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  • Springer  (73,629)
  • 2005-2009  (48,764)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969  (24,865)
  • 1925-1929
  • 2009  (48,764)
  • 1965  (24,865)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 2005-2009  (48,764)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969  (24,865)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
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    Improving strain rate estimation from velocity data of non-permanent GPS stations: the Central Apennine study case (Italy) (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-17
    Description: An efficient procedure is proposed in order to define realistic lower limits of velocity errors of a non-permanent GPS station (NPS), i.e. a station where the antenna is installed and operates for short time periods, typically 10-20 days per year. Moreover, the proposed method is aimed at being independent from the standard GPS data processing. The key is to appropriately subsample the coordinate time series of several continuous GPS stations (CGPSs) situated nearby or inside the considered NPS network, in order to simulate the NPS behavior and to estimate the velocity errors associated with the subsampling procedure. The obtained data are therefore used as lower limits to accept or correct the error estimates provided by standard data processing. The proposed approach is applied to data from the dense non-permanent network in the Central Apennine of Italy based on a sequence of solutions for the overlapping time spans 1999-2003, 1999-2004, 1999-2005 and 1999-2007. Both the original and error-corrected velocity patterns are used to compute the strain rate fields. The comparison between the corresponding results reveals large differences that could lead to divergent interpretations about the kinematics of the study area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 249–261
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Non-permanent GPS Stations ; Velocity Field ; Strain Rate ; Survey Optimization; ; Solution Sequence ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 2
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    Assessing seismic damage through stochastic simulation of ground shaking: the case of the 1998 Faial Earthquake (Azores Islands) (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-23
    Description: In July 1998, an Mw = 6.2 earthquake struck the islands of Faial, Pico and San Jorge (in the Azores Archipelago), registering VIII on the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale and causing major destruction in the northeastern part of Faial. The main shock was located offshore, 8 km North East of the island, and it triggered a seismic sequence that lasted for several weeks. The existing data for this earthquake include both the general tectonic environment of the region and the teleseismic information. This is accompanied by one strong-motion record obtained 15 km from the epicentre, the epicentre location of aftershocks, and a large collection of the damage inflicted to the building stock (as poor rubble masonry, of 2-3 storeys). The present study was carried out in two steps: first, with a finite-fault stochastic simulation method of ground motion at sites throughout the affected islands, for two possible locations of the rupturing fault and for a large number of combinations of rupture mechanisms (as a parametric analysis); secondly, the damage to buildings was modelled using a well-known macroseismic method that considers the building typologies and their associated vulnerabilities. The main intent was to integrate different data (geological, seismological and building features) to produce a scenario model to reproduce and justify the level of damage generated during the Faial earthquake. Finally, through validation of the results provided by these different approaches, we obtained a complete procedure for the parameters of a first model for the production of seismic damage scenarios for the Azores Islands region.
    Description: Published
    Description: 361–381
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Stochastic finite-fault scenarios ; Building damage assessment ; 9th July Faial earthquake ; Azores Islands ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    Bacterial and archaeal populations at two shallow hydrothermal vents off Panarea Island (Eolian Islands, Italy) (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: The aim of this study was to investigate the microbial community thriving at two shallow hydrothermal vents off Panarea Island (Italy). Physico-chemical characteristics of thermal waters were examined in order to establish the effect of the vents on biodiversity of both Bacteria and Archaea. Water and adjacent sediment samples were collected at different times from two vents, characterised by different depth and temperature, and analysed to evaluate total microbial abundances, sulphuroxidising and thermophilic aerobic bacteria. Total microbial abundances were on average of the order of 105 cells ml-1, expressed as picoplanktonic size fraction. Picophytoplanktonic cells accounted for 0.77–3.83% of the total picoplanktonic cells. The contribution of bacterial and archaeal taxa to prokaryotic community diversity was investigated by PCR–DGGE fingerprinting method. The number of bands derived from bacterial DNA was highest in the DGGE profiles of water sample from the warmest and deepest site (site 2). In contrast, archaeal richness was highest in the water of the coldest and shallowest site (site 1). Sulphur-oxidising bacteria were detected by both culture- dependent and -independent methods. The primary production at the shallow hydrothermal system of Panarea is supported by a complex microbial community composed by phototrophs and chemolithotrophs.
    Description: Published
    Description: 199-212
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: hydrothermal vents ; bacteria ; geochemistry ; fluids ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.01. Air/water/earth interactions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Italian accelerometric archive: geological, geophysical and geotechnical investigations at strong-motion stations (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-16
    Description: Geological, geophysical and geotechnical investigations, for the characterization of the strong-motion recording sitesmanaged by the ItalianCivil Protection, have been carried out in the framework of the project “Italian strong-motion database in the period 1972–2004”. The project aimed at creating an updated database of strong-motion data acquired in Italy by different institutions in the time span 1972–2004, and at improving the quality of disseminated data. This article illustrates the state of the recording site characterization before the beginning of the project, explains the criteria adopted to select the sites where geophysical/ geotechnical investigation have been performed and describes the results of the promoted field surveys.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1189–1207
    Description: 4IT. Banche dati
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: site ; characterization ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    The contribution to IHY from the COST296 Action MIERS: Mitigation of Ionospheric Effects on Radio Systems (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The objective of the COST296 Action MIERS (Mitigation of Ionospheric Effects on Radio Systems) is to develop an increased knowledge of the effects imposed by the ionosphere on practical radio systems, and for the development and implementation of techniques to mitigate the deleterious effects of the ionosphere on such systems (http://www.cost296.rl.ac.uk). The COST296 Community contributes to the international efforts of IHY with scientific and outreach activities as well. After the realization of a web site hosted by Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), developed also to promote the ionospheric physics to the open public, the COST296 Community supported an initiative addressed to the pupils of the primary school of several European Countries: the realization of a school-calendar dedicated to the Sun and to the Sun-Earth connections.
    Description: Published
    Description: 63-67
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: 5.9. Formazione e informazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: E/PO ; Space weather ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.01. Solar-terrestrial interaction
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    A case-study of complex gas–water–rock–pollutants interactions in shallow groundwater: Šalek Valley (Slovenia) (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The complex geochemical interactions in the groundwater of the industrial area of S ˇ alek Valley (Slovenia) between natural and anthropogenic fluids were studied by means of major (Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3 -, Cl- and SO4 2-) and trace elements’ (As , Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg, Se and V) abundances, geochemical classification and statistical analysis of data. Cation abundances indicate mixing between a dolomitic end-member and an evaporitic or geothermal end-member. Anion abundances indicate mixing between bicarbonate waters and either sulphateenriched waters (suggesting hydrothermalism) or chlorinerich waters. Principal component analysis (PCA) allowed the extraction of seven factors, which describe, respectively: water–rock interaction mainly on dolomitic rocks; redox conditions of water; Cd–Zn enrichment in chlorinerich waters (probably from industrial wastes); hydrothermal conditions in waters close to major faults; Pb and Cu pollution; V and K enrichments, indicating their common organic source; the role of partial pressure of CO2 dissolved in water, which is highest in three wells with bubbling gases. Average underground discharge rates of solutes from the Valley range between 0.09 t/a (V) and 1.8 9 104 t/a (HCO3 -) and indicate how natural fluids can significantly contribute to the levels of elements in the environment, in addition to the amount of elements released by human activities.
    Description: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Italy and Ministry of Superior Instruction, Science and Technology of Slovenia. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo
    Description: Published
    Description: 75-89
    Description: 4.4. Scenari e mitigazione del rischio ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: groundwater ; Slovenia ; geothermal systems ; Principal Component Analysis ; pollution ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.03. Chemistry of waters
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    The Italian Accelerometric Archive (ITACA): processing of strong-motion data (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The Italian strong-motion database was created during a joint project between Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV, Italian Institute for Geophysics and Vulcanology) and Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (DPC, Italian Civil Protection). The aim of the project was the collection, homogenization and distribution of strong motion data acquired in Italy in the period 1972-2004 by different institutions, namely Ente Nazionale per l’Energia Elettrica (ENEL, Italian electricity company), Ente per le Nuove tecnologie, l’Energia e l’Ambiente (ENEA, Italian energy and environment organization) and DPC. Recently the strong-motion data relative to the 23th December 2009, Parma (Mw=5.4 and Mw=4.9) and to the 2009 L’Aquila sequence (13 earthquakes with 4.1Mw6.3) were included in the ITACA database (beta release). The database contains 7038 waveforms from analog and digital instruments, generated by 1019 earthquakes with magnitude up to 6.9 and can be accessed on-line at the web site http://itaca.mi.ingv.it. The strong motion data are provided in the unprocessed and processed versions. This article describes the steps followed to process the acceleration time series recorded by analogue and digital instruments. The procedures implemented involve: baseline removal, instrumental correction, band pass filtering with acausal filters, integration of the corrected acceleration in order to obtain velocity and displacement waveforms, computation of acceleration response spectra and strong motion parameters. This procedure is applied to each accelerogram, is realised to preserve the low frequency content of the records.
    Description: In press
    Description: 5.2. TTC - Banche dati di sismologia strumentale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: strong-motion ; processing ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Geochemistry and potential use of groundwater in the Rocca Busambra Area (Sicily, Italy) (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In the Rocca Busambra area (mid-west Sicily, Italy), from November 1999 to July 2002, 23 water points including wells and springs were sampled and studied for their chemical and isotopic compositions. Two rain gauges were also installed at different altitudes, and rainwater was collected monthly to determine the isotopic composition. The obtained results revealed the Rocca Busambra carbonate complex as being the main recharge area on account of its high permeability value. From a chemical view point, two main groups of water can be distinguished: calcium– magnesium–bicarbonate-type and calcium–magnesium– chloride–sulphate-type waters. The first group reflects the dissolution of the carbonate rocks; the second group probably originates from circulation within flyschoid sediments. Three water wells differ from the other samples due to their relatively high Na and K content, which probably is to be referred to a marked interaction with the ‘‘Calcareniti di Corleone’’ formation, which is rich in glauconite [(K, Na)(Fe3+, Al, Mg)2(Si, Al)4O10(OH)2]. In accordance with WHO guidelines for drinking water (2004), almost all the samples collected can be considered drinkable, with the exception of four of them, whose NO3 -, F- and Na+ contents exceed the limits. On the contrary, the sampled groundwater studied is basically suitable for irrigation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 885-898
    Description: 2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Water quality ; Environmental isotopes ; Geochemistry ; Sicily ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.01. Analytical and numerical modeling
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Hydrogen sulphide as a natural air contaminant in volcanic/geothermal areas: the case of Sousaki, Corinthia (Greece) (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Volcanic and geothermal areas are one of the major natural sources of H2S to the atmosphere. Its environmental impact is often the main cause of the opposition to the development of geothermal energy exploitation programs. In this paper we analyze the air concentrations and dispersion pattern of naturally emitted H2S at the geothermal area of Sousaki (Corinthia, Greece). Measurements, made with a network of passive samplers, evidence a rapid decrease of concentration values away from the emission points. The fact that the decrease is more pronounced in the summer with respect to the winter indicates that it is not only due to a dilution effect, but also to redox reactions favoured by higher temperatures and intense sunlight typical of the summer period.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1723-1728
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Hydrogen sulphide ; Environmental impact of volcanic activity ; Gas hazard ; Passive samplers ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.03. Pollution ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    Towards a new reference ground motion prediction equation for Italy: update of the Sabetta–Pugliese (1996) (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A revised Italian strong motion archive has become available since July 2007, including all the records of the strongest events occurred from 1972 to 2004. It contains the uncorrected and corrected accelerograms and the metadata relevant to seismic events, recording stations and instruments added after a careful revision. The availability of this archive allowed us to perform a first step towards an update of the reference ground motion prediction equations for Italy, which were evaluated by Sabetta and Pugliese in (Bull Seismol Soc Am 77:1491–1513, 1987), for peak ground acceleration and velocity, and subsequently extended to the 5% damped pseudovelocity response spectra in 1996. A subset with the 27 major earthquakes occurred in Italy from 1972 to 2002, in the magnitude range 4.6–6.9, was extracted and 235 good quality waveforms were selected, recorded at distances up to 183 km. The goodness of fit of the Sabetta and Pugliese (Bull Seismol Soc Am 86:337–352, 1996) model was explored using two independent statistical approaches (Spudich et al. Bull Seismol Soc Am 89:1156–1170, 1999 and Scherbaum et al. Bull Seismol Soc Am 94:2164– 2185, 2004). The results obtained show that the Sabetta and Pugliese (Bull Seismol Soc Am 77:1491–1513, 1987) does not adequately fit the new strong-motion data set, for its small standard deviation and its non-zero bias. In particular, the most noteworthy result is that the Sabetta and Pugliese (Bull Seismol Soc Am 77:1491–1513, 1987) over-predicts peak ground acceleration and velocity at rock sites. New coefficients for the prediction of horizontal peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity and acceleration response spectra, adopting the same functional form in Sabetta and Pugliese (Bull Seismol Soc Am 77:1491–1513, 1987), were then evaluated in order to fit the new data set. This paper illustrates the steps made to update the existing ground motion prediction equations for Italy, discusses their limitations and provides the basis for future developments.
