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  • SPACE SCIENCES  (1,723)
  • SPACE RADIATION  (665)
  • 1985-1989  (84)
  • 1970-1974  (1,780)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1960-1964  (524)
  • 1950-1954
  • 2016
  • 1987  (84)
  • 1971  (1,780)
  • 1964  (524)
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  • 1985-1989  (84)
  • 1970-1974  (1,780)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1960-1964  (524)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
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    The discovery of a source of repeated soft short gamma bursts in Sagittarius (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Twelve short cosmic gamma-ray bursts were observed during July-December, 1983. The results of the localization of this source on the basis of Prognoz-9 and ICE data are presented. The source is situated 10 deg away from the Galactic Center. These localizations indicate that the January 7, 1979 burst originated from the same source.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Pis'ma v Astronomicheskii Zhurnal (ISSN 0320-0108); 13; 987-994
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  • 2
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    Measurements of background gamma radiation on Spacelab 2 (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A nuclear radiation monitor (NRM) which was flown as part of the verification instrumentation on the Spacelab 2 mission (July 29 - August 6, 1985) recorded spectra every 20 seconds and counting rates in coarse energy bands on finer time scales. The gamma radiation environment on Spacelab is characterized by cosmic-ray and trapped proton secondary radiation in the Spacelab/Shuttle, earth albedo radiation, and delayed induced radioactivity in the detector and surrounding materials. It is found that passages through South Atlantic Anomaly protons produce a well-defined background enhancement.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 5, 19
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  • 3
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    Solar cycle modulation of Galactic protons and electrons (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: It is demonstrated here, through a detailed application of the model of Perko and Fisk (1983), that the cyclic variation in the cosmic ray spectra, the gradient, and the hysteresis, all in the ecliptic plane, can be caused by the accumulated effect of strong scattering regions moving out from the sun. The proton data in the form of spectral ratios, considered to be signatures of drifts, can be simply explained in terms of hysteresis effects, although a charge-dependent effect cannot be ruled out. It is also shown that cosmic ray recovery in this model can occur immediately after a sudden intensity decrease without requiring the disturbance to weaken as it propagates away; however, it is an energy-dependent recovery, a result of diffusive propagation inward, which partially contradicts data gathered at 1 AU. The cosmic ray intensity profiles at 1 AU may result from mechanisms different from those that exist beyond several AU.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 8502-851
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  • 4
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    Fermi acceleration at shocks with arbitrary velocity profiles (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Diffusive particle acceleration in modified shock fronts is considered. A method by means of which to obtain the resulting particle spectrum for an arbitrary flow profile is outlined; this method is based on a reformulation of the transport equation as a nonlinear first-order equation. Besides the shape of the flow profile, the spectral index of particles depends on the Peclet number of the shock. Results are given for some sample profiles.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 323; L87-L90
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  • 5
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    Circumstellar radio molecular lines (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Radio molecular lines appear to be useful probes into the stellar environment. Silicon oxide masers provide information on the physical conditions in the immediate vicinity of the stellar photosphere. Valuable information on the physics operating in the envelope of IRC + 10216 was recently obtained by high sensitivity observations and detailed theoretical analyses. Infrared speckle interferometry in the molecular lines and in the continuum is helpful in the investigation of the inner region of the envelope. These techniques are discussed in terms of late-type star mass loss.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington, The M-Type Stars; p 209-224
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  • 6
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    Observation of a neutrino burst in coincidence with supernova 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A burst of eight neutrino events a preceding the optical detection of the supernova in the Large Magellanic Cloud has been observed in a large underground water Cherenkov detector. The events span an interval of 6 s and have visible energies in the range 20-40 MeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters (ISSN 0031-9007); 58; 1494-149
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  • 7
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    Survey of the galactic disk from 1 = -150 deg to 1 = 82 deg in the submillimeter range (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The first almost complete survey of the galactic disk from 1 = -150 deg to 1 = 82 deg in the submillimeter range (effective wavelength = 380 microns), performed with the AGLAE balloon-borne instrument modified to include a submillimeter channel, is reported. The instrumentation and observational procedures are described, as are the signal processing and calibration. The results are presented as a profile of the submillimeter brightness of the galactic disk displayed as a function of the galactic longitude. This profile exhibits diffuse emission all along the disk with bright peaks associated with resolved sources. The averaged galactic spectrum is in agreement with a temperature distribution of the interstellar cold dust.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Star Formation in Galaxies; p 93-96
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  • 8
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    Infrared emission and excitation in LMC HII regions (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The infrared excess (IRE) of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) HII nebulae is found to correlate positively with the temperature of the ambient radiation field or with the He(+)/H(+) abundance ratio. This result is discussed in terms of a selective absorption of the photons in the range 504 to 912 A relative to the He ionizing photons. This interpretation may explain the paradox of finding highly excited nebulae with only relatively moderate equivalent width of their Balmer lines.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Star Formation in Galaxies; p 247-251
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  • 9
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    Origin and propagation of galactic cosmic rays (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The study of systematic trends in elemental abundances is important for unfolding the nuclear and/or atomic effects that should govern the shaping of source abundances and in constraining the parameters of cosmic ray acceleration models. In principle, much can be learned about the large-scale distributions of cosmic rays in the galaxy from all-sky gamma ray surveys such as COS-B and SAS-2. Because of the uncertainties in the matter distribution which come from the inability to measure the abundance of molecular hydrogen, the results are somewhat controversial. The leaky-box model accounts for a surprising amount of the data on heavy nuclei. However, a growing body of data indicates that the simple picture may have to be abandoned in favor of more complex models which contain additional parameters. Future experiments on the Spacelab and space station will hopefully be made of the spectra of individual nuclei at high energy. Antiprotons must be studied in the background free environment above the atmosphere with much higher reliability and presion to obtain spectral information.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Essays in Space Science; p 191-223
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  • 10
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    Antiprotons in cosmic rays (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Recent experimental observations and results are discussed. It was found that the approximately 50 antiprotons collected in balloon experiments to date have generated considerable theoretical interest. Clearly, confirmatory experiments and measurements over an extended energy range are required before definite conclusions are drawn. Antiproton measurements have a bearing on astrophysical problems ranging from cosmic ray propagation to issues of cosmological import. The next generation of balloon experiments and the Particle Astrophysics Magnet Facility being discussed for operation on NASA's space station should provide data and insights of highest interest.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Essays in Space Science; p 155-172
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  • 11
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    Models for infrared emission from IRAS galaxies (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Models for the infrared emission from Infrared Astronomy Satellite (IRAS) galaxies by Rowan-Robinson and Crawford, by deJong and Brink, and by Helou, are reviewed. Rowan-Robinson and Crawford model the 12 to 100 micron radiation from IRAS galaxies in terms of 3 components: a normal disk component, due to interstellar cirrus; a starburst component, modeled as hot stars in an optically thick dust cloud; and a Seyfert component, modeled as a power-law continuum immersed in an n(r) variation r sup -1 dust cloud associated with the narrow-line region of the Seyfert nucleus. The correlations between the luminosities in the different components, the blue luminosity, and the X-ray luminosity of the galaxies are consistent with the model. Spectra from 0.1 to 1000 microns are predicted and compared with available observations. The de Jong and Brink, and Helou, model IRAS non-Seyfert galaxies in terms of a cool (cirrus) component and a warm (starburst) component. The de Jong and Brink estimate the face-on internal extinction in the galaxies and find that it is higher in galaxies with more luminous starbursts. In Helou's model the spectrum of the warm component varies strongly with the luminosity in that component. The three models are briefly compared.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Star Formation in Galaxies; p 133-152
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  • 12
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    The cosmic X-ray background (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The present knowledge about the overall spectrum of the isotropic extragalactic background of electromagnetic radiation is summarized. The role of the HEAO program is discussed. Spectral measurements from HEAO are examined.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Essays in Space Science; p 339-378
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  • 13
