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  • Articles  (43,042)
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  • Articles  (43,042)
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  • 1995-1999  (14,905)
  • 1990-1994  (13,736)
  • 1965-1969  (14,401)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 36 (1996), S. 745-752 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Acrylamide/itaconic acid (AAm/IA) hydrogels prepared by irradiating with γ radiation were used in experiments on the adsorption of some cationic dyes such as basic red 9 (BR 9), basic green 4 (BG 4), cresyl violet (CV), and basic blue 20 (BB 20). Adsorption of the cationic dyes onto AAm/IA hydrogels is studied by batch adsorption technique. In the experiments of the adsorption, Langmiur type adsorption in the Giles classification system was found. Monolayer coverages for AAm/IA hydrogel-dye systems were calculated by using B point method. Adsorption studies indicated that monolayer coverages of AAm/IA hydrogel by these dyes were increased with following order; BB 20〉CV〉BR9〉BG 4.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Styrene was polymerized using combined systems of diphenylzinc, Ph2Zn, and metallocene compounds activated by methylaluminoxane, MAO. From the various metallocenes employed bis (indenyl) zirconium dichloride, Ind2ZrCl2, [isopropyl (cyclopentadienyl) (1-fluorenyl)] zirconiumdichloride, i-Pr (Flu) (Cp) ZrCl2, and bis (cyclopentadienyl) titanium dichloride, Cp2TiCl2, produced the larger amounts of polymer. Ph2Zn-Cp2TiCl2-MAO system gave polystyrene, PSt, whose DSC analysis indicated a major endotherm peak at 256°C. A butanone insoluble fraction of the polymer was separated from the crude PSt. The proportion of insoluble polymer depends on the metallocene employed and on the conversion to polymer.
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  • 3
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    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 29-33 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polymerization of propylene was carried out at 0°C in the presence of methyl methacrylate(MMA) or ethyl benzoate(EB) using rac-Et(Ind)2ZrMe2 or rac-Me2Si(Ind)2ZrMe2/Ph3CB(C6F5)4 as catalyst, which resulted in highly isotactic poly(propylene) with [mmmm]〉98%, Tm=160–161°C and very few 1,3- or 2,1 regioirregular units. With the use of an achiral zirconocene Cp2ZrMe2, a polymer with Tm=139°C was resulted as well. Base on these experimental fact that the zirconocene can form a C1-symmetrical complex with a Lewis base.
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  • 4
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    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 21-28 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary By using γ-butyrolactone (γ-BL) as the reaction media, highly active catalysts--light rare earth chloride-epoxidy-γ--BL-for the solution polymerization of ε-caprolactone, have been obtained for the first time. With these catalyst, PCL with molecular weight as his as 40x104(Mv) can be prepared at 60°C for 1.5 hr. The amount of epoxide in catalyst solution, catalyst aging temperature and time affect the catalyst activity significantly. The mechanism study shows that in γ-BL, the weakening of Ln-Cl bonds by the donation of coordinated γ-BL with Ln3+ and the homogenous effect promote the reaction between light rare earth chloride and epoxide. The produced rare earth alkoxide initiates CL polymerization via a ‘coordination-insertion’ mechanism with Acyl-oxygen bond cleavage.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Triethoxysilane groups were covalently attached onto the surface of ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymer film via a urethane linkage through reaction between the hydroxyl groups in EVOH and 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane in the presence of dibutyltin dilaurate as catalyst. This reaction was confirmed by ATR-IR and XPS analysis. XPS results also indicated that this reaction was not surface sensitive and the modified layer was at least 40 Å in depth. The modified film samples were further reacted with tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) for partial hydrolysis and condensation and XPS results showed a significant increase in the contents of oxygen and silicone on the surface which confirmed the above reaction.
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  • 6
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    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 59-65 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The title monomer was synthesized from the corresponding aldehyde via a Wittig reaction. The monomer was polymerized using free radical initiation and its high field 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra were recorded. When analyzed in terms of stereochemistry the spectra showed poly(6-vinyl-1,4-benzodioxane) is an atactic polymer when synthesized via free radical initiation.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A resin containing 4-vinylpyridine and 2-acrylamidoglycolic acid was synthesized by radical polymerization with subsequent crosslinking by N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide. The resin was characterized by elemental analyses and FT-IR spectroscopy. The ability of this resin as well as both crosslinked homopolymers to bind Cu(II), Fe(II), Fe(III) and U(VI) was studied at different pHs depending on the metal ion. From pH=2 U(VI) was sorbed above 96% from an aqueous solution of 1.0 g/L. A dual sorption mechanism to U(VI) depending on the pH is suggested. The elution of the metal ions from the loaded resins was assayed with H2SO4 and Na2CO3.
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  • 8
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    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 199-206 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The photopolymerization of four analogous monomers: 2,2′-thiobisethanol diacrylate and its dimethacrylate plus 2,2′-oxybisethanol diacrylate and its dimethacrylate has been studied by isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) over a range of incident light intensities. The results obtained prove that the sulfide group accelerates polymerization both in the presence and absence of oxygen and enhances the conversion. The light intensity exponents for each monomer were determined and the mechanism of termination was discussed. The intensity exponents of sulfur-containing monomers are lower than their corresponding oxygen analogues, pointing to a greater participation of the bimolecular termination during their polymerization.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Photoinitiated methyl methacrylate-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (MMA/EGDM) copolymerization has been investigated in toluene at a monomer concentration of 35 w/v %. Diphenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphine oxide (DPTPO) was used as a photoinitiator at 0.3 wt% concentration. Monomer conversions and the size distribution of the polymer molecules were measured as a function of the reaction time up to the onset of macrogelation. Compared to the photoinitiators benzoin or benzoin derivatives, gelation process proceeds at much higher rates in the presence of DPTPO. The size distribution curves obtained by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) change from monomodal to bimodal distributions as the polymerization proceeds. Strongly bimodal SEC curves were obtained in the close vicinity of the gel point. This finding confirms the coagulation type gelation mechanism of compact primary particles. It also indicates that the present gelation theories cannot describe the structure dependent kinetics of free-radical crosslinking copolymerization.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary FT-Raman spectroscopy of commercial amorphous and crystalline nylon 6–12 filaments subjected to various γ-radiation doses are presented. The results show that a difference exists in the interaction of γ-radiation with these polyamides, depending on the crystallinity which can be evaluated by measuring the CH-stretching/CH-bending Raman band intensity ratio as a function of applied γ-dose.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy involving magic angle spinning (MAS) techniques with and without cross-polarization was employed for interaction studies in natural rubber (NR)/EVA and NR/mercapto-modified EVA (EVASH) blends. From arrayed of variable contact time spectra, the proton T1ϱ values were determined at short contact times to analyze the EVA or EVASH domains and longer contact times to investigate the interactions in the NR domains. Substantial changes have been observed when dicumyl peroxide was employed as curing agent in NR/EVASH and NR/EVA/EVASH blends.
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  • 12
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    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 229-235 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) has been shown to be a useful technique to determine the content of starch and other components that are usually present in blends of starch with synthetic polymers. However, some of these blends are composed of elements with an important superposition in their temperature degradation range. In these cases interpretation of the TGA results becomes quite difficult and usually important errors are committed in the determination of blend composition. We present here a method to improve the accuracy of the interpretation of TGA data. The analysis was developed to study blends containing starch, an ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, and water plus glycerin as plasticizers. Using this procedure it is possible to predict blend composition with an error less than 3%, even when there is an appreciable superposition between the temperature degradation range of starch and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol). As the proposed method of analysis is quite general it may be extended to be used with other types of blends that give thermograms with similar characteristics to those described in this paper.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The synthesis of polysulfone-polydimethylsiloxane (PSU-PDMS)linear block copolymers has been carried out in solution by condensation of chloro-terminated bisphenol A, diphenylsulfone and α, ω-di (hydrogensilyl)-polydimethylsiloxane with Si−C bond. 1H-NMR spectra of the block copolymers allow the estimation of siloxane and polysulfone ratio. The molecular weight of the polysulfone and polysiloxane oligomers and the block copolymers was determined by GPC. Thermogravimetric analysis indicates a thermal stability of block copolymers up to 400°C and allows estimation of the process activation energy. Microphase separation of the block copolymers was observed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Aim of this work was to study the effectiveness of a novel oxazoline-functionalized polypropylene as a compatibilizer for PP/PBT and PP/PA6 blends. This polypropylene-based compatibilizer mixes well with the polypropylene and is capable of reacting with the carboxylic and amine end groups of PBT and PA6. Significant improvements in blend toughness were achieved without reduction in strength and stiffness. These effects were related to stabilized morphology of finely dispersed minor phase well attached to the matrix. The enhanced interfacial interactions between the two phases, in particular at high PBT content were evidenced by increased melt viscosity.
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  • 15
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    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 361-367 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The polyamides with aromatic rings in the main chain were synthesized by the solution polymerization of 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and aliphatic dicarboxylic acid in the presence of catalyst. The thermal properties and the miscibility behaviours with polyamide-6,6 of these aromatic polyamides were studied. The aromatic polyamides synthesized with one kind of dicarboxylic acid had typical thermal properties of crystalline polymers, whereas those synthesized with the mixtures of dicarboxylic acids were not easily crystallized. The observed miscibility behaviours showed some differences from those predicted by binary interaction model.