    Description: Published
    Description: 591–608
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: ground motion prediction ; equation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 11
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    Italian strong motion database relative to the period 1972-2004: motivations and aims (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The Italian Accelerometic Archive (ITACA) was created in 2007 during a joint project between the Italian Institute for Geophysics and Vulcanology (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, INGV) and the Italian Civil Protection (Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, DPC). The project, started in 2006, had the aim of filling the data gap of existing strong motion databases and facilitating strong motion data users in obtaining good quality waveforms, through the collection, homogenization and distribution of strong motion data acquired during the period 1972-2004 in Italy by different institutions (Ente Nazionale per l’Energia Elettrica, ENEL, Italian electricity company; Ente per le Nuove tecnologie, l’Energia e l’Ambiente, ENEA, Italian energy and environment organization DPC). The compiled database contains 2182 three-component waveforms generated by 1008 earthquakes with a maximum moment magnitude of 6.9 (1980 Irpinia earthquake) and can be accessed on-line at the portal denominated ITACA at the site http://itaca.mi.ingv.it, where a wide range of search tools enables the user to interactively retrieve events, recording stations and waveforms with particular characteristics, whose parameters can be specified, as needed, through user friendly interfaces. A range of display options allows users to view data in different contexts, extract and download time series and spectral data. This article describes the state of the art up to 2006 and the activities which led to the completion of the project.
    Description: In press
    Description: 5.2. TTC - Banche dati di sismologia strumentale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: strong-motion ; database ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
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    Horizontal and vertical ground motion prediction equations derived from the Italian Accelerometric Archive (ITACA) (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A set of Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs) for the Italian territory is proposed, exploiting a new strong-motion data set become available since July 2007 through the Italian Accelerometric Archive (ITACA). The data set is composed by 561 three-component waveforms from 107 earthquakes with moment magnitude in the range 4.0–6.9, occurred in Italy from 1972 to 2007 and recorded by 206 stations at distances up to 100 km. The functional form used to derive GMPEs in Italy (Sabetta and Pugliese in Bull Seismol Soc Am 86(2):337–352, 1996) has been modified introducing a quadratic term for magnitude and a magnitude-dependent geometrical spreading. The coefficients for the prediction of horizontal and vertical peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity and 5% damped acceleration response spectra are evaluated. This paper illustrates the new data set, the regression analysis and the comparisons with recently derived GMPEs in Europe and in the Next Generation Attenuation of Ground Motions (NGA) Project.
    Description: In press
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
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    Relationship between soil CO2 flux and volcanic tremor at Mt. Etna: Implications for magma dynamics (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Large variations of the CO2 flux through the soil were observed between November 2002 and January 2006 at Mt. Etna volcano. In many cases, the CO2 flux was strongly influenced by changes in air temperature and atmospheric pressure. A new filtering method was then developed to remove the atmospheric influences on soil CO2 flux and, at the same time, to highlight the variations strictly related to volcanic activity. Successively, the CO2 corrected data were quantitatively compared with the spectral amplitude of the volcanic tremor by cross correlation function, cross-wavelet spectrum and wavelet coherence. These analyses suggested that the soil CO2 flux variations preceded those of volcanic tremor by about 50 days. Given that volcanic tremor is linked to the shallow (a few kilometer) magma dynamics and soil CO2 flux related to the deeper (*12 km b.s.l.) magma dynamics, the “delayed similarity” between the CO2 flux and the volcanic tremor amplitude was used to assess the average speed in the magma uprising into the crust, as about 170–260 m per day. Finally, the large amount of CO2 released before the onset of the 2004–2005 eruption indicated a deep ingression of new magma, which might have triggered such an eruption.
    Description: In press
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Mt. Etna ; Soil CO2 flux ; Volcanic tremor ; Cross-wavelet spectrum ; Wavelet coherence ; Cross correlation function ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.02. Seismological data
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 14
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    Isotopic evidence for open system processes within the Campanian Ignimbrite (Campi Flegrei–Italy) magma chamber (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: New Sr and Nd isotope data for whole rocks, glasses and minerals are combined to reconstruct the nature and origin of mixing end-members of the 200 km3 trachytic to phonolitic Campanian Ignimbrite (Campi Flegrei, Italy) magmatic system. The least-evolved magmatic end-member shows equilibrium between host glass and the majority of the phenocrysts and is less radiogenic in Sr and Nd than the most-evolved magma. On the contrary, only the Fe-rich pyroxene from the most-evolved erupted magma is in equilibrium with the matrix glass, while all other minerals are in isotopic disequilibrium. These magmas mixed prior to and during the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption and minerals were freely exchanged between the magma batches. Combining the results of the geochemical investigations on magma end-members with geophysical and geological data, we develop the following scenario. In stage 1, a parental, less differentiated magma rose into the middle crust, and evolved through combined crustal assimilation and crystal fractionation. In stage 2, the differentiated magma rose to shallower depth, fed the pre-Campanian Ignimbrite activity and evolved by further open-system processes into the most-evolved and most-radiogenic Campanian Ignimbrite end-member magma. In stage 3, new trachytic magma, isotopically distinct from the pre-Campanian Ignimbrite magmas, rose from ca. 6 km to shallower depth, recharged the most-evolved pre-Campanian Ignimbrite magma chamber, and formed the large and stratified Campanian Ignimbrite magmatic system. During the course of the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption, the two layers were tapped separately and/or simultaneously, and gave rise to the range of chemical and isotopic values displayed by the Campanian Ignimbrite pumices, glasses and minerals.
    Description: Published
    Description: 285-300
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Campanian Ignimbrite ; Radiogenic isotopes ; Mixing process ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 15
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    A comparison of seismic risk maps for Italy (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: National seismic risk maps are an important risk mitigation tool as they can be used for the prioritization of regions within a country where retrofitting of the building stock or other risk mitigation measures should take place. The production of a seismic risk map involves the convolution of seismic hazard data, vulnerability predictions for the building stock and exposure data. The seismic risk maps produced in Italy over the past 10 years are compared in this paper with recent proposals for seismic risk maps based on state-of-the-art seismic hazard data and mechanics-based vulnerability assessment procedures. The aim of the paper is to open the discussion for the way in which future seismic risk maps could be produced, making use of the most up-to-date information in the fields of seismic hazard evaluation and vulnerability assessment.
    Description: Italian Ministry of Research and Higher Education (MIUR—Ministero dell’Università e della Ricerca) through the financing of the project AIRPLANE (Advancing Interdisciplinary Research PLAtform on volcanoes aNd Earthquakes)
    Description: In press
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Scenari e mappe di pericolosità sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Seismic risk ; Seismic hazard ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 16
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    Tortonian-Pleistocenic oceanic features in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea: magnetic inverse model of the Selli-Vavilov region (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We show the magnetic model of the Selli-Vavilov region. The Selli Line is known as the northwestern edge of the southern Tyrrhenian basin. The tectonic evolution of the Tyrrhenian basin is dominated by a Tortonian - Quaternary extension through the eastward movement of the Apennine subduction system. This migration has generated a diffuse stretching of the continental crust with the emplacement of new oceanic material. This latter occurred in several localized zones where the eastward retreating of the Ionian subduction system produced a strong depletion of the crust with formation of basins and correlated spreading. Nowadays the presence of oceanic crust is confirmed through direct drilling investigation but a complete mapping of the oceanic crustal distribution is still lacking. The Selli-Vavilov region shows a differentiated crustal setting where seamount structures, the oceanic basement portions and continental crust blocks are superimposed. To this aim, a 2D inversion of the magnetic data of this region was conducted to define buried structures. The magnetic susceptibility pattern was computed by solving the least squares problem of the misfit between the predicted and real data for separated wavebands. This method produced two 2D models of the high and low frequency fields of the Selli-Vavilov region. The two apparent susceptibility maps provide different information for distinct ranges of depth. The results of the inversions were also combined with seismic data of the Selli region highlighting the position of the highly-magnetized buried bodies. The results confirm a role for the Selli Line as a deep crustal boundary dividing the Sardinian passive domain from the easternmost active region where different oceanic structures are located. The Selli Line has worked as a detachment fault system which has moved eastward. Finally, the Selli-Vavilov region may be interpreted as a tectonic result due to a passive asymmetrical rift occurred between the Tortonian and Pliocene.
    Description: Published
    Description: 251-266
    Description: 2.6. TTC - Laboratorio di gravimetria, magnetismo ed elettromagnetismo in aree attive
    Description: 3.4. Geomagnetismo
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Geomagnetism ; Tectonics ; Geodynamics ; Inversion ; Oceanic crust ; Volcanic structure ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.04. Magnetic anomalies ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.03. Inverse methods
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 17
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    Monitoring the Dynamics of the Ionosphere–Plasmasphere System by Ground-Based ULF Wave Observations (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Cross-spectral analysis of ULF wave measurements recorded at ground magnetometer stations closely spaced in latitude allows accurate determinations of magnetospheric field line resonance (FLR) frequencies. This is a useful tool for remote sensing temporal and spatial variations of the magnetospheric plasma mass density. The spatial configuration of the South European GeoMagnetic Array (SEGMA, 1.56 〈 L 〈 1.89) offers the possibility to perform such studies at low latitudes allowing to monitor the dynamical coupling between the ionosphere and the inner plasmasphere. As an example of this capability we present the results of a cross-correlation analysis between FLR frequencies and solar EUV irradiance (as monitored by the 10.7-cm solar radio flux F10.7) suggesting that changes in the inner plasmasphere density follow the short-term (27-day) variations of the solar irradiance with a time delay of 1–2 days. As an additional example we present the results of a comparative analysis of FLR measurements, ionospheric vertical soundings and vertical TEC measurements during the development of a geomagnetic storm.