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    Discrete X-ray sources and the X-ray background (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Since the discovery of a highly uniform X-ray background (XRB) in the 2 to 10 keV range, its nature is not yet fully explained. It appears clear from the results of Einstein medium and deep surveys that at least 50% of the XRB is due to individual extragalactic sources when their contribution is integrated to Z = 3. This includes contribution from Quasi Stellar Objects (QSOs), Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs), galaxies, and clusters of galaxies. The average spectrum of each of the individual contributing sources is softer than that of the observed XRB. Therefore, the remaining contribution must have a rather hard spectrum of alpha nearly equal to 0.0 to 0.2. It is unlikely that this spectrum can be produced by diffuse processes. Therefore, the remainder of the XRB must be due to individual sources with the appropriate spectrum. This requires either that the spectrum of the already identified sources changes at early epochs or a new class of objects. Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF) observations will extend survey sensitivity to limiting fluxes of order of 3 x 10 to the minus 16 erg/sq cm/s, some 50 times fainter than any previous survey. There will be sufficient sensitivity and angular resolution to permit identification and study of these objects.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. Essays in Space Science; p 317-338
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  • 14
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    Diffuse infrared emission of the galaxy: Large scale properties (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Infrared Astronomy Satellite (IRAS) survey is used to study large scale properties and the origin of the diffuse emission of the Galaxy. A careful subtraction of the zodiacal light enables longitude profiles of the galactic emission at 12, 25, 60, and 100 microns to be presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Star Formation in Galaxies; p 97
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  • 15
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    The origin of the diffuse galactic IR/submm emission: Revisited after IRAS (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Balloon observations are compared with Infrared Astronomy Satellite observations. There was good agreement for the longitudinal profiles. However, the dust emission observed by IRAS, contrary to the balloon observations which show dust emission only within the absolute value of b is equal to or less than 3 degrees, extends all the way to the galactic pole. The model fits were repeated using more recent parameters for the distribution of interstellar matter in the galactic disk and central region. The IR luminosities are derived for the revised galactic distance scale of solar radius - 8.5 Kpc. A total IR luminosity of 1.2 E10 solar luminosity is obtained, which is about one third of the estimated stellar luminosity of the Galaxy. The dust emission spectrum lambdaI(sub lambda) attains it maximum at 100 microns. A secondary maximum in the dust emission spectrum occurs at 10 microns, which contains 15% of the total IR luminosity of the Galaxy. The galactic dust emission spectrum was compared with the dust emission spectra of external IRAS galaxies. The warm dust luminosity relates to the present OB star formation rate, while flux densities observed at longer submm wavelengths are dominated by cold dust emission and thus can be used to estimate gas masses.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Star Formation in Galaxies; p 23-35
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  • 16
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    Gamma ray transients (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The discovery of cosmic gamma ray bursts was made with systems designed at Los Alamos Laboratory for the detection of nuclear explosions beyond the atmosphere. HELIOS-2 was the first gamma ray burst instrument launched; its initial results in 1976, seemed to deepen the mystery around gamma ray transients. Interplanetary spacecraft data were reviewed in terms of explaining the behavior and source of the transients.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Essays in Space Science; p 295-316
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  • 17
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    Cosmic rays in the heliosphere (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The different types of cosmic ray particles and their role in the heliosphere are briefly described. The rates of various energetic particles were examined as a function of time and used to derive various differential energy gradients. The Pioneer and Voyager cosmic ray observations throughout the heliosphere are indeed giving a perspective on the three-dimensional character and size of the heliosphere. Most clearly the observations are emphasizing the role that transient variations in the outer heliosphere, and most likely the heliospheric boundary shock, play in the 11 year solar cycle modulation of cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. Essays in Space Science; p 125-154
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  • 18
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    Double layers and plasma-wave resistivity in extragalactic jets: Cavity formation and radio-wave emission (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: For estimated values of the currents carried by extragalactic jets, current-driven electrostatic-wave- and electromagnetic-wave-produced resistivities do not occur. Strong plasma double layers, however, may exist within self-maintained density cavities, the relativistic double-layer-emitted electron, and ion beams driving plasma-wave resistivities in the low- and high-potential plasma adjacent to the double layers. The double-layer-emitted electron beams may also emit polarized radio waves via a collective bremsstrahlung process mediated by electrostatic two-stream instabilities.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Double Layers in Astrophysics; p 307-315
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  • 19
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    Occultation of compact radio sources by the ion tail of Halley's Comet (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Enhancements of scintillations of the compact radio sources PKS 2314+03 and 1827-360 were observed at 103 MHz and 408 MHz during 18-21 December 1985 and on 29 March 1986, respectively, when the plasma tail of Halley's Comet swept across them. At 103 MHz the RMS plasma density variation along the tail was 10 and 3.3/cu cm at 0.12 AU and 0.18 AU, respectively, as measured from the comet's position. At 408 MHz it was 1.9/cu cm at 0.036 AU. Comparison of results of these two sets of observations is presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Alabama Univ., Huntsville. STIP Symposium on Physical Interpretation of Solar(Interplanetary and Cometary Intervals; p 52
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  • 20
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    Nucleosynthesis and astrophysical gamma ray spectroscopy (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The HEAO-3 gamma ray spectrometer has provided evidence in the quest for the understanding of complex element formation in the universe with the discovery of Al-26 in the interstellar medium. It has demonstrated that the synthesis of intermediate mass nuclei is currently going on in the galaxy. This discovery was confirmed by the Solar Maximum Mission. The flux is peaked near the galactic center and indicates about 3 solar masses of Al-26 in the interstellar medium, with an implied ratio of Al-26/Al-27 = .00001. Several possible distributions were studied but the data gathered thus far do not allow discrimination between them. It is felt that only the spaceflight of a high resolution gamma ray spectrometer with adequate sensitivity will ultimately resolve the issue of the source of this material.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. Essays in Space Science; p 275-294
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  • 21
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    A 1 percent measurement of the temperature of the cosmic microwave radiation at lambda = 1.2 centimeters (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Results are reported of a direct measurement of the cosmic microwave radiation temperature using a special Dicke radiometer (wavelength = 1.2 cm) designed to minimize the usual systematic errors. The experiment was performed at balloon altitudes to avoid atmospheric emission. The first flight gives a cosmic microwave radiation temperature of 2.783 + or - 0.025 K, where the error is due to several errors (mostly systematic) added by quadrature. This is the most accurate direct measurement (by a factor of 3) yet reported.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 313; L1-L4
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  • 22
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    Minimal cosmic background fluctuations implied by streaming motions (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The minimal cosmic background radiation (CBR) anisotropy implied by the presence of peculiar motions of a given amplitude on some specified scale is calculated using a new, power spectrum-independent approach. If the tentative evidence for deviations from the Hubble flow of magnitude delta V/V roughly 0.1 at V roughly 5000 km/s is confirmed, microwave background fluctuations with a coherence scale of about 2 deg and dispersion delta T/T greater than 10 to the -5th are predicted. It is found that the existing upper limits on delta T/T are not inconsistent with v(r) = 500 km/s at r = 50/h Mpc. A reduction of the observational limits on the CBR anisotropy below the authors' minimal predictions for delta T/T would challenge the current interpretation of measurements of deviations from the Hubble flow. Gravitational instability without reheating as a mechanism for generation of the large-scale structure of the universe would be in severe difficulty.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 323; L1-L6
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  • 23
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    Solar modulation of galactic antiprotons (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Galactic antiproton data of current interest lie in an energy regime heavily influenced by solar modulation. Correcting for it needs to be done more carefully than it has been in the past. The well-known force-field analytic approximation of the spherically-symmetric, steady-state, cosmic-ray transport equation is applied in order to account for modulation down to at least 100 MeV. A sample solution which applies to the currently available antiproton data set (1979-80), and can be used to accurately modulate any possible interstellar antiproton spectrum, is given. The solution is easily adapted for comparison to future measurements. It also shows that boosting the low-energy (less than 600 MeV) side of the interstellar antiproton spectrum will not affect the low-energy spectrum at 1 AU, due to strong adiabatic deceleration during that time.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361); 184; 1-2,
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  • 24
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    Models relating the radio emission and ionised gas in Seyfert nuclei (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Possible models are discussed in which the radio emitting components in Seyfert II nuclei can compress and accelerate the ambient nuclear medium to produce the characteristics of the narrow line region. A first order model, which considers only the expansion of the radio components, is briefly described. However, in many Seyfert nuclei it appears that the linear motion of the radio components is also important. This can result in shock heating of the ambient medium, and if the cooling time is long enough, can lead to a displacement between the radio component and the associated emission lines. This effect may be present in NGC 1068 and NGC 5929 and by considering ram pressure balance and the cooling length it is possible to estimate lobe velocities and ambient densities.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Star Formation in Galaxies; p 711-715
