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  • Chemistry  (15,073)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (1,209)
  • STRUCTURAL MECHANICS  (675)
  • Animals
  • Calcium
  • Engineering
  • 1980-1984  (7,874)
  • 1970-1974  (5,376)
  • 1960-1964  (3,363)
  • 1984  (7,874)
  • 1970  (5,376)
  • 1961  (3,363)
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  • 1980-1984  (7,874)
  • 1970-1974  (5,376)
  • 1960-1964  (3,363)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 139-144 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D ; Weight loss ; Phosphate ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary During a review of 42 metabolic studies in healthy women and men we observed that serum 1,25-(OH)2-D concentrations were directly correlated to the observed daily changes in body weight (r=0.68;P〈0.001) and to caloric intake/kg/day (r=0.39;P=0.01). These relationships could not be accounted for by related and physiologically expected changes in serum Ca or iPTH concentrations. However, serum 1,25-(OH)2-D concentrations were observed to be inversely correlated to serum PO4 levels (r=−0.44;P=0.004). In addition, serum PO4 levels were inversely correlated to the daily changes in body weight (r=−0.40;P=0.009). Since dietary sodium intake averaged 142 mmol/day, it is unlikely that the observed changes in weight were the result of changes in salt and water balance. Thus it seems reasonable to speculate that serum 1,25-(OH)2-D concentrations may vary directly with energy balance, as reflected by changes in body weight. This effect may be mediated by alterations in PO4 metabolism. The accurate assessment of serum 1,25-(OH)2-D levels thus appears to require several measurements over time periods during which body weight is stable.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Electromagnetic field ; Bicarbonate ; Phosphate ; Calcium ; Fluoride ; Osteogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The present studies are aimed at establishing molecular correlations in the interaction of very low frequency electromagnetic fields with biological systems. Ca-uptake by chick embryo tibia rudiment in short-term culture was a useful model. Tibiae of 8- to 10-day-old chick embryos were incubated 60 min in simplified culture media in the presence of45Ca at 37.5±0.5°C either inside or outside pulsating electromagnetic fields. Radioactivity count in the medium was the most accurate method for determining Ca-uptake by the rudiment. The effect of the fields on the Ca-uptake depended markedly on the chemical composition of the culture medium: bicarbonate was indispensable; glucose or sucrose was important; phosphate was potentiating; ethanol, Mg2+, and NaF were stimulating. The field had no effect in (a) blank medium without tibia, (b) tibiae that had been altered by fixation with aqueous glutaraldehyde, (c) nonliving artificial systems endowed with great or small ion sorption capacity. The unique bicarbonate effect with living systems and the passive behavior of nonliving ion sorbing systems prompt the suggestion that the electromagnetic field probably couples with specific processes, such as a bicarbonate-dependent Ca2+ ATPase and the active ion transport, at the cell membrane level. The molecular mechanisms remain to be established.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 194-199 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Benzo(B)Thiophene-2-Carboxylic Acid ; Bone cells ; Calcium ; Cyclic AMP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mechanism of action on bone of Benzo(B)Thiophene-2-Carboxylic Acid (BL-5583). BL-5583, at a dose range of 0.01–100 µg/ml, inhibited spontaneous as well as A23187 and PTH-induced bone resorption in tissue culture. This compound also decreased calcium uptake in both osteoclastic and osteoblastic enriched bone cell populations obtained by sequential collagenase digestion of 1–2 day newborn rat calvariae. The decrease occurred after a 5 min. incubation with45Ca and BL-5583. The effective dose range was 0.01–100 µg/ml. No effect on leucine incorporation or lactic acid production by bone cells was observed. BL-5583 also induced a transient decrease in calcium uptake in skin cells isolated from fetal rats by collagenase digestion, suggesting a lack of tissue specificity for this compound. No effect on cyclic AMP in isolated bone cells was observed with the same dose range that produced a calcium effect.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Vitamin D deficiency ; 1,25(OH)2D3 ; Parathyroidectomy ; Parathyroid hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Studies presented here were designed to investigate further the basis for an impaired cAMP response to parathyroid hormone (PTH) in osteoblastlike calvarial bone cells isolated from vitamin D-deficient rat pups. The goal was to perturb Ca, PTH, and vitamin Din vivo in order to see which factors might be responsible for the impairedin vitro bone cell cAMP response. Pups either were parathyroidectomized (PTX) 3–5 days, implanted with osmotic minipumps delivering high doses of PTH, given repeated, high doses of 1,25(OH)2D3, or were D-deficient (-D, i.e., born and suckled by D-deficient mothers). Osteoblastlike bone cells, isolated by sequential enzyme digestion and centrifugation, were exposed to PTH for 5 min in the presence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. In bone cells isolated from -D rat pups, both basal and PTH-induced cAMP accumulation were significantly lower than in +D bone cells. Earlier, we had shown that two daily injections of -D pups with 50 ng 1,25(OH)2D3 restores this reduced bone cAMP response of -D pups toward normal. In the present study, neither basal nor PTH-induced bone cell cAMP accumulation was affected by subjecting D-replete pups to PTX, PTH infusion, or repeated high doses of 1,25(OH)2D3 despite the fact that each treatment markedly changed serum Ca or serum immunoreactive PTH. The results indicate that the impaired bone cell cAMP response seen in -D pups is not a direct result of chronic hypocalcemia and that the “heterologous desensitization” seenin vitro with added 1,25(OH)2D3 could not be duplicated byin vivo treatment of +D pups with supraphysiologic doses of 1,25(OH)2D3. Finally the lack of alteration in the bone cell cAMP response to PTHin vitro after chronic PTH infusionin vivo fails to support the notion that the impaired response in -D bone cells can be explained entirely by “homologous desensitization” induced by high circulating levels of PTH in the hypocalcemic, -D rat pup.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcitonin ; Parathyroid hormone ; Calcium ; Newborn ; Fracture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Determinations of serum calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), calcitonin (CT), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were carried out in 36 full-term newborn infants with fracture of the clavicle (CF) and in 46 normal neonates (N). At the 6th hour of life the CF neonates demonstrated lower serum Ca and higher serum CT in comparison with normal infants. In the hours following, no significant differences between the two groups for the Ca levels were found, whereas serum CT remained significantly higher in the CF newborns at the 24th, 48th, and 72nd hour of life. Significant differences between normal and CF infants in the PTH serum levels were detected only at the 48th hour, when PTH was lower in the CF newborns. The results of this investigation indicate that the fracture of the clavicle is a significant and peculiar factor in stimulating CT secretion. Serum Ca level appeared to be controlled by CT rather than auto-regulating the secretion of the hormone.