    Description: Published
    Description: 25-27
    Description: 1.6. Osservazioni di geomagnetismo
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: ULF waves ; Field line resonance ; Remote sensing ; Solar activity ; Plasmasphere ; Ionosphere ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.02. Dynamics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.04. Plasma Physics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.03. Magnetosphere::01.03.03. Magnetospheric physics ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.01. Solar-terrestrial interaction
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  • 18
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    Petrology of lavas from the 2004–2005 flank eruption of Mt. Etna, Italy: inferences on the dynamics of magma in the shallow plumbing system (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Following the 2001 and 2002–2003 flank eruptions, activity resumed at Mt. Etna on 7 September 2004 and lasted for about 6 months. This paper presents new petrographic, major and trace element, and Sr–Nd isotope data from sequential samples collected during the entire 2004–2005 eruption. The progressive change of lava composition allowed defining three phases that correspond to different processes controlling magma dynamics inside the central volcano conduits. The compositional variability of products erupted up to 24 September is well reproduced by a fractional crystallization model that involves magma already stored at shallow depth since the 2002–2003 eruption. The progressive mixing of this magma with a distinct new one rising within the central conduits is clearly revealed by the composition of the products erupted from 24 September to 15 October. After 15 October, the contribution from the new magma gradually becomes predominant, and the efficiency of the mixing process ensures the emission of homogeneous products up to the end of the eruption. Our results give insights into the complex conditions of magma storage and evolution in the shallow plumbing system of Mt. Etna during a flank eruption. Furthermore, they confirm that the 2004–2005 activity at Etna was triggered by regional movements of the eastern flank of the volcano. They caused the opening of a complex fracture zone extending ESE which drained a magma stored at shallow depth since the 2002–2003 eruption. This process favored the ascent of a different magma in the central conduits, which began to be erupted on 24 September without any significant change in eruptive style, deformation, and seismicity until the end of eruption.
    Description: Published
    Description: 781–793
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Geochemistry ; Isotopic compositions ; Magma feeding system ; Magma mixing ; Mt. Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
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  • 19
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    The similarity solution for turbulent mixing of two-layer stratified fluid (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © 2008 The Author. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License. The definitive version was published in Environmental Fluid Mechanics 8 (2008): 551-560, doi:10.1007/s10652-008-9076-5.
    Description: Experiments are reviewed in which a two-layer salt-stratified tank of water was mixed by turbulence. The density profile began as a single step and evolved to a smooth mixed profile. The turbulence was generated by many excursions of a horizontally moving vertical rod with Richardson number Ri 〉 0.9 and Reynolds Number Re 〉 600. There was almost perfect collapse of all the profiles to one universal profile as a function of a similarity variable. We develop a theoretical model for a simple mixing law with a buoyancy flux that is a function of internal Richardson number Rii. A similarity equation is found. A flux law that increases with small Rii and decreases with large Rii is considered next. Since no analytical solution is known, the similarity concept is tested by numerically integrating the equations in space and time. With buoyancy flux monotonically increasing with internal Richardson number, the similarity approach is valid for a profile starting from a slightly smoothed step. However, a shock forms for a mixing law with higher initial Rii (so that buoyancy flux decreases with Richardson number) and the similarity approach is invalid for those initial conditions.
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Mixing ; Stratified ; Similarity solution ; Layered fluid
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 20
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    Holocene evolution of Apalachicola Bay, Florida (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Geo-Marine Letters 29 (2009): 395-404, doi:10.1007/s00367-009-0159-1.
    Description: A program of geophysical mapping and vibracoring was conducted to better understand the geologic evolution of Apalachicola Bay. Analyses of the geophysical data and sediment cores along with age control provided by 34 AMS 14C dates on marine shells and wood reveal the following history. As sea level rose in the early Holocene, fluvial deposits filled the Apalachicola River paleochannel, which extended southward under the central part of the bay and seaward across the continental shelf. Sediments to either side of the paleochannel contain abundant wood fragments, with dates documenting that those areas were forested at 8,000 14C years b.p. As sea level continued to rise, spits formed of headland prodelta deposits. Between ~6,400 and ~2,500 14C years b.p., an Apalachicola prodelta prograded and receded several times across the inner shelf that underlies the western part of the bay. An eastern deltaic lobe was active for a shorter time, between ~5,800 and 5,100 14C years b.p. Estuarine benthic foraminiferal assemblages occurred in the western bay as early as 6,400 14C years b.p., and indicate that there was some physical barrier to open-ocean circulation and shelf species established by that time. It is considered that shoals formed in the region of the present barrier islands as the rising sea flooded an interstream divide. Estuarine conditions were established very early in the post-glacial flooding of the bay.
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  • 21
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    Feeding behavior of the ctenophore Thalassocalyce inconstans : revision of anatomy of the order Thalassocalycida (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © 2009 The Authors. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License. The definitive version was published in Marine Biology 156 (2009): 1049-1056, doi:10.1007/s00227-009-1149-6.
    Description: Behavioral observations using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) in the Gulf of California in March, 2003, provided insights into the vertical distribution, feeding and anatomy of the rare and delicate ctenophore Thalassocalyce inconstans. Additional archived ROV video records from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute of 288 sightings of T. inconstans and 2,437 individual observations of euphausiids in the Gulf of California and Monterey Canyon between 1989 and 2005 were examined to determine ctenophore and euphausiid prey depth distributions with respect to temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration [dO]. In the Gulf of California most ctenophores (96.9%) were above 350 m, the top of the oxygen minimum layer. In Monterey Canyon the ctenophores were more widely distributed throughout the water column, including the hypoxic zone, to depths as great as 3,500 m. Computer-aided behavioral analysis of two video records of the capture of euphausiids by T. inconstans showed that the ctenophore contracted its bell almost instantly (0.5 s), transforming its flattened, hemispherical resting shape into a closed bi-lobed globe in which seawater and prey were engulfed. Euphausiids entrapped within the globe displayed a previously undescribed escape response for krill (‘probing behavior’), in which they hovered and gently probed the inner surfaces of the globe with antennae without stimulating further contraction by the ctenophore. Such rapid bell contraction could be effected only by a peripheral sphincter muscle even though the presence of circumferential ring musculature was unknown for the Phylum Ctenophora. Thereafter, several live T. inconstans were collected by hand off Barbados and microscopic observations confirmed that assumption.
    Description: Supported by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation and NOAA Grant #NA06OAR4600091.
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    Quantifying vertical mixing in estuaries (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © 2008 The Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License. The definitive version was published in Environmental Fluid Mechanics 8 (2008): 495-509, doi:10.1007/s10652-008-9107-2.
    Description: Estuarine turbulence is notable in that both the dissipation rate and the buoyancy frequency extend to much higher values than in other natural environments. The high dissipation rates lead to a distinct inertial subrange in the velocity and scalar spectra, which can be exploited for quantifying the turbulence quantities. However, high buoyancy frequencies lead to small Ozmidov scales, which require high sampling rates and small spatial aperture to resolve the turbulent fluxes. A set of observations in a highly stratified estuary demonstrate the effectiveness of a vessel-mounted turbulence array for resolving turbulent processes, and for relating the turbulence to the forcing by the Reynolds-averaged flow. The observations focus on the ebb, when most of the buoyancy flux occurs. Three stages of mixing are observed: (1) intermittent and localized but intense shear instability during the early ebb; (2) continuous and relatively homogeneous shear-induced mixing during the mid-ebb, and weakly stratified, boundary-layer mixing during the late ebb. The mixing efficiency as quantified by the flux Richardson number Rf was frequently observed to be higher than the canonical value of 0.15 from Osborn (J Phys Oceanogr 10:83–89, 1980). The high efficiency may be linked to the temporal–spatial evolution of shear instabilities.
    Description: The funding for this research was obtained from ONR Grant N00014-06-1-0292 and NSF Grant OCE-0729547.
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Estuaries ; Shear instability ; Buoyancy flux
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  • 23
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    Dynamic displacement of normal and detached semicircular canal cupula (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © 2009 The Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License. The definitive version was published in JARO - Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology 10 (2009): 497-509, doi:10.1007/s10162-009-0174-y.
    Description: The dynamic displacement of the semicircular canal cupula and modulation of afferent nerve discharge were measured simultaneously in response to physiological stimuli in vivo. The adaptation time constant(s) of normal cupulae in response to step stimuli averaged 36 s, corresponding to a mechanical lower corner frequency for sinusoidal stimuli of 0.0044 Hz. For stimuli equivalent to 40–200 deg/s of angular head velocity, the displacement gain of the central region of the cupula averaged 53 nm per deg/s. Afferents adapted more rapidly than the cupula, demonstrating the presence of a relaxation process that contributes significantly to the neural representation of angular head motions by the discharge patterns of canal afferent neurons. We also investigated changes in time constants of the cupula and afferents following detachment of the cupula at its apex—mechanical detachment that occurs in response to excessive transcupular endolymph pressure. Detached cupulae exhibited sharply reduced adaptation time constants (300 ms–3 s, n = 3) and can be explained by endolymph flowing rapidly over the apex of the cupula. Partially detached cupulae reattached and normal afferent discharge patterns were recovered 5–7 h following detachment. This regeneration process may have relevance to the recovery of semicircular canal function following head trauma.
    Description: Financial support was provided by the NIDCD R01 DC06685 (Rabbitt) and NASA GSRP 56000135 & NSF IGERT DGE- 9987616 (Breneman).
    Keywords: Vestibular ; Inner ear micromechanics ; Cupula regeneration ; Angular motion sensation ; Afferent response dynamics
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  • 24
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    Connectivity and resilience of coral reef metapopulations in marine protected areas : matching empirical efforts to predictive needs (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © 2009 The Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License. The definitive version was published in Coral Reefs 28 (2009): 327-337, doi:10.1007/s00338-009-0466-z.
    Description: Design and decision-making for marine protected areas (MPAs) on coral reefs require prediction of MPA effects with population models. Modeling of MPAs has shown how the persistence of metapopulations in systems of MPAs depends on the size and spacing of MPAs, and levels of fishing outside the MPAs. However, the pattern of demographic connectivity produced by larval dispersal is a key uncertainty in those modeling studies. The information required to assess population persistence is a dispersal matrix containing the fraction of larvae traveling to each location from each location, not just the current number of larvae exchanged among locations. Recent metapopulation modeling research with hypothetical dispersal matrices has shown how the spatial scale of dispersal, degree of advection versus diffusion, total larval output, and temporal and spatial variability in dispersal influence population persistence. Recent empirical studies using population genetics, parentage analysis, and geochemical and artificial marks in calcified structures have improved the understanding of dispersal. However, many such studies report current self-recruitment (locally produced settlement/settlement from elsewhere), which is not as directly useful as local retention (locally produced settlement/total locally released), which is a component of the dispersal matrix. Modeling of biophysical circulation with larval particle tracking can provide the required elements of dispersal matrices and assess their sensitivity to flows and larval behavior, but it requires more assumptions than direct empirical methods. To make rapid progress in understanding the scales and patterns of connectivity, greater communication between empiricists and population modelers will be needed. Empiricists need to focus more on identifying the characteristics of the dispersal matrix, while population modelers need to track and assimilate evolving empirical results.
