algorithms on various architectures (1990)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 449-500 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Fourier transform algorithms are described using tensor (Kronecker) products and an associated class of permutations. Algebraic properties of tensor products and the related permutations are used to derive variants of the Cooley-Tukey fast Fourier transform algorithm. These algorithms can be implemented by translating tensor products and permutations to programming constructs. An implementation can be matched to a specific computer architecture by selecting the appropriate variant. This methodology is carried out for the Cray X-MP and the AT&T DSP32.
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    Unemployment insurance: Risk sharing versus efficiency (1991)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 16 (1991), S. 59-74 
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    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Unemployment Insurance ; Risk Sharing ; Social Security
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Two models of spot labor markets are presented in which labor suppliers have heterogeneous attitudes towards effort and in which uncertainty prevails on labor productivity and growth. The problem of selecting efficient rules to manage unemployment insurance (UI) systems is considered. We show that there does not exist any system which combines an efficient allocation of labor with an efficient allocation of risks among employees, unemployed workers and capital-owners. Pareto-efficient policy rules are a best compromise between these two conflicting objectives. It implies that productive efficiency could be improved in periods of mass unemployment by reducing UI benefits. That would be at the expense of more inefficiencies in the sharing of macroeconomic risks. At the optimum, the UI benefit is positively correlated to growth and it is negatively correlated to labor productivity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00942857
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    A comment on social insurance (1991)
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 16 (1991), S. 137-138 
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    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02386302
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    A comment on Professor Atkinson's lecture (1991)
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 16 (1991), S. 139-141 
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    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02386303
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    Incentives, redistribution and social insurance (1991)
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 16 (1991), S. 143-165 
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    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Social Insurance ; Redistribution ; Incentives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We extend the familiar income taxation model à la Mirrlees, so as to include income uncertainty, due for instance to a risk of illness. Following a line of research initiated by Blomqvist and Horn [1984] we prove that the existence of a Social Health Insurance system may be justified even when the insurance market is efficient. Moreover, if there is a negative statistical dependence between probability of illness and labor productivity, then the optimum of a Utilitarianist Social Welfare function implies that Social Insurance provides a complete coverage for every household.
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    Risk taking and taxation in complete capital markets (1991)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 16 (1991), S. 167-177 
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    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Risk Taking ; Taxation ; Complete Conventional Securities Markets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In general equilibrium, with complete conventional securities markets and endogenous asset supply, taxes on risk remuneration are ineffective but harmless. They do not alter the real allocation of goods or the distribution of wealth, they impose no excess burden, and, in particular, have no impact on risk taking.
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    Bioconversion of the sodium salt of Simvastatin (MK-733) to 6-desmethyl-6-α-hydroxymethyl Simvastatin (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 157-164 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Actinomycete ; Biotransformation ; pH control ; Magnesium sulfate ; MK-733 ; Simvastatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary An actinomycete (MA 6474, ATCC 53828) isolated from a soil sample (Mutare, Zimbabwe) was found to biotransform the sodium salt of Simvastatin (MK-733) to 6-α-hydroxymethyl MK-733, 6-β-hybroxymethyl MK-733, and 6-ring-hydroxy MK-733. The bioconversion efficiency to the desired compound, 6-α-hydroxymethyl MK-733, was enhanced by optimizing the physico-chemical parameters of the process. In shake flask cultures, addition of magnesium (0.125 mg/l Mg SO4·7H2O) to the medium resulted in a five-fold increase in the rate of bioconversion to the α diastereomer. The ratio of bioconversion products (6-α-hydroxymethyl, 6-β-hydroxymethyl, and 6-ring-hydroxy MK-733) was regulated by pH. Process improvements and scale up in 23-1 fermentors, which consisted of a controlled addition of substrate (MK-733), resulted in a 2-fold increase in alpha diastereomer Production (42 vs. 79 U/ml) and a 23-fold rate increase in the formation of α-diastereomer. A high diastereomeric ratio (α: β=9∶1) facilitated downstream processing.