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  • 6
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    Calcified tissue international 6 (1970), S. 173-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Fluoride ; Aorta ; Calcium ; Phosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le rapport entre le fluor et la calcification de l'aorte a été étudié chez le rat intact et au niveau d'une préparationin vitro de l'aorte thoracique, incubée dans du sérum. La vitamine D3 provoque une augmentation de dix fois la concentration en calcium et une augmentation de douze fois la concentration en phosphate de l'aorte. Le fluor n'a pas d'action sur le dépot du calcium, mais il freine l'augmentation du phosphore de l'aorte des animaux traités à la vitamine D3. Chez les rats témoins, le fluor n'affecte pas l'incorporation du calcium ou du phosphore. La concentration en fluor des aortes des rats, ne recevant que de l'huile de germe de blé par sonde gastrique, n'est pas modifiée par l'administration prolongée de 50 p.p.m. de F à l'eau potable. La vitamine D3 provoque une augmentation de neuf fois la concentration en fluor de l'aorte de rats recevant du fluor dans l'eau potable, lorsqu'on les compare à ceux soumis à la vitamine D3 et à l'eau distillée. Is apparait ainsi que l'exposition prolongée à de l'eau potable fluorée ne favorise pas un début de calcification aortique et n'induit pas de calcification par l'intermédiaire de la vitamine D3. La coloration de von Kossa démontre une calcification intense des aortes de rat recevant de la vitamine D3. Une absence totale de dépôts calciques est notée chez les rats recevant seulement de l'eau distillée. La coloration à la résorcine-fuchsine vert de méthyle, pour la mise en évidence de fibres élastiques, montre une destruction de ces dernières dans les régions de calcification chez les rats recevant la vitamine D3. Ces lésions des fibres élastiques ne sont pas visibles chez les rats ne recevant que du fluor.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Wir haben die Wirkung von Fluorid auf der Verkalkung der Aorta anhand folgender zwei Systeme untersucht: bei der Rattein vivo undin vitro an der Aorta thoracica, die in Serum inkubiert wurde. Durch Vitamin D3 wurde bei den Kontrollratten eine 10fache Erhöhung der Calcium-Konzentration und eine 12fache Zunahme des Phosphatgehaltes der Aorta verursacht; Fluorid beeinflußte diese Calcium-Ablagerung nicht, blockierte dagegen die Zunahme des Phosphors in der Aorta der mit Vitamin D3 behandelten Tiere. Bei den mit Maisöl behandelten Ratten beeinträchtigte Fluorid weder die Ablagerung von Calcium noch von Phosphor. Die Fluorid-Konzentration in den Aorten jener Ratten, die nur Maisöl durch die Magensonde erhielten, wurde selbst durch eine langfristige Einnahme von 50 ppm F enthaltendem Trinkwasser nicht beeinflußt. Die Aorten der mit Vitamin D3 behandelten Ratten, deren Trinkwasser Fluorid zugesetzt worden war zeigten im Vergleich zu den Vitamin D3-Ratten, die nur destilliertes Wasser erhielten, eine 9fache Zunahme der Fluoridkonzentration. Somit scheint es, daß Fluorid im Trinkwasser über lange Zeit eingenommen weder eine Verkalkung der Aorta auslöste, noch eine durch Vitamin D3 verursachte Verkalkung zu potenzieren vermochte. Mit der von Kossa-Färbung konnten ausgeprägte Aortenverkalkungen der mit Vitamin D3 behandelten Ratten nachgewiesen werden, wogegen keine pathologischen Kalkablagerungen bei jenen Ratten gefunden wurden, die nur destilliertes Wasser erhielten. Die für elastische Fasern spezifische Resorcin-Fuchsin-Methylgrün-Färbung zeigte Zerstörungen in den Verkalkungszonen bei den mit Vitamin D3 behandelten Ratten, welche aber bei den Tieren, die nur Fluorid erhielten, nicht vorhanden waren. Fluorid schien das histologische Bild der Aorten von Ratten mit Vitamin D3-Gaben nicht zu verändern. Imin vitro-Modell wurden Aortae thoracicae von Ratten während 24 Stdn in Rattenserum inkubiert, welches45Ca sowie 0,14, 0,56 und 1,12 ppm F enthielt. Alle drei Fluoridkonzentrationen hemmten die Aufnahme von45Ca in signifikanter Weise.
    Notes: Abstract The relation between fluoride and calcification of the aorta has been studied in two systems: the intact rat and anin vitro preparation of the thoracic aorta incubated in serum. Vitamin D3 produced a ten-fold increment in calcium concentration and a twelve-fold increase in phosphate levels of the dry aorta. Fluoride did not affect the deposition of calcium, but significantly blocked the increase in phosphorus in the aorta of the vitamin D3-treated animals. In control rats, fluoride did not affect the incorporation of either calcium or phosphorus. The concentration of fluoride in the aortas of rats receiving only corn oil by intubation was not affected by long term exposure to drinking water containing 50 ppm F. Vitamin D3 produced a nine-fold increase in fluoride concentration in the aorta of the rats receiving fluoride in the drinking water when compared to the vitamin D3 rats receiving distilled water. It appears that long-term exposure to fluoride in the drinking water neither initiates calcification in the aorta nor potentiates calcification induced by vitamin D3. Von Kossa stain showed pronounced calcification of the aortas in rats receiving vitamin D3 but none was seen in the rats receiving distilled water alone. Resorcin-fuchsin-methyl green stain for elastic fibers showed destruction in regions of calcification in rats receiving vitamin D3 but not in those receiving fluoride alone. Fluoride did not appear to alter the histological picture seen in the aortas of rats receiving vitamin D3. In thein vitro model, rat thoracic aortas were incubated for 24 hours in rat serum containing45Ca and 0.14, 0.56 and 1.12 ppm F. Fluoride at all levels significantly inhibited45Ca uptake.
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  • 7
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    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 596-603 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Ameloblasts ; X-ray microanalysis ; Transport ; Frozen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis was applied to freeze-dried blocks of enamel organ tissue to determine levels of calcium in various celular regions. The tissue blocks were dissected free from adjacent forming enamel following injection of cobalt or fluoride ions, both of which temporarily inhibit enamel mineralization. In all control and experimental specimens there was an increasing gradient of calcium from the stratum intermedium cells to the distal ends of the ameloblasts. Calcium levels were significantly reduced near the distal ends of the ameloblasts following cobalt or fluoride injection as compared with controls. It is suggested that evidence of an intercellular buildup of calcium near the distal ends of the ameloblast supports a controlling function of these cells. The changes in calcium levels are correlated with alterations in mineralization known to occur in the adjacent enamel of the model systems employed.
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  • 8
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    Calcified tissue international 5 (1970), S. 49-55 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Marrow ; Mast cell ; Parathyroid ; Calcium ; Deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des doses faibles d'hormone parathyroidienne sont administrées pendant 30 jours à des rats sevrés de l'espèce Sprague-Dawley. Chez 7 des 12 animaux utilisés, une hyperplasie des mastocytes est observée dans la moëlle tibiale métaphysaire proximale, sans chute associée du phosphore sérique ou élévation du calcium sérique. En outre, aucun changement de poids corporel ou du poids des cendres squelettiques n'est observé par rapport aux témoins. Un troisième groupe, soumis à une alimentation pauvre en calcium, mais contenant une quantité suffisante de vitamine D, présente une hyperplasie mastocytaire marquée au niveau de la moëlle osseuse de tous les animaux.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Entwöhnte Sprague-Dawley-Ratten erhiclten während einer Periode von 30 Tagen niedrige Dosen von Parathyroidhormon. 7 von 12 Tieren zeigten eine Mastzell-Hyperplasie im proximalen Teil des Tibiametaphysenmarks, ohne gleichzeitige Erniedrigung des Serumphosphates oder Anstieg des Serumcalciums. Femer traten im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe keine Veränderungen im Körpergewicht oder im Gewicht des Aschenrückstandes des Skelets auf. Eine dritte Gruppe, die eine Calcium-arme, entsprechend mit Vitamin D angereicherte Nahrung erhielt, zeigte eine ausgeprägte Mastzell-Hyperplasie im Knochenmark aller Tiere.