    Description: Work by CB Paris was supported by the National Science Foundation grant NSF-OCE 0550732. Work by M-A Coffroth and SR Thorrold was supported by the National Science Foundation grant NSF-OCE 0424688. Work by TL Shearer was supported by an International Cooperative Biodiversity Group grant R21 TW006662-01 from the Fogarty International Center at the National Institutes of Health.
    Keywords: Connectivity ; Larval dispersal ; Marine protected areas ; Resilience ; Replacement ; Genetics
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  • 25
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    Observation of the Earth System from Space (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 26
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    Compartmental systems and generating functions (1965)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 49-63 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Compartmental systems can be represented by direct graphs in which each node corresponds to a generating function and each arm to a transfer generating function. A homomorphism is established between a compartmental system and this representation, in analogy with that obtained through the use of the Laplace transformation. From the values obtained experimentally in a given compartment, through the solution of a difference equation, the generating function for the corresponding node can be calculated and the graph of the system can be built up within the degrees of freedom of the model. From the graph it is possible to calculate the transfer generating function between any two connected nodes, the mean permanence time in a given node, the mean transit time between two nodes, and their precursor-successor order.
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  • 27
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    On the competitive exclusion principle (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 85-89 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The Competitive Exclusion Principle, formulated by V. Volterra (Memorie del R. Comitato Talassografico Italiano,131, 1–142, 1927) for a number of species competing for a common ecological niche, is extended to a number of species competing for many ecological niches.
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  • 28
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    Periodic and aperiodic phases of circulatory mixing (1965)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 65-70 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A modification is presented of an earlier theory of the mixing of dye following injection into the circulation. Approximate theoretical relations are given for the concentration of dye in the right heart and in the aorta following right atrial injection. It is shown that when the probability distribution of transit times around the circulation has a prolonged tail, mixing waves are now inscribed about a quasi-exponential relation. Later in time the relation levels off to a uniform asymptotic concentration corresponding to an equilibrium volume of dilution.
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    Cooperative specific adsorption of ions at charged sites in an electric field (1965)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 91-104 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The adsorption of two cations at the anionic sites of a polymer (e.g., such as a protein) in an electric fields is discussed, taking into account cooperative interaction of the cations mediated through the backbone of the polymer. The calculation of the grand partition function explicitly considers the vacant negative sites of the polymer. As in the case without cooperative interaction, the problem reduces to the determination of the largest eigenvalue of asymmetric matrices. The weights of the different neighbor configurations are determined. Approximate formulae for the grand partition function and for those weights are derived. The formal analogy of these cooperative phenomena and those occurring in quantum (bio)chemistry is pointed out exemplifying an earlier suggestion about the basis of quantum biology.
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    A proposed mechanism for the sol-gel transformation (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 105-112 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The transformation from gel to sol in cell cytoplasm is treated as the transition from a lattice of macromolecules linked by Ca++ ions to a random distribution of the macromolecules. The transition is a cooperative process, whose probability is expressed in terms of the theory of runs. The process is related to cell metabolism by the assumption that available Ca++ concentration is regulated by metabolically produced endogenous chelating agents.
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  • 31
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    Kinetic criteria of solid state mechanisms in biology (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 113-118 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Kinetic criteria for solid state physical mechanisms of electron and ion transport in biological systems are summarized, and the mechanisms are discussed. A reaction which is rate-limited by electron or ion transport across a particle or membrane in accord with Ohm's law will show first order kinetics, with an hyperbolic relationship between rate constant and the sum of substrate plus product. Larger initial substrate concentrations produce smaller rate constants, thus giving the appearance of substrate inhibition. Examples are cytochrome oxidase and peroxidase, and pyruvate carboxylase. Ohmic transport mechanisms may be caused by electron conduction or superconduction through protein, by electron conduction through water, or by conduction of ions through membranes. A reaction which is rate-limited by charge transport across an activation energy barrier at an interface in accord with a logarithmic voltage-current law will show reaction kinetics conforming to the Elovich equation, and will have the appearance of a pair of simultaneous first order processes. Examples include decay of photogenerated free radicals in eye melanin particles and in photosynthetic particles of bacteria, and sodium and potassium ion transport across cell surfaces. The logarithmic voltage-current law may be regarded as an empirical relationship describing behavior of interfaces, justified by extensive experimental data on many types of interfaces, or it may be derived theoretically for individual cases from statistical mechanical and/or solid state physical considerations.
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    Analysis of some effects of aortic smooth muscle onin vivo aortic pressure curves (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 119-130 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract When aortic pressure curves were predicted previously on the basis of a newly developed model of visco-elastic properties of the aorta, it was necessary to use published viscoelastic constants. These were usually obtained from longitudinal strips of blood vessels long removed from the animal, and therefore probably containing deteriorated smooth muscle. The predicted curves had the same form as actual tracings, substantiating the analysis somewhat, but the pressure levels were low. These low levels, if due to inadequate visco-elastic constants, could be attributed to the use of longitudinal rather than circumferential segments as well as to the use of segments with deteriorated muscle. The present analysis uses data collected by the author testing circumferential viscoelastic properties of fourteen different aortic regions in a way suggested by the author's model of an aortic wall. Moreover, the constants were measured on segments containing muscle relaxed by EDTA solutions and on similar segments containing muscle contracted by neosynephrine. These visco-elastic constants were used in the author's nonlinear differential equation of motion of the aortic wallin vivo to predictin vivo pressure curves. The predicted curves were low in any given aortic region if relaxed constants were used, but at normal levels with contracted constants. In fact, pressure curves predicted using constants obtained from aortic segments containing contracted muscle resembled actual tracings in form and pressure levels. Even the observed variations in the form of the systolic pressure curve down the aorta were predicted by this analysis.
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    Biological similarity relative to allometric quantities (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 131-133 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract It is an empirical finding that an allometric quantity with dimensional exponents α, β and γ relative to mass, length, and time, respectively, has a value for its allometric exponentb satisfying the relation $$\tfrac{1}{3}(3\alpha + \beta + {\gamma \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\gamma 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}) \leqslant b \leqslant \tfrac{1}{3}(3\alpha + \beta + \gamma ).$$ A theoretical derivation is given of this double inequality using only the fact of constant density and the plausible assumption that metabolic rate is a dominant allometric quantity.
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    The entropy of a continuous distribution (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 135-143 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract C. Shannon's definition (Bell System Technical Journal,27, 379–423, 1948) of the entropy of a continuous distribution is dimensionally incorrect and does not have the same significance as the corresponding definition in the discrete case. A new definition is proposed: this modified entropy is more like the entropy of a discrete distribution in one way, in another more like Shannon's “transmission rate.” The ideas are illustrated by reference to Wright's study of the hereditary influence on the coat pattern of the guinea pig.
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    Theorems on random evolution (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 145-150 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In the following paper, a possible mode of evolution is described which differs from the traditional modes in not being selective in the Darwinian sense.
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    Information theory and genetics (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 177-181 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract A description of the kinds of systems susceptible to information theoretical analysis is given. By means of an example, certain common fallacies in the application of communication theory to biology are illustrated. The entropy-information analogy is discussed. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01E2109 00008
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    A note on equivalent mathematical models (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 161-175 
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    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model of a process contains parameters supposedly characterizing the system which manifests the process. If the parameters are statistically distributed in a population of such systems, the process manifested by the entire population will in general be described by a different mathematical model. Thus a choice is always at hand between two or more mathematical models, depending on which parameters (if any) are assumed to be distributed and, if so, how. Examples of such alternative interpretations are given for mathematical models of some behavioral processes.
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    Superimposed random coding of stimulus-response connections (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 191-202 
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    Notes: Abstract The problem of economically linking a large number of stimuli with a large number of potential responses is considered to resemble a problem of efficient retrieval of documents (the responses) on the basis of their characterization by descriptors (the stimuli to which the responses are appropriate). In this retrieval problem, a method whereby the codes for descriptors are random positions in a coding field, and whereby codes for all applicable descriptors are superimposed in the same field, seems to be the simplest way of avoiding serious difficulties of retrieval. After a review of this method, the possibility is considered that very simple neural mechanisms could embody the essential features of the method. The aim of the discussion is to learn whether very simple structures and patterns of reinforcement would be adequate to carry out useful information processing in the brain, and to show some conceivable functions of simple neural networks which the experimenter might keep in mind. The discussion also shows how the structure of a simple “perceptron”-like network is suggested by the requirements of a retrieval task.
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    Studies on the electroretinogram. II. Model of an a-wave regenerator mechanism (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 223-233 
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    Notes: Abstract A model is proposed to relate the regeneration of the ERGa-wave after partial light adaptation to the level of the light adaptation. The model assumes that thea-wave amplitude is a function of some reactive substance associated with ana-wave generator. The maximuma-wave amplitude occurs when the eye is fully dark adapted, and thea-wave generator initiator concentration is at a maximum. Thea-wave generator initiator concentration can be decreased by interacting with a product of the rhodopsin-light energy reaction, and increased by removal of this inhibitor. The removal of the inhibitor depends upon the isomerization of the all-trans-retinene to the 11-cis form. An excess of inhibitory material overa-wave generator initiator would cause a delay in the appearance of thea-wave until the excess inhibitory material is removed. This delay is a linear function of the logarithm of the adapting energy. The agreement of this model with the experimental ERG data is very good.
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    On the quantitative relationship between survival rate of larvae and their food supply (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 215-222 
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    Notes: Abstract The survival rate of fishes in their earlier stages of development and the influencing factors present one of the most fundamental problems of fish population dynamics. After I. Hjort's (Cons. L.'explor. Ner.,20, 3–228, 1914) work, there have been many investigators in this field and there is no doubt about the very important role of ova and larvae mortality in the fate of a given fish generation. Less clear are the ideas concerning factors determining the high mortality of fishes in their earlier stages of development; especially the factor of food supply of larvae during the period of transition to exogenic nutrition. The value of this factor has been estimated differently from different points of view. For example, R. J. H. Beverton and S. J. Holt (On the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Population, 1957) have given to the food supply factor its deserved importance. On the other hand, T. V. Dekhnik (Trudy Sevastopolskoi Biologicheskoi Stantsii,13, 216–244, 1960;Ibid.,14, 222–243, 1961) has proved in her investigations that at least for pelagic larvae of Black Sea fishes there is an excessive amount of food, and that therefore food cannot play an important role in larva survival. Not wanting to stop to review the literature of the problem (see Dekhnik,Trudy Sevastopolskoi Biologicheskoi Stantsii,13, 216–244, 1960), we will only remark that the problem as a whole needs further investigation. Not only new data are needed, but also methods for following up analysis have to be worked out.
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    Learning fluctuations and hysteresis phenomena (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 253-259 
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    Notes: Abstract The investigation described here is anexperimental one which brings to light some new facts and confirms others already reported. They partly concern the hysteresis phenomena handled by N. Rashevsky (Mathematical Biophysics, 1960) and partly provide a point of departure for future biophysical research to be undertaken by biomathematicians.