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    Fermentation study for the production of hepatitis B virus pre-S2 antigen by the methylotrophic yeastHansenula polymorpha (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 147-156 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Methanol ; Yeast extract ; Two-phase process ; Periplasmic antigen ; Intracellular antigen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Various physico-chemical parameters have been studied in order to improve the production of hepatitis B virus pre-S2 antigen (middle surface antigen) by the methylotrophic yeastHansenula polymorpha. Antigen production was done in two steps: first, production of cells on glycerol (Phase 1), followed by induction of antigen expression with methanol (Phase 2). Dense cultures ofH. polymorpha, equivalent to 35–40 g/l (dry weight), were readily obtained in small fermenters using minimal medium containing glycerol as carbon source. Antigen expression in this minimal medium, after induction with methanol, was however low and never exceeded 1.6 mg/l of culture. Antigen production was greatly enhanced by adding complex organic nitrogen sources along with methanol at induction time; yeast extract was the best of all the sources tested. In shake flasks, antigen production was proportional to yeast extract concentration up to 7% (w/v) yeast extract. it became clear that the nutritional conditions for good antigen expression were different from those for good biomass production. The effects of yeast extract were reproduced in small fermenters: antigen levels reached 8–9 mg/l in medium containing 6% (w/v) yeast extract during induction with methanol. The mechanisms of yeast extract's effects are still unknown but are probably nutritional. The recombinantH. polymorpha strain produced both periplasmic and intracellular antigen. The periplasmic antigen was shown to be present as 20–22-nm particles and was therefore immunogenic. Immunoblotting indicated that part of the pre-S2 antigen was present as a 24-kDa degradation product. These studies have led to a 140-fold increase in volumetric productivity of antigen and to a 4.6-fold increase in specific production.
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    Effect of cultural conditions on production of eicosapentaenoic acid byPythium irregulare (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 171-178 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: EPA ; Omega-3 ; Arachidonic acid ; Polyunsaturated fatty acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effect of culture conditions upon lipid content and fatty acid composition of mycelia ofPythium irregulare was investigated with particular attention to increasing the yield of 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (20∶5; ω−3) (EPA). All experiments were done by shake flask culture using a yeast extract + malt extract medium. The maximum growth rate was obtained at 25°C, but maximum EPA production was obtained at 12°C. The highest EPA production was 76.5 μg EPA/ml 13 days fermentation at 12°C. Addition of glucose during fermentation increased the yield considerably. The highest yield was 112 μg/ml, obtained at 13 days fermentation with spiking on day 11. Fermentation time could be shortened by initial incubation at 25°C for 2 days, followed by incubation at 12°C for 6 days. The culture also produced arachidonic acid and other ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. EPA production was also obtained with lactose or sweet whey permeate, a by-product of cheese manufacture that contains lactose as the main carbohydrate.
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    Production of arachidonic acid byMortierella alpina ATCC 32222 (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 179-185 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Mortierella alpina ; Arachidonic acid ; Polyunsaturated fatty acid ; Fungal lipid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary WhenMortierella alpina ATCC 32222 was incubated in a glucose salts medium at 25°C the biomass (17.5 g/l) contained 9.62% arachidonic acid which amounted to 54% (w/w) of total biomass lipids. When the glucose concentration in the medium was varied from 0 to 150 g/l, the percentage of arachidonic acid in biomass and in lipids was highest at a glucose concentration of 30 g/l, but highest yield of arachidonic acid per litre of culture broth was observed at a glucose concentration of 100 g/l. While production of biomass reached a plateau of 17 g/l after a 3-day incubation at 25°C, the percentage of arachidonic acid in lipids and biomass increased dramatically from 3 to 6 days with a concurrent arachidonic acid yield increase from 0.89 to 1.63 g/l. Optimum initial culture pH for arachidonic acid production was in the range 6.0–6.7. By increasing the concentration of the glucose salts medium three-fold, yields of biomass and arachidonic acid were increased to 35.8 g/l and 3.73 g/l, respectively.
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    Sch 42029, a naturally produced dopamine receptor ligand: Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and structure (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 187-192 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Dopamine receptor ; Agonist and antagonist ; Ligand ; Dihydroxy acetanilide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A natural product, Sch 42029, isolated from the fermentation of anActinoplanes sp. (SCC 1971) was found to displace Sch 23390 from the dopamine-1 (D1) receptor. The compound was isolated from the fermentation broth by adsorption of the filtrate on XAD-16 resin, elution with water-methanol, followed by purification by gel-permeation chromatography and HPLC. Using spectroscopic analysis, the structure was determined to be 2,5-dihydroxy acetanilide. The pure compound displaced Sch 23390, a D1-selective ligand, at aK i of 1.6 μm and spiperone, a D2-selective ligand, at aK i of 200 μm.