    Notes: Abstract Low doses of parathyroid hormone were administered over a 30-day period to Sprague-Dawley weanlings rats. In 7 of 12 animals, mast cell hyperplasia occurred in the proximal tibial metaphyseal marrow, without an associated fall in serum phosphorus or rise in serum calcium. Further, no alteration occurred in body weight or skeletal ash weight relative to the control population. A third group, on a calcium-deficient diet containing adequate vitamin D, showed marked bone marrow mast cell hyperplasia in all animals.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Absorption ; Calcium ; Vitamin D ; Rickets ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La mise en évidence intracellulaire du calcium au niveau du revêtement muqueux de l'intestin grêle de rats normaux, rachitiques et traités à la vitamine D2 est réalisée à l'aide de l'auto radiographie au45Ca, de la micro-incinération et de la microscopie électronique. De petits granules denses aux électrons et le marquage autoradiographique sont visibles surtout dans les microvillosités et les mitochondries. Les granules sont rares dans les mitochondries des rats rachitiques, alors que les mitochondries du rat normal en sont toujours pourvues. Les mitochondries des rats, traités à la vitamine D2, contiennent de nombreux granules denses. Ces granules subsistent après micro-incinération. Un rapport inverse est noté dans le nombre des granules présents dans les mitochondries et les microvillosités. Les granules sont limités aux microvillosités chez les animaux rachitiques, et ils augmentent significativement dans les mitochondries après traitement à la vitamine D2. Cette étude indique qu'une quantité importante de calcium est absorbée à travers la membrane cellulaire et ce calcium se lie aux microvillosités. La vitamine D semble nécessaire pour mobiliser le calcium lié aux microvillosités. Ce calcium pénètre dans les mitochondries et traverse la cellule pour aller vers les vaisseaux sanguins adjacents.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die intrazelluläre Lokalisation von Calcium in der Mucosa des Dünndarms von normalen, rachitischen und Vitamin D2-behandelten Ratten wurde anhand von45Ca-Autoradiographie, Microveraschung und Elektronenmikroskopie untersucht. Kleine elektronenundurchlässige Granula und autoradiographische Markierung wurden vorerst innerhalb der Microvilli und Mitochondrien festgestellt. Es fanden sich spärlich Granula in den Mitochondrien rachitischer Ratten, während sie in denjenigen von normalen Ratten regelmäßig vorlagen. Die Mitochondrien der Vitamin D2-behandelten Ratten enthielten zahlreiche elektronenundurchlässige Granula. Diese Granula waren auch nach Mikroveraschung noch vorhanden. Die Anzahl der Granula in den Mitochondrien und in den Microvilli standen in einem umgekehrten Verhältnis zueinander. Die Granula waren bei rachitischen Tieren auf die Microvillus-Region beschränkt und stiegen in den Mitochondrien nach Vitamin D2-Behandlung signifikant an. Diese Untersuchung zeigt, daß eine große Calciummenge durch die Zellmembran absorbiert und dann innerhalb des Microvillus gebunden wird. Es scheint, daß Vitamin D für die Freisetzung dieses gebundenen Calciums aus den Microvilli notwendig ist. Das freigesetzte Calcium tritt in die Mitochondrien ein oder wandert durch die Zelle zu den anliegenden Blutgefäßen.
    Notes: Abstract The intracellular localization of calcium in the mucosal lining of the small intestine of normal, rachitic, and Vitamin D2 treated rats was studied using45Ca-autoradiography, microincineration, and electron microscopy. Small, electron-dense granules and autoradiographic label were seen primarily within microvilli and mitochondria. The granules were sparse in mitochondria from rachitic rats while normal rat mitochondria demonstrated them regularly. The mitochondria of Vitamin-D2-treated rats contained numerous electron dense granules. These granules remained following microincineration. An inverse relation in the amount of granules appearing in the mitochondria and in the microvillus was found. Granules were limited to the microvillus region in the rachitic animals and increased significantly in the mitochondria following treatment with Vitamin D2. This study indicates that a large amount of calcium is absorbed across the cell membrane and is then bound within the microvillus. Vitamin D is apparently necessary for mobilizing this bound calcium from the microvilli. The mobilized calcium enters the mitochondria or passes through the cell to the adjacent blood vessels.
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  • 10
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    Calcified tissue international 6 (1970), S. 103-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Strontium ; Bone ; Exchange ; Equilibrium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La réactivité de l'os de rat envers un contenu faible et élevé de strontium a été étudiée par la technique de l'échange radioisotopique dans des conditionsin vitro bien définies. Des courbes d'absorption de solution de45Ca par des poudres d'os, pauvres et riches en strontium, ainsi que celles de solution de85Sr par des poudres d'os, riches en strontium, ont été analysées. Des fonctions exponentielles et de puissance ont été établies. Les résultats indiquent que le strontium en solution atteint un équilibre d'échange dans l'os, à contenu élevé en strontium, en huit heures environ et que le calcium continue à rechercher un état d'équilibre. Il semble, en outre, que les réactions de diffusion et d'échange de surface de la phase solide hydratée soient les mécanismes majeurs observés pendant ces expériences.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Reaktionsfähigkeit von Rattenknochen mit niederem und hohem Strontiumgehalt wurdein vitro mit der Isotopenaustauschtechnik unter gut definierten Bedingungen untersucht. Kurven, welche die vom Knochenpulver mit niederem und hohem Strontiumgehalt aufgenommene45Ca-Menge, sowie jene von Knochenpulver mit ausschließlich hohem Strontiumgehalt aufgenommene85Sr-Menge wiedergaben, wurden ausgewertet. Die Gleichungen der Exponential- sowie der Potenzfunktionen wurden abgeleitet. Die Interpretation der Ergebnisse dieser Experimente ist, daß das Strontium der Lösung ein Austauschgleichgewicht mit Knochen mit hohem Strontiumgehalt nach einer Periode von etwa 8 Std erreicht, während Calcium fortfährt, sich einem Gleichgewichtsstadium zu nähern. Es wird weiterhin vermutet, daß Diffusion und Oberflächen-Austauschreaktionen der Hydratationsschicht der soliden Phase die vorherrschenden Vorgänge sind, die im Laufe dieser Experimente stattfinden.
    Notes: Abstract The reactivity of rat bone of low- or of high-strontium content was investigated by the technique of radioisotopic exchange under well-defined conditionsin vitro. Analyses of curves depicting the uptake from solution of45Ca by low- and by high-strontium bone powders, and of85Sr by high-strontium bone powder only, were performed. Both exponential and power function expressions were derived. The interpretation of results of these experiments is that strontium of solution reaches exchange-equilibrium with bone of high-strontium content over a period of about eight hours, but that calcium continues to approach a state of equilibrium. Further, it is suggested that diffusion and surface exchange reactions of the hydrated solid phase are the dominant processes operating during the periods of these experiments.
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  • 11
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    Calcified tissue international 6 (1970), S. 220-226 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Hypercalcemia ; Hypocalcemia ; Adrenal Cortex ; Hormones ; Secretion ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les augmentations en teneur du calcium plasmatique, provoquées par le gluconate de calcium, donnent des taux de sécrétions plus élevées du cortex surrénalien chez les chiens anesthésiés. L'hypocalcémie consécutive à l'action du EDTA n'a pas d'action sur ces sécrétions et l'hypophysectomie supprime l'augmentation des taux de sécrétion, observés chez l'animal entier hypercalcémique. Les mécanismes par lesquels le calcium peut affecter les sécrétions cortico-surrénaliennes sont envisagés en fonction des effects au niveau des différentes phases du système hypothalamo-hypophyso-cortico-surrénalien.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Durch Infusion von Calciumgluconat verursachte Erhöhungen des Plasmacalciumspiegels ergaben beim anaesthesierten Hund eine gesteigerte adrenocorticale Sekretion. Die Hypocalcämie, die auf Grund von EDTA-Infusion entstand, hatte keine sichtbare Wirkung auf das Ausmaß der adrenocorticalen Sekretion. Durch Hypophysektomie wurde die gesteigerte Sekretion, wie man sie beim hypercalcaemischen Tier findet, aufgehoben. Die Mechanismen, durch welche Calcium die adrenocorticale Sekretion beeinflussen kann, werden im Hinblick auf seine Wirkung an verschiedenen Stellen im hypothalamo-hypophysär-adrenocorticalen System besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract Increases in plasma calcium levels caused by the infusion of calcium gluconate resulted in enhanced adrenocortical secretory rates in anesthetized dogs. Hypocalcemia resulting from the infusion of EDTA had no discernible effect on adrenocortical secretory rates, and hypophysectomy abolished the rise in secretory rates noted in the hypercalcemic intact animals. The mechanisms by which calcium may effect adrenocortical secretion are discussed with respect to its effect at various sites in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenocortical system.