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    An analysis of aortic pressure curves taking into account visco-elastic properties of the aorta and variations in peripheral resistance (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 27-52 
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    Notes: Abstract The aortic pressure curve necessarily reveals the mechanical properties of the aorta and peripheral resistance as well as of the dynamics of blood flow. The present study uses a reasonable model of visco-elastic properties of the aorta, a reasonable form for variations in peripheral resistance and blood flow to predict an aortic pressure tracing. Numerical values of constants measured experimentally were available in the published literature. These were used in the nonlinear differential equations of motion of the system under analysis. The equations yielded to piece-wise solution, giving the aortic circumference and the aortic pressure as functions of time. The form of both curves resembles clinical tracings, but numerical values of circumference were higher and of pressure lower thanin vivo. The discrepancies between predicted and clinical curves may reveal certain inadequacies in published measurements on visco-elastic constants. These measurements have been made on longitudinal rather than circumferential strips often containing dead rather than living muscle. The discrepancies, therefore, indicate specific gaps in our knowledge of aortic behaviorin vitro. The suggested model of the system aided in the design of experiments which could supply data necessary to substantiate or to revise the model.
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    The venous circulation (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 373-377 
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    Notes: Abstract Some aspects of the circulation through the veins remain unexplained. The pressure gradient which ordinarily exists across a large vein, for example, is much greater than that necessary to maintain the same flow through a rigid tube of identical diameter (Brecher, 1956; Starling and Evans, 1962). During inspiration, blood flow through the thoracic portion of the inferior vena cava increases markedly, while that through the distal abdominal portion does not change. Furthermore, an active source of pressure drop in the chest is necessary to maintain venous flow. For the open chest the pressure drop occurs mainly during ventricular contraction, while in the closed chest it is produced chiefly by inspiration. The present study indicates that the high distensibility of the veins accounts in significant degree for the behavior characteristic of the venous circulation.
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    A logical model for growth and differentiation in multi-celled organisms (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 379-387 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper is an attempt to provide a logical model for the process of growth and differentiation in a multi-cellular organism. More specifically it is intended to show how genetic information relating to macroscopic structure and coded in the form of a logical tree could be progressively embodied in the organism as it develops by repeated division from a single cell. The aim is to establish biological analogies rather than mathematical interest, and reproduction, adaption, and the coordinating action of hormones are discussed within the general logical framework.
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    A mathematical model of the urethra (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 407-415 
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    Notes: Abstract Models having the form of surfaces of revolution may be used to represent the urethra under pre-voiding pressure. From such models are derived formulas for calculating muscle tension from the shape of a urethragram.
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    Estimation of secretory rates of hormones from the specific activities of metabolites which have multiple secreted precursors (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 389-406 
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    Notes: Abstract The calculation of rates of entry of material into an open system of multiple pools in the steady state from the specific activities of end products, which may be derived from several pools, is described. This analysis may be applied to estimate the rates of secretion of steroid hormones from the specific activities of urinary metabolites which may have various hormones as common precursors. In a previous publication (Gurpideet al., 1963) formulae have been presented by which secretory rates could be calculated after a single injection of the tracers assuming that each of the urinary metabolites was uniquely derived from one of the pools in the system. In the present article similar formulae were derived without this assumption. Consequently, it is shown that, under certain circumstances, non-uniquely derived metabolites can be used to estimate secretory rates, and that it may be unnecessary to consider the pathways of conversion of the hormones to the metabolites or the sites where these conversion occur.
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    The use of two radiotracers for transfer-rate determinations in closed two compartment systems (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 431-434 
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    Notes: Abstract The sensitivity and “specificity” of measurements for the determination of transferates are enhanced by the use of an additional radiotracer, serving to trace the unlabelled substance. This method presents advantages mostly in systems outside their steady state but only exeptionally in steady state systems.
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    Analysis of tracer experiments V: Integral equations of perturbation-tracer analysis (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 417-429 
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    Notes: Abstract An integral equation approach to perturbation-tracer analysis in steady-state multicompartment systems is formulated. The theory is developed for δ function perturbation and tracer inputs and extended to the case of continuous small perturbations and continuous tracer inputs. It is shown that the first order dependence of the initial entry function can then be expressed by means of an integral equation: $$B_1 (t) = \int_{t_2 = - \infty }^\infty {\int_{t_1 = - \infty }^\infty {P(t_1 )T(t_2 )B_1 (t - t_2 ,t_1 - t_2 )dt_1 dt_2 } } $$ whereB 1(t) is the first order initial entry function for the tracer material,P(t1) the perturbation function.T(t 2) is the tracer input function, andB 1(t−t 2 ,t 1 −t 2 ) is a continuous function of two variables characterizing the first order perturbation-tracer response of the system.
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    Correlation “waves” in brain-like structures (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 435-447 
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    Notes: Abstract A correspondence is established between a tangible model of brain structure (and function) and a system of observer-observed interactions. The observed quantities are “stimuli” in the form of signal amplitude distributions in a mass of neuron-like units; the observer is a set of neurons (not circumscribed in a local region) in which a distributed parameter mirrors the stimulus history of the set, i.e., represents a “memory”. Utilizing the theory of the Perceptron, a contemporary brain model, it is demonstrated that large systems composed of many observer-observed interactions exhibit quantum mechanical behavior on a “macroscopic” scale. This behavior entails wave-like phenomena and the need of applying the superposition mechanics to system information content calculations.
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    Mathematical models for cellular systems. The von foerster equation. Part II (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 449-471 
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    Notes: Abstract This is the continuation of Part I, which was published in the September, 1965, issue of theBulletin. The birth rate, α(t), is now assumed to be a linear functional of the age density,n. This gives a simple model of self-replenishing stem cell compartments, and leads to a necessary condition for the existence of a steady state. Some examples are presented to illustrate the formalism. They include: (a) An equivivant population with life spanD and no losses from death or migration. The total number of cells is multiplied by 2 in each time intervalD. As a special case, frequently realized in practice, the population may be increasing exponentially with time (“log-phase” of growth). (b) A compartment with “random” emigration of cells and gamma distribution of life spans. (c) An oversimplified version of L. G. Lajtha’s model describing stem cell kinetics. In section IV a simple case in which the loss function depends explicitly onn is discussed very briefly.
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    Mathematical models of nonuniform intrapulmonary gas distribution (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 473-476 
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    Notes: Summary Mathematical models of nonuniform gas distribution in the lungs which assume a two-chambered lung to be ventilated through a third chamber, i.e. a common dead space, have led to diverging results. A breath-by-breath analysis of such a system results in a two-exponential solution whereas a continuous ventilation analysis gives a three-exponential solution. This is caused by the different assumptions made in the two models about the composition of dead space gas. In the breath-by-breath analysis one assumes that theN 2 content of the dead space is zero at the end of inspiration. In the continuous ventilation model one assumes that theN 2 content in the dead space is unknown at all instants during the breathing cycle. No physical significance should be attached to any chamber in this type of analysis. The continuous ventilation model provides a more general solution than the cyclical ventilation model, because the former treats the common dead spaces as an independent unknown.
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    On the electrocardiographic field equation (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 493-495 
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    The representation of organisms in terms of predicates (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 477-491 
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    Notes: Abstract The different approaches to relational biology developed by N. Rashevsky and R. Rosen consider essentially binary relations between various components of biological functions of the organism. Actually an organism is represented by a set of differentn-ary relations. The present paper is an attempt to outline a possible approach to this more realistic situation. Inasmuch asn-ary relation is ann-place predicate, it is attempted to describe the basic known properties of an organism in terms ofn-place predicates, in which the variables represent the different “components” of the organism. Some possible forms of such predicates are discussed and some general properties of systems of such predicates are studied. It is shown that if the organism is described by predicates of the type discussed here, statements can be derived about the conditions “of reestablishability” of different components. Conclusions similar to those obtained previously by R. Rosen are reached now on a very different basis. A description of the process of cell differentiation in multicellular organisms in terms of predicates studied here is briefly outlined. A comparison of similarities and differences between the approach and Rosen’s description of organisms in terms of the theory of categories is made.
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    Temporal organization in cells (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 497-500 
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    29th National Meeting of the Operations Research Society of America (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 503-503 
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    Harold A. White March 4, 1933–July 27, 1965 Obituary notice (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 501-502 
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    Steady-state diffusion through a finite pore into an infinite reservoir: An exact solution (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 57-65 
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    Notes: Abstract An outline is given of an analysis that leads to an exact solution for the problem of steady-state diffusion through a finite thick pore into an infinite region surrounding the mouth of the pore. From this exact formula a simple expression for the flux is derived. This expression approximates the flux with a relative error of less than 3.42 per cent independently of the ratiol/a wherel is the length of the pore anda its radius. If desired, more accurate expressions for the flux can be obtained from the exact solution.
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    The single file model for the diffusion of ions through a membrane (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 79-86 
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    Notes: Abstract The model proposed by A. L. Hodgkin and R. D. Keynes (Jour. of Physiol.,128, 61–88, 1955) for the diffusion of potassium through the nerve membrane is extended to cover an arbitrary number of species of ions with charges not necessarily the same. One type of interference is also investigated.
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    On the theory of the cardiovascular system (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 71-83 
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    Notes: Abstract Most theoretical studies of the circulation have focussed on the transmission line properties of arteries. Only a small number of papers have dealt with the circulation as a closed (lumped) system with two pumps connected by the lesser and greater circulation (Beneken, inCirculatory Analog Computers, No. Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam, 1963; Defares,et al., inCirculatory Analog Computers, No. Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam, 1963; Grodins,Quart. Rev. of Biology,34, 93, 1959; Guyton,Cardiac Output and its Regulation, Saunders Publ. Co., New York, 1963). F. W. Cope's recent studies in this journal (Bull. Math. Biophysics,22, 19, 1960;23, 337, 1961;24, 137, 1962) deal with essentially the same questions, although here the circuit is not “closed”. We have attempted to extend the analysis of the areflex (closed) circulation. The complete study is reported elsewhere (Defares,et al., Acta Physiol, et Parmac. Neerl., 1963).
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    Equations of heat distribution within the body (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 67-78 
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    Notes: Abstract A vector integral equation describing heat distribution within the body has been derived. The factors considered are heat conduction, forced convection via the circulatory system, environmental exchange, metabolic heat production, and change in heat content. The vector partial differential equation and alternative forms incorporating boundary conditions were also developed. A difference equation based on a first-order approximation to the fundamental equations was derived to form the basis of a model for heat distribution within the body. It has been shown that factors involving conduction and convection must be considered independently unless the temperature of the blood flowing from a region of the body is equal to the average temperature of the tissue in that region. If this relation between tissue and blood temperature does exist, only a single temperature from each eleeent is needed to describe the heat distribution. In this latter case, models which ascribe all heat transfer to “equivalent” conduction or to convection can give valid predictions.
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    Determination of equilibrium constants and maximum binding capacities in complexIn vitro systems: I. The mammillary system (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 87-98 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that in a system containingn types of mutually noninteracting binding sites, the association constants are then roots of annth order polynomial while the maximum binding capacities can be evaluated by solving a set ofn simultaneous linear equations. Thenth order polynomial and the system ofn linear equations are defined in terms of 2n intermediate coefficients, the coefficients being themselves evaluated by substituting 2n sets of appropriate experimental data into an auxiliary system of 2n linear equations. The existence and uniqueness of the solutions are established.