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  • 16
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    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 369-376 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A series of aryl-aliphatic polyamides, copoly(4,4′-diaminobenzanilide-adipamide/2,6-naphthalamide)s, with feed mole ratios of adipic acid/2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid of 1/9, 3/7, and 5/5 were synthesized. A new family of molecular composites based on the synthesized aryl-aliphatic polyamides and nylon 6 has been discovered. The molecular composites were found to have at least partial miscibility between aryl-aliphatic polyamides and nylon 6. Well-defined aryl-aliphatic polyamide microfibrils a few nanometers in diameter were observed in the molecular composites. 10 wt% aryl-aliphatic polyamide clearly promoted the toughness of nylon 6.
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  • 17
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    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 377-383 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A new type of coordination polyurethane was prepared by incorporating the transition metal ions into the pyridine containing thermoplastic polyurethane films. Then the metal ions dispersed in the polyurethane matrix were reduced by controlling the exposure of the metal sites to NaBH4 under mild condition. The reduction of the polyurethane metal complex films resulted in the production of amorphous ultrafine metal powders. The size of these powders was controlled by the content of the metal ions and the polarity of the polymer matrix. A polar polymer backbone and lower metal ion concentration favored to achieve a smaller particle. It was also found that the polymer chains prohibited the excessive aggregation of the metal atoms and have protective effect on the final metal powders.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Crack-tip deformation has been investigated in pre-cracked samples of core-shell rubber particle modified epoxy resins with different degrees of crosslinking. Light cross linking resulted in cavitation of the modifier, the formation of croids and extensive crack-tip yielding, whereas these deformation mechanisms were suppressed at room T in highly crosslinked specimens. A zone of particle debonding was observed in these latter at high T, but this appeared detrimental to the toughness. Indeed it was possible to increase the toughness in this case by oxygen plasma treatment of the modifier particles.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary An initiator for living free radical polymerization may be prepared by trapping the benzylic ethylbenzene radical with the stable 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy (TEMPO) radical. The adduct, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(1-phenethyloxy)piperidine (TMPEP), smoothly undergoes thermal fragmentation at temperatures approaching 140° C to afford an active carbon radical capable of initiating polymerization and a passive mediating nitroxyl radical to reversibly cap and preserve the propagating polymer chain.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Association processes of D-fructose dehydrogenase (FDH) onto surfaces of liposomes which were composed of N-(5-dimethylamino-1-naphthalenesulfonyl)-L-α-dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamide and L-α-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine or L-α-dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (1:9) were investigated by the fluorescence stopped-flow technique. The association processes were divided into two relaxation processes: the faster process whose apparent rate constant monotonously increased with the concentration of FDH, and the slower process whose rate constant showed a saturation behavior. Taking the number of binding sites on the liposome surface into consideration, the corrected association rate constant of the faster process was 4.4% of the theoretical value for a binary collision, probably due to a disadvantageous surface-searching and dehydration processes on the liposome and protein surfaces. The Arrhenius plots of the rate constants both for the faster and slower steps showed a discontinuous change around the gel to liquid-crystal phase transition temperature of the liposomes. Strong influences of deformability of liposomes, and state of hydrating water molecules around polar heads, on the rate of association processes were suggested.
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  • 21
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    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 423-428 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Copolymers with 2-aceto-1,3-phenanthrenylene units in the chain have been directly prepared by Ru catalyzed step-growth copolymerization of 2-acetyl phenanthrene and α,ω-dienes such as 1,3-divinyltetramethyldisiloxane. Copolymers which incorporate 2-aceto-1,3-phenanthrenylene units possess higher TgS and increased thermal stability compared to analogous copolymers which have 2-aceto-5-phenyl-1,3-phenylene(biphenyl) or 2-aceto-1,3-phenylene units. Fluorescence spectra of these copolymers have been obtained.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A new methodology is described for the synthesis of reactive polymers bearing triphenylphosphine dichloride groups by the use of triphosgene. These materials show high reactivity for the room temperature conversion of benzyl alcohol to benzyl chloride. In one hour, yields higher than 90% were achieved using reactive copolymers with up to 25 w% divinylbenzene (DVB). The functional groups can be easily and efficiently regenerated using 1.0 mol of triphosgene for every 2.6 moles of phosphine in the polymer. Preliminary results showed up to 40% conversion of benzyl alcohol in column reactions using regenerated polymers at 5 to 10 min contact times.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The biosynthesis of poly (β-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) byBacillus circulans was carried out through cultivation in nutrient broth in a single step. $$\overline {\text{M}} {\text{v}}$$ of polymer fractions soluble in chloroform were close to 2 x 105. IR,1H and13C NMR spectra of the isolated PHB were in agreement with the assumed structure of this poly-β-hydroxyester. NMR spectroscopy pointed out a high percentage of isotactic polymer, while differential scanning calorimetry showed that the PHB was crystalline.
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  • 24
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    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 437-442 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Graft copolymers of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) were synthesized by radical copolymerization of acrylonitrile and methacrylate-headed poly(ethylene oxide) macromonomer. The macromonomer was prepared by reaction of methacryloyl chloride with PEO. The effects of solution concentration, initiator concentration and acrylonitrile/macromonomer molar ratio on the conversion, molecular weight and PEO branch content in the graft copolymer were studied. The graft copolymers were characterized by GPC, FTIR,13C-NMR and Kjeldhal method.
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  • 25
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    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 457-462 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The title vinyl thiophene monomer was synthesized by dehydration of the corresponding secondary alcohol. Free radical initiated copolymerizations with methyl methacrylate, styrene or isobutyl methacrylate were performed and the copolymer compositions were used in the calculation of reactivity ratios. The data was analyzed via a nonlinear least squares error-in-variables method. The 2,5-dimethyl-3-vinylthiophene was shown to have equal or slightly less reactivity than each of the monomers chosen as comonomers.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Alkylation of the methylene bridged tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives by chloromethylstyrene produces the bridged bis(4-vinylbenzyl)-1,4,5,6,-tetrahydropyrimidinium salts in high yields. Similar procedures are used to prepare 2-imidazolinium derivatives. The quaternary salts which support functional side groups of potential biomedical interest are characterized by means of spectroscopic methods. These monomers are readily polymerized free radically in solution of dimethyl formamide at moderate temperatures. The soluble and insoluble polymers containing 2-imidazolinium and 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidinium salts were found to exhibit antibacterial activites againstEscherichia coli.
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  • 27
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    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 463-468 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The parent polymer, poly(allylamine) as ligand polymer was employed to synthesize polychelates of heavy metal ions. The functional poly(allylamine) and its Ni(II), Co(II) and Cu(II) metal chelates were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, TGA, and SEM. For the polychelates magnetic and conductivimetry studies were also carried out.
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  • 28
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    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 475-482 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A new chemically amplified polymeric imaging system based on polymers containingt-butylmalonate pendant groups has been demonstrated. Both the homopolymer of di-t-butyl (vinylbenzyl)benzylmalonate and its copolymer with styrene have been tested in coatings containing a photoacid generator. Imaging experiments confirm that the materials have very high sensitivities when exposed to UV radiation near 250nm.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary New pseudoaffinity chromatography supports were prepared and characterized from poly(sucrose acrylate) crosslinked with MDI or TDI and Cibacron Blue dye as ligand. Blue gels were useful in the retention of albumin and the results are reported.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Copolymers of ethylene and 1-hexexe, 1-octene and 4-methyl-1-pentene were obtained using Et[In]2ZrCl2/MAO catalyst at various pressures. The increase of 1-hexene and 1-octene concentration in the feed increases catalyst activity(g/nZr.h.bar) and productivity(g/nZr.h). For 4-methyl-1-pentene the activity is independent on comonomer concentration. Increasing the ethylene pressure the productivity of the copolymerization increases and the activity shows a weak decay. Characterization of the copolymer shows that at higher pressure the cristallinity of the copolymers is higher due to lower comonomer incorporation. There is a good linear correlation of cristallinity with comonomer concentration in the feed for 1-hexene and 1-octene at a fixed pressure, but not for 4-methyl-1-pentene.
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  • 31
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    Mathematical programming 53 (1992), S. 63-78 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Quadratic assignment problem ; relaxation ; lower bounds ; eigenvalue decomposition ; steepest ascent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We investigate new bounding strategies based on different relaxations of the quadratic assignment problem. In particular, we improve the lower bound found by using an eigenvalue decomposition of the quadratic part and by solving a linear program for the linear part. The improvement is accomplished by applying a steepest ascent algorithm to the sum of the two bounds.
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  • 32
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 127-153 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Local minimization ; knapsack ; indefinite ; quadratic knapsack ; complexity
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    Notes: Abstract We consider the complexity of finding a local minimum for the nonconvex Quadratic Knapsack Problem. Global minimization for this example of quadratic programming is NP-hard. Moré and Vavasis have investigated the complexity of local minimization for the strictly concave case of QKP; here we extend their algorithm to the general indefinite case. Our main result is an algorithm that computes a local minimum in O(n(logn)2) steps. Our approach involves eliminating all but one of the convex variables through parametrization, yielding a nondifferentiable problem. We use a technique from computational geometry to address the nondifferentiable problem.
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 155-176 
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    Keywords: Barrier function methods ; interior penalty methods ; minimax algorithms ; engineering design ; nondifferentiable optimization
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    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an algorithm based on barrier functions for solving semi-infinite minimax problems which arise in an engineering design setting. The algorithm bears a resemblance to some of the current interior penalty function methods used to solve constrained minimization problems. Global convergence is proven, and numerical results are reported which show that the algorithm is exceptionally robust, and that its performance is comparable, while its structure is simpler than that of current first-order minimax algorithms.