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  • 12
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    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 77-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteogenesis ; Diffusion chambers ; Alkaline phosphatase ; Calcium ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The alkaline phosphatase activity and the calcium and phosphorus content of osteogenic tissue formedin vivo following the implantation of diffusion chambers loaded with rabbit bone marrow cells is reported. (In this study the term osteogenic includes osteoblastic and chondroblastic.) Chambers examined 14–70 days after implantation revealed progressive accumulation of mineral. Alkaline phosphatase activity increased until day 30 and declined thereafter. The osteogenic potential of the marrow cells decreased with increasing weight (age) of the cell donor rabbit when measured either as the percentage of chambers containing osteogenic tissue or as the amount of calcium, phosphorus, or alkaline phosphatase activity within the chambers. The results confirm that measurements of these parameters in tissue formed by cells incubated in diffusion chambersin vivo may be used as a method for assay of osteogenesis.
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  • 13
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    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 269-273 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone loss (osteopenia) ; Calcium ; Corticosteroids (glucocorticosteroids) ; Fluoride ; Vitamin D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary To evaluate the effect of prednisone and triple treatment (sodium fluoride, calcium, and vitamin D) on trabecular and cortical bone serial bone mineral content (BMC) measurements were made at a metaphyseal (BMCD) and diaphyseal (BMCP) site on the forearm on 31 consecutive and previously bone-healthy patients scheduled for at least 24 weeks high-dose prednisone treatment. The patients were randomized into two further treatment groups: group I (n=16) received prednisone plus triple treatment and group II (n=15) received only prednisone. The two groups were similar with regard to age, sex, prednisone dose, and initial BMC. During 24 weeks treatment, BMCD (partially representing trabecular bone) and BMCP (mainly representing cortical bone) fell significantly and similarly, demonstrating that there is no preventive effect on bone mineral loss on the triple regimen. The BMC fall after 12 weeks was significantly more pronounced for metaphyseal (partially trabecular) than for diaphyseal (cortical) bone, whereas the values did not differ significantly after 24 weeks; this indicates a greater sensitivity to the hormone treatment of trabecular bone. In the entire group, the fall in BMC correlated positively with individual prednisone dose, significant at the diaphyseal site (r=0.39,P〈0.05), but not at the metaphyseal site (r=0.31, P=0.08). It is concluded that corticosteroid-induced osteopenia is a diffuse bone disease which affects trabecular as well as cortical bone, suggesting that BMC measured on the forearm reflects changes in bone mineral at other locations.
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  • 14
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    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 392-400 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Vitamin D ; Chick embryo ; Bone ; Calcium ; Phosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Chick embryos were injected in the yolk sac at various ages with various doses of different vitamin D3 metabolites. Serum concentrations of total calcium and inorganic phosphate were determined 24 h after the injection and histological and electron microscopic studies of the tibiae were conducted 3–6 days after. Confirming previous results, the injection of 1,25(OH)2D3 was found to produce significant hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. The dose required to produce these effects decreased with age: 100 ng on the 9th day, 50 ng on the 11th, and 10 ng on the 15th. This finding is interpreted as resulting from the fact that the specialized cells in the chorionic epithelium which are considered to be involved in mineral resorption from the shell differentiate between the 11th and 13th days. Although no bone changes were observed in embryos injected before the 11th day, a rim of unmineralized trabeculae (osteoid) was observed at the periphery of the cortex of the tibial diaphysis in the embryos which had been injected after that age. Thus, in embryos injected on the 11th day with 100 ng 1,25(OH)2D3, the trabeculae formed between the 11th and 14th day remained unmineralized until the 15th or 16th day at which time they completed their mineralization. In the embryos injected on the 14th day, the alterations were more severe and could be produced with doses 10 times smaller than those required when the injections were made on the 11th day. At all ages, the doses that produced an osteoid rim also induced hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. The electron microscopical study of the osteoid trabeculae showed that osteoblasts and osteocytes had normal cytological characteristics and that the bone matrix did not present changes other than the reduction in mineral deposition. While the above findings do not exclude a direct action of 1,25(OH)2D3 on bone cells as the mechanism of osteoid formation, they do underline the importance of the humoral changes at least as partial determinants of this phenomenon. The activities of various vitamin D metabolites were compared using as parameter the threshold-dose required to produce a rim of unmineralized trabeculae in the tibia of 14–15 days embryos (T-D). The most active metabolite appeared to be 1,25(OH)2D3 (T-D: 10 ng); it was followed by 1,24,25(OH)3D3 (T-D: 100 ng) and 1,25,26(OH)3D3 (T-D: 100 ng). Vitamin D3 itself (T-D: 100 µg), 25(OH)D3 (T-D: 2.5µg) and 24,25(OH)2D3 (T-D: 5 µg) produced similar responses but only when administered in much larger doses.
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  • 15
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    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 702-710 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Corticosteroids ; Cartilage ; Organ culture ; Calcium ; Matrix vesicles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The present study examined the effects of various corticosteroid and noncorticosteroid hormones upon the ultrastructure of chondroprogenitor cells and chondroblasts in an organ-culture system of late fetal condylar cartilage. Corticosteroids, (triamcinolone acetonide, dexamethasone, corticosterone) at concentrations of 10−6–10−8M stimulated markedly a precocious formation of matrix vesicles by chondroblasts. This stimulation was accompanied by a significant accretion of calcium complexes intra- and extracellularly in both the chondroprogenitor cell population and chondroblastsin vitro, as well as in the newly induced matrix vesicles. Nonglucocorticoid steroids (progesterone, estradiol, testosterone, cortexolone) did not evoke similar effects. Progesterone and testosterone, however, seemed to adversely affect the ultrastructure of the cartilage cells, whereas estradiol appeared to have a favorable effect on the morphology of cultured condylar cartilage.