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  • 25
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    Evidence for extended IR emission in NGC2798 and NGC6240 (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Extended emission at 10 and 20 microns can be used to distinguish starbursts from monsters as the underlying energy source driving the luminous infrared emission in the central regions of galaxies. The spatial extent of the mid infrared emission in the interacting galaxy NCG 2798 and the merger NGC 6240 were investigated. The 10 and 20 micron profiles of the IR source in NGC 2798 are significantly wider than beam profiles measured on a standard star, supporting a starburst interpretation of its IR luminosity. For NGC 6240 there is marginal evidence for an extended 10 micron source, suggesting that a significant fraction of its IR luminosity could be produced by a burst of star formation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Star Formation in Galaxies; p 707-710
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  • 26
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    The correlation between far-IR and radio continuum emission from spiral galaxies (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A sample of 30 galaxies selected for their intense IRAS flux at 60 and 100 micron using the Arecibo telescope at 21 cm to measure the continuum and HI line luminosities were observed. The centimeter wave continuum correlates very well with the far-infrared flux, with a correlation coefficient as high as that found for other samples, and the same ratio between FIR and radio luminosities. Weaker correlations are seen between the FIR and optical luminosity and between the FIR and radio continuum. There is very little correlation between the FIR and the HI mass deduced from the integral of the 21 cm line. The strength of the radio continuum correlation suggests that there is little contribution to either the radio and FIR from physical processes not affecting both. If they each reflect time integrals of the star formation rate then the time constants must be similar, or the star formation rate must change slowly in these galaxies.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Star Formation in Galaxies; p 575-578
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  • 27
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    A simple two-component model for the far-infrared emission from galaxies (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A simple model was constructed to calculate the far-infrared emission of galaxies made up of a disk component containing cool dust heated by the general interstellar radiation field and of a molecular cloud component containing warm dust heated by recently formed massive stars. This model is fitted to the optical and far-infrared data of 120 Shapley-Ames galaxies and of 20 optically studied mini-survey galaxies, resulting in the determination of blue face-on extinctions and of the total luminosities of recently born massive stars and disk stars. The ratio of these two luminosities is a more reliable star formation activity index than the previously used ratio L sub IR/L sub B. The results show that infrared selected galaxies are on the average almost three times more dusty than optically selected ones. Only about 10% of the mini-survey galaxies exhibits strongly enhanced star formation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Star Formation in Galaxies; p 323-328
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  • 28
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    Radio continuum, far infrared and star formation (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A very tight correlation was found between the radio emission and the far infrared emission from galaxies. This has been found for various samples of galaxies and is explained in terms of recent star formation. The tight correlation would imply that the total radio emission is a good tracer of star formation. The correlation between the radio power at 5 GHz and the far infrared luminosity is shown. The galaxies are of various morphological types and were selected from the various IRAS circulars, hence the sample is an infrared selected sample. The far infrared luminosities were corrected for the dust temperature. This is significant because it decreases the dispersion in the correlation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Star Formation in Galaxies; p 589-593
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  • 29
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    Particle acceleration in solar flares (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The most direct signatures of particle acceleration in flares are energetic particles detected in interplanetary space and in the Earth atmosphere, and gamma rays, neutrons, hard X-rays, and radio emissions produced by the energetic particles in the solar atmosphere. The stochastic and shock acceleration theories in flares are reviewed and the implications of observations on particle energy spectra, particle confinement and escape, multiple acceleration phases, particle anistropies, and solar atmospheric abundances are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Essays in Space Science; p 47-73
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  • 30
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    The pulsar contribution to galactic cosmic ray positrons (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Measurements of high energy positrons in the cosmic rays appear to show an increase in the positron fraction above 10 GeV which is inconsistent with theoretical predictions of secondary positron production. We explore the possibility that observations of .1 - 1 GeV and very high energy (VHE) gamma-rays from the Crab and Vela pulsars could imply a significant primary positron contribution from galactic radio pulsars at energies above 10 GeV. Assuming that positrons are produced through magnetic pair creation in the cascades near the polar cap which may be the source of the observed gamma rays, we can estimate the flux and spectrum of the pulsar positron contribution. The pulsar positron component has a flatter spectrum than that expected from secondary cosmic ray production. The level of this contribution above 10 GeV is high enough to make pulsars viable sources of the high energy positron excess, and may also put interesting constraints on pulsar emission models.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: SESSION-OG-6.2-2 , Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics Contributions to the 20th International Cosmic Ray Conference; 4 p
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    On the possibility of observing cosmic ray sources in high energy gamma rays (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: If cosmic rays are accelerated by strong shocks, then cosmic ray sources should be characterized by spectra, dN/dE alpha E exp -(2.0-2.2), reflecting the strength of those shocks. This is expected from the 'standard leaky box' model of cosmic ray propagation in which the source spectra are harder than the observed spectra because higher energy particles have shorter residence times in the galactic magnetic fields. Furthermore, data on cosmic ray nucleons suggest that these sources might be surrounded by material. If the latter is true, such sources should be observable in gamma rays at energies beyond 1 GeV where the angular resolution of gamma-ray telescopes is optimized and the background is significantly reduced. For identified sources, the source location accuracy can be shown to improve with increasing energy in spite of the decreasing statistics, as long as the gamma-ray spectrum is harder than dN/dE alpha E exp -gamma. A Monte Carlo model is used to predict the photon spectra which would be expected from cosmic ray sources under varying assumptions about the strength of the shocks in the acceleration region.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: SESSION-OG-2.1-17 , Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics Contributions to the 20th International Cosmic Ray Conference; 4 p
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    Hard x ray (soft gamma ray) bursts and the 1979 March 5 transient (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A series of transients from the galactic bulge direction was observed to have energies intermediate between the x-ray burst and the gamma-ray burst domain. The events are distinct from the 'classical' gamma-ray bursts both in their repeating nature and in their characteristic energy; they are also very brief in duration. This brings to possibly four the historic total number of observed transient series of this type, including the 1979 March 5 event and its sequels, from the direction of N49 in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), and Mazets' B1900+14 series and Babushkina's decade-old observation, both from the galactic disk. It is suggested that these repeaters, unlike the classical bursts with an isotropically distributed source pattern, have sources specifically in high-density galactic and the LMC regions. The evident similarity to the source distributions of x-ray binaries, infrared objects, and visible stars is discussed. The relative intensities and size spectra, the relationship to the anomalous 1979 March 5 event, and other considerations are outlined.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: SESSION-OG-1 , Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics Contributions to the 20th International Cosmic Ray Conference; 4 p
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    Cosmic ray heavy ion LET mapping for aluminum, silicon, and tissue targets (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Linear energy transfer (LET) values in aluminum, silicon, and tissue targets have been calculated for 31 galactic cosmic ray ion species in eight different units. The values are described for single event upset (SEU) effect assessments or radiobiological evaluations. The data are presented in graphical and tabular form.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-RP-1180 , REPT-87B0034 , NAS 1.61:1180
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  • 34
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    Measurements of ultraheavy cosmic rays with HEAO-3 (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The HEAO-3 Heavy Nuclei Experiment has measured abundances of elements from Ar-18 to U-92 in the cosmic rays. The results on the ultraheavy elements, those with atomic numbers greater than 30, indicate that the source of the cosmic rays contain a mixture of r-process and s-process material similar to that found in the solar system. This result is at variance with previous indications that the sources are greatly enhanced with freshly synthesized r-process material. Apparent discrepancies between the results and the accepted solar-system abundance have led to a reexamination of data on photospheric abundances of Ge and Pb, resulting in suggested reductions in their values.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. Essays in Space Science; p 173-189
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  • 35
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    Far-infrared properties of cluster galaxies (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Far-infrared properties are derived for a sample of over 200 galaxies in seven clusters: A262, Cancer, A1367, A1656 (Coma), A2147, A2151 (Hercules), and Pegasus. The IR-selected sample consists almost entirely of IR normal galaxies, with Log of L(FIR) = 9.79 solar luminosities, Log of L(FIR)/L(B) = 0,79, and Log of S(100 microns)/S(60 microns) = 0.42. None of the sample galaxies has Log of L(FIR) greater than 11.0 solar luminosities, and only one has a FIR-to-blue luminosity ratio greater than 10. No significant differences are found in the FIR properties of HI-deficient and HI-normal cluster galaxies.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Star Formation in Galaxies; p 277-281