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 223-232 
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    Keywords: Global optimization ; Lipschitz functions
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    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a best and worst case analysis of convergence rates for a deterministic global optimization algorithm. Superlinear convergence is proved for Lipschitz functions which are convex in the direction of the global maximum (concave in the direction of the global minimum). Computer results are given, which confirm the theoretical convergence rates.
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 177-222 
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    Keywords: Nonlinear rescaling ; modified barrier functions ; multipliers method ; simultaneous solution ; dual problems
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    Notes: Abstract The nonlinear rescaling principle employs monotone and sufficiently smooth functions to transform the constraints and/or the objective function into an equivalent problem, the classical Lagrangian which has important properties on the primal and the dual spaces. The application of the nonlinear rescaling principle to constrained optimization problems leads to a class of modified barrier functions (MBF's) and MBF Methods (MBFM's). Being classical Lagrangians (CL's) for an equivalent problem, the MBF's combine the best properties of the CL's and classical barrier functions (CBF's) but at the same time are free of their most essential deficiencies. Due to the excellent MBF properties, new characteristics of the dual pair convex programming problems have been found and the duality theory for nonconvex constrained optimization has been developed. The MBFM have up to a superlinear rate of convergence and are to the classical barrier functions (CBF's) method as the Multipliers Method for Augmented Lagrangians is to the Classical Penalty Function Method. Based on the dual theory associated with MBF, the method for the simultaneous solution of the dual pair convex programming problems with up to quadratic rates of convergence have been developed. The application of the MBF to linear (LP) and quadratic (QP) programming leads to a new type of multipliers methods which have a much better rate of convergence under lower computational complexity at each step as compared to the CBF methods. The numerical realization of the MBFM leads to the Newton Modified Barrier Method (NMBM). The excellent MBF properties allow us to discover that for any nondegenerate constrained optimization problem, there exists a “hot” start, from which the NMBM has a better rate of convergence, a better complexity bound, and is more stable than the interior point methods, which are based on the classical barrier functions.
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 251-265 
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    Keywords: Linear programming ; Karmarkar's algorithm ; potential function ; standard form ; modified method ; rank-one updates
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    Notes: Abstract We consider partial updating in Ye's affine potential reduction algorithm for linear programming. We show that using a Goldstein—Armijo rule to safeguard a linesearch of the potential function during primal steps is sufficient to control the number of updates. We also generalize the dual step construction to apply with partial updating. The result is the first O(n 3 L) algorithm for linear programming whose steps are not constrained by the need to remain approximately centered. The fact that the algorithm has a rigorous “primal-only” initialization actually reduces the complexity to less than O(m 1.5 n 1.5 L).
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 233-249 
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    Keywords: Hit and run methods ; redundancy ; linear inequalities ; coupon collector's problem
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    Notes: Abstract The hit and run methods are probabilistic algorithms that can be used to detect necessary (nonredundant) constraints in systems of linear constraints. These methods construct random sequences of lines that pass through the feasible region. These lines intersect the boundary of the region at twohit-points, each identifying a necessary constraint. In order to study the statistical performance of such methods it is assumed that the probabilities of hitting particular constraints are the same for every iteration. An indication of the best case performance of these methods can be determined by minimizing, with respect to the hit probabilities, the expected value of the number of iterations required to detect all necessary constraints. We give a set of isolated strong local minimizers and prove that for two, three and four necessary constraints the set of local minimizers is the complete set of global minimizers. We conjecture that this is also the case for any number of necessary constraints. The results in this paper also apply to sampling problems (e.g., balls from an urn) and to the coupon collector's problem.
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 267-279 
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    Keywords: Linear complementarity ; P-matrix ; interior point ; potential function ; linear programming ; quadratic programming
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    Notes: Abstract The linear complementarity problem (LCP) can be viewed as the problem of minimizingx T y subject toy=Mx+q andx, y⩾0. We are interested in finding a point withx T y 〈ε for a givenε 〉 0. The algorithm proceeds by iteratively reducing the potential function $$f(x,y) = \rho \ln x^T y - \Sigma \ln x_j y_j ,$$ where, for example,ρ=2n. The direction of movement in the original space can be viewed as follows. First, apply alinear scaling transformation to make the coordinates of the current point all equal to 1. Take a gradient step in the transformed space using the gradient of the transformed potential function, where the step size is either predetermined by the algorithm or decided by line search to minimize the value of the potential. Finally, map the point back to the original space. A bound on the worst-case performance of the algorithm depends on the parameterλ *=λ*(M, ε), which is defined as the minimum of the smallest eigenvalue of a matrix of the form $$(I + Y^{ - 1} MX)(I + M^T Y^{ - 2} MX)^{ - 1} (I + XM^T Y^{ - 1} )$$ whereX andY vary over the nonnegative diagonal matrices such thate T XYe ⩾ε andX jj Y jj⩽n 2. IfM is a P-matrix,λ * is positive and the algorithm solves the problem in polynomial time in terms of the input size, |log ε|, and 1/λ *. It is also shown that whenM is positive semi-definite, the choice ofρ = 2n+ $$\sqrt {2n} $$ yields a polynomial-time algorithm. This covers the convex quadratic minimization problem.
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 281-294 
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    Keywords: Linear complementarity problem ; Lemke's algorithm ; matroid intersection
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    Notes: Abstract We consider the problem of finding a maximum-weight complementary basis of anm × 2m matrix. The problem arises naturally, for example, when a complementary set of columns is proposed as an initial basis for a “warm start” of Lemke's algorithm, but the set of columns is rank-deficient. We show that the problem is a special case of the problem of finding a maximum-weight common base of two matroids. Furthermore, we show how to efficiently implement an algorithm for the general problem in the present context. Finally, we give computational results demonstrating the practicality of our algorithm in a typical application.
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 295-305 
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    Keywords: Interior-point method ; linear programming ; Karmarkar's method ; polynomial-time algorithm ; logarithmic barrier function ; path-following method
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    Notes: Abstract We present a path-following algorithm for the linear programming problem with a surprisingly simple and elegant proof of its polynomial behaviour. This is done both for the problem in standard form and for its dual problem. We also discuss some implementation strategies.
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 335-351 
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    Keywords: Adjacency ; convex game ; extreme point ; monotone path ; path length ; polymatroid ; submodular function
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    Notes: Abstract This paper establishes bounds on the length of certain strictly monotone paths, relative to a given linear objective function, on a polymatroid or on the base of a polymatroid. Specialized bounds are given for a strict polymatroid and for a matroid polyhedron. Bounds on the diameter are included.
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 307-333 
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    Keywords: Value convergence ; reachability ; solution set convergence ; tie-breaking ; stopping rule ; infinite horizon optimization ; production planning
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    Notes: Abstract We consider the problem of approximating an optimal solution to a separable, doubly infinite mathematical program (P) with lower staircase structure by solutions to the programs (P(N)) obtained by truncating after the firstN variables andN constraints of (P). Viewing the surplus vector variable associated with theNth constraint as a state, and assuming that all feasible states are eventually reachable from any feasible state, we show that the efficient set of all solutions optimal to all possible feasible surplus states for (P(N)) converges to the set of optimal solutions to (P). A tie-breaking algorithm which selects a nearest-point efficient solution for (P(N)) is shown (for convex programs) to converge to an optimal solution to (P). A stopping rule is provided for discovering a value ofN sufficiently large to guarantee any prespecified level of accuracy. The theory is illustrated by an application to production planning.
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 353-367 
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    Notes: Abstract We consider the formulation of non-preemptive single machine scheduling problems using time-indexed variables. This approach leads to very large models, but gives better lower bounds than other mixed integer programming formulations. We derive a variety of valid inequalities, and show the role of constraint aggregation and the knapsack problem with generalised upper bound constraints as a way of generating such inequalities. A cutting plane/branch-and-bound algorithm based on these inequalities has been implemented. Computational experience on small problems with 20/30 jobs and various constraints and objective functions is presented.
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    Mathematical programming 55 (1992), S. 81-98 
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    Keywords: Quasiconvex function ; saddle point theorem ; duality ; Lagrangians
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we show how saddle point theorems for a quasiconvex—quasiconcave function can be derived from duality theory. A symmetric duality framework that provides the machinery for deriving saddle point theorems is presented. Generating the theorems,via the framework, provides a deeper understanding of assumptions employed in existing theorems which do not utilize duality theory.
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    Mathematical programming 55 (1992), S. 1-15 
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    Keywords: Linear programming ; interior-point method ; projective algorithm ; combining phase I–phase II
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    Notes: Abstract Anstreicher has proposed a variant of Karmarkar's projective algorithm that handles standard-form linear programming problems nicely. We suggest modifications to his method that we suspect will lead to better search directions and a more useful algorithm. Much of the analysis depends on a two-constraint linear programming problem that is a relaxation of the scaled original problem.
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    Mathematical programming 55 (1992), S. 183-191 
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    Keywords: Chinese Postman problem ; integral LP duality ; integral packing ; plane integral multicommodity flows ; T-cuts
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    Notes: Abstract LetG = (V, E) be a graph and letw be a weight functionw:E →Z +. Let $$T \subseteq V$$ be an even subset of the vertices ofG. AT-cut is an edge-cutset of the graph which dividesT into two odd sets. AT-join is a minimal subset of edges that meets everyT-cut (a generalization of solutions to the Chinese Postman problem). The main theorem of this paper gives a tight upper bound on the difference between the minimum weightT-join and the maximum weight integral packing ofT-cuts. This difference is called the (T-join) integral duality gap. Letτ w be the minimum weight of aT-join, and letv w be the maximum weight of an integral packing ofT-cuts. IfF is a non-empty minimum weightT-join, andn F is the number of components ofF, then we prove thatτ w —v w ≤n F −1. This result unifies and generalizes Fulkerson's result for |T|=2 and Seymour's result for |T|= 4. For a certain integral multicommodity flow problem in the plane, which was recently proved to be NP-complete, the above result gives a solution such that for every commodity the flow is less than the demand by at most one unit.