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    The assimilation of organic hazardous wastes by municipal solid waste landfills (1991)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 193-199 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Organic hazardous waste ; Leachate ; Landfill management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Co-disposal of 12 compounds representing major organic classes (aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, pesticides, phenols, and phthalate esters) with shredded municipal solid waste was tested using a laboratory-scale column and pilot-scale lysimeter to characterize transport and transformation phenomena including sorption, volatilization and bioassimilation. Leachate and gases emitted from the lysimeters were examined for identifiable products of biotransformation. The results of this investigation provided a mechanistic evaluation of the attenuating and assimilative capacity of municipal solid waste landfills for specific organic compounds. Physical/chemical organic compound characteristics were related to refuse characteristics and composition to predict compound fate. Such knowledge is useful in developíng landfill management and operational strategies consistent with the need for control of pollutant releases.
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    Cadmium sorption by bacteria and freshwater sediment (1991)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 201-207 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Diffusion chamber ; Cadmium-sensitive ; Cadmium-resitant ; Sediment ; Bacteria ; Cadmium-sorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Sorption of cadmium by sediment bacteria and freshwater sediment was investigated using diffusion chambers to simulate the water-sediment interface. Diffusion chambers were constructed to provide two compartments separated by a dialysis membrane. Diffusion of cadmium across the membrane was monitored after pure cultures of sediment bacteria or lake sediments were added to the sediment side of a diffusion chamber. Cellular accumulation of cadmium by cadmium-sensitive and cadmium-resistant bacteria removed between 20% and 80% of the dissolved cadmium from the simulated water column and pore water. Cellular accumulation of cadmium was greatest for cadmium-sensitive isolates that were tested. Sediment with an intact microbial community sequestered 80% of the cadmium added to sediment, whereas autoclaved sediment retained 97% of the metal that was added. Addition of glucose to cadmium-amended sediment decreased retention of cadmium by untreated and autoclaved sediments, resulting in elevated concentrations of dissolved cadmium in the simulated water column.
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    Determination of chemical biodegradation by direct and indirect methods (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 209-212 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Biodegradation ; Direct method ; Indirect method ; Method comparison ; BOD method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Degradation of 10 organic chemicals by pre-acclimated microorganisms in BOD dilution water was determined directly by UV spectrophotometry and indirectly by a modified BOD method. Residual chemical concentrations were periodically measured and pseudo-first-order biodegradation rate constants (k 1) were calculated. Thek 1 spectrophotometry values ranged from 0.006/h to 0.077/h andk 1-BOD values from 0.002/h to 0.043/h for 1-methylnaphthalene and indole, respectively. The ratios ofk spectrophotometry to k1-BOD were between 1.5 for salicylic acid and 3.0 for 1-methylnaphthalene with a mean of 2.7. A significant (α=0.001) linear correlation (r 2=0.854,F=46.630) existed between the two sets of rate constants. Results from this study suggest that the modified BOD method may be used to estimate chemical biodegradation rates in synthetic media.
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    Biofilms: An ESEM evaluation of artifacts introduced during SEM preparation (1991)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 213-221 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Biofilm ; Scanning electron microscope ; Environmental scanning electron microscope
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Descriptions of biofilms and their elemental compositions based on scanning electron micrographs and energy dispersive x-ray analysis cannot be related to the original condition of the biofilm on the surface. Solvent replacement of water removes extracellular polymeric material and reduces the concentration of elements bound within the biofilm. In the wet state, bacteria and microalgae are enmeshed in a gelatinous film that is either removed or dried to a thin inconspicuous residue during sample preparation for scanning electron microscopy. The environmental scanning electron microscope provides a fast, accurate image of biofilms, their spatial relationship to the substratum and elemental composition.