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  • 36
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    Maps of millimeter wave emission from three galactic star-forming regions (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In order to investigate the gas dynamics around young stellar objects, three sources were mapped which exhibit supersonic velocities in the 115 GHZ, J = 1-0 transition of CO. The maps, made with the Owens Valley Radio Observatory Millimeter Interferometer, are the highest spatial resolution images currently available of millimeter-wave continuum and line emission from the sources S106, S87, and LkHalpha101. Observations were made in the CS (J = 2-1) and C-13O (J = 1-0) transitions. In all the sources, the observations indicate that the ionized stellar wind is sweeping up ambient molecular gas. The molecular gas is found adjacent to the outer edges of the ionized winds, which originate in embedded infrared sources. From the observations presented, it may be inferred that the outflowing ionized winds are channeled by the surrounding dense, neutral gas.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Star Formation in Galaxies; p 79-82
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  • 37
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    Nuclear infrared emission and the colors of IRAS galaxies (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: J, H, K, L', and N observations of galaxies detected at 12 microns by IRAS are combined with IRAS flux densities to investigate the relationship between the infrared sizes and colors of galaxian infrared sources. It is found that typical IRAS galaxies have 10 micron radii of 0.5 to 2.0 kpc, while active galaxies and galaxies with higher 25 to 60 micron color temperatures are smaller. One unusal object, 23060+0505, is at high redshift and has an infrared luminosity of 1.5 x 10 to the 12th power L sub 0. Its 1 to 100 micron energy distribution resembles that of a Seyfert 1 galaxy, but it shows very little sign of broad line emission in the visible. Its properties suggest that it may be a prototype for a class of highly obscured active galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Star Formation in Galaxies; p 611-617
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  • 38
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    Carbon monoxide emission from small galaxies (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A search was conducted for J = 1 yields 0 CO emission from 22 galaxies, detecting half, as part of a survey to study star formation in small to medium size galaxies. Although substantial variation was found in the star formation efficiencies of the sample galaxies, there is no apparent systematic trend with galaxy size.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Star Formation in Galaxies; p 267-270
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  • 39
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    Beamed emission from gamma-ray burst sources (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Gamma-ray bursts are intense fluxes of radiation in the 100 keV to several MeV energy range which typically persist for between a fraction of a second to several seconds. The observed spectral shape of these bursts suggest that the radiation is emitted as highly collimated beams emanating from neutron stars. This inference is based on the lack of significant gamma-gamma absorption (which are produced when gamma rays interact with stellar surfaces). The gamma-ray beams may be a consequence of a particle acceleration in double layers in neutron star magnetospheres.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Double Layers in Astrophysics; p 305
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  • 40
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    Diffuse infrared emission of the galaxy: Large scale properties (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: A quantitative analysis of Infrared Astronomy Satellite (IRAS) data in the galactic plane shows that: about 66% of the power radiated in the 100 micron band comes from the diffuse medium, the other 33% coming from well identified luminous sources. The diffuse emission has almost constant colors throughout the Galaxy, similar to the local cirrus colors. The sources have a much lower 12 micron/25 micron and a much high 60 micron/100 micron emission ratio than the diffuse component, giving a very striking anticorrelation in the color-color diagrams. The separation between one narrow and a second broader component shows that the molecular component does not provide much more than one half of the diffuse emission in the molecular ring: this implies a 4 pi nuI(nu) emissivity at 100 microns for the atomic component of about 2.4 x 10 to the minus 30th watts per H atom, 10 times higher than the emissivity of the molecular component at the same galactocentric radius. The atomic component emissivity measures the interstellar radiation field density. The temperature distribution of the 2 components is discussed comparing IRAS data with measures of the 900 micron emission of the galactic plane, which appears to be dominated by cold dust in the narrow component.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Star Formation in Galaxies; p 21
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  • 41
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    Observation of gamma ray low state of Cygnus X-1 (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Cygnus X-1 was observed on 25 Sep. 1980 with a high-resolution cooled germanium spectrometer in the Low Energy Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (LEGS) balloon-borne experiment. The source was in a very low gamma-ray state: the differential flux at 45 keV was 1.3 x 10 exp -3 ph/sq cm sec keV. The results of a power low fit to our data are compared with three other observations of a similar state. All of these spectra represent significantly lower gamma-ray fluxes than normally observed in the x-ray low or high state. Only HEAO-3 has simultaneous x-ray data and, for that case, Cygnus X-1 was in the x-ray low state which normally corresponds to the highest gamma-ray emission. The similarity of the gamma-ray spectra suggest that all these measurements may correspond to the unusual state observed by HEAO-3.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: SESSION-OG-2.1-1 , Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics Contributions to the 20th International Cosmic Ray Conference; 4 p
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  • 42
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    Radio and infrared properties of young stars (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Observing young stars, or more appropriately, pre-main-sequence (PMS) stars, in the infrared and at radio frequencies has the advantage over optical observation in that the heavy extinction associated with a star forming region is only a minor problem, so that the whole region can be studied thoroughly. Therefore, it means being able to: (1) search for stars and do statistical studies on the rate of star formation; (2) determine their luminosity, hence, to study luminosity functions and initial mass functions down to low masses; and (3) to study their spectra and, thus, to determine the prevailing conditions at and near the surface of a newly born star and its relations with the surrounding environment. The third point is of principal interest. The report limits itself to a consideration of the observations concerning the processes of outflows from, and accretion onto, PMS stars and the theory necessary to interpret them. Section 2 discusses the radiative processes relevant in stellar outflows. The main observational results are presented in Section 3. A discussion of the statistical properties of stellar winds from PMS stars are given in Section 4.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-183252 , NAS 1.26:183252 , PPS-203
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  • 43
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    Studies of HZE particle interactions and transport for space radiation protection purposes (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The main emphasis is on developing general methods for accurately predicting high-energy heavy ion (HZE) particle interactions and transport for use by researchers in mission planning studies, in evaluating astronaut self-shielding factors, and in spacecraft shield design and optimization studies. The two research tasks are: (1) to develop computationally fast and accurate solutions to the Boltzmann (transport) equation; and (2) to develop accurate HZE interaction models, from fundamental physical considerations, for use as inputs into these transport codes. Accurate solutions to the HZE transport problem have been formulated through a combination of analytical and numerical techniques. In addition, theoretical models for the input interaction parameters are under development: stopping powers, nuclear absorption cross sections, and fragmentation parameters.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-101159 , NAS 1.15:101159
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    A benchmark for galactic cosmic ray transport codes (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A nontrivial analytic benchmark solution for galactic cosmic ray transport is presented for use in transport code validation. Computational accuracy for a previously-developed cosmic ray transport code is established to within one percent by comparison with this exact benchmark. Hence, solution accuracy for the transport problem is mainly limited by inaccuracies in the input spectra, input interaction databases, and the use of a straight ahead/velocity-conserving approximation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-101157 , NAS 1.15:101157
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  • 45
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    Measurements of the cosmic background radiation (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Maps of the large scale structure (theta is greater than 6 deg) of the cosmic background radiation covering 90 percent of the sky are now available. The data show a very strong 50-100 sigma (statistical error) dipole component, interpreted as being due to our motion, with a direction of alpha = 11.5 + or - 0.15 hours, sigma = -5.6 + or - 2.0 deg. The inferred direction of the velocity of our galaxy relative to the cosmic background radiation is alpha = 10.6 + or - 0.3 hours, sigma = -2.3 + or - 5 deg. This is 44 deg from the center of the Virgo cluster. After removing the dipole component, the data show a galactic signature but no apparent residual structure. An autocorrelation of the residual data, after substraction of the galactic component from a combined Berkeley (3 mm) and Princeton (12 mm) data sets, show no apparent structure from 10 to 180 deg with a rms of 0.01 mK(sup 2). At 90 percent confidence level limit of .00007 is placed on a quadrupole component.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-182637 , NAS 1.26:182637 , INPE-4427-PRE/1231
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  • 46