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 121-160 
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    Keywords: Max-cut problem ; cone ; polytope ; facet ; lifting ; hypermetric inequality
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    Notes: Abstract We study facets of the cut coneC n , i.e., the cone of dimension 1/2n(n − 1) generated by the cuts of the complete graph onn vertices. Actually, the study of the facets of the cut cone is equivalent in some sense to the study of the facets of the cut polytope. We present several operations on facets and, in particular, a “lifting” procedure for constructing facets ofC n+1 from given facets of the lower dimensional coneC n . After reviewing hypermetric valid inequalities, we describe the new class of cycle inequalities and prove the facet property for several subclasses. The new class of parachute facets is developed and other known facets and valid inequalities are presented.
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 161-188 
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    Keywords: Cone ; polytope ; facet ; antiweb ; cut ; hypermetric inequality
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    Notes: Abstract We study new classes of facets for the cut coneC n generated by the cuts of the complete graph onn vertices. This cone can also be interpreted as the cone of all semi-metrics onn points that are isometricallyl 1-embeddable and, in fact, the study of the facets of the cut polytope is in some sense equivalent to the study of the facets ofC n . These new facets belong to the class of clique-web inequalities which generalize the hypermetric and cycle inequalities as well as the bicycle odd wheel inequalities.
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 223-232 
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    Keywords: Convexity ; pseudoconvexity ; affine subspace ; potential function
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    Notes: Abstract Second order conditions for the (pseudo-) convexity of a function restricted to an affine subspace are obtained by extending those already known for functions on ℝ n . These results are then used to analyse the (pseudo-) convexity of potential functions of the type introduced by Karmarkar.
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 189-222 
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    Keywords: 65H10 ; 65K05 ; 65K10 ; Linearℓ 1 estimation ; linear programming ; interior-point algorithm ; simplex method ; least absolute value regression ; affine scaling method ; Karmarkar
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    Notes: Abstract Recently, various interior point algorithms related to the Karmarkar algorithm have been developed for linear programming. In this paper, we first show how this “interior point” philosophy can be adapted to the linear ℓ1 problem (in which there are no feasibility constraints) to yield a globally and linearly convergent algorithm. We then show that the linear algorithm can be modified to provide aglobally and ultimatelyquadratically convergent algorithm. This modified algorithm appears to be significantly more efficient in practise than a more straightforward interior point approach via a linear programming formulation: we present numerical results to support this claim.
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 233-243 
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    Keywords: Convex programming problems ; exact penalty functions ; ε-solutions
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we presentε-optimality criteria for convex programming problems associated with exact penalty functions. Several authors have given various criteria under the assumption that such convex problems and the associated dual problems can be solved. We assume the solvability of neither the convex problem nor the dual problem. To derive our criteria, we estimate the size of the penalty parameter in terms of anε-solution for the dual problem.
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 245-284 
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    Keywords: Combinatorial optimization ; integer programming ; Karmarkar's method
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    Notes: Abstract We describe a cutting plane algorithm for solving combinatorial optimization problems. The primal projective standard-form variant of Karmarkar's algorithm for linear programming is applied to the duals of a sequence of linear programming relaxations of the combinatorial optimization problem.
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 337-341 
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    Keywords: 90C25 ; 65K05 ; Lagrange dualization ; existence theorems ; numerical aspects
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    Notes: Abstract In this note partially separable convex programs are dualized in such a way that, under certain assumptions, unconstrained concave duals arise. A return formula is given by which the solution of the primal is directly computed if a solution of the dual is known. Further, the solvability of both the primal and the dual is shown to depend essentially on the behaviour of the lower dimensional programs for determining the Fenchel conjugates.
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 321-335 
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    Keywords: Network flow problems ; interior point method ; negative circuit method
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    Notes: Abstract For solving minimum cost flow problems, we develop a combinatorial interior point method based on a variant of the algorithm of Karmarkar, described in Gonzaga [3, 4]. Gonzaga proposes search directions generated by projecting certain directions onto the nullspace ofA. By the special combinatorial structure of networks any projection onto the nullspace ofA can be interpreted as a flow in the incremental graph ofG. In particular, to evaluate the new search direction, it is sufficient to choose a negative circuit subject to costs on the arcs depending on the current solution. That approach results in an O(mn 2 L) algorithm wherem denotes the number of vertices,n denotes the number of arcs, andL denotes the total length of the input data.
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 301-319 
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    Keywords: Linear program ; affine-scaling ; ergodic convergence
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    Notes: Abstract The affine-scaling algorithm, first proposed by Dikin, is presently enjoying great popularity as a potentially effective means of solving linear programs. An outstanding question about this algorithm concerns its convergence in the presence of degeneracy. In this paper, we give new convergence results for this algorithm that do not require any non-degeneracy assumption on the problem. In particular, we show that if the stepsize choice of either Dikin or Barnes or Vanderbei, et al. is used, then the algorithm generates iterates that converge at least linearly with a convergence ratio of $$1 - \beta /\sqrt n $$ , wheren is the number of variables andβ ∈ (0,1] is a certain stepsize ratio. For one particular stepsize choice which is an extension of that of Barnes, we show that the cost of the limit point is within O(β/(1−β)) of the optimal cost and, forβ sufficiently small (roughly, proportional to how close the cost of the nonoptimal vertices are to the optimal cost), is exactly optimal. We prove the latter result by using an unusual proof technique, that of analyzing the ergodic convergence of the corresponding dual vectors. For the special case of network flow problems with integer data, we show that it suffices to takeβ = 1/(6mC), wherem is the number of constraints andC is the sum of the cost coefficients, to attain exact optimality.
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 343-360 
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    Keywords: Multiextremal optimization ; adaptive partition strategies ; necessary and sufficient convergence conditions ; examples
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    Notes: Abstract Following the presentation of a general partition algorithm scheme for seeking the globally best solution in multiextremal optimization problems, necessary and sufficient convergence conditions are formulated, in terms of respectively implied or postulated properties of the partition operator. The convergence results obtained are pertinent to a number of deterministic algorithms in global optimization, permitting their diverse modifications and generalizations.
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 361-364 
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    Keywords: Affine scaling ; semi-infinite linear programming ; free variables
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    Notes: Abstract We consider an extension of the affine scaling algorithm for linear programming problems with free variables to problems having infinitely many constraints, and explore the relationship between this algorithm and the finite affine scaling method applied to a discretization of the problem.
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    Mathematical programming 57 (1992), S. 215-238 
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    Keywords: Inductive inference ; Boolean function synthesis ; satisfiability ; artificial intelligence ; integer programming ; interior point method ; Riemannian geometry
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we describe an interior point mathematical programming approach to inductive inference. We list several versions of this problem and study in detail the formulation based on hidden Boolean logic. We consider the problem of identifying a hidden Boolean functionℱ:{0, 1} n → {0, 1} using outputs obtained by applying a limited number of random inputs to the hidden function. Given this input—output sample, we give a method to synthesize a Boolean function that describes the sample. We pose the Boolean Function Synthesis Problem as a particular type of Satisfiability Problem. The Satisfiability Problem is translated into an integer programming feasibility problem, that is solved with an interior point algorithm for integer programming. A similar integer programming implementation has been used in a previous study to solve randomly generated instances of the Satisfiability Problem. In this paper we introduce a new variant of this algorithm, where the Riemannian metric used for defining the search region is dynamically modified. Computational results on 8-, 16- and 32-input, 1-output functions are presented. Our implementation successfully identified the majority of hidden functions in the experiment.
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    Mathematical programming 57 (1992), S. 279-311 
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    Notes: Abstract We considerε-approximation schemes for indefinite quadratic programming. We argue that such an approximation can be found in polynomial time for fixedε andt, wheret denotes the number of negative eigenvalues of the quadratic term. Our algorithm is polynomial in 1/ε for fixedt, and exponential int for fixedε. We next look at the special case of knapsack problems, showing that a more efficient (polynomial int) approximation algorithm exists.
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    Mathematical programming 57 (1992), S. 239-257 
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    Keywords: Complexity of algorithms ; convergence analysis ; interior point algorithms ; Newton's methods
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    Notes: Abstract We present a theoretical result on a path-following algorithm for convex programs. The algorithm employs a nonsmooth Newton subroutine. It starts from a near center of a restricted constraint set, performs a partial nonsmooth Newton step in each iteration, and converges to a point whose cost is withinε accuracy of the optimal cost in $$O(\sqrt m \left| {\ln \varepsilon } \right|)$$ iterations, wherem is the number of constraints in the problem. Unlike other interior point methods, the analyzed algorithm only requires a first-order Lipschitzian condition and a generalized Hessian similarity condition on the objective and constraint functions. Therefore, our result indicates the theoretical feasibility of applying interior point methods to certainC 1-optimization problems instead ofC 2-problems. Since the complexity bound is unchanged compared with similar algorithms forC 2-convex programming, the result shows that the smoothness of functions may not be a factor affecting the complexity of interior point methods.