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  • 16
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    Calcified tissue international 5 (1970), S. 206-221 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Teleosts ; Calcium ; Tetracycline ; Bone Formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La croissance osseuse et le métabolisme du calcium sont étudiés chezOpsanus tau marin, à os acellulaire, à l'aide de marquages à la tétracycline et45Ca, injectés par voie intra-musculaire pendant 26 jours. La localisation du marquage au niveau des vertèbres est initialement plus rapide au niveau des maxillaires, mais le pourcentage de rétention du45Ca au niveau de ces tissus, en se basant sur des grammes de cendres, n'est pas significativement différent après 4–6 heures. C'est le temps au bout duquel l'analyse microdensitométrique d'autoradiographies par contact des coupes de maxillaires indique un maximum d'absorption de45Ca au niveau de toutes les surfaces corticales osseuses. Aucune perte de45Ca des surfaces osseuses n'est mise en évidence durant les 14 jours suivants. Les différences d'absorption du45Ca dans ces tissus semblent liées aux surfaces osseuses relatives, plutôt qu'aux différences du contenu minéral par unité de volume d'os. Des essais de mesure de l'apposition osseuse par séparation de deux injections de tétracycline, à des intervalles de 18 jours, furent réalisés sans succès et une seule bande fluorescente sous-périostée, de 8–9 μ de large a été observée. Ce fait est probablement lié à la vitesse d'excrétion sanguine très lente de l'os, d'environ 0.2–0.3 μ par jour. La chute de la radioactivité du plasma est presqu'inversement proportionnelle au temps après injection. Aucun marquage diffus n'a pu être localisé, sans doute, par suite de l'absence d'ostéocytes, de lacunes et de canalicules qui, dans l'os cellulaire, facilite la diffusion des ions calciques du liquide extracellulaire vers les cristaux osseux situés profondément dans le squelette. Le composé diffus, s'il est présent, constitue moins d'un cinquième de ce que l'on s'attend à trouver dans l'os cellulaire.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Das Knochenwachstum und der Calciummetabolismus wurden beim knochenzellosen marinen Krötenfisch (Opsanus tau) während 26 Tagen anhand von Tetracyclin- und45Ca-Markierung verfolgt. Die Aufnahme des Isotopes erfolgte vorerst rascher in den Wirbelkörpern als in den Kieferknochen, jedoch war die prozentuale Retention von45Ca, auf das Aschegewicht bezogen, in diesen Geweben nach 4–6 Std nicht signifikant verschieden. Nach dieser Zeit konnte anhand von mikrodensitometrischen Untersuchungen von Kieferschnitt-Autoradiographien festgestellt werden, daß in allen Corticalis-Oberflächen die maximale45Ca-Aufnahme stattgefunden hatte. Während der folgenden 14 Tage konnte kein45Ca-Verlust von den Knochenoberflächen nachgewiesen werden. Die Unterschiede der45Ca-Aufnahme in diesen Geweben scheinen eher mit der relativen Oberflächengröße der Knochen als mit dem Mineralgehalt pro Knochenvolumen in Zusammenhang zu stehen. Versuche, die angelagerte Knochenschicht durch zwei, im Abstand von 18 Tagen vorgenommene Tetracyclin-Markierungen zu messen, verliefen ergebnislos; es konnte nur eine einzige 8–9 μ dicke, subperiostale Fluoreszenzschicht beobachtet werden. Dies war vermutlich einer sehr langsamen Abnahme des Tetracyclins im Blut, verbunden mit einer stark verlangsamten Knochenbildung von nur 0,2–0,3 μ pro Tag zuzuschreiben. Die Abnahme der Radioaktivität im Plasma war beinahe umgekehrt proportional zur Zeitspanne seit der Injektion. Dies ist vermutlich auf das Fehlen von Osteocyten, Lacunae und Canaliculi zurückzuführen, die ja im zellulären Knochen eine Diffusion von Calciumionen aus der Extrazellulärflüssigkeit zu den tiefer im Skelett liegenden Knochenkristallen ermöglichen. Wenn eine diffuse Komponente vorlag, so betrug sie weniger als ⅕ der für zellulären Knochen erwarteten.
    Notes: Abstract Bone growth and calcium metabolism were studied in marine acellular-boned toadfish (Opsanus tau) by tetracycline and by45Ca labeling over a 26-day period. The uptake of tracer in vertebrae was initially faster than in the jaws, but the percent retention of45Ca on a gram ash basis in these tissues was not significantly different after 4–6 hours. This was the time at which microdensitometric analysis of contact autoradiographs of jaw sections indicated that peak45Ca uptake had occurred on all cortical bone surfaces. No loss of45Ca from bone surfaces was detected during the next 14 days. The differences in45Ca uptake in these tissues appeared to be related to the relative surface areas of bone rather than to differences in mineral content per unit volume of bone. Attempts to measure appositional bone growth by the separation of two tetracycline labels administered at an interval of 18 days were unsuccessful, and only a single subperiosteal fluorescent band 8–9 μ thick was observed. This was probably the result of a very low rate of excretion of tetracycline from the blood, together with a very low appositional rate of bone growth of only 0.2–0.3 μ/day. The fall in the plasma radioactivity was almost inversely proportional to time since injection. No diffuse labeling could be detected, due presumably to the absence of osteocytes, in lacunae and canaliculi which, in cellular bone, permits diffusion of calcium ions from extracellular fluid to bone crystals deep within the skeleton. The diffuse component, if present, was less than one-fifth that expected in cellular bone.
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  • 17
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    Calcified tissue international 5 (1970), S. 91-99 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rickets ; Cartilage ; Vitamin D ; Calcium ; Phosphate ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Des métaphyses de rats rachitiques, alimentés par paires avec des rats témoins, normaux et traités à la vitamine D2 et des phosphates, ont été étudiées au microscope électronique. La répartition des granules mitochondriales est modifiée dans le tissu rachitique: des granules ne sont visibles que dans quelques cellules voisines de la région en voie de calcification. Les rats témoins présentent une répartition, en gradient, à travers toute la métaphyse. L'adjonction à ce régime cariogène de phosphate ou vitamine D2 ou les deux à la fois, permet de rétablir la répartition normale des granules, visible chez les témoins. Il semble qu'une des modifications spécifiques, induites dans les mitochondries des chondrocytes, par un régime pauvre en phosphate et déficient en vitamine D2, est la diminution de la formation de granules mitochondriales, contenant des produits inorganiques.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Wachstumszonen von rachitischen Ratten werden unter dem Elektronenmikroskop verglichen mit denjenigen von 3 Kontrollgruppen (normale Diät rachitogene Diät mit Vitamin D2 und Phosphatzusätzen und eingeschränkte Menge normaler Diät). Die Verteilung der Granula in den Mitochondrien war im rachitischen Gewebe verändert; Granula wurden nur in einigen Zellen festgestellt, welche an die Zone der provisorischen Kalzifikation angrenzten. Kontrollratten zeigten einen Gradienten von Granula auf der ganzen Wachstumsplatte. Ergänzung der rachitogenen Diät durch Phosphat, Vitamin D2 oder beide bewirkte die Wiederherstellung der Granula-Dichte und-Verteilung, welche die Kontrolltiere aufwiesen. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß die verminderte Fähigkeit, mineralhaltige Mitochondrien-Granula zu bilden, eine spezifische Veränderung ist, welche in den Mitochondrien von Chondrocyten durch eine phosphatarme, Vitamin D2-defizitäre Diät herbeigeführt wird.
    Notes: Abstract Growth plates of rachitic, pair-fed control, normal and Vitamin D2- and phosphate-treated rachitic rats were studied with the electron microscope. Mitochondrial granule distribution was modified in the rachitic tissue; granules were noted only in a few cells adjacent to the zone of provisional calcification. Control rats demonstrated a gradient of granules throughout the growth plate. Supplementation of the rachitogenic diet with either phosphate, Vitamin D2, or both was able to re-establish the granule density and distribution found in control animals. It is suggested that one specific modification induced in mitochondria of chondrocytes by a low phosphate, Vitamin D2-deficient diet is the reduced ability to form mineral-containing mitochondrial granules.