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    Oligotrophic bacteria in ultra-pure water systems: Media selection and process component evaluations (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 223-227 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Deionized water ; Ultra-pure water ; Ozone ; Ultra-violet sterilization ; Oligotroph ; Bacteria ; R2A medium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Presently, tryptic soy agar (TSA) medium is used in the semiconductor industry to determine the concentration of viable oligotrophic bacteria in ultra-pure water systems. Deionized water from an ultra-pure water pilot plant was evaluated for bacterial growth at specific locations, using a non-selective medium (R2A) designed to detect injured heterotrophic as well as oligotrophic bacteria. Results were compared to those obtained using Tryptic Soy Agar. Statistically greater numbers of bacteria were observed when R2A was used as the growth medium. Total viable bacterial numbers were compared both before and after each treatment step of the recirculating loop to determine their effectiveness in removing bacteria. The reduction in bacterial numbers for the reverse osmosis unit, the ion exchange bed, and the ultraviolet sterilizer were 97.4%, 31.3%, and 72.8%, respectively, using TSA medium, and 98.4%, 78.4%, and 35.8% using R2A medium. The number of viable bacteria increased by 60.7% based on TSA medium and 15.7% based on R2A medium after passage of the water through an in-line 0.2-μm pore size nylon filter, probably because of the growth of bacteria on the filter. Our results suggest that R2A medium may give a better representation of the microbial water quality in ultra-pure water systems and therefore a better idea of the effectiveness of the various treatment processes in the control of bacteria.
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    Studies on the galactomannan-degrading enzymes produced bySporotrichum cellulophilum (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 229-236 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Mannanase ; Sporotrichum cellulophilum ; Galactomannan ; Hemicellulase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Extracellular mannanase activity produced bySporotrichum cellulophilum was purified into two components using acetone precipitation, SP-Sephadex C50 ion exchange chromatography and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified mannanse components, M1 and M2, had molecular weights of 108 000–112 000 and 32 200–36 000 respectively. Component M1 was shown to contain 2 subunits having molecular weights of 62 000 and 50 000. M1 and M2 had similar pH-activity profiles with pH optima of 5.5 and 6.0 respectively. M1 was more thermostable than M2: half lives of the enzymes at 70°C were 30 and 9 min for M1 and M2 respectively.
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    Emulsification of hydrocarbons by subsurface bacteria (1991)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 237-245 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Microbial emulsifier ; Biosurfactant ; Bioemulsifier
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Biosurfactants have potential for use in enhancement of in situ biorestoration by increasing the bioavailability of contaminants. Microorganisms isolated from biostimulated, contaminated and uncontaminated zones at the site of an aviation fuel spill and hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms isolated from sites contaminated with unleaded gasoline were examined for their abilities to emulsify petroleum hydrocarbons. Emulsifying ability was quantified by a method involving agitation and visual inspection. Biostimulated-zone microbes and hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms were the best emulsifiers as compared to contaminated and uncontaminated zone microbes. Biostimulation (nutrient and oxygen addition) may have been the dominant factor which selected for and encouraged growth of emulsifiers; exposure to hydrocarbon was also important. Biostimulated microorganisms were better emulsifiers of aviation fuel (the contaminant hydrocarbon) than of heavier hydrocarbon to which they were not previously exposed. By measuring surface tension changes of culture broths, 11 out of 41 emulsifiers tested were identified as possible biosurfactant producers and two isolates produced large surface tension reductions indicating the high probability of biosurfactant production.
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    The effect of pretreatment on the invertase activity of gel-entrapped yeast biomass (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 247-252 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Invertase ; Entrapped yeast ; Ethanol pretreatment ; Heat pretreatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Gel-entrapped, non-viable yeast biomass with specific invertase activity has been produced by two different pretreatment protocols: a short-time thermal treatment and a brief contact with concentrated ethanol solutions. Four yeast strains were most promising:K. fragilis L-293,C. utilis L-282,S. cerevisiae L-170 and L-209. Of these, the ethanol-tolerant L-282 and the ethanol-tolerant and heat-resistant L-170 gave the most active gel-entrapped biocatalysts: around 2 mg of reducing sugars produced per mg dry yeast per min.
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    Expression of streptomycete cholesterol oxidase inEscherichia coli (1991)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 253-258 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Cholesterol ; 4-Cholesten-3-one ; Cholesterol oxidation ; Heterologous gene expression ; Streptococcal vector
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A streptomycete gene coding for extracellular cholesterol oxidase (choA) was subcloned and expressed inEscherichia coli. The pUCO series recombinants were obtained by inserting thechoA gene into the uniqueKpnI site of pUC19 vector. Expression was observed with pUCO192A and pUCO193 constructs in which the cloned gene(s) were aligned with the upstreamlacZ promoter. Isopropyl β-d-thioglucopyranoside (IPTG) enhanced this expression up to 2.5-fold. Specific Cho activity in the cell extracts of the stable pUCO193 transformant were 0.004 U and 0.007 U per mg protein without and with IPTG induction, respectively. Cho activity was detected in the spent medium of this culture, suggesting possible secretion of the enzyme.