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    Mathematical programming 57 (1992), S. 337-339 
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    Mathematical programming 57 (1992), S. 325-335 
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    Keywords: Strict complementarity ; interior point algorithms ; linear programming ; optimal face
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    Notes: Abstract It has been shown [8] that numerous interior-point algorithms for linear programming (LP) generate solution sequences that converge to strict complementarity solutions, or interior solutions on the optimal face. In this note we further establish a theoretical base for Gay's test (Gay, 1989) to identify the optimal face, and develop a new termination procedure to obtain an exact solution on the optimal face. We also report some numerical results for solving a set of LP test problems, each of which has a highly degenerate and unbounded optimal face.
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    Mathematical programming 57 (1992), S. 313-324 
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    Notes: Abstract We discuss the average case complexity of global optimization problems. By the average complexity, we roughly mean the amount of work needed to solve the problem with the expected error not exceeding a preassigned error demand. The expectation is taken with respect to a probability measure on a classF of objective functions. Since the distribution of the maximum, max x f (x), is known only for a few nontrivial probability measures, the average case complexity of optimization is still unknown. Although only preliminary results are available, they indicate that on the average, optimization is not as hard as in the worst case setting. In particular, there are instances, where global optimization is intractable in the worst case, whereas it is tractable on the average. We stress, that the power of the average case approach is proven by exhibiting upper bounds on the average complexity, since the actual complexity is not known even for relatively simple instances of global optimization problems. Thus, we do not know how much easier global optimization becomes when the average case approach is utilized.
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    Computing 2 (1967), S. 246-256 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary We are concerned with the numerical solution of a differential equation which possesses an asymptotic power series. Especially we are interested in arguments from the critical domain. This leads us to the determination of nearly-optimal converging factors. Using the theory of singularVolterra integral equations we obtain for the remainder terms as functions of the converging factors rather good lower and upper bounds. Minimizing these bounds we gain nearly-optimal converging factors, with an error only little greater than the error of the exact optimal converging factors. Moreover we give an estimate of the rapidity of convergence of the approximation sequence. An example shows the effectiveness of our method.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wir befassen uns mit der numerischen Lösung einer Differentialgleichung, bei der eine asymptotische Potenzreihe zur Verfügung steht. Besonders interessieren wir uns für Argumente aus dem kritischen Bereich. Dabei tritt das Problem der Bestimmung günstiger Konvergenzfaktoren auf. Es wird für den Formelfehler in Abhängigkeit von den verwendeten Konvergenzfaktoren eine recht genaue Abschätzung sowohl nach oben wie auch nach unten angegeben. Zur Herleitung der Fehlerschranken wird die Theorie der singulärenVolterraschen Integralgleichungen benützt. Die Minimierung der Fehlerschranken liefert dann sehr günstige Konvergenzfaktoren, bei denen der zugehörige Fehler nur wenig über dem Fehler der theoretisch optimalen Lösung liegt. Ferner ergeben sich Aussagen über die Konvergenzgeschwindigkeit der Approximationsfolge. Ein Beispiel zeigt die Wirksamkeit des Verfahrens.
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    Computing 2 (1967), S. 263-283 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Starting from a special formulation of first order functional calculus two procedures are presented producing refutations of inconsistent formulas. Both procedures are based on the notion of interconnecting literals. The first one goes back toHerbrand's Theorem. LetF n be the conjunction ofn copies of the formulaF. An algorithm is introduced to decide whether, for a fixedn, there is an assignment β for the variables ofF n making the formula βF n completely interconnected. By applying this algorithm forn=1,2,... a truth-functionally inconsistent formula of minimal length is constructed. The basic idea of the second procedure is to produce fromF new oneliteral clauses (which are consisten withF). In many cases this proofprocedure, while not complete, is very effective in comparison with other programs; some examples of machine-refutations are given in the appendix. The method may be generalized; in particular it suggests a possibility of man-machine interaction in theorem-proving.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von einer speziellen Formulierung des Prädikatenkalküls 1. Stufe werden zwei Verfahren entwickelt, welche Widerlegungen inkonsistenter FormelnF liefern. Grundlegend für beide Verfahren ist der Begriff der Verkettung von Literals. Das erste beruht auf demHerbrad-Theorem. SeiF n die Konjunktion vonn Exemplaren der FormelF. Es wird ein Algorithmus angegeben, der entscheidet, ob es bei gegebenemn eine Belegung β der Variablen vonF n gibt, bei welcher die Formel βF n vollständig verkettet ist. Die Anwendung dieses Algorithmus fürn=1,2, ... führt zur Konstruktion einer aussagenlogisch inkonsistenten Formel minimaler Länge. Das zweite Verfahren beruht darauf, daß neue Clausen erzeugt werden, die aus nur einem Literal bestehen (und die mitF konsistent sind). Dieses Verfahren ist nicht vollständig, liefert aber in vielen Fällen schnellere Widerlegungen als andere Methoden; einige Maschinen-Protokolle solcher Widerlegungen sind im Anhang zusammengestellt. Das Verfahren läßt sich verallgemeinern; insbesondere bietet es eine Möglichkeit des Zusammenwirkens von Mensch und Maschine beim Beweisen mathematischer Sätze.
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    Computing 2 (1967), S. 332-335 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this article there will be treated a method to get the involutoric automorphisms of a graph without the execution of any permutation. If a graph has the property that each of it's vertices can be permuted with not more than one other vertex, all automorphisms of the graph are involutoric. In that case the result is the whole group of automorphisms. At the end an ALGOL-procedure is given which computes the involutions if for each vertex the possible image is known.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird eine Methode behandelt, die involutorischen Automorphismen von Graphen allein aus den Eigenschaften der Inzidenzmatrix ohne Anwendung von Permutationen aufzustellen. Hat ein Graph die Eigenschaft, daß jeder seiner Punkte mit höchstens einem anderen vertauscht werden kann, so besteht seine Automorphismengruppe aus lauter Involutionen. In diesem Falle erhält man die ganze Automorphismengruppe. Abschließend wird eine ALGOL-Prozedur zur Ermittlung der Involutionen angegeben, wenn für jeden Punkt sein möglicher Bildpunkt bekannt ist.
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    Computing 2 (1967), S. 353-367 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Kongruenzrelationen eines Automaten sind aus verschiedenen Gründen von Interesse. Zum Beispiel bilden sie die Grundlage für Minimisierungsverfahren, oder sie geben die Möglichkeit, einen Automaten in einer Weise zu zerlegen, die technisch bedeutsam ist [Hartmanis et al.]. In der vorliegenden Arbeit haben wir den Zusammenhang zwischen der AutomorphismengruppeG (A) und dem KongruenzenverbandR (A) eines Automaten untersucht. Dieser Zusammenhang beruht hauptsächlich auf einer Galoisverbindung zwischen dem Untergruppenverband vonG (A) und dem VerbandR (A). Dadurch ist eine Teilmenge vonR (A) durch Gruppen zu kennzeichnen. Unterstellt man, daß die Gruppentheorie der triviale Teil der Theorie der Halbgruppen ist, so richtet sich das Interesse auf den verbleibenden Anteil vonR (A), der nicht durchG (A) charakterisiert wird. Ihn in Allgemeinheit zu untersuchen scheint ein aussichtsloses Unterfangen zu sein, weshalb wir uns auf die Klasse der sogenannten rechtsregulären Automaten beschränkt haben. Im letzten Abschnitt wird der theoretische Hintergrund für ein Verfhren entwickelt, das sowohl die Kongruenzen eines Automaten als auch dessen Endomorphismenhalbgruppe systematisch zu erstellen gestattet.
    Notes: Summary The congruence relations of an automaton are of interest for various reasons. For example they are relevant for minimization procedures and they are suitable for decomposing the automaton in a specific way which is of technical importance [Hartmanis et al.]. In this paper we have investigated the interconnection between the automorphism groupG (A) and the latticeR (A) of congruence relations of an automaton. This interconnection is primarily based on a Galois connection between the subgroup lattice ofG (A) and the latticeG (A), which characterizes a subset ofR (A) in terms of groups. Assuming that group theory is the trivial part of the theory of semigroups, the attention is directed to the remainder ofR (A) which is not characterized byG (A) in the way mentioned above. This remainder, however, has not been inspected for the general case, which seems to be a hopeless task, but for the class of so called right regular automata. In the last section some theoretical background for a systematic procedure in obtaining all congruence relations of an automaton as well as its endomorphism semigroup has been developed.
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    Computing 47 (1992), S. 323-336 
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    Keywords: 26C10 ; 26C15 ; 65H05 ; Multiplicity ; Zero identification ; Global optimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir zeigen, daß man mit Hilfe gewisser Integrale die Anzahl der Nullstellen einer gegebenen Vielfachheit für eine Funktion einer Veränderlichen in einem beliebigen Intervall bestimmen kann. Das Vorgeben wird durch typische Beispiele erläutert.
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that certain simple integrals determine the number of zeros with a certain multiplicity of a function of one variable in an arbitrary interval. Several typical numerical examples are given.