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  • 18
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    Calcified tissue international 5 (1970), S. 39-48 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Collagen ; Starvation ; Prednisolone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des rats mâles, de plus d'un an et demi, ont été injectés avec du45Ca++. Un jour après l'injection, on a fait jeûner quelques animaux pendant 4, 9 et 15 jours. D'autres animaux ont jeûné 35 jours, après injection; certains rats ont reçu une injection de prednisolone jusqu'à ce qu'ils aient perdu 30% de leur poids. Ce dernier groupe n'a pas reçu de45Ca++. Chez les animaux soumis au jeûne, la perte de poids était de 10%, 12%, 20%, 22%, 30% et 32%. Ces groupes ont perdu respectivement 13%, 16% et 28% d'azote corporel, alors que le groupe prednisolone en a perdu 29%. Les fémurs de ces animaux ne présentent aucune perte de collagène. Le calcium des fémurs est réduit de manière significative (8% de perte) chez les animaux ayant jeûné le plus. Le collagène corporel (à part celui des fémurs, de la peau, des poumons et de l'intestin grêle) est réduit de 4%, 7% et 15% chez les groupes ayant jeûné, et 11% dans le groupe injecté à la cortisone, alors que le calcium est diminué respectivement de 6%, 5%, 18% et 13%. Le nombre de coups par minute, c.p.m., et le s.a. de calcium des animaux ayant reçu une injection d'isotope et soumis au jeûne, sont considérablement plus élevés que ceux des témoins. Ils augmentent proportionnellement avec la durée du jeûne et sont plus élevés pour l'organisme entier que pour les fémurs. Lorsque les animaux se mettent à jeûner 35 jours après l'administration de l'isotope, les faits observés sont identiques, mais l'augmentation relative est nettement inférieure par rapport au groupe précédent. Les résultats ont été interprétés comme suit: 1. Le collagène fémoral est stable malgré la grande perte d'azote corporel, provoqué par le jeûne ou par l'administration du prednisolone. An niveau de l'organisme entier, une diminution importante peut cependant être observée dans ces conditions. 2. De faibles quantités de calcium peuvent être éliminées sans perte de collagène, mais, en cas de perte élevée, le collagène di minue dans une proportion à peu près égale à celle du calcium. 3. Le calcium récemment déposé se modifie chimiquement et thermodynamiquement avec le temps, de telle sorte qu'il réagit différemment en cas de famine.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung 45Ca++ wurde männlichen Ratten injiziert, die über 18 Monate alt waren. Beginnend am Tag nach der Injektion ließ man einige der Tiere während 4, 9, resp. 15 Tagen fasten. Anderen ließ man erst ab 35 Tagen nach der Markierung mit45Ca++ fasten, und weiteren wurde Prednisolon injiziert, bis ein Gewichtsverlust von 30% verursacht wurde, obschon sie kein45Ca++ erhielten. Die fastenden Tiere zeigten Gewichtsverluste von 10–12%, 20–22%, resp. 30–32%. Diese Gruppen verloren 13%, 16%, resp. 28% des Stickstoffs aus dem Skelet, wogegen die Prednisolongruppe einen Verlust von 29% aufwies. Die Femora dieser Tiere zeigten keinen Kollagenverlust. Der Calciumgehalt der Femora war merklich vermindert (8%ige Abnahme) bei jenen Tieren, die am längsten gefastet hatten. Im Skelet (Femora, Haut, Lunge und Dünndarm nicht inbegriffen) nahm das Kollagen um 4%, 7%, resp. 15% bei den fastenden Gruppen und 11% bei der Cortisongruppe ab, während das Calcium um 6%, 5%, 18%, resp. 13% vermindert war. Die Radioaktivität und die spezifische Aktivität des Calciums war beträchtlich größer bei den Tieren, die das Isotop erhielten und die man sofort fasten ließ als bei den Kontrolltieren, und zwar zunehmend mit dem Grad der Fastenzeit; sie waren größer im restlichen Skelet als in den Femora. Wenn das Fasten erst 35 Tage nach der Markierung begann, waren die Resultate ähnlich, aber größenordnungsmäßig weit unter den vorher erwähnten. Die Resultate wurden folgendermaßen interpretiert: 1. Das Kollagen in den Femora bleibt unverändert trotz großem Verlust von Stickstoff aus dem Skelet, verursacht durch Fasten oder Prednisolongaben. Es können jedoch im restlichen Skelet unter diesen Bedingungen große Verluste entstehen. 2. Kleinere Calciummengen können verloren gehen ohne Kollagenverlust; bei größeren Calciumverlusten jedoch geht Kollagen ungefähr im gleichen Verhältnis wie Calcium verloren. 3. Frisch abgelagertes Calcium verändert sich mit der Zeit in chemischer und thermodynamischer Hinsicht, so daß es während des Fastens anders reagiert als vorher.
    Notes: Abstract Male rats more than 11/2 years of age were injected with45Ca2+. Some were starved for 4, 9, and 15 days beginning one day later. Others were starved beginning 35 days after receiving the label, and still others were injected with prednisolone until 30% weight loss was induced, although the latter did not receive45Ca2+. In the starved animals, weight losses of 10–12%, 20–22%, and 30–32% were induced. These groups lost 13%, 16%, and 28%, respectively, of their carcass nitrogen while the prednisolone group lost 29%. The femora of these animals exhibited no collagen loss. Calcium in the femora was significantly reduced (8% loss) in the animals starved the most. In the carcass (minus the femora, skin, lungs, and small intestine) collagen was reduced 4%, 7%, and 15% in the starved groups and 11% in the cortisone group while calcium was reduced 6%, 5%, 18%, and 13%, respectively. The c.p.m. and s.a. of calcium in the animals which received the isotope and were starved immediately, were considerably greater than that of the controls, increasing with degree of starvation and was greater in the carcass than in the femora. When starvation was instituted 35 days after administration of isotope, the patterns were similar but the relative increase was far below the previous. The results were interpreted as follows: 1. Collagen in the femora is stable in the presence of great loss of body nitrogen induced by starvation or prednisolone administration. However, in the carcass large decrements may result under these conditions. 2. Small amounts of calcium may be lost without loss of collagen, but with large losses, collagen is lost in roughly equal proportion to calcium. 3. Newly-laid-down calcium becomes altered with time in its chemical or thermodynamic state so that it responds differently in the presence of starvation than it did before.
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  • 19
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    Calcified tissue international 6 (1970), S. 197-203 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Protein ; Serum ; Tissue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du liquide interstitiel de rats, prélevé à l'aide de chambres de diffusions implantées dans la région sous-cutanée, est analysé en calcium, phosphate inorganique et protéine. Les fractions ultra-filtrables de calcium et de phosphate inorganique sont déterminées à l'aide de chambres de dialyse implantées de façon similaire. La concentration en calcium total du liquide interstitiel est de 8.80 mg/100 ml, soit 12% inférieure que celle du sérum des mêmes animaux. La concentration du phosphate inorganique est de 16% inférieure que le P sérique. Les fractions ultra-filtrables de calcium et de phosphate inorganique du liquide interstitiel est respectivement de 71% et 92% du calcium total et du P. La concentration en protéine du liquide interstitiel est environ 62% de la valeur en protéine sérique et, par suite, nettement plus élevée que les valeurs généralement acceptées. La distribution en protéine du liquide interstitiel, aprés électrophorèse sur disque, ne montre que de faibles différences avec celle du sérum.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurden Proben von interstitieller Flüssigkeit von Ratten mittels subcutan implantierten Diffusionskammern entnommen und auf Calcium, anorganisches Phosphat und Protein untersucht. Die ultrafiltriebaren Fraktionen von Calcium und anorganischem Phosphat in der interstitiellen Flüssigkeit wurden mittels einer Dialyse-Kammer bestimmt, welche auf gleiche Weise implantiert wurde. Die Konzentration des gesamten Calciums in der interstitiellen Flüssigkeit war 8,80 mg/100 ml, d.h. 12% niedriger als im Serum der gleichen Tiere. Die Konzentration von anorganischem Phosphat war 16% niedriger als Serum-P. Die ultrafiltrierbaren Fraktionen von Calcium und anorganischem Phosphat in der interstitiellen Flüssigkeit waren 71 bzw. 92% des gesamten Ca und P. Die Konzentration von Protein in der interstitiellen Flüssigkeit war etwa 62% des Serumproteinwertes, also beträchtlich höher als die allgemein angenommenen Werte. Das Disc-Elektrophoresemuster von Protein in der interstitiellen Flüssigkeit zeigte nur geringe quantitative Unterschiede zu demjenigen im Serum.