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    Resistance of bacteria from cooling waters to bactericides (1991)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 273-276 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Bacterial resistance ; Isothiazolone, Quarternary ammonium compounds ; Thiocarbamate ; Water cooling system ; Pseudomonas cepacia ; Pseudomonas stutzeri ; Bacillus subtilis ; Bacillus cereus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Bacteria from water cooling systems developed resistance to three different bactericides i.e. quarternary ammonium compound (QAC), isothiazolone and thiocarbamate. Resistance was induced by exposing isolates to increasing sublethal concentrations for a period of 10 weeks.Bacillus subtilis became resistant to 1000 mg l−1 QAC. Cross-resistance was also detected, e.g. isothiazolone induced resistance to QAC and thiocarbamate.
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    The biosynthetic origin of the pyridone ring of efrotomycin (1991)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 265-271 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Efrotomycin ; Nocardia lactamdurans ; Uracil catabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Nocardialactamdurans has been shown to catabolyse uracil via the reductive pathway. The end product of this pathway, β-alanine, is incorporated into the pyridone ring of efrotomycin. Support for this proposal includes: (1) reversal of thymine inhibition of efrotomycin biosynthesis by dihydrouracil andN-carbamoyl-β-aline, two intermediates of the catabolic pathway; (2) incorporation of [5,6-3H]-uracil into efrotomycin with a relative molar specific activity of approximately 0.5, close to the theoretical maximum; and (3)13C coupling at C4 and C5 of efrotomycin after feeding resting cells with [4,5-13C]-uracil. Our results do not rule out the possibility of an alternative source of β-alanine or the coexistence of uracil catabolism via oxidative reactions.
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    The expected fraction of clonable genomic DNA (1990)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 52 (1990), S. 455-475 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Random clone mapping of genomic DNA is a subject of great interest in molecular biology.E. coli has just been mapped and work is progressing on some human chromosomes. In this paper we give estimates of the fraction of genomic DNA which is not clonable by partial digest with a restriction enzyme.
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    Announcements (1990)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 52 (1990), S. 483-484 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
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    Editorial: Software survey section (1990)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 52 (1990), S. I 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458584
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    Well-posed nonlinear problems in integrated circuits modeling (1991)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 10 (1991), S. 53-69 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we study the problem (E) + (BC) + (IC) (see below) which represents a model for integrated circuits. We assume that the distributed parametersr(x) andc(x) are nonconstant, dielectric leakages depend on thex-coordinate as well as the voltage level, while the interconnecting multiport is nonlinear and possibly multivalued.
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    Zero structures at infinity of linear periodic systems (1991)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 10 (1991), S. 91-100 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The zero structure at infinity of a linear periodic system can be studied following two different approaches. One is based on the Periodic Invariant Subspace Algorithm and it gives rise to the notion of periodic structure at infinity. The second is based on the representation of a periodic system by means of a family of stationary systems and it allows the definition of a notion of zero structure. In this paper these two approaches are described and analysed in order to compare the structural information contained in the sets of invariants that they define. As a result we have that the zero structure can be derived by the periodic structure.
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    Large-scale dynamical interconnections of stochastic singular systems (1991)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 10 (1991), S. 115-133 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Large-scale dynamical interconnections of systems may not be well defined in the sense of having unique solutions for all inputs. We provide tests that show when the overall system is well defined. In a stochastic interconnected system, there is the additional problem that the composite system may be “stochastically ill defined” in the sense that derivatives of white noise may appear. We provide a test that shows when the interconnected systems is stochastically well defined. It is also demonstrated how to obtain a state-variable representation of the interconnected system, when one exists, on a subspace of the original descriptor-variable space. All of our results are based on “structure algorithms” for singular systems which use stable numerical operations on the original system and interconnection matrices.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01183244
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    Generalized Morse theory and its applications to control and stability analysis (1991)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 10 (1991), S. 175-209 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper extends Morse theory to noncompact manifolds which is important since in many engineering applications the manifolds involved are usually noncompact. To demonstrate the application, generalized Morse theory is used to estimate the number of unstable equilibria on the stability boundary. The engineering significance of the estimation is explained in the paper.