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    Southern Regional Graduate Summer Session in Statistics at Oklahoma State University (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 111-111 
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    Important announcement to our contributors and readers (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 113-113 
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    A theory of ion transport across cell surfaces by a process analogous to electron transport across liquid-solid interfaces (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 99-109 
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    Notes: Abstract A kinetic theory of ion transport across cell surfaces has been developed in a form analogous to the kinetic theory of electron transport across solid-liquid interfaces of biological particles. The ionic theory is based on the observation that, at least in one instance, the voltage-current behavior for ion conduction across a cell surface is describable by the Tafel equation, in analogy to the conduction of electrons across solid-liquid interfaces. The theory predicts that the kinetics of ion transport across cell surfaces should conform to the Elovich rate equation, which is shown to be true for various experimental data.
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    Letter to the editor (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 114-114 
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    Mathematical development of a physical model of some visco-elastic properties of the aorta (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 115-115 
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    A biographical sketch of Nicolas Rashevsky (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 3-4 
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    A letter read to professor Rashevsky at a dinner in his honor December 11, 1964 (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 5-10 
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    Some comments on re-estalishability (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 11-14 
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    Notes: Abstract The present note consists of two separate but related parts. In the first, a new graphtheoretic proof is presented that an (ℳ,R)-system must always contain a nonreestablishable component. The second considers some questions concerning the relation between re-establishability and the time-lag structure in (ℳ,R)-systems. It is supposed that the reader is familiar with the terminology of the author's previous work on (ℳ,R)-systems, particularly R. Rosen,Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 245–260, 1958.
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    Model studies of blood-glucose regulation (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 21-37 
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    Notes: Abstract A simplified, linearized model of the system regulating blood-glucose concentrations is reviewed. This model, which predicts a damped sine wave response to an oral glucose load, lumps the large number of kinetic parameters into a much smaller number which can, at least in part, characterize the human glucose regulatory system. The predictions based on the model are compared with measurements of blood-glucose and blood-insulin concentrations during the oral glucose-tolerance test. Various other conditions are simulated and their implications are discussed in terms of the mathematical model used.
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    On compartmentalization (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 15-19 
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    Notes: Abstract The notion of a compartment is discussed in terms of the Markovian process. From the stochastic matrix (the elements of which are state transition probabilities between different states of a particle of a chemical element), one may find a (generally) nonstochastic matrix; the elements of this second matrix are probabilities that, starting from some initial state, the particle will reach another seleced state (W. Feller, 1962,An Introduction to Probability Theory). Forming equivalence classes of states it can be shown that the equivalence classes based on an equivalence relation, which holds for the elements of the above-mentioned nonstochastic matrix, are essential for the notion of a compartment. From this procedure it is also obvious that a rigorous definition of a physically realizable compartment is impossible. Some conclusions on the practical use of compartmental analysis are drawn.
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    On the use of the Von Foerster equation for the solution and generalization of a problem studied by S. A. Tyler and R. Baserga (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 39-48 
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    Notes: Abstract In a population of cells labeled with a single injection of tritiated thymidine at timet=0, it is assumed that a constant fraction, 1−z, of the cells which are potentially able to divide fail to do so, and that the cells which do divide all have identical generation time,D. Death and emigration of cells are neglected. In mitosis, the partitioning of label among the two daughter cells is supposed to follow the binomial probability law. Using the formalism developed by H. Von Foerster the fraction of labeled cells in the total population is computed as a function oft, the time after injection of label. Ift is an integral multiple ofD the results coincide with those of S. A. Tyler and R. Baserga.
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    Development of structure in a society with a dominance relation when new members are added successively (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 151-160 
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    Notes: Abstract A society with a dominance relation is considered to be built up by starting with a small society and adding new members in succession. As each member is added he engages in contests with each of the older members to determine the dominance relation between them. The probability that the older member dominates is considered to depend on the size of the society and linearly on the older members score. A recurrence relation for the hierarchy index is derived. The approach of the society to a hierarchical structure is considered for various special cases of this probability. Reasonable assumptions concerning this dominance probability are shown to lead to structures close to the hierarchy. If the new member dominates all the older ones below a certain rank, and is dominated by all those above this rank, then the hierarchy will persist if it is the initial structure, or the structure will tend to hierarchy as the size increases, if it is not the initial structure.
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    Theory of hemoglobin facilitated oxygen transport (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 183-190 
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    Notes: Abstract The transport of oxygen in a hemoglobin-saturated medium is theoretically investigated using classical transport theory. It is found that all the chemical complexes can be expressed as a single function of oxygen pressure. A potential difference together with apH shift is predicted to occur across the medium.
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    Notes on magnetic actions upon the nervous system (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 203-214 
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    Notes: Abstract Several physical effects (magnetomotive force on ions, magnetic induction of electrical field, magnetic changes of inductance) are quantitatively analyzed in an attempt to attain an insight on how externally applied static magnetic fields influence the activity of the neuron and the Nervous System as a whole or in part. The possible magnetic action on shifting excited zones of the axon appears as most promising for prediction and interpretation of measurable effects. Magnetic fields may modify nervous functions by multiplication and addition of very small biophysical effects.
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    Molecular set theory: II. An aspect of the biomathematical theory of sets (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 235-251 
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    Notes: Abstract In an earlier paper (Molecular Set Theory: I.Bull. Math. Biophysics,22, 285–307, 1960) the author proposed a “Molecular Set Theory” as a formal mathematical meta-theoretic system for representing complex reactions not only of biological interest, but also of general chemical interest. The present paper is a refinement and extension of the earlier work along more formal algebraic lines. For example the beginnings of an algebra of molecular transformations is presented. It also emphasizes that this development, together with the genetical set theory of Woodger's and Rashevsky's set-theoretic contributions to Relational Biology, points to the existence of a biomathematical theory of sets which is not deducible from the general mathematical, abstract theory of sets.
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    Man/machine interaction in adaptively controlled experimental conditions (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 261-273 
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    Notes: Abstract Systems in which a human subject interacts with an adaptive control mechanism through display and response facilities are examined. A cybernetic model is discussed, together with supporting experimental data.
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    Computer simulation of stem-cell kinetics (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 275-290 
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    Notes: Abstract Computer simulation of the stem-cell system has been motivated by a desire to provide a device which may assist the experimenter in his development of complex research strategies in the rapidly developing investigative fields that relate to erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis. A simulation program, written in FORTRAN II for the IBM-7094, is being developed with the requirements of flexibility and broad applicability in mind. The biological model for which it originally was developed differs from those previously advanced by visualizing differentiation into the erythrocytic and granulocytic series as occurring during the post-mitotic phase of a stem cell's growth, the cell's susceptibility to erythropoietic and granulopoietic stimuli varying as its biochemical development unfolds. One might test this model by attempting to demonstrate an asymmetrical interference between erythropoietic and granulopoietic challenges to the stem-cell system. A method for establishing an initial stable configuration of the model is presented. The simulation of the introduction of exogenous erythropoietic stimuli is described. And there is a brief description of the feedback mechanism employed to stabilize the size of the stem-cell population.
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    A note on visual integrative mechanisms (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 305-310 
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    Notes: Abstract In a system as complex and as effective as the eye, the cooperative interaction of different mechanisms may be taken as axiomatic. With this as a starting point, various visual phenomena are considered, such as short term memory, eye movements, and flicker fusion. Simple data on mean values lend support to the proposition that the spatial and temporal characteristics of these phenomena are matched with one another. The significance of this for a mechanism of vision is discussed.
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    Matrix algebra of a generalized linear stochastic model. Nonconfluent and general confluent cases (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 311-315 
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    Notes: Abstract Matrix algebra is the natural tool for the study of linear stochastic models with many parameters. Complete solutions are given for the nonconfluent and the general confluent cases. It is shown that the axiomatics of a generalized linear stochastic model are naturally described within the framework of the linear algebra in an Euclidean space.
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    Properties of solution of the diffusion-reaction equation (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 291-303 
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    Notes: Abstract An arbitrary set of chemical reactions is considered to occur among chemical speciesX i . In a closed uniform reaction system certain linear combinations of the concentrations of theX i are constants. The general construction of all such linear combinations with non-negative coefficients is given in terms of the molecular formulae for theX i . It is shown that to each such linear combination there corresponds another which is a harmonic function when the reactions take place in an open spatially distributed stationary reaction system of arbitrary shape. Under the usual boundary conditions these harmonic functions are constants. With some restrictions upon the diffusion and permeability coefficients these constants are evaluated. This evaluation is the basis for relations between the total concentration of a given chemical group (e.g., the sum of the concentrations of a free molecule, or ion, and its various bound forms) in the reaction system, and in the surrounding medium. The bearing of these relations on apparent active transport is noted and illustrated.
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    Analysis of tracer experiments: VI. Determination of partitioned initial entry functions (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 329-332 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that the partitioned initial entry functions previously introduced in multicompartment analysis can be directly and uniquely determined from the experimental data.
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    A neural net model for escape learning (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 317-328 
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    Notes: Abstract An escape learning situation is discussed in terms of a neural model in which a stimulus can result in a conditioned excitement and a specific conditioned response. By using the simplest relations between the strengths of conditioning and the number of reinforcements and by introducing a distribution of fluctuations occurring regularly in time, one can calculate the probabilities of various responses, as well as the various latencies, in successive trials. The results are in moderately satisfactory agreement with the data of R. L. Solomon and L. C. Wynne (Psychol. Monogr.,67, No. 4, 1953). Consequences of the model for various experimental situations are discussed.
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    Effects of the collateral circulation of the heart (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 1-8 
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    Notes: Abstract Collateral circulation minimizes the myocardial injury which results from narrowing of a coronary artery. A large collateral circulation has disadvantages, however. It may divert so much of the limited blood flow through the adjacent nonarteriosclerotic coronary artery that the blood supply of the normal muscle supplied by that artery may be inadequate during heavy exercise. In the presence of a large collateral circulation, both the normal and ischemic regions of the heart may be extremely vulnerable to small arteriosclerotic changes narrowing the patent artery near the aorta. The effective increase in flow which results from arteriolar vasodilatation produced by drugs may be much greater in the presence of a small collateral circulation than a large one.
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    Simple theory of transfusions (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 9-20 
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    Notes: Abstract A transfusion can be hypothesized to be required when a determination factor (D=probability of adverse effects if transfusion not given/adverse effects if transfusion is given) exceeds some predetermined value.D varies between the limits 0 and ∞, and in most clinical situations will be a small number on the order of 20. Since the probabilities contributing to the denominator ofD are essentially independent of each other, they can be summed to obtain the probability of ill effects. A method of handling an exception to this, the incompatibility reactions following multiple transfusions within a short time interval, is pointed out. The probability of adverse effects if a transfusion is not given is more difficult to evaluate; values gathered from the literature are presented, as well as methods for obtaining further data. Two techniques for estimating future transfusion requirements are discussed. One is a correlative procedure, which functions by analyzing similar cases admitted to the hospital. The second procedure is an estimate of stability (homeostasis), based on a parameter introduced by B. C. Patten (Scince,134, 1010–1011, 1961). The dilution of endogenous cells and plasma by transfusions is considered and the consequences of many small transfusions compared with those of few (and larger) transfusions.