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    Computing 47 (1992), S. 337-353 
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    Keywords: 65G10 ; 65F05 ; Interval iteration ; linear interval systems ; standard simplices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Literatur werden eine Reihe effizienter Algorithmen beschrieben zur Berechnung garantierter Einschließungen der Lösung numerischer Standardprobleme [3,4,8,11,12,13]. Die Einschließungen werden in Form von Mengen gegeben. In [12, 13] wird diese Menge mit Hilfe einer affinen Transformation berechnet, die stoppt, wenn eine nichtleere kompakte Menge in sich selbst abgebildet wird. Für Punkteingabedaten wurde gezeigt, daß diese Iteration genau dann stoppt, wenn die Iterationsmatrix konvergent ist [13]. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden notwendige und hinreichende Stop-Bedingungen angegeben für Intervalleingabedaten und Intervalloperationen im reellen und im komplexen. Stoppen heißt hierbei, daß der Algorithmus aus [12] für Intervallgleichungssysteme eine Einschließung liefert. Ein Algorithmus von Neumaier wird diskutiert, und es wird ein Hybrid-Algorithmus vorgeschlagen, der die Vorteile Neumaiers und unseres Algorithmus kombiniert. Unter Benutzung einer Arbeit von Jansson [6, 7] wird eine interessante geometrische Interpretation von Einschließungsalgorithmen gegeben. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Einschließungsalgorithmen in bestimmtem Sinne optimal sind. für eine andere Klasse von Mengen, für Standardsimplexe, geben wir einige interessante Beispiele.
    Notes: Abstract In the literature efficient algorithms have been described for calculating guaranteed inclusions for the solution of a number of standard numerical problems [3,4,8,11,12,13]. The inclusions are given by means of a set containing the solution. In [12,13] this set is calculated using an affine iteration which is stopped when a nonempty and compact set is mapped into itself. For exactly given input data (point data) it has been shown that this iteration stops if and only if the iteration matrix is convergent (cf. [13]). In this paper we give a necessary and sufficient stopping criterion for the above mentioned iteration for interval input data and interval operations. Stopping is equivalent to the fact that the algorithm presented in [12] for solving interval linear systems computes an inclusion of the solution. An algorithm given by Neumaier is discussed and an algorithm is proposed combining the advantages of our algorithm and a modification of Neumaier's. The combined algorithm yields tight bounds for input intervals of small and large diameter. Using a paper by Jansson [6,7] we give a quite different geometrical interpretation of inclusion methods. It can be shown that our inclusion methods are optimal in a specified geometrical sense. For another class of sets, for standard simplices, we give some interesting examples.
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    Computing 48 (1992), S. 177-189 
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    Keywords: Primary 65D30 ; Secondary 44A15 ; Strongly singular integrals ; finite-part integrals ; numerical approximation ; quadrature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit beschäftigen wir uns mit der numerischen Auswertung von singulären Integralen im Sinne von Hadamard mit Hilfe von einfachen Integrationsmethoden. Die entsprechenden Fehlerabschätzungen sowie Beispielrechnungen werden angegeben. Weiterhin wird die Optimalität der betrachteten Integrationsmethoden untersucht.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we deal with the numerical calculation of singular integrals in the sense of Hadamard by simple integration methods. Error estimates and numerical examples are given. The optimality of the quadrature rules will be examined.
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    Computing 48 (1992), S. 203-212 
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    Keywords: 68U05 ; Euclidean shortest path ; polyhedral obstacles ; computation geometry
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird folgendes Problem untersucht: Gegeben sei eine Menge von einfachen Polyedern und zwei Punkte außerhalb dieser Polyeder; gesucht ist ein fast-optimaler Polygonzug der die beiden Punkte verbindet und dessen Durchschnitt mit allen Polyedern leer ist. Zur Lösung dieses Problems wird ein Algorithmus angegeben, durch den eine Menge von zulässigen Polygonzügen generiert werden kann. Ausgehend von dieser Menge wird mittels einer auf der ψ-Transformation basierenden Optimierungsprozedur ein fast-optimaler Polygonzug bestimmt.
    Notes: Abstract The problem can be stated as follows: Given a set of simple polyhedra and two points belonging to the exterior domain of the given polyhedra, determine a near-optimal polygonal line connecting the two points so that the intersection of this polygonal line and the given polyhedra is an empty set. To solve this problem an algorithm is formed for generation of a set of admissible polygonal lines. On the basis of this set, using the optimisation procedure based on ψ-transform, a near-optimal polygonal line is determined.
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  • 73
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    Computing 48 (1992), S. 319-336 
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    Keywords: Global optimization ; interval arithmetic ; inclusion function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Vorgestellt wird eine Methode zum Auffinden aller globalen Minimierer einer reellwertigen Zielfunktion mehrerer Veränderlicher. Dabei wird ein problemorientierter Zahlentyp verwendet: der Bereich der reellen kompakten Intervalle. Der Wertebereich der Zielfunktion über einem rechteckigen Gebiet wird durch natürliche Intervallerweiterung einer geeigneten Modellfunktion abgeschätzt. Es wird ein Algorithmus zur Interpolation und Approximation in mehrdimensionalen Räumen entwickelt. Diese Optimierungsmethode kann auf herkömmliche, das heißt mit reeller Arithmetik programmierte, Funktionen erfolgreich angewendet werden.
    Notes: Abstract A method for finding all global minimizers of a real-valued objective function of several variables is presented. For this purpose a problem-oriented type of number is used: the set of real compact intervals. The range of the objective function over a rectangular set is estimated by natural interval extension of a suitable modelling function. An algorithm for interpolation and approximation in multidimensional spaces is developed. This optimization method can be applied successfully to conventionally, e.g. with real arithmetic, programmed functions.
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    Computing 48 (1992), S. 373-380 
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    Keywords: 65D05 ; 65N20 ; Blending function ; shape preserving interpolation ; Poisson equation
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung einer Anfangsnäherung für die Lösung eines Poisson-Problems wird eine Blending-Funktions-Technik mit einem eindimensionalen Interpolationsschema vorgeschlagen. Diese Näherung verbindet die exakte Wiedergabe der Randbedingungen mit der Interpolation irgendwoher bekannter Werte im Inneren. Bilineare Blending-Funktionen und ein gestalterhaltendes Interpolationsschema werden für numerische Testrechnungen verwendet.
    Notes: Abstract A blending function technique with a monovariate interpolating scheme is proposed to provide an initial approximation to the solution of the Poisson problem. Such an approximation combines the interpolatory properties of exact matching of boundary conditions with some interior values of the solution, somehow known. The bilinear blending functions and a shape-preserving interpolation scheme are used in the numerical tests.
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    Computing 49 (1992), S. 11-23 
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    Keywords: 65M55 ; 65Y05 (primary) ; 65M60 (secondary) ; Domain decomposition ; parallel time stepping ; parabolic problems ; transputer system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Implementierung von Lösungs-methoden für parabolische Probleme erfordert eine ausreichende Balance zwischen der parallelen Effizienz voll-expliziter Schemata und der Notwendigkeit von Stabilität und Genauigkeit, welche einen gewissen Grad an Implizitheit bedingt. Als ein Kompromiß wird ein Gebietszerlegungsverfahren vorgeschlagen, welches lokal implizit ist auf leicht überlappenden Teilgebieten, die lokalen Randdaten aber durch einen einfachen expliziten Prozeß fortpflanzt. Die Analyse dieses Algorithmus zeigt, daß er zufriedenstellende Stabilitäts- und Approximationseigenschaften besitzt und effektiv parallelisiert werden kann. Diese theoretischen Resultate werden bestätigt durch numerische Tests auf einem Transputer-System.
    Notes: Abstract In the parallel implementation of solution methods for parabolic problems one has to find a proper balance between the parallel efficiency of a fully explicit scheme and the need for stability and accuracy which requires some degree of implicitness. As a compromise a domain splitting scheme is proposed which is locally implicit on slightly overlapping subdomains but propagates the corresponding boundary data by a simple explicit process. The analysis of this algorithm shows that it has satisfactory stability and approximation properties and can be effectively parallelized. These theoretical results are confirmed by numerical tests on a transputer system.
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    Computing 49 (1992), S. 87-94 
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    Keywords: 65H10 ; 65G10 ; Nonlinear equations ; nondifferentiable operator ; quasi-Newton method ; convergence theorems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Konvergenz gewisser Quasi-Newton-Verfahren zur Lösung von nichtlinearen GleichungenAx+g(x)=0 aufD⊄R n untersucht, wobeiA eine (n×n)-Matrix undg ein nichtdifferenzierbarer, aber Lip-schitz-stetiger Operator ist. Mittels intervallanalytischer Techniken wird ein neuer Konvergenzsatz für die Verfahren hergeleitet.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we study the convergence of some quasi-Newton methods for solving nonlinear equationAx+g(x)=0 in a domainD⊄R n , whereA is ann×n matrix andg is a nondifferentiable but Lipschitz continuous operator. By interval analysis, we give a new convergence theorem of the methods.
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    Computing 49 (1992), S. 129-137 
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    Keywords: 41A15 ; 65D05 ; Interpolation ; bivariate splines ; flows
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir entwickeln hinreichende Bedingungen, die garantieren, daß eine Punktmenge eindeutige Lagrange-Interpolation mit quadratischen Splines auf einer Typ 2—Triangulierung erlaubt. Die Interpolationseigenschaft dieser Mengen wird gezeigt, indem ein bivariates Problem auf eine endliche Folge univariater Probleme reduziert wird.
    Notes: Abstract We give sufficient conditions which guarantee that a set of points admits unique Lagrange interpolation by quadratic splines on a four-directional mesh. The poisedness of these sets will be proved by reducing one bivariate problem to a finite sequence of univariate problems.