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    The imaging of extra-galactic low-energy gamma-ray sources prospects, techniques, and instrumentation (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Improved understanding of the nature of active galaxies will require detailed observations of 10 to 20 sources, while understanding of their gamma ray luminosity function and its evolution will require the detection of approximately 100 sources. Instruments capable of detecting 100 active galaxies at low-energy, gamma ray energies are achievable. The angular resolution of an instrument, as well as its sensitivity, can limit the number of sources it can observe. An investigation of the angular resolution requirements for future low-energy gamma ray instruments is presented. It was found that the strictest requirements arise not from the need to resolve detectable sources, but from the need to control the level of direction-to-direction fluctuations in the diffuse background level. It was concluded that gamma-ray instruments capable of detecting 100 active galaxies must have sub-degree angular resolution. The use of the coded aperture imaging technique is proposed as a method of achieving accurate control of systematic errors and fine angular resolution without unduly increasing the time needed to conduct full sky surveys. An analysis of coded aperture imaging is presented for instruments that employ masks based on hexagonal uniformly redundant arrays. An instrument, the gamma-ray imaging payload, was built that employs these imaging techniques. The design and testing of the instrument is described in detail. Preliminary results from a balloon flight of the instruments are shown, demonstrating its imaging performance.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-182536 , NAS 1.26:182536 , SRL-87-21
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    Self-modulational formation of pulsar microstructures (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A nonlinear plasma theory for self modulation of pulsar radio pulses is discussed. A nonlinear Schroedinger equation is derived for strong electromagnetic waves propagating in an electron positron plasma. The nonlinearities arising from wave intensity induced particle mass variation may excite the modulational instability of circularly and linearly polarized pulsar radiation. The resulting wave envelopes can take the form of periodic wave trains or solitons. These nonlinear stationary waveforms may account for the formation of pulsar microstructures.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-182420 , NAS 1.26:182420 , INPE-4394-PRE/1214 , PPG-700
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  • 48
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    A program to study antiprotons in the cosmic rays: Arizona collaboration (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Low Energy AntiProton (LEAP) experiment was designed to measure the primary antiproton flux in the 200 MeV to 1 GeV kinetic energy range. A superconducting magnetic spectrometer, a time-of-flight (TOF) detector, and a Cherenkov counter are the main components of LEAP. An additional scintillation detector was designed and constructed to detect the passage of particles through the bottom of the Cherenkov counter. The LEAP package was launched on August 22, 1987, and enjoyed a 27 hour flight, with 23 hours of data at high altitude. Preliminary plans for data analysis include using the Micro-Vax at the University of Arizona for data reduction of the Cherenkov and S2 signals.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-180702 , NAS 1.26:180702
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    Research in particles and fields (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Discussed are the research activities in Cosmic Rays, Gamma Rays, and Astrophysical Plasmas supported under NASA Grant NGR 05-002-160. The report is divided into sections which describe the activities, followed by a bibliography. This research program is directed toward the investigation of the astrophysical aspects of cosmic rays and gamma rays and of the radiation and electromagnetic field environment of the Earth and other planets. These investigations are carried out by means of energetic particle and photon detector systems flown on spacecraft and balloons.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-180412 , NAS 1.26:180412
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    Preliminary estimates of galactic cosmic ray exposures for manned interplanetary missions (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Preliminary estimates of radiation exposures resulting from galactic cosmic rays are presented for interplanetary missions. The calculations use the Naval Research Laboratory cosmic ray transport code. The heavy ion portion of the transport code can be used with any number of layers of target material, consisting of up to five different constituents per layer. The nucleonic portion of the transport code can be used with any number of layers of target material of arbitrary composition except hydrogen. Calculated galactic cosmic ray particle fluxes, doses, and dose equivalents behind various thicknesses of aluminum shielding are presented for solar maximum and solar minimum periods.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-100519 , NAS 1.15:100519
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    Tasmanian low frequency Galactic background surveys (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The results of LF (2-20-MHz) radio-astronomy observations obtained in Tasmania during solar-minimum winters since 1956 are briefly summarized. The low ionospheric f0F2 values (near 1 MHz) occurring in Tasmania in these periods are noted; the 2000-ft-diameter Llanherne array used for Galactic mapping at 2-20 MHz is described; the techniques employed are discussed; and sample maps are shown.
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    A survey of the cosmic ray diurnal variation during 1973-1979. I - Persistence of solar diurnal variation. II - Application of diffusion-convection model to diurnal anisotropy data (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: An analysis of data obtained with the vertical underground muon telescope at Embudo, NM shows that the solar diurnal variation in cosmic ray intensity is a persistent phenomenon over the 1973-1979 period. Assuming that the daily fluctuations in the amplitude and phase of the diurnal variation are random perturbations about the mean vector, the relative magnitude of the random component is determined. In the second part, the Diffusion-Convection model of cosmic ray transport is applied to high rigidity particles detected at the earth in order to deduce the behavior of the heliospheric transport parameters between 1973 and 1979. It is suggested that the diurnal variation observed at Embudo during 1979 may require a contribution from the charged particle drifts.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 35; 1111-111
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    The angular resolution of the Haverah Park array for ultra high energy gamma-ray astronomy (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Very high energy gamma ray astronomy; Aug 11, 1986 - Aug 15, 1986; Durham
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  • 54
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    Cosmic X-ray physics (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The soft X-ray sky survey data are combined with the results from the UXT sounding rocket payload. Very strong constraints can then be placed on models of the origin of the soft diffuse background. Additional observational constraints force more complicated and realistic models. Significant progress was made in the extraction of more detailed spectral information from the UXT data set. Work was begun on a second generation proportional counter response model. The first flight of the sounding rocket will have a collimator to study the diffuse background.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-181077 , NAS 1.26:181077
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  • 55
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    The gamma-ray spectrometer experiment on the solar maximum mission satellite (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The major activities summarized include: Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (GRS) instrument response and flight operation; solar flare studies; cosmic gamma-ray studies; summary of computer operations; search for flare-precursor protons; diffuse galactic annihilation radiation; cosmic ray bursts; atmospheric gamma ray spectrum; gamma ray line emission from supernovae and novae; improved angular resolutions using Earth occultation; and production processing of NASA IPD data. In addition, an updated list of published papers and invited papers or contributed papers presented at scientific meetings is provided.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-180174 , NAS 1.26:180174
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  • 56
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    EX56a study of extended X-ray emission around isolated galaxies EX56b identification and spectra of bright X-ray sources at high galactic latitude (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The EXOSAT observations confirmed the identification and extended nature of PKS 2345-35. It gave a good 2 to 10 keV X-ray spectrum and a detailed spatial profile indicating asymmetry of the structure. In the high galactic latitidue investigation, the BL Lac object identified with the HEAO-1 source 1430+423 was detected, and the first X-ray spectrum was obtained. Several simulataneous observations of H0323+022 were obtained over a broad range of electromagnetic spectrum. Studies of luminous active galactic nuclei have given significant information on the spectrum of the quasar PKS 0558-504. In a study of Southern sky cataclysmic variables, the EXOSAT was used to determine the X-ray spectrum and search for periodicities in two objects. Studies of complete identifications have revealed that X-ray sources in two high galactic latitude fields are stars, and therefore are to be excluded from the Piccinotti extragalactic sample. Only one Piccinotti source remains to be identified.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-180099 , NAS 1.26:180099
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  • 57
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    The cosmic X-ray background (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: As the sky in the microwave band is dominated by a cosmic background, so too is the X-ray sky. In this presentation the observational situation regarding the extragalactic X-ray background is reviewed, emphasizing data obtained from HEAO-1 and the Einstein Observatory (HEAO-2). Spectral characteristics and spatial variations are described and discussed within the context of what is currently known about individual extragalactic sources. It is concluded that the bulk of the cosmic X-ray background is yet to be understood. Possibilities range from genuinely diffuse emission to an 'as yet' unknown large population of unresolved discrete sources. The role of cosmological effects is examined and could be important.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Observational cosmology; Aug 25, 1986 - Aug 30, 1986; Beijing; China
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  • 58
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    Observation of cosmic ray positrons in the region from 5 to 50 GeV (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The absolute flux of cosmic ray positrons has been measured using a balloon-borne magnet-spectrometer. Based on 193 positrons observed from 3.57 GV/c to 50 GV/c rigidity at the payload, the integral flux about 5 GeV kinetic energy at the top of the atmosphere is found to be (0.33 + or - .07)e(+)/m-sq-str-s. At the top of the atmosphere the effective energy interval for the observation is 4.5 to 64 GeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361); 188; 1 De; 145-154
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    Positron annihilation gamma rays from novae (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The potential for observing annihilation gamma rays from novae is investigated. These gamma rays, a unique signature of the thermonuclear runaway models of novae, would result from the annihilation of positrons emitted by beta(+)-unstable nuclei produced near the peak of the runaway and carried by rapid convection to the surface of the nova envelope. Simple models, which are extensions of detailed published models, of the expansion of the nova atmospheres are evolved. These models serve as input into investigations of the fate of nearby Galactic fast novae could yield detectable fluxes of electron-positron annihilation gamma rays produced by the decay of N-13 and F-18. Although nuclear gamma-ray lines are produced by other nuclei, it is unlikely that the fluxes at typical nova distances would be detectable to present and near-future instruments.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: AD-A225271 , Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 323; 159-169