    Notes: Abstract Interstitial fluid was sampled from rats by subcutaneously implanted diffusion chambers and analyzed for calcium, inorganic phosphate and protein. The ultrafiltrable fractions of calcium and inorganic phosphate in the interstitial fluid were estimated by a dialyzing chamber implanted in the same way. The concentration of total calcium in the interstitial fluid was found to be 8.80 mg/100 ml, or 12% lower than in serum from the same animals. The concentration of inorganic phosphate was found to be 16% lower than serum-P. The ultrafiltrable fractions of calcium and inorganic phosphate in the interstitial fluid were found to be 71% and 92% of total Ca and P respectively. The concentration of protein in the interstitial fluid was about 62% of the serum protein value, and thus considerably higher than the commonly accepted values. The disc electrophoretic pattern of the interstitial fluid protein showed only minor quantitative differences from that of serum.
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  • 20
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    Calcified tissue international 6 (1970), S. 249-253 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Metabolism ; Heparin ; Thyroid ; Parathyroid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De l'héparine est administrée à de jeunes chats, des chats adultes entiers, des chats thyroidectomisés ou parathyroidectomisés et des chats thyroidectomisés et parathyroidectomisés. La calcémie s'est élevée chez tous les animaux pendant 2 ou plusieurs mois. Le fait que ce résultat soit obtenu chez des animaux privés ou en possession de leurs thyroides et parathyroides, indique que l'effet de mobilisation du calcium, induit par l'héparine est dû à une action directe.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Junge Katzen, intakte erwachsene Katzen und Katzen, bei welchen die Thyreoidea oder die Parathyreoidea oder beide Drüsen entfernt worden waren, erhielten Heparin. Während zwei oder mehr Monaten stiegen die Serumcalcium-Werte bei allen Tieren an. Da dieses Resultat bei Tieren ohne Thyreoidea und Parathyreoidea und bei Tieren, die die Drüsen noch hatten, beobachtet werden konnte, kann angenommen werden, daß die Calcium-mobilisierende Wirkung des Heparins eine direkte war.
    Notes: Abstract Heparin was administered to kittens, to intact cats, and to cats whose thyroids, or parathyroids, or both thyroids and parathyroids had been removed. Over 2 or more months, the serum calcium levels rose in all animals. This result, occurring both in the animals lacking thyroids and parathyroids and in those still having them, suggests that the calcium mobilizing effect of heparin was a direct one.
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  • 21
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    Calcified tissue international 6 (1970), S. 301-315 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Absorption ; Radioisotopes ; Oral ; Intravenous
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les équations dérivées pour mesurer les vitesses de déplacement du calcium au niveau de l'intestin et du sang ont été appliquées à des résultats obtanus chez 23 sujets. Chaque sujet a reçu 5 μ Ci45Ca par injection intra-veineuse et 20 μ Ci47Ca per os. Les activités spécifiques du plasma, de l'urine et des fèces ont été mesurées et l'absorption et les vitesses de déplacement endogène du calcium ont été déterminées, en utilisant les deux méthodes décrites antérieurement. Les mesures basées sur les calculs du contenu des fèces en ces deux isotopes, sont plus satisfaisantes que les calculs réalisés sur le plasma. Les mesures réaliséez chez des sujets, ayant été soumis à la chirurgie gastrique, donnent certaines informations concernant les régions d'absorption du calcium.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die abgeleiteten Gleichungen zur Messung der Calciumdurchflußgeschwindigkeiten in Darm und Blut kamen zur Anwendung bei der Aufarbeitung von Daten, die für 23 Personen zusammengestellt wurden. Jede Versuchsperson erhielt 5 μC45Ca i. v. und 20 μC47Ca p. o. Die spezifischen Aktivitäten von Plasma, Urin und Faeces wurden dann gemessen und daraus die Absorption sowie die endogene Calciumdurchflußgeschwindigkeit ermittelt, wozu beide in einer früheren Publikation beschriebenen Methoden benützt wurden. Die auf den Integralberechnungen der fäkalen spezifischen Aktivitäten basierenden Messungen der beiden Tracer ergaben ein befriedigenderes Resultat als jene, die auf den spezifischen Aktivitäten des Plasmas beruhten. Die Messungen an Magen-Darm-Operierten ergaben einige Hinweise auf die Lokalisation der Calciumabsorption.
    Notes: Abstract The equations derived to measure the calcium flow rates in the gut and blood have been applied to data gathered from 23 subjects. Each subject was given 5 μCi45Ca by intravenous injection and 20 μCi47Ca orally. The specific activities of plasma, urine and faeces were then measured and the absorption and calcium endogenous flow rates found, using both methods described in a previous publication. The measurements based on the calculations of the faecal occupancies, of the two tracers were found to be more satisfactory than the calculations based on plasma occupancy. The measurements on subjects who had gastric surgery gave some information on the site of calcium absorption.
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  • 22
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    Calcified tissue international 6 (1970), S. 290-300 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Strontium ; bone ; Apatite ; Solubility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé D'après des travaux antérieurs, il semble que le minéral osseux, chez le Rat, effectue une discriminationin vivo du Sr de l'ordre de 1.6∶1. Des modifications de ce fait ont pu être observées dans des apatites biologiques et synthétiques, contenant du Sr, préparées dans les conditionsin vivo etin vitro suivantes: chez des rats soumis à 2,5% de SrCO3, pendant 3–4 mois: incorporation de Sr dans de la poudre d'os ou de l'hydroxyapatite, par équilibre in vitro; par chauffage des minéraux contenant du Sr à 350–500°. La discrimination, en minéral, forméin vitro, est initialement identique à celle forméein vivo, mais, à fur et à mesure de la cristallisation du précipité amorphe, elle augmente nettement. Une dissolution progressive de specimens dans des solutions à 0.1–0.01 N acide-alcool, montre que l'incorporation du Sr est un phénomène de surface au niveau de minéraux préformés. Le Sr est réparti de façon plus homogène dans les minéraux chaffés, ou obtenus par croissancein vivo ouin vitro. Pendant la mise en équilibre dans un tampon «tris», la discrimination varie de 50 à 2,4. Elle décroit avec 1. la chute du pH, 2. la décroissance du rapport solide/solution et 3. l'augmentation de l'homogénéité du Sr dans le minéral. La discrimination dans le sérum est négligeable. Il semble que l'équilibre dans des solutions tampons fait intervenir une phase de surface reprécipitée, dont le rapport Ca/Sr est différent de celui du corps cristallin, et qui pourrait rendre compte de la discrimination apparente envers le Srin vitro.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Frühere Untersuchungen führen zur Annahme, daß das Verhältnis der Aufnahme von Calcium zu jenem von Strontium im Knochenmineral von Rattenin vivo ungefähr 1,6∶1 ist. Diese Resultate veränderten sich, wenn biologische und synthetische, Sr enthaltende Apatite unter folgendenin vivo undin vitro Bedingungen hergestellt wurden: 1. Ratten, die während 3–4 Monaten mit 2,5% SrCO3 gefüttert wurden; 2. Einbau von Sr durch Equilibrationin vitro in vorgebildetes Knochenpulver oder Hydroxyapatit; 3. durch Erhitzen von Sr-Mineralien auf 350–500°C. Die Diskriminierung imin vitro gebildeten Mineral ist zuerst derjenigenin vivo ähnlich, aber sobald sich der amorphe Niederschlag kristallisiert, wird sie viel größer. Die stufenweise Auflösung der Mineralproben in 0,1–0,01 N Säure-Alkohollösungen deutet darauf hin, daß der Sr-Einbau ein Oberflächenphänomen vorgeformter Mineralien ist, daß er jedoch in erhitztem oderon vivo, oderin vitro gewachsenem Mineral homogener verteilt ist. Während der Equilibration mit Tris-puffer variierte die Diskriminierung von über 50 bis 2,4. Sie nahm ab durch 1. Abnahme des pH, 2. Abnahme des Verhältnisses feste Masse/Lösung, 3. Zunahme der Homogenität von Sr im Mineral. Die Diskriminierung im Serum war belanglos. Es wird postuliert, daß das Gleichgewicht in Pufferlösungen eine Oberflächenphase mit erneutem Niederschlag bewirkt, bei welcher das Ca/Sr-Verhältnis anders ist als im Inneren des Kristalls; dies könnte die scheinbare Diskriminierung gegen Srin vitro erklären.