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    Convergence analysis of an adaptive pseudolinear-regression notch filtering algorithm (1991)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 10 (1991), S. 245-259 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyzes the convergence properties of an adaptive pseudolinear regression notch filtering algorithm recently proposed in the literature for estimating the frequencies of multiple sine waves from measurements corrupted by possibly colored additive noise. Simple necessary and sufficient conditions for the local convergence of this algorithm to the true frequency values are derived. It is shown that the algorithm has an interesting decoupling property in the sense that satisfaction of the convergence condition by a certain frequency implies local convergence to that frequency no matter whether the other frequencies satisfy or do not satisfy the convergence conditions. However, it is also shown that the algorithm is not generally convergent and, therefore, cannot be recommended for widespread use in applications. Numerical examples are used to illustrate the main points in the theoretical analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01183774
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    Comparative performance study of element-space and beam-space MUSIC estimators (1991)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 10 (1991), S. 285-292 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The goal of this paper is to show that in large samples the variances of the direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimates provided by the element-space MUSIC (i.e., MUSIC applied directly to the sensor output data) are always less than the corresponding variances associated with the beam-space MUSIC (i.e., MUSIC applied to spatially filtered sensor data).
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    The classification properties of the pecstrum and its use for pattern identification (1991)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 10 (1991), S. 293-326 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper the shape information contents of a morphological vector descriptor, called “pecstrum” (pattern spectrum), are investigated. The pecstrum is then used for aircraft recognition and classification. The pecstrum is a simple vector descriptor which provides information on the way the area of the object is distributed from the fine details to its bulky contents. Although some of its properties have already been reported [3], [4], [14], [23], the use of the pecstrum as a classification tool has not been given appropriate emphasis. At the beginning of the paper some introductory material on mathematical morphology and the pecstrum is presented for the reader who is not familiar with the relevant terminology. Next the shape information which the pecstrum conveys is analyzed and its classification properties are considered. New concepts such as the “pecstral” space and the cumulative pecstral transformation are introduced and explained. The performance of the pecstrum in certain recognition problems is also examined. The concept of “B-shapiness” is redefined and the relation between the pecstrum and the ratio area/perimeter2 is established. The “pseudopecstrum” is then introduced and its information contents and classification properties are compared with those of the conventional pecstrum. The use of pecstrum in estimating object orientation is also addressed. Finally, the recognition and classification capabilities of the pecstrum are tested using a large number of binary objects (airplanes). The performance limit of the pecstrum for efficient object classification, as the size of the objects decreases, is examined and the factors which affect this limit are discussed. The classification results are compared with those obtained using invariant moments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01187548
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    Duality, observability, and controllability for linear time-varying descriptor systems (1991)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 10 (1991), S. 455-470 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Keywords: 34A08 ; 93B07 ; 93B15 ; 93C15 ; 93C50 ; Key words ; Descriptor ; Singular ; Differential-algebraic ; Observability ; Controllability ; Duality ; Structural forms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A characterization of observability for linear time-varying descriptor systemsE(t)x′(t)+F(t)x(t)=B(t)u(t), y(t)=C(t)x(t) was recently developed. NeitherE norC were required to have constant rank. This paper defines a dual system, and a type of controllability so that observability of the original system is equivalent to controllability of the dual system. Criteria for observability and controllability are given in terms of arrays of derivatives of the original coefficients. In addition, the duality results of this paper lead to an improvement on a previous fundamental structure result for solvable systems of the formE(t)x′(t)+F(t)x(t)=f(tt).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01194883
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    Use of trellis diagrams in state estimation in blocks for nonlinear discrete dynamic systems with aKth-order memory (1991)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 10 (1991), S. 3-14 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new suboptimum estimation scheme is proposed for nonlinear discrete dynamic systems with aKth-order memory. These systems are first represented by trellis diagrams, and then states are estimated by the Viterbi algorithm of information theory. The state and observation models of the proposed scheme can be nonlinear functions of the disturbance noise, observation noise, and present and past discrete values of the state, whereas the models of the classical estimation algorithms, such as the extended Kaiman filter, must be linear functions of the disturbance noise and observation noise. States are estimated in blocks, which results in an estimation scheme whose implementation requries a constant memory.