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    Magnetic helicity of the IMF and the solar modulation of cosmic rays (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Using interplanetary magnetic field data acquired at 1 AU, it is shown that the distribution of magnetic helicity in the heliosphere is asymmetric about the current sheet, in accord with recent theoretical predictions. Such an asymmetric distribution of helicity can in principle explaian the sensitivity of the solar modulation of cosmic rays to the sun's magnetic polarity, as observed in charge sign dependent modulation, Jovian electrons, and anomalous He-4.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 14; 864-867
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    Galactic cosmic rays and anomalous components in the heliosphere (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The progress made during 1983-1986 by U.S scientists on modulation of Galactic cosmic rays by the sun and on the origin, acceleration, and modulation of the anomalous components in the heliosphere is reviewed. In these years, simultaneous observations of modulation, covering a radial range from 1 to more than 30 AU and a heliospheric latitude range from 0 to greater than 20 deg, made it possible to investigate directly the dynamics and spatial scale of modulation during both the increasing and declining phases of solar activity and to make in situ correlations between changes in the interplanetary medium and changes in the modulation of cosmic rays. Particular attention is given to the use of the observations related to time-dependent modulation effects, curvature drifts, and anomalous components, as well as of the measurements of the cosmic-ray radial gradients and latitudinal intensity variations, in the modeling of solar modulation effects.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics (ISSN 8755-1209); 25; 711-722
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    The composition of Galactic cosmic rays and solar energetic particles (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The progress made by U.S. researchers during 1983-1986 in studies on the composition of the Galactic cosmic-ray source (GCRS) and solar energetic particles (SEP) is reviewed. New information concerning element abundances in GCRS (obtained from HEAO-3 data) and SEP composition in large flares and (He-3)-rich events (from data obtained by the Voyager and ISEE spacecraft) was used to obtain direct correlation between the GCRS and SEP compositions. For elements heavier than He, the linear correlation coefficient beween the points was 0.96, and the slope of the least-squares fit line was found to be 1.01 + or - 0.01. Hydrogen and helium are more abundant in the SEP than in the GCRS. The close resemblance between the SEP composition and the GCRS composition means that the ratio of SEP abundances to solar-system abundances shows a correlation with the first ionization potential.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics (ISSN 8755-1209); 25; 685-696
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  • 63
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    Ring current and radiation belts (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Studies performed during 1983-1986 on the ring current, the injection boundary model, and the radiation belts are discussed. The results of these studies yielded the first observations on the composition and charge state of the ring current throughout the ring-current energy range, and strong observational support for an injection-boundary model accounting for the origins of radiation-belt particles, the ring current, and substorm particles observed at R less than about 7 earth radii. In addition, the results have demonstrated that the detection of energetic neutral atoms generated by charge-exchange interactions between the ring current and the hydrogen geocorona can provide global images of the earth's ring current and its spatial and temporal evolution.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics (ISSN 8755-1209); 25; 570-578
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  • 64
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    A second catalog of gamma-ray bursts - 1978-1980 localizations from the interplanetary network (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A catalog of 84 gamma-ray bursts which occurred between September 14, 1978 and February 13, 1980 is presented. The data presented consist of earth crossing times, given to about the nearest second, and time histories, in the tens of keV to MeV range, for all 84 events, as well as localizations for 80 of the events. The localizations, derived from arrival-time analysis, are given as single error boxes, double error boxes, or annuli of location, and, where possible, have been compared to the Konus localizations. They range in size from less than a square arcminute to over 1000 square degrees. The fluences of the bursts cataloged are in the range 3 x 10 to the -7th ergs/sq cm and above.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (ISSN 0067-0049); 64; 305-317
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  • 65
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    Cosmic-ray propagation in the Galaxy and in the heliosphere - The path-length distribution at low energy (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The energy dependence of the path-length distribution of cosmic rays at low energies, below relativistic velocities, is studied, and its implications for models of cosmic-ray confinement and propagation in the Galaxy and Galactic halo, including the effects of a possible Galactic wind, are studied. It is found that the mean free path in Galactic propagation must be fully energy-dependent, with the mean of an exponential path-length distribution increasing with increasing energy below 1 GeV per nucleon and decreasing with increasing energy above 1 GeV per nucleon. This indicates that, at low energies, diffusion is not the controlling process. The path-length distribution is not purely exponential but is depleted in short path lengths at low energies. This depletion is energy-dependent, being largest at low energies and decreasing with increasing energy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (ISSN 0067-0049); 64; 269-304
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  • 66
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    Geomagnetic activity and local modulations of cosmic rays circa 1 GV (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Solar-sector synchronous modulations of the particulate cosmic radiation reaching the earth's atmosphere have been studied using low altitude satellite and surface data. The flux in the broad maximum of the galactic cosmic ray differential spectrum (near GV rigidity) exhibits an intermittent north-south asymmetry (NSA) in mid and high geomagnetic latitudes. During the 1964 and 1965 years of sunspot minimum, this modulation had a negative rigidity dependence and strong correlations with geomagnetic disturbance index (ap) and interplanetary magnetic field direction. Taken together with other features, this ap dependence is consistent with the hypothesis that reconnection of the interplanetary and geomagnetic fields should produce a local NSA independent of much larger scale NSAs associated with cosmic ray gradients in the heliosphere. This finding is also consistent with suggestions that solar activity influence on atmospheric processes may be mediated by the resulting modulations of upper tropospheric ionization.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 14; 72-75
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  • 67
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    Cosmic-ray positrons from 10 to 20 GeV - A balloon-borne measurement using the geomagnetic east-west asymmetry (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Results are reported for cosmic-ray positrons obtained in a balloon flight of the University of Chicago electron telescope in Hawaii in April 1984. Making use of the east-west asymmetry in the geomagnetic cutoff rigidity, cosmic-ray positrons and negatrons were separated over the range 10-20 GeV. The resulting positron to electron ratio is 12-22 percent, significantly higher than the ratio measured in the 1-10 Gev range by other experiments. This increase appears to suggest that either a primary component of positrons becomes significant above 10 GeV or that the spectrum of primary negatrons decreases above 10 GeV more sharply than that of secondary positrons.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 312; 183-194
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  • 68
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    A reexamination of the cosmic-ray helium spectrum and the He-3/He-4 ratio at high energies (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Cosmic ray He spectral data collected by satellites in earth orbit were used to examine a recent measurement of He-3 of about 6 GeV/nucleon, an overabundance compared to predictions made with a leaky box approach. The spectral rigidity index at the time of the measurement was no more than 2.55, indicating a near-earth He-3/He-4 ratio of 0.17, although an index in the range 10-20 GV and a ratio of close to 0.24 is the usual value. New magnetic spectrometer data, however, show that a single spectral rigidity value for the near-earth He-3/He-4 ratio cannot be correct. The Fokker-Planck equation is used to demonstrate that solar modulation of the He flux yields an energy/abundance distribution close to observational data.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 312; 178-182
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  • 69
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    Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays in a galactic wind and its termination shock (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Results are reported from numerical modeling of the acceleration and transport of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays in a galactic wind and its termination shock. A two-dimensional (azimuthally symmetric) wind and spiral magnetic field, with a spherical termination shock, where the velocity drops suddenly, is assumed. The time-dependent cosmic-ray transport equation, including all major transport effects is solved using an implicit finite-difference scheme. Particles are injected as the shock of low energy, and the subsequent evolution of the distribution function is followed. Iron nuclei are readily accelerated at the shock to energies up to 100 billion GeV, and protons to 10 billion GeV. A major effect aiding the acceleration of these particles is the spiral of the magnetic field carried out by the wind, caused by the rotation of the Galaxy, with the result that the shock is nearly normal over most of its area. Increasing the magnetic field or rotation rate increases the maximum energy attainable. Anisotropies and energy densities of the particles are also discussed. It is concluded that the process is consistent with observations of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 312; 170-177
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  • 70