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    Computing 49 (1992), S. 151-158 
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    Keywords: 90B35 ; 90C27 ; Scheduling ; identical parallel machines ; set-up time ; heuristics ; worst-case analysis
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir untersuchen ein preemptives Scheduling Problem mitm Maschinen undn Prozessen. Jedesmal wenn eine Maschine mit dem Abarbeiten eines neuen Prozesses beginnt, ist eine zusätzliche Set-up Zeit notwendig. Das Ziel ist es, ein Schedul zu finden, das alle Prozesse möglichst früh vollendet. Fürm≥2 Maschinen ist dieses Problem NP-vollständig. Für den Fall von prozeßabhängigen Set-up Zeiten haben Monma und Potts eine polynomiale Heuristik entwickelt, deren Worst Case Ratio gegen 5/3 geht, wenn die Anzahl der Maschinen gegen unendlich strebt. Wir untersuchen den Fall mit konstanten Set-up Zeiten. Wir konstruieren einen polynomialen Approximations Algorithmus mit Worst Case Ratio 7/6 fürm=2 und Worst Case Ratio 3/2–1/2m fürm≥3. Außerdem geben wir ein fully polynomial time approximation scheme für zwei Maschinen an.
    Notes: Abstract We investigate the problem of preemptively schedulingn jobs onm parallel machines. Whenever there is a switch from processing a job to processing another job on some machine, a set-up time is necessary. The objective is to find a schedule which minimizes the maximum completion time. Form≥2 machines, this problem obviously is NP-complete. For the case of job-dependent set-up times, Monma and Potts derived a polynomial time heuristic whose worst case ratio tends to 5/3 as the number of machines tends to infinity. In this paper, we examine the case of constant (job- and machine-independent) set-up times. We present a polynomial time approximation algorithm with worst case ratio 7/6 form=2 machines and worst case ratio at most 3/2–1/2m form≥3 machines. Moreover, for the casem=2 we construct a fully polynomial time approximation scheme.
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    Computing 49 (1992), S. 213-237 
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    Keywords: 35Q35 ; 35R35 ; 76A05 ; Bingham fluids ; cool water slurries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir betrachten die quasistationäre, laminare, achsensymmetrische Strömung vom Bingham-Typus unter der Annahme, daß die Fließspannung mit einer zur inneren Dissipationsleistung proportionalen Rate zunimmt. Ein derartiges Verhalten ist in Kohle-Wasser-Gemischen beobachtet worden. Viele unterschiedliche Fälle können auftreten (einschließlich des Auftretens einer starren Schale am Rand der Rohrleitung); sie werden sowohl theoretisch als auch numerisch analysiert.
    Notes: Abstract We consider a quasi steady laminar axisymmetric flow of Bingham type under the assumption that the yield stress increases at a rate proportional to the internal power dissipation. Such a behaviour has been observed in coal-water slurries. Many different cases can occur (including the appearance of a rigid shell at the boundary of the pipeline), which are analyzed both theoretically and numerically.
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    Computing 49 (1992), S. 303-314 
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    Keywords: 65L05 ; 65L07 ; Stability theory ; high-index DAEs ; parametric perturbations
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es ist bekannt, daß Algebrodifferentialgleichungen von höherem Index sehr empfindlich gegenüber Parameteränderungen sein können [1, p. 31]. Ebenso ist aus der Theorie der singulär gestörten Probleme bekannt, daß auch die Stabilitätseigenschaften bei derartigen Störungen sich ändern können. In diesem Aufsatz zeigen wir, daß beliebig kleine, glatte Störungen Instabilitäten dadurch verursachen können, daß die verallgemeinerten Eigenwerte des zugehörigen Matrizenbüschels beiz=∞ zu großen positiven Eigenwerte verfälscht werden. Das Problem wird dadurch umso instabiler je kleiner die Störung des Ausgangsproblems ist, ganz im Gegensatz zu der Situation bei expliziten DGLn. Auf diese Weise können einige Probleme von höherem Index als ein stabiler Grenzfall von benachbarten hoch instabilen Problemen, gewöhnlich von niedrigerem Index, angesehen werden.
    Notes: Abstract It is well-known that linear time-varying high-index DAEs can be very sensitive to parametric perturbations, [1, p. 31]. Stability is also affected, as is known from singular perturbation theory. In this note, we show that arbitrarily small and smooth perturbations can cause dramatic instabilities by introducing “small” perturbations of the matrix pencil's generalized eigenvalues atz=∞, leading to large positive finite eigenvalues. The smaller the perturbation, the larger is the instability of the perturbed problem, in contrast to the ODE case. Some high-index problems can thus be considered as marginally stable, with neighboring problems (usually of lower index) exhibiting severe instabilities.
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    Computing 49 (1992), S. 265-278 
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    Keywords: 65N30 ; 73E25 ; Key words ; Continuous casting ; strand mechanics
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Ausbauchen der Strangschale von Brammen kann die Stahlqualität erheblich herabsetzen. Wir präsentieren ein numerisches Verfahren zur Berechnung der Deformationen und der Spannungen in einer Bramme unter Verwendung einer gemischten Eulersch-Lagrangeschen Beschreibungsweise. Wegen der extremen Nichtlinearität des Werkstoffgesetzes sind Einbettungstechniken erforderlich, um Konvergenz zu erzielen.
    Notes: Abstract Bulging of continuously cast slabs can reduce the steel quality quite heavily. We present a numerical method for the calculation of the deformations and the stresses in a slab using a formulation of the governing equations in mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian coordinates. Due to the extreme nonlinearity of the material law, imbedding techniques are necessary to achieve convergence.
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    Computing 48 (1992), S. 275-289 
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    Keywords: 65D07 ; 53A04 ; Computer aided geometric design ; nonuniform rational B-spline curve ; B-spline curve ; Bézier curve ; envelope ; uniqueness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine nicht gleichförmige rationale B-Spline-Kurve kann durch die Einhüllende einer Gruppe von rationalen B-Spline-Kurven niederer Ordnung erzeugt werden, und diese Einhüllende ist eindeutig. Auf diese Weise kann eine rationale B-Spline-Kurve direkt geometrisch definiert werden.
    Notes: Abstract Nonuniform rational B-spline curves may be recursively generated by the envelope of a family of low order rational B-spline curves, and this envelope is unique. Thus rational B-spline curves can be directly defined in a geometric way.
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    Computing 48 (1992), S. 303-317 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65K05 ; 65K10 ; Unconstrained optimization ; trust region ; curvilinear path ; nonmonotone ; convergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein allgemeines nichtmonotones Konfidenzbereichs-Verfahren mit krummlinigem Pfad für die unrestringierte Optimierung vorgeschlagen. Obwohl bei diesem Verfahren die Folge der Werte der Objecktfunktion nicht monoton zu sein braucht, werden Konvergenzeigenschaften bewiesen, die denen der gängigen Verfahren dieser Art entsprechen. An Hand einiger numerischer Beispiele wird die Über-legenheit des nichtmonotonen Verfahrens bezüglich der Zahl der Gradienten- und der Funktions-auswertungen gezeigt.
    Notes: Abstract A general nonmonotone trust region method with curvilinear path for unconstrained optimization problem is presented. Although this method allows the sequence of the objective function values to be nonmonotone, convergence properties similar to those for the usual trust region methods with curvilinear path are proved under certain conditions. Some numerical results are reported which show the superiority of the nonmonotone trust region method with respect to the numbers of gradient evaluations and function evaluations.
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    Computing 48 (1992), S. 381-385 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65J ; Projections ; Convex sets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung des Durchschnitts von endlich vielen abgeschlossenen Ronversen Mengen in einem Hilbertraum wird ein nichtlinearer Algorithmus vom SOR-Typ vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Abstract A nonlinear SOR-type algorithm is established to find the intersection of a finite number of closed convex sets in a Hilbert space.
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    Computing 49 (1992), S. 25-44 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 35J25 ; 35J65 ; 65N15 ; 65G10 ; Elliptic boundary value problem ; nonlinear boundary value problem ; numerical existence proof ; explicit bounds ; enclosure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Gegeben sei ein elliptisches Randwertproblem der Form −ΔU+F(x, U, U x )=0 auf Ω,B[U]=0 auf ϖΩ, mit einer NichtlinearitätF, die einer quadratischen Wachstumsbedingung bezüglich des GradientenU x genügt, und mit einem linearen RandoperatorB von gemischtem Typ. Es wird eine numerische Methode vorgestellt, mit deren Hilfe sich die Existenz einer Lösung innerhalb einer “kleinen”H 1,4(Ω)-Umgebung einer Näherungslösung ω∈H 2(Ω), die die Randbedingung erfüllt, nachweisen läßt, sofern die Defektnorm ∥−Δω +F(·, ω, ω x )∥2 hinreichend klein ist und ferner die Linearisierung des gegebenen Problems in ω auf einen invertierbaren OperatorL führt. Die wesentlichen Hilfsmittel sind explizite Sobolevsche Einbettungen und Eigenwertschranken fürL oderL*L. Jegliche Monotonie- und Inverspositivitätsbedingungen werden vermieden.
    Notes: Abstract For elliptic boundary value problems of the form −ΔU+F(x, U, U x )=0 on Ω,B[U]=0 on ϖΩ, with a nonlinearityF growing at most quadratically with respect to the gradientU x and with a mixed-type linear boundary opeatorB, a numerical method is presented which can be used to prove the existence of a solution within a “close”H 1,4(Ω)-neighborhood of some approximate solution ω∈H 2(Ω) satisfying the boundary condition, provided that the defect-norm ∥−Δω +F(·, ω, ω x )∥2 is sufficiently small and, moreover, the linearization of the given problem at ω leads to an invertible operatorL. The main tools are explicit Sobolev imbeddings and eigenvalue bounds forL or forL*L. All kinds of monotonicity or inverse-positivity assumptions are avoided.