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    Parameter estimation and spectral analysis of the discrete nonlinear secondorder Wiener filter (NSWF) (1991)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 10 (1991), S. 31-51 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In many problems of digital signal processing, it is required to determine a model matching the statistics of a given observation of a generally non-Gaussian random process. Because of the wide range of systems that can be represented by Volterra series and Wiener expansions, the discrete nonlinear second-order Wiener filter (NSWF) driven by white Gaussian noise has been used in this study to match the statistics of a discrete zero-mean stationary non-Gaussian random process. First, we derive the autocorrelation function and show that it does not provide sufficient information necessary for estimating the parameters of the proposed model. Next, we derive the third-order moment sequence and show that it provides additional information that can be used in conjunction with the autocorrelation function to solve the problem. The power spectrum and bispectrum of the discrete NSWF have been also derived.
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    An elementary proof of the Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion (1991)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 10 (1991), S. 101-114 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an elementary proof of the well-known Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion. The novelty of the proof is that it requires only elementary geometric considerations in the complex plane. This feature makes it useful for use in undergraduate control system courses.
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    On-line estimation of signal and noise parameters with application to adaptive Kalman filtering (1991)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 10 (1991), S. 137-152 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents two algorithms for on-line estimation of the optimal gain of the Kalman filter applied to sensor signals when the signal-to-noise ratio is unknown. First-order spectra of a pure signal and colored measurement noise have been assumed. The proposed adaptive Kalman filtering algorithms have been tested for various spectra of the pure signal and noise, and for various signal-to-noise ratios. The effect of the length of an adaptation step and a sampling frequency on the mean square errors of the pure signal estimation has also been examined. Although the test have been performed for stationary signals, the algorithms presented can also be used successfully for time-varying sensor signals when the signal-to-noise ratios vary very slowly in comparison with the length of the adaptation step. The results are helpful for designers who synthesize optimal linear digital filters for sensor signals with first-order spectra and colored measurement noise. The estimation error curves presented enable designers to determine the noise reduction attainable for particular applications of the adaptive Kalman filtering algorithms.
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    A Kalman filtering technique for certain Markov chains (1991)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 10 (1991), S. 211-219 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper an efficient decoupling Kalman filtering technique is applied to certain Markov chains with finite-dimensional stationary state-transition matrices. For optimal estimates of a Markov chain with ann-dimensional stationary statetransition matrix, the resultant computational algorithm consists ofn-1 simple one-dimensional recursive formulas.
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    On reduced polynomial-based split algorithms (1991)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 10 (1991), S. 263-284 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this work we analyze the mathematical structure associated with the split algorithms for computing the reflection coefficients for a given real, symmetric, positive-definite Toeplitz matrix. A new form of three-term recurrence relation is derived and computationally efficient alternatives to the Levinson-Durbin, Schur, lattice, and normalized lattice algorithms are obtained. The computational complexity of the new algorithms is the same as those of the split algorithms described in the recent literature. The relationships between the various algorithms are also established. These algorithms also provide further insight into the mathematical properties of the structurally rich Toeplitz matrices.
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    A fast perturbation method for the design of linear phase fir digital filters of finite wordlength using single-frequency filters (1991)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 10 (1991), S. 233-244 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper a fast perturbation algorithm for the design of linear phase FIR digital filters of finite wordlength is presented. The original set of filter coefficients are obtained using the Parks-McClellan algorithm, then a small perturbation is given to these sets of coefficients. The peak deviations corresponding to the rounded set of coefficients obtained from the original and the perturbed sets are compared and the set of coefficients with the lower value of peak deviation is stored as the best set of coefficients. A further perturbation is given to the infinite precision coefficents and these are rounded to the required wordlength. Comparison is made between these rounded sets and the present best set with respect to peak deviation and the better set is stored as the best set of coefficients. This process is repeated for a finite number of times or until the peak deviation is sufficiently low. To obtain the compensating filter coefficients single-frequency filters are used. Mathematical justification for the single-frequency design is given. Important results for a large number of design examples are presented to illustrate the speed and effectiveness of the algorithm.
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    On an existence and uniqueness theory for nonlinear differential-algebraic equations (1991)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 10 (1991), S. 343-359 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract An existence and uniqueness theory is developed for general nonlinear and nonautonomous differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) by exploiting their underlying differential-geometric structure. A DAE is called regular if there is a unique nonautonomous vector field such that the solutions of the DAE and the solutions of the vector field are in one-to-one correspondence. Sufficient conditions for regularity of a DAE are derived in terms of constrained manifolds. Based on this differential-geometric characterization, existence and uniqueness results are stated for regular DAEs. Furthermore, our notions are compared with techniques frequently used in the literature such as index and solvability. The results are illustrated in detail by means of a simple circuit example.
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