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    Enhanced low energy (1 MeV) ion fluxes in the outer heliosphere (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The Low Energy Charged Particle (LECP) experiment on the Voyager 2 spacecraft in the outer heliosphere (greater than 10 AU) has observed several occasions when there was a peak in the interplanetary ion spectra for ions of energies of about 0.5-1.0 MeV. Such enhancements can last for several days, suggesting that at these times particles of these energies dominate the low energy cosmic population in this region of the heliosphere. Two specific cases are discussed. The enhancements seem to be associated with the passage of transient interplanetary shock events, with the ion anisotropies generally showing outflow. The most straight-forward explanation for the observations seems to involve only a propagation effect of ions from the inner to the outer solar system. This conclusion is supported by simple modeling of the propagation of an event observed at 1 AU to the spacecraft at about 12 AU.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 35; 1359-136
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  • 71
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    Cosmic ray intensity variations in the three-dimensional heliosphere (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The study of cosmic ray intensity variations has been carried out with data from ground-based and balloon-borne equipment for the past fifty years or more; the International Geophysical Year in 1957 gave a further impetus to worldwide collaboration. The Pioneers and Voyagers during the past decade and a half, with their journeys farther into the heliosphere have transformed the discipline of what was known as the time variations of cosmic ray intensity into one of time and spatial variations. In particular, Voyager I has now reached a helio-latitude of about 30 deg. The study of galactic cosmic ray intensity from in-situ measurements by Pioneers and Voyagers traveling deep into the heliosphere in distance and latitude and over a solar cycle thus offers an understanding of the three-dimensional nature of the heliosphere, its boundary and the solar control of the same. The anticipated launch of Ulysses in 1989-90 will further advance understanding of the heliosphere. Indeed cosmic rays have turned out to be an effective tool in probing the heliosphere.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physica Scripta (ISSN 0281-1847); T18; 39-44
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  • 72
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    Cosmic-ray elemental abundances from 1 to 10 GeV per amu for boron through nickel (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The relative abundances of cosmic-ray nuclei in the charge range boron through nickel over the energy range 1-10 GeV per amu were measured with a balloon-borne detector. The instrument consists of a scintillation and Cerenkov counter telescope with a multiwire proportional chamber hodoscope and has been flown in four high-altitude balloon flights. Good charge resolution (sigma = 0.2 charge units at iron) and high statistical accuracy have been achieved. These data are used to derive the energy dependence of the leakage path length using the leaky box model of propagation and confinement in the galaxy. This energy dependence is found to be best fit by lambda = E(tot) exp -n, where n = 0.49 + or - 0.06 over 1-10 GeV per amu. Relative abundances at the source are consistent with an energy-independent composition.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 322; 981-991
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    A new type of repetitive behavior in a high-energy transient (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The high-energy burster GB 790107 has been observed to repeat, on the order of 100 times, between August 13, 1978 and June 27, 1986, with most repetitions occurring in the latter part of 1983. Here, these activities are described, discussing intensity and time-of-occurrence information covering a seven-year span of International Cometary Explorer (ICE) data. Arguments for the reality of this activity and its association with the GB 790107 source are presented. A moderately precise location derived from ICE, SMM, Pioneer Venus Orbiter, and Venera 13 Signe data is given and related to the published GB 790107 location.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 320; L111-L11
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    Localization, time histories, and energy spectra of a new type of recurrent high-energy transient source (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The detection of a recurrent high-energy transient source which is neither a classical X-ray nor a gamma-ray burster, but whose properties are intermediate between the two, is reported. The energy spectra of 12 recurrent events are found to be soft, characterized by kT's of 34-56 keV. The time histories are short with rise and fall times as fast as about 10 ms. The source location is a 0.12 sq deg region about 10 deg from the Galactic center.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 320; L105-L11
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    Solar activity and heliosphere-wide cosmic ray modulation in mid-1982 (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A plausible candidate flare is identified for each of the four major Forbush-like decrease events that were observed in the outer heliosphere in mid-1982. The associations are as follows: (1) FD 1 at P10 - backside flare at W152 deg on June 3; (2) FD 1 at P11 - 2B flare at E25 deg on June 6; (3) FD2 at P11 - 3B flare at E36 deg on July 12; and (4) FD 2 at P10 - 1N limb flare at W100 deg on July 22. In each case, the identified flare was 35 deg or less in ecliptic longitude from the affected satellite. There is no compelling evidence from near-sun spacecraft observations that the shocks from any of the four identified flares encompassed both P10 and P11. A significant fraction of the major near-sun interplanetary disturbances during June and July of 1982 arose in the relatively narrow range of Carrington longitude from 275-320 deg.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: AD-A188433 , AFGL-TR-87-0294 , Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 8487-850
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  • 76
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    Interplanetary radial cosmic-ray gradients and their implication for a possible large modulation effect at the heliospheric boundary (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: It is proposed here that a large and time-variable part of the overall 11-year cosmic ray modulation in the heliosphere takes place near the heliosphere boundary itself. This conclusion is reached by examining interplanetary radial gradient measurements which show that out to 30-40 AU this gradient remains nearly independent of heliocentric distance throughout the solar cycle. Properties of the solar wind which suggest that the distance to the pressure balance boundary does not vary by more than + or - 25 percent over the solar cycle are also used in support of the proposal. The importance of the large modulation effect at the boundary could exceed that of interplanetary effects expected from present models.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 317; 534-542
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  • 77
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    Latitudinal and radial gradients of anomalous and galactic cosmic rays in the outer heliosphere (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Measurements from instruments on Voyagers 1 and 2 and Pioneer 10 are used to derive simultaneous radial and latitudinal gradients of anomalous cosmic-ray oxygen during the latter part of 1985. It is found that in the energy interval from 7.1-30.6 MeV/nucleon the latitudinal gradient is -3 to -4 percent/deg. The sign of the latitudinal gradient is opposite to that reported for the last solar cycle when the solar magnetic field polarity was reversed, as predicted by propagation models in which curvature and gradient drifts are significant. The ratios of the radial and latitudinal gradients of anomalous oxygen, anomalous helium, and galactic cosmic rays are similar, also in agreement with drift theory predictions. Based on drift theory, these observed ratios, which are near unity, lead to estimates of the perpendicular diffusion coefficient/particle velocity ratio in the range 3-8 x 10 to the 22nd sq cm/sec at 24.9 AU for particles with rigidities of about 2-3 GV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 14; 174-177
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    Hydrodynamical constraints on cosmic-ray acceleration in relativistic shocks (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A two-fluid hydrodynamical model governing the transport of cosmic rays in a relativistically moving background plasma is developed. The equations are used to discuss the time asymptotic structure of a relativistic, plane-parallel shock wave significantly modified by first-order Fermi acceleration of cosmic rays. The model allows for an anisotropic cosmic-ray pressure tensor with pressure components parallel and perpendicular to the shock normal. It is surmised that the well-known energy threshold problem for diffusive shock acceleration that downstream particles have a large enough velocity to overtake the shock and subsequently scatter in the upstream medium before returning to the downstream medium may be expressed hydrodynamically by the condition V less than V(cr), where V is the fluid velocity relative to the shock and V(cr) is the relativistic cosmic-ray sound speed. Astrophysical implications of the results are briefly discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 319; 215-236
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    Reexamination of evidence for a radiatively decaying neutrino (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Large-aperture low-dispersion exposures obtained with the IUE short-wavelength camera have been reanalyzed to examine the possibility of using nonstandard electroweak models to explain the steplike signal of 5-sigma significance in the cosmic background claimed by Auriemma et al. (1985). The present results show that no evidence yet exists for the postulated cosmic UV radiation from neutrino decay. Error bars of the order of 20,000 photons/sq cm per s per A per sr are found for the brightnesses of Auriemma et al., and it is suggested that their steps may be due to fixed pattern noise in the detector rather than to a cosmic signal.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters (ISSN 0031-9007); 58; 1581
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  • 80
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    The wind-disk interaction in X-ray burst sources. II - Collimation by thick accretion disks (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The wind-disk interaction model in type I cosmic X-ray bursts is here examined in the case where the accretion disk surrounding the neutron star is geometrically thick. The funnel structure along the rotation axis of such a system may collimate the radiatively driven wind following a thermonuclear flash in the star's surface layers, and could thereby enhance the radiative flux (diffusive plus advective) along the beam direction. It is shown that for plausible conditions, this mechanism can account for the super-Eddington fluxes observed in some bursts. The overall time scale for variability, the color temperature, and the spectral shape in this picture are consistent with the observed properties of type I X-ray bursts.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Letters (ISSN 0004-6388); 25; 3 19
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    Hot spots in the microwave sky (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Tha assumption that the cosmic background fluctuations can be approximated as a random Gaussian field implies specific predictions for the radiation temperature pattern. Using this assumption, the abundances and angular sizes are calculated for regions of various levels of brightness expected to appear in the sky. Different observational strategies are assessed in the context of these results. Calculations for both large-angle and small-angle anisotropy generated by scale-invariant fluctuations in a flat universe are presented. Also discussed are simple generalizations to open cosmological models.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 314; L29-L32