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    Some possible quantitative aspects of a neurophysiological model of schizophrenias (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 21-26 
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    Notes: Abstract In continuation of a previous paper (Bull. Math. Biophysics,26, 167–185, 1964) simple equations are derived for the rate of development of schizophrenia as a function of some psychobiological parameters of the individual and of an index which characterizes the frequency of traumatic experiences of the individual. A clue to the understanding of why schizophrenia is more likely to develop at an early adult age is thus provided.
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    longitudinal diffusion along the nephron during stop flow (1965)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 53-56 
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    Notes: Abstract A mathematical analysis is presented which shows that during stop flow experiments longitudinal diffusion of solute along the nephron is of too small a magnitude to interfere with the interpretation of data.
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    Zur Beuteauswahl beim Habicht (1965)
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    European journal of wildlife research 11 (1965), S. 121-135 
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    ISSN: 1439-0574
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 16 pairs of hawk out of the Northern German territory were investigated according to views of biological dietetics. It was shown that in the surroundings of Berlin the house pigeon is the prey preferred. In the Northern German inland regions Corvidae (jays, magpies, crows) as well as squirrels and rabbits are forming the basis of nutrition. The hawks of the Baltic sea coasts prefer water fowls (ducks and gulls). In the nutrition of the young thrushes, starlings, chaffinches, and other small birds, which the male hawk takes to the eyrie, play an important part. The adult hawks prefer for themselves always bigger prey. The small damage caused by hawks to shooting was in all cases balanced by the Corvidae, rabbits, and squirrels slain.
    Abstract: Resumé 16 couples d'autours pris sur la territoire de l'Allemagne du Nord furent examinés de façon bio-nutritive. Cet examen faisait voir que—aux environs de Berlin—le pigeon domestique était l'animal de proie préféré. Dans l'intérieur de l'Allemagne du Nord les corvidés (geais, pies, corneilles) ainsi que l'écureuil et le lapin constituent la base de l'alimentation. Les autours habitant la côte de la mer Baltique s'attaquent en premier lieu aux oiscaux aquatiques (canards et mouettes). Pour la nourriture des jeunes, les grives, étourneaux, pinsons et autres menus oiseaux que l'autour mâle rapporte au nid jouent un rôle important. Les vieux autours préfèrent pour leur besoin personel, une plus grande proie. Les dégâts de chasse peu importants, occasionnés par les autours examinés, furent égalisés dans tous les cas par les oiseaux corbeaux, lapins et écureuils capturés.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 16 Habichtspaare aus dem norddeutschen Raum wurden ernährungsbiologisch untersucht. Es zeigte sich, daß in der Umgebung von Berlin die Haustaube das bevorzugte Beutetier ist. Im norddeutschen Binnenland bilden Rabenvögel (Eichelhäher, Elstern, Krähen) sowie Eichhorn und Wildkaninchen die Grundlage der Ernährung. Bei den Habichten der Ostseeküste stehen Wasservögel (Enten und Möwen) an erster Stelle. In der Ernährung der Jungen spielen Drosseln, Stare, Buchfinken und andere Kleinvögel, die vom männlichen Habicht an den Horst gebracht werden, eine wichtige Rolle. Für den Eigenbedarf der alten Habichte wird durchweg größere Beute bevorzugt. Der geringe jagdliche Schaden der untersuchten Habickte wurde in allen Fällen durch die erbeuteten Rabenvögel, Kaninchen und Eichhörnchen ausgeglichen.
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    Anwendung von künstlicher Befruchtung bei der Hybridisierung von zwei Hasenarten (1965)
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    European journal of wildlife research 11 (1965), S. 155-158 
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    ISSN: 1439-0574
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Die Alpen im polaren Kaltluftstrom, beobachtet mit Tiros IV (1965)
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 15 (1965), S. 32-45 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Two cases of invasions of cold air into the Alpine region which have occurred in April 1962 are investigated. The polar air intruded from the north with a vertical extension up to 2500 m on the frontside of an upper trough. The Tiros observations combined with the synoptic and aerological data permitted to generalize a formerly derived formula valid for upper troughs for cold fronts [4]. It could be shown that the cold front caused bad weather as well north of the Alps as south of them when it passed below the frontside of the upper trough. Closed systems of clouds at cold fronts orginate more probably at the front of troughs than at their backside, where downstreams perforate the cloud cover.
    Abstract: Résumé On examine ici le comportement de deux invasions d'air froid d'origine polaire qui se sont manifestées dans les Alpes en avril 1962. L'air polaire a pénétré dans la région des Alpes en venant du nord. Il avait une épaisseur de 2500 m et se déplaçait à l'avant d'un couloir dépressionnaire en altitude. Les observations du satellite météorologique “Tiros” combinées aux valeurs synoptiques et aérologiques permettent de généraliser une règle établie précédemment, règle qui concerne les fronts froids liés à des couloirs dépressionnaires en altitude [4]. Il en résulte que le front froid, en franchissant la partie antérieure d'un couloir, provoque un temps maussade aussi bien au nord qu'au sud des Alpes. Des systèmes nuageux compactes se forment en général de préférence à l'avant des couloirs dépressionnaires en altitude, car, à l'arrière de ceux-ci, les mouvements de subsideance qui y règnent provoquent des trouées dans la nappe nuageuse.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden zwei im April 1962 in den Alpen sich auswirkende polare Kaltlufteinbrüche untersucht. Die Polarluft drang von Norden her in den Alpenraum mit einer vertikalen Erstreckung bis zu 2500 m ein, und zwar an der Vorderseite eines Höhentroges. Die Tiros-Beobachtungen, kombiniert mit den synoptischen und aerologischen Meßdaten, erlaubten eine Verallgemeinerung einer früher abgeleiteten Höhentrogregel für Kaltfronten [4]. Es ergab sich, daß beim Unterlaufen der Höhentrog-Vorderseite die Kaltfront sowohl an der Alpennordseite als auch an der Alpensüdseite Schlechtwetter verursacht. Geschlossene Wolkensysteme an Kaltfronten entstehen ganz allgemein eher an der Trogvorderseite als an der Trogrückseite, wo absteigende Luftbewegungen die Wolkendecke durchlöchern.
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    Statistical parameters and percentile values for vector wind shear distributions of small increments (1965)
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 15 (1965), S. 50-61 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Zusammenhang zwischen der mittleren vektoriellen Windscherung und dem Scherungsintervall wird analysiert. Dabei kann gezeigt werden, daß diese Beziehung von der Erhaltungsneigung (Persistenz) der Scherungsvektoren mit dem Intervall abhängt. Dasselbe gilt für die Beziehung der Streuungen mit dem Scherungsintervall. Die Persistenz nimmt bei zunehmendem Scherungsintervall nach einem exponentiellen Gesetz ab. Daraus läßt sich ein Exponent für den oben erwähnten und vom Autor an anderer Stelle [7] abgeleiteten Zusammenhang zwischen mittlerer vektorieller Windscherung und Scherungsintervall von ungefährt 1/2 berechnen. Für Extremwerte scheint dagegen der Exponent um 1/3 zu liegen. Dies mag damit erklärt werden, daß Abweichungen von der zweidimensionalen normalen zirkulären Verteilung auftreten, die exponentiell mit wachsendem Scherungsintervall abnehmen und somit den Exponenten verkleinern.
    Abstract: Résumé On analyse ici la relation existant entre le cisaillement vectoriel moyen du vent et l'intervalle en altitude de ce cisaillement. On peut ainsi démontrer que cette relation dépend de la persistance du vecteur de cisaillement avec l'intervalle. Il en va de même de la relation entre la dispersion et l'intervalle de cisaillement. La persistance diminue exponentiellement avec l'augmentation de l'intervalle. On peut calculer un exposant d'environ 1/2 pour la relation mentionnée plus haut et déduite d'autre par par le même auteur [7]. Dans des cas extrèmes, cet exposant est d'à peu près 1/3. Cela peut être expliqué par le fait que l'on rencontre des écarts de la répartition normale circulaire à deux dimensions. Ceux-ci diminuent exponentiellement avec l'accroissement de l'intervalle de cisaillement et font, par conséquent, diminuer la valeur de l'exposant.
    Notes: Summary The relationship between the mean of the vector shears and the shear interval is analyzed and linked to the persistence of vector shears with the shear interval. A similar relationship exists between the standard deviation of the vector shears and the shear interval. As the persistence follows an exponential law, decreasing reciprocally with the shear interval, the relationship between mean vector shears and the shear interval Δh assumes a power law with exponent around 1/2. The exponent of 1/3 found in relationships between extreme values and shear interval may be attributed to deviations of the frequency distribution of vector shear values from the bivariate circular distribution.
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    Über das Auftreten des “Bright Band” in Schauer- und Gewitterwolken (1965)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 15 (1965), S. 109-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Observations with a RHI radar show that the so-called bright band, which is a layer of especially strong radar reflectivity, is only to be seen during the dissipating stage of convective precipitation cells (showers, thunderstorms). During the developing and mature stage of the cells one cannot observe the bright band.
    Abstract: Résumé Des relevés radar faits au moyen d'un appareil RHI montrent que l'apparition qu'il est convenu d'appeler «bright band» ne s'observe qu'au moment de la désagrégation de cellules convectives de précipitations (averses ou orages). La «bright band» est une couche dans laquelle la réflexion radar est spécialement intense. Si les dites cellules sont en formation ou bien développées, on n'observe par contre pas de «bright band».
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Radarbeobachtungen mit einem RHI-Radargerät zeigen, daß das sogenannte Bright Band, eine Schicht besonders starker Radar-Reflektivität, nur im Auflösungsstadium konvektiver Niederschlagszellen (Schauer, Gewitter) zu beobachten ist. Im Bildungs- und Reifestadium der Zellen wird das Bright Band nicht beobachtet.
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  • 93
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    On forecasting of cyclogenesis in the West Mediterranean and other areas bounded by mountain ranges by baroclinic model (1965)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 14 (1965), S. 279-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusasmmenfassung Es werden die Änderungen der thermischen Struktur der Luftmassen im Alpengebiet und im westlichen Mittelmeerraum bei der Entwicklung von Zyklonen im Golf von Genua aufgezeigt und die Einflüsse von Höhe und Form der Gebirgszüge sowie von nichtadiabatischen Vorgängen auf die Deformation der relativen Topographie besprochen. Diese Faktoren werden auch zur Modifikation der in der Methode vonEstoque für ein baroklines Modell verwendeten Gleichungen in Betracht gezogen und damit wird eine neue Methode zur Vorhersage der Zyklogenese unter dem Einfluß von Gebirgszügen entwickelt.
    Abstract: Résumé On expose dans ce mémoire à quelles modifications la structure thermique des masses d'air est soumise dans la région des Alpes et dans le bassin occidental de la Méditerranée lors du développement de dépressions sur le Golfe de Gênes. On y discute en outre l'influence de la hauteur et de la forme des chaînes de montagnes ainsi que celle des processus non-adiabatiques sur des déformations de la topographie relative. Tous ces éléments sont pris en considération pour leur adapter les équations utilisées dans le modèle baroclined'Estoque. Par là, on accède à une nouvelle méthode de prévision de la cyclogénèse, méthode qui tient compte de l'influence des chaînes de montagnes.