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    Computing 49 (1992), S. 117-127 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 34A05 ; Differential equations ; hypergeometric equations ; special functions ; symbolic computation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um ihre Lösungen durch spezielle Funktionen auszudrücken, wird ein Verfahren beschrieben, womit man unter Benutzung von Faktorisierungstechniken entscheiden kann, ob eine lineare Differentialgleichung zweiter Ordnung mit polynomialen Koeffizienten durch eine rationale Variablentransformation auf die hypergeometrische oder die konfluente hypergeometrische Gleichung gebracht werden kann. Im ersten Fall muß für den Zählergrad des Bruchs, der die Variablentransformation bestimmt, eine obere Schranke vorgegeben werden.
    Notes: Abstract So as to explore the possibilities of representing its solutions in terms of special functions, and using factorization techniques, a process is defined to decide whether a second order linear differential equation with polynomial coefficients can be brought to the hypergeometric or the confluent hypergeometric equation by a rational change of variable. In the first case, an upper bound has to be provided for the degree of the numerator of the rational function which defines the change of variable.
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    Computing 49 (1992), S. i 
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    Computing 49 (1992), S. 201-212 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65D15 ; 90C25 ; 90C50 ; Key words ; Polynomial approximation ; semi-inifinte programming ; cutting plane method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Lastdauerlinien spielen eine wichtige Rolle in der Planungspraxis der elektrischen Energiesysteme. In der Arbeit betrachten wir das Problem der Approximation einer Lastdauerlinie durch ein Polynom unter Monotonie und einigen anderen Nebendedingungen. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Verfahren der semi-infiniten Programmierung zur Lösung dieses Problems anwendbar sind. Eine konvergente innere-äußere Methode und ein endlicher ε-optimaler Algorithmus werden vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Abstract Load duration curves play an important role in the planning practice of electric power systems. In the paper, we consider the problem of approximating a load duration curve by a polynomial under monotonicity and some other constraints. We show that semi-infinite programming techniques can be applied for solving this problem. A convergent inner-outer method and a finite ε-optimal algorithm is proposed.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polymerization behavior of δ-valerolactone (VL) with alkylsamarium (RSmI2) was studied, and its application to the block copolymerization of tetrahydrofuran (THF) with VL was examined. Polymerization of VL by butylsamarium gave the corresponding poly(VL) in good yield. The yield increased with increasing the concentration of VL and decreasing the polymerization temperature, resulting from the equilibrium between VL and poly(VL). The decrease in the molecular weight of poly(VL) by prolonging the polymerization time indicated the existence of back-biting reaction to form cyclic oligomers. The polymerization of VL with poly(THF)-macroanion obtained by the two-electron reduction of the propagation center of living poly(THF) with SmI2 led to the block copolymer of THF with VL. The initiation efficiency of VL-polymerization was almost quantitative, and the unit ratio of THF and VL-segments could be controlled by both the polymerization time of THF and the amounts of VL.
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  • 90
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary CpTiCl2(OPri) was a very active catalyst for syndiotactic polymerization of styrene when activated with methyl aluminoxane (MAO). The catalyst activity and syndiospecificity of CpTiCl2(OPri)/MAO were about 107 g PS / mol Ti·mol S·h and about 95% respectively, both higher than those of CpTiCl3 / MAO.
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    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 729-735 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The cationic polymerizations of indene (Ind) and styrene (Sty) initiated by iodine (I2) in liquid sulfur dioxide (SO2) were investigated. Reactions involving Ind were characterized by termination by neutralization between the growing carbocationic species and the nucleophilic counteranion, at low temperature. Sty polymerization is also termination-dominated and gives low conversion at -20°C. High resolution gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HGC-MS) analysis of non polymeric material in the Sty polymerization suggested that initiation of Sty polymerization involves the formation of 1,2 diiodide adduct prior to initiation with HI.
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    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 743-749 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Novel, soluble 5-dimethylamino-1-naphthalenesulfonyl esters of cellulose (2) with a degree of substitution from 0.67 to 1.59 were prepared by esterification of cellulose dissolved in N,N-dimethylacetamide/LiCl solvent system and characterized by means of FTIR-as well as 1H and 13C NMR-spectroscopy. The remaining OH groups of 2 can be fully acetylated in pyridine using N,N-dimethylaminopyridine as a catalyst. The polymers show typical fluorescence and absorption spectra with absorptions at 217, 250 and 317 nm which are in good agreement with quantum chemical calculations.
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    Polymer bulletin 37 (1996), S. 759-763 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A very interesting part within the wide field of chemical reactions are-catalyzed reactions. To find an effective low cost catalyst for various applications is a primary goal of many workers. Polymer chemistry is able to provide systems with qualities not known for monomeric catalysts. Especially in heterogenic systems the use of polymeric catalysts has many advantages such as easy separation for reuse or low toxicity. A special type of heterogenic catalysis is the phase transfer catalysis. Comb polymers of poly(styrene) with oligo(ethylene oxide) side chains were investigated for their ability as phase transfer catalysts.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Zn lactate, 3H2O and dehydrated Zn lactate were used as initiator to polymerize DL-lactide under various conditions. It is shown that the latter does polymerize DL-lactide up to high molecular weight at a slower rate than Sn octoate. Zn lactate being formed when lactic acid is allowed to react with Zn metal, it is believed that the active species in Zn metal initiation is Zn lactate. Comparison was made of the two poly(DL-lactide) initiated with Zn metal and Sn octoate respectively and selected to have almost similar characteristics. It is shown that degradation characteristics of the two polymers are different, especially water uptake and rate of heterogeneous degradation. It is further shown that residual Sn concentrated within the matrix remnants whereas the content in Zn remained constant according to degradation controlled release.
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    Polymer bulletin 36 (1996), S. 27-34 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polytetrahydrofuran macroinimers were synthesized by means of cationic polymerization of tetrahydrofuran, initiated by azo-oxocarbenium salt, followed by termination with methacrylate anion. The macroinimers were characterized by 1H-NMR analysis and GPC measurements. Self polymerization of macroinimers and copolymerization with methyl methacrylate (MMA) yielded crosslinked and soluble branched block copolymers depending on the MMA concentration.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Poly(ethylene-alt-propylene)-block-polyethylethylene-block-polystyrene (PEP-b-PEE-b-PS) triblock copolymers were synthesized by anionic polymerization and subsequent hydrogenation of poly-1,4-isoprene-block-poly-1,2-butadiene-block-polystyrene triblock copolymers (1,4PI-b-1,2PB-b-PS). Differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical spectroscopy reveal an order-order transition which is induced by the mixing of PEP and PEE above their respective order-disorder transition (ODT).
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    Polymer bulletin 36 (1996), S. 51-58 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Large diameter polymer light conduits are prepared for the first time by UV-curing. The polymer cores of the polymer light conduits are prepared from the copolymerization of various monomer mixtures in FEP tubes by UV curing, where FEP is used as the polymer cladding. The monomer mixtures consist of a multifunctional monomer for adjusting the heat resistance of the polymer cores and a monofunctional monomer for adjusting the flexibility. Experimental results indicate that the properties of the prepared polymer light conduits can be significantly modified by the formulations of the reactant mixtures. The onset thermal decomposition temperatures of the prepared polymer cores are 50°C to 79°C higher than that of the PMMA core. The glass transition temperatures and the refractive indices of the prepared polymer cores decrease from 78°C to -34°C and 1.490 to 1.474, respectively, when the contents of 2-ethyl-hexyl acrylate in the monomer mixtures increase from 0% to 70%. The prepared polymer light conduits conduits have large numerical apertures suitable for wide angle illumination applications.
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    Polymer bulletin 36 (1996), S. 59-65 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary New copolymers were prepared by radical polymerization starting from N-1-adamantylmaleimide (AMI) and styrene (ST). The copolymerization of AMI with ST proceeded easily to give medium molecular weight of copolymers $$\left( {\overline M _n 〉 {\text{10}}^{\text{4}} } \right)$$ in high yield. The poly(AMI-co-ST)s had high Tg (205–236 °C) and good thermal stability. Moreover, the poly(AMI-co-ST)s exhibited activity against the staphlococcus aureus ATCC 25923. The monomer reactivity ratios(r1,r2) in the copolymerizations of AMI with ST, and Alfrey-Price Q, e values for AMI were determined.
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    Polymer bulletin 36 (1996), S. 67-72 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Through the pretreatment of 4, 4′-oxydianiline(ODA) with polyhydrogenmethylsiloxane (PHMS) using sodium hydroxide as a catalyst and subsequent reaction of this pretreated PHMS-ODA with 3, 3′, 4, 4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride(BTDA), polysiloxane can be attached to the polyamic acid by the silyl ester bond. By the thermal treatment of this polysioloxane—polyamic acid compound, well dispersed polymethylsilsesquinoxane(PMSQ) into polyimide can be obtained.
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    Polymer bulletin 36 (1996), S. 73-78 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The spontaneous gelation of poly(oligo-oxyethylene methacrylate) was studied. When the solvent of the polymer solution was removed by freeze drying or evaporation under atmosphere, spontaneous gelation occurred. This gelation is caused by the radical generation and chain transfer reaction, which is evidenced by the prevention of gelation during freeze drying and evaporation under atmosphere with adding radical inhibitor into the polymer solution. The soluble residue of the crosslinked gel formed during freeze drying was found to be poly(ethylene glycol) which is the side chain of the polymer. This fact indicates that the cleavage of the side chain accompanies the gelation. The possible mechanism of the gelation is proposed with the idea that induced stress by solvent removal would cause the cleavage of the side chain and the generated radical is transferred to the other chain resulting in gelation.
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