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    The pick-up of cometary protons by the solar wind (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The HERS detector of the Ion Mass Spectrometer on the Giotto spacecraft measured the 3-dimensional distribution of picked-up cometary protons over a distance of about 8 million km upstream of the bow shock of comet P/Hally. The protons were observed to be elastically scattered out of their original cycloidal trajectories such that they were nonuniformly distributed over a spherical shell in velocity space. The shell radius (relative to its expected radius) and thickness increased as the bow shock was approached. Down-stream of the shock, the cometary protons could not be distinguished from the heated solar wind protons.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361); 187; 1-2; 21-24
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  • 83
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    Latitudinal gradient of energetic particles in the outer hemisphere during 1985-1986 (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A measurement of a sustained latitudinal gradient of 70-MeV galactic cosmic ray protons is reported using data from the interplanetary probes Voyager 1 and 2 and the earth-orbiting satellite IMP 8 during a 1-year period from mid-1985 to mid-1986. Starting in early 1985, the intensity of cosmic rays at Voyager 2 began increasing faster than that at Voyager 1. By mid-1985, the intensity at Voyager 2 exceeded and remained higher than that at Voyager 1 for at least 14 solar rotations. Using the Voyager 2-IMP 8 data to correct for the radial gradient, an average latitudinal gradient during this period of about -53 percent/deg or about -38 percent/deg was determined. In addition, Voyager data at very low ion energies which are associated with acceleration at corotating shocks are presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 3375-337
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  • 84
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    Large-scale fluctuations between 13 AU and 25 AU and their effects on cosmic rays (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The reasons for the temporal and latitudinal large-scale fluctuations in the magnetic-field strength observed between 13 and 25 AU by Voyagers 1 and 2 in 1984-1985, and their effect on the cosmic ray intensity profile are investigated. The study of low-frequency and intermediate-frequency fluctuations determined from magnetic-field-intensity profile suggests the presence of discontinuities near the equator during both years. The intensity of cosmic ray nuclei of greater than 75 MeV during 1984 was found to fluctuate about a constant value, because the decreases of intensity caused by the passage of large merged interaction regions balanced the increases of intensity associated with rarefied regions. The intensity of cosmic ray nuclei above 75 MeV increased during 1985 because there were few large interactions then. The cosmic ray intensity increased more rapidly at low than at high latitudes. The model of Burlaga et al. (1985) was found to provide good first-order fits to the cosmic ray intensity profiles.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 13647-13
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  • 85
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    Optical and high frequency electrical properties of the lunar sample (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Reflectivity and polarization laws for the powder sample and its spectrum are close to the mean for the lunar maria. Solid samples show a marked absorption feature at 1 micron. The low albedo appears to be due to a surface coating on dust grains rather than volume absorption. The high frequency electrical properties resemble those of a fine powder made from typical dense terrestrial rocks, and are consistent with previous ground-based radar estimates. The differential mass spectrum is almost constant from 100 micron particles down to 0.1 micron; most particles are smaller than 0.3 micron. Their shapes disclose a variety of generation processes.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Res. on Lunar Mater.; p 25-39
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  • 86
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    The behavior of magnitude dependent systematic errors (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The objective grating technique is discussed. From the investigation of actual material, it is established that the effect of coma varies significantly from plate to plate, also that a model linear in diameter and/or coordinate may be inadequate for its removal, and even introduce systematic errors. From this standpoint, the requirements of reference star systems are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Conf. on Phot. Astrometric Technique; p 241-248
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  • 87
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    An analysis of the AGK3 comparison star positions (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Proper motions formed with the use of positions in the AGK3 and other, older catalogues are investigated for systematic trends.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Conf. on Phot. Astrometric Technique; p 169-172
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  • 88
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    Tests of general relativity using pulsars (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The arrival times of the pulses from each pulsar are measured by a cesium clock. The observations are all made at a frequency of 2388 MHz (12.5 cm wavelength) on a 26 m dish antenna. The effect of interstellar charged particles is a random one that increases the noise level on the arrival time measurements. The variation in clock rate is shown consisting of two effects: the time dilation effect of special relativity and the red shift effect of general relativity.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Proc. of the Conf. on Exptl. Tests of Gravitation Theories; p 65-67
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  • 89
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    The cosmic helium abundance (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Cosmic helium abundance was studied through the interior structure of young stars, profiles of helium absorption lines in the photospheric spectra of hot young stars, and emission-line spectrum of ionized gas. It is concluded that helium occurred before galaxies were formed. Inconsistencies found in the quasar spectra are briefly mentioned.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Conf. on Exptl. Tests of Gravitation Theories; p 1-3
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  • 90
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    Probing the solar plasma with Mariner radio tracking data (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The range and Doppler radio tracking close to the sun made it possible to measure solar plasma dynamics. These were measured by means of a method known as differenced range versus integrated Doppler, which exploits the opposite change of group and phase velocity as the plasma density changes along the radio raypath. A simple solar plasma propagation model is proposed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Proc. of the Conf. on Exptl. Tests of Gravitation Theories; p 105-110
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  • 91
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    Orbital science photography. Part H - Astronomical photography (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Astronomical photography of zodiacal light and lunar libration clouds
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: APOLLO 14 PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1971; P 300-302
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  • 92
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    Orbital science photography. Part C - Hycon photography of the central highlands (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: High resolution strip photography of lunar surface
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: APOLLO 14 PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1971; P 283-290
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  • 93
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    Orbital-science photography. Part A - Volcanic features in the far-side highlands (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Study of far side upland volcanism of lunar surface using Hasseblad camera
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: APOLLO 14 PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1971; P 267-274
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  • 94
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    Bistatic-radar investigation (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Bistatic radar for remote determination of vertical crustal structure of lunar surface
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: APOLLO 14 PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1971; P 257-266
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  • 95
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    S-band transponder experiment (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Apollo 14 command service and lunar module orbital velocity data from radio navigation S-band transponder experiment for lunar gravitation effects
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER APOLLO 14 PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1971; P 253-256
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  • 96
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    Lunar-surface closeup stereoscopic photography (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Closeup photographs of soil and rock on lunar surface obtained with Apollo 14 stereoscopic camera
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: APOLLO 14 PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1971; P 239-247
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  • 97
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    The solar-wind composition experiment (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Aluminum foils for measuring solar wind ion composition
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: APOLLO 14 PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1971; P 221-226
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  • 98
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    Lunar portable magnetometer experiment (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Lunar portable magnetometer experiment to measure steady magnetic field at different sites in Fra Mauro region - Apollo 14 flight
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: APOLLO 14 PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1971; P 227-237
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  • 99
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    Laser ranging retroreflector (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Laser ranging retroreflector deployed on lunar surface to study lunar librations for defining precisely lunar orbits and studying earth planetary structure - Apollo 14 flight
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: APOLLO 14 PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1971; P 215-220
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  • 100
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    Cold-cathode-gage experiment /lunar atmosphere detector/ (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Cold cathode gage for measuring amount of gas present in lunar atmosphere
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: APOLLO 14 PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1971; P 185-191
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