    Notes: Summary Changes occurring in the thermal structure of air masses in the Alps area and the West Mediterranean region, during cyclonic developments in the Gulf of Genoa, have been considered. The effect of the height and the form of the mountain ranges as well as that of the nonadiabatic processes, on the deformation of the thickness pattern, have been discussed. These factors have been further taken into consideration for a modification of the equations used inEstoque's method for the baroclinic model, and a new method has been developed for forecasting cyclogenesis in regions bounded by mountain ranges.
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  • 94
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    Zur Statistik der Böigkeit des Windes (1965)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 14 (1965), S. 300-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Making use of a statistical theory developed byK. Cehak probabilities are given for the occurrence of maxima of wind velocity of given amount and minimum-amount. This is done on the base of informations about the spectral density distribution of the kinetic energy of the wind.
    Abstract: Résumé Partant d'une théorie statistique développée parK. Cehak, l'auteur calcule les probabilités d'apparition de vents maximum. Pour ce faire, il se sert d'informations touchant la répartition spectrale de la densité d'énergie cinétique du vent. Les dites probabilités sont en outre établies pour quelques valeurs totales et pour des grandeurs minimum admises préalablement.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach einer vonK. Cehak entwickelten statistischen Theorie werden mittels Informationen über die spektrale Dichteverteilung der kinetischen Energie des Windes Wahrscheinlichkeiten für das Auftreten von Geschwindigkeitsmaxima von vorgegebener Größe und Mindestgröße angegeben.
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  • 95
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    The size spectrum of condensation nuclei by a new form of the ionic mobility method (1965)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 14 (1965), S. 318-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein neues Modell für ein Spektrometer zur Bestimmung der Ionenbeweglichkeit beschrieben, das auf den wesentlichen Konstruktionseigenschaften des Kernzählers vonPollak undNolan beruht. Es wird zur Analyse der Größenverteilung eines künstlichen Aerosols von Aitken-Kernen in verschiedenen Zerfallstadien benützt. Das Instrument hat sich in seiner ersten Ausführung als recht befriedigend erwiesen, und es werden Anregungen für seine Verbesserung diskutiert.
    Abstract: Résumé L'auteur présente un nouveau modèle de spectromètre pour la mesure de la mobilité des ions. Cet appareil est basé sur les propriétés de conception du compteur de noyaux dePollak etNolan. Il s'emploie pour analyser la répartition des grandeurs d'un aérosole artificiel comprenant des noyaux de Aitken à différents stades de décomposition. L'instrument est tout à fait satisfaisant dans sa forme originale et l'on présente différentes suggestions pour l'améliorer encore.
    Notes: Summary A novel form of ionic mobility spectrometer is described, based on the intrinsic properties of the construction of thePollak-Nolan nucleus counter. It is used for the size-frequency analysis of an artificial aerosol of Aitken nuclei at various stages in its decay. The first, construction of the instrument has been found to perform quite satisfactorily; suggestions for its improvement are discussed.
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  • 96
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    The diurnal surface-pressure oscillation (1965)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 14 (1965), S. 361-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die sphärische harmonische Analyse der 24stündigen Bodenluftdruckschwankung zeigt, daß ihr Hauptteil durch eine mit der Sonne westwärts wandernde Welle dargestellt werden kann. Die Amplitude dieser Welle ist ungefähr die Hälfte der 12stündigen Schwankung [Gleichung (7)]. Zur Diskussion der thermischen Erregung der 24stündigen Schwankung wurden die äquivalenten Tiefen (Tabelle 4) und Hough-Funktionen (Tabellen 5, 6) für die drei niedrigsten symmetrischen Typen berechnet. Es besteht keine Schwierigkeit, auf Grund der Theorie der thermischen Erregung zu erklären, warum die 24stündige Schwankung viel kleiner ist als die 12stündige, selbst wenn die letztere nicht bedeutend durch Resonanz vergrößert wird.
    Abstract: Résumé L'analyse harmonique sphérique des variations de pression au sol en 24 heures montre que sa partie principale peut être repés entée par une onde se propageant vers l'ouest avec le soleil. L'amplitude de cette onde est d'à peu près la moitié de la variation en 12 heures [équation (7)]. Pour la discussion de la stimulation thermique de la variation en 24 heures, on a calculé les dépressions équivalentes (tableau 4) ainsi que les fonctions de Hough (tableux 5 et 6) et cela pour les trois types de symétrie les plus bas. En se basant sur la théorie de la stimulation thermique, il n'est pas di fficile d'expliquer pourquoi les variations en 24 heures sont beaucoup plus faibles que celles se produisant en 12 heures, même si ces dernières ne sont pas notablement renforcées par des effects de résonance.
    Notes: Summary A spherical harmonic analysis of the diurnal surface pressure oscillation shows that its main part can be represented by a wave travelling westward with the sun. The amplitude of this wave is about half of that of the semidiurnal oscillation [eq. (7)]. For the discussion of the excitation of the diurnal oscillation the equivalent depths (Table 4) and Hough functions (Table 5, 6) for the three lowest symmetrical modes are computed. There is no difficulty in accounting for the smallness of the diurnal oscillation compared to the semidiurnal oscillation on the basis of thermal excitation, even if the semidiural oscillation is not greatly magnified by resonance.
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    Untersuchungen über zonale Windprofile in der 850 mb-Fläche (1965)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 14 (1965), S. 409-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The dependency of the speed of the zonal wind in the 850mb surface in one latitude on the speed in another latitude can qualitatively be compared with a model atmosphere according toRossby. With preservation of the angular momentum and the absolute vorticity a decrease of the zonal wind speed must occur in high latitudes when the zonal wind speed increases in low latitudes and vice versa. Further, it can be shown that the index cycle in the sense ofRiehl, Namias orDefant, and with it the zonal windprofile itself are less suitable for being used in the weather service as additional help in making medium range forecasts.
    Abstract: Résumé La dépendance entre la vitesse du vent zonal trouvée à 850 mb à une certaine latitude et celle d'une autre latitude peut être comparée — qualitativement — au modèle d'atmosphère selonRossby. Du fait de la persistance du moment absolu de l'impulsion et des échanges du moment tourbillonnaire absolu, il faut qu'à une augmentation de la vitesse du vent zonal dans les basses latitudes corresponde une diminution de cette vitesse aux latitudes élevées, et vice versa. Il en résulte en outre que le cycle des index, p. ex. dans le sens des définitions deRiehl, Namias ouDefant, — et par voie de conséquence les profils de vents zonaux eux-mêmes — s'avèrent inadéquats pour leur utilisation par les services métérologiques comme auxiliaires supplémentaires pour la prévision à moyenne échéance.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Abhängigkeit der zonalen Windgeschwindigkeit in einer geographischen Breite von der in einer anderen Breite, wie sie für das 850 mb-Niveau gefunden wurde, kann qualitativ mit den Modellvorstellungen vonRossby verglichen werden. Aus der Erhaltung des absoluten Impulsmomentes und der absoluten Vorticity folgt bei einer Zunahme der zonalen Windgeschwindigkeit in niedrigen Breiten eine Abnahme in höheren Breiten und umgekehrt. Es ergibt sich ferner, daß sich der Indexzyklus im Sinne vonRiehl, Namias oderDefant und damit auch die zonalen Windprofile selbst für eine Verwendung im Wetterdienst als zusätzliches Hilfsmittel für mittelfristige Prognosen als nicht sehr geeignet erweisen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02253486
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    Zur Abhängigkeit der Schauergröße von der vertikalen Windverteilung (1965)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 14 (1965), S. 441-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The investigation of single cases shows that the horizontal extension of shower cells depends on the vertical wind distribution. The more the wind increases with height, the larger is the perimeter of the shower cell.
    Abstract: Résumé L'examen de cas isolés montre que le diamètre horizontal des cellules de précipitations sous forme d'averses dépend en grande partie de la répartition des vents en altitude. Cette dépendance s'exerce en ce sens que la cellule de précipitations est d'autant plus étendue que le vent augmente avec l'altitude.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchung von Einzelfällen zeigt, daß die Größe der Horizontaldurchmesser von Schauerzellen offenbar stark von der vertikalen Windverteilung abhängt, und zwar in dem Sinne, daß die Niederschlagszellen um so größer sind, je stärker der Wind mit der Höhe zunimmt.
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    Untersuchung über den Zusammenhang zwischen maximalem Höhenwind und Gewittertätigkeit (1965)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 14 (1965), S. 427-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary According toH. Dessens [1] the only factor that changes a thunderstorm into an intense hailstorm is a strong horizontal wind at heights between 6000 and 12000 m. The dependence of thunderstorm and hail on the direction and speed of upper wind on the southern slope of the Alps has been investigated by means of statistical methods. No significant correlation was found between these two values in this region. Of the factors which cause heavy hail during a thunderstorm the contribution of the speed of horizontal wind in altitudes amounts to less than 10%.
    Abstract: Résumé D'aprèsH. Dessens [1], le seul élément qui puisse déclencher de fortes chutes de grêle à partir d'un orage est un très fort vent horizontal entre 6000 et 12000 m d'altitude. Les auteurs examinent par des méthodes statistiques dans quelle mesure l'apparition d'orages et de grêle dépend, au sud des Alpes, de la force et de la direction du vent en altitude. Il en découle que, dans cette région, la relation entre le vent en altitude d'une part, les orages et la grêle d'autre part est peu marquée. Dans l'ensemble des facteurs qui provoquent la transformation d'un orage commun en un orage fortement grêligène, la vitesse du vent horizontal en altitude ne représente qu'un poids inférieur à 10%.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der einzige Faktor, der nachH. Dessens [1] Gewitter zu schweren Hagelgewittern werden läßt, ist ein sehr starker Horizontalwind in Höhen zwischen 6000 und 12000 m. Mit Hilfe statistischer Methoden wird untersucht, wie am Alpensüdfuß das Auftreten von Gewittern und Hagel vom Betrag und von der Richtung der Geschwindigkeit des Höhenwindes abhängt. Es stellt sich dabei heraus, daß hier der Zusammenhang zwischen diesen beiden Größen wenig ausgeprägt ist. Von der Gesamtheit der Faktoren, die bewirken, daß ein Gewitter zu einem schweren Hagelgewitter wird, beträgt der Anteil der Geschwindigkeit des horizontalen Höhenwindes weniger als 10%.
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  • 100
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    Zum Problem der Gebirgsüberströmung mit Berücksichtigung der Reibung (1965)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 15 (1965), S. 26-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The author derives the equations for a three-dimensional, nonaccelerated surface wind vector for the overflow over a mountain. He can show that it is not necessary to make the assumption of a stationary isentropic flow. By means of an approximation term the surface friction is also taken into consideration.
    Abstract: Résumé Dans ce mémoire, on établit un vecteur à trois dimensions dépourvu d'accélération; ce vecteur doit représenter un vent soufflant au sol par dessus une chaîne de montagnes. On démontre alors qu'il n'est pas nécessaire de faire intervenir l'hypothèse d'un courant isentrope stationnaire. On tient enfin compte du frottement au sol et cela par approximation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein beschleunigungsfreier dreidimensionaler Windvektor an der Erdoberfläche bei Überströmung eines Gebirges abgeleitet. Dabei wird gezeigt, daß hierzu die Annahme einer stationären isentropen Strömung nicht notwendig ist. Weiters wird dann näherungsweise noch die Bodenreibung berücksichtigt.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02247787
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