    Notes: Abstract Previous work suggests that bone mineral in rats discriminatesin vivo for Ca against Sr by a factor of about 1.6∶1. Modification of this has been observed in biological and synthetic apatites containing Sr prepared under the following conditionsin vivo andin vitro: rats fed 2.5% SrCO3 for 3–4 months; incorporation of Sr into pre-formed bone powder, or hydroxyapatite by equilibrationin vitro and by heating Sr minerals to 350–500°. Discrimination in mineral formedin vitro is at first similar to thatin vivo, but as the amorphous precipitate crystallizes it becomes much greater. Sequential dissolution of mineral specimens in 0.1–0.01 N acid-ethanol solutions indicates that Sr incorporation is a surface phenomena in preformed minerals, but is more homogeneously distributed in mineral heated, or grownin vivo orin vitro. During equilibration in tris buffer, discrimination ranged from over 50 to 2.4. This decreased with (1) decrease in pH, (2) decrease in solid/solution ratio, and (3) increased homogeneity of Sr in mineral. Discrimination in serum was negligible. It is postulated that equilibrium in buffer solutions involves a reprecipitated surface phase of different Ca/Sr ratio from the body of the crystal, which could account for the apparent discrimination against Srin vitro.
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    Calcified tissue international 6 (1970), S. 335-342 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Crystals ; Epitaxy ; Bone ; Composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du phosphate de calcium hydraté monohydrogéné est proposé comme précurseur logique dans la formation de l'hydroxyapatite et une théorie expliquant la formation d'apatiles défectueux, à contenu faible en calcium, est présentée. Les rapports structuraux entre le phosphate de calcium déhydraté monohydrogéné et l'hydroxyapatite indiquent que l'un ou l'autre de ces produits est susceptible de fournir l'édifice atomique nécessaire à la croissance épitaxique de l'un sur l'autre. La formation d'apatite parait être le résultat de deux processus différents au point de vue cinétique: la formation initiale rapide du phosphate de calcium dihydraté monohydrogéné amorphe et la formation lente consécutive d'hydroxyapatite du précipité initial. Les rapports Ca/P des phosphates de calcium, formés à partir des constituants de solution situés dans la région de la phase d'hydroxyapatite, en fonction du temps, permettent une composition variable du phosphate de calcium monohydrogéné dihydraté et de l'hydroxyapatite. Le calcium de phosphate hydraté ponohydrogéné parait être le cristal d'ensemencement nécessaire à la croissance de l'hydroxyapatite dans l'os et les dents à pH physiologique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Hydriertes Calciummonohydrogenphosphat wird als die logische Vorstufe bei der Bildung von Hydroxyapatit vorgeschlagen, und eine vereinheitlichende Theorie für die Bildung von calciumarmen oder defizienten Apatiten wird vorgelegt. Strukturelle Beziehungen zwischen Dihydrocalciummonohydrogenphosphat und Hydroxyapatit zeigen, daß beide Substanzen die Atomanordnung für das epitaxiale Wachstum des einen auf dem anderen liefern können. Die Apatitbildung wird als die Summe von zwei Vorgängen verschiedener Geschwindigkeit dargelegt: die zu Beginn rasch vor sich gehende Bildung von amorphem Dihydrocalciumonohydrogenphosphat und die nachfolgende langsame Bildung von kristallinem Hydroxyapatit aus dem anfänglichen Niederschlag. Das Verhältnis als Zeitfunktion von Ca/P des Calciumphosphates, welches sich aus Lösungen bildet, deren Zusammensetzung im Gebiete liegt, wo das Hydroxyapatit in der stabilen Phase vorkommt, läßt vermuten, daß diese Calciumphosphate eine unterschiedliche Zusammensetzung von Dihydrocalciummonohydrogenphosphate und Hydroxyapatit haben. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß das Dihydrocalciummonohydrogenphosphat auf Grund der Bildungsgeschwindigkeit und Zusammensetzung des Calciumphosphates sowie der kristallographischen Werte ein notwendiger Nukleator für das Wachstum von Hydroxyapatit in Knochen und Zähnen bei einem physiologischen pH ist.
    Notes: Abstract Hydrated calcium monohydrogen phosphate is proposed as the logical precursor in the formation of hydroxyapatite and a unifying theory for the formation of low calcium, or defect apatites, is presented. Structural relationships between calcium monohydrogen phosphate dihydrate and hydroxyapatite indicate that either material can provide the atomic arrangment for the epitaxial growth of one on the other. The formation of apatite is presented as the summation of two rate processes: the initial fast formation of amorphous calcium monohydrogen phosphate dihydrate and the subsequent slow formation of crystalline hydroxyapatite from the initial precipitate. Ca/P ratios of calcium phosphates, formed from compositions in the phase region of hydroxyapatite as a function of time, suggest a varying composition of calcium monohydrogen phosphate dihydrate and hydroxyapatite. Hydrated calcium monohydrogen phosphate is proposed on the basis of rate and composition of calcium phosphate formed and on crystallographic data to be a necessary seed for growth of hydroxyapatite in bone and teeth at physiological pH.
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    Environmental management 8 (1984), S. 309-324 
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Animals ; Indicators ; Air pollution ; Ecosystem responses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract With existing and proposed air-quality regulations, ecological disasters resulting from air emissions such as those observed at Copperhill, Tennessee, and Sudbury, Ontario, are unlikely. Current air-quality standards, however, may not protect ecosystems from subacute and chronic exposure to air emissions. The encouragement of the use of coal for energy production and the development of the fossil-fuel industries, including oil shales, tar sands, and coal liquification, point to an increase and spread of fossil-fuel emissions and the potential to influence a number of natural ecosystems. This paper reviews the reported responses of ecosystems to air-borne pollutants and discusses the use of animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to these pollutants. Animal species and populations can act as important indicators of biotic and abiotic responses of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. These responses can indicate long-term trends in ecosystem health and productivity, chemical cycling, genetics, and regulation. For short-term trends, fish and wildlife also serve as monitors of changes in community structure, signaling food-web contamination, as well as providing a measure of ecosystem vitality. Information is presented to show not only the importance of animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to air-quality degradation, but also their value as air-pollution indices, that is, as air-quality-related values (AQRV), required in current air-pollution regulation.
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    Archives of microbiology 138 (1984), S. 140-152 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Caulobacter ; Prostheca development ; Stalk function ; Calcium ; Phosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Calcium was found to stimulate stalk development in Caulobacter crescentus and to relieve the inhibition of development long known to be caused by phosphate. This suggested that phosphate inhibition could be attributed to its interaction with Ca2+, thereby depriving the cells of a factor that promoted development. Calcium was also found to promote phosphate acquisition by the cells, observed as acceleration of growth at extremes of phosphate concentration, as promotion of carbon-source utilization rather than storage, and as support for phosphate-dependent resistance to arsenate inhibition of growth. Cytological studies of dividing cells revealed that stalked siblings had greater access to exogenous phosphate for use in growth or for storage as polyphosphate, and that access of non-stalked sibling to phosphate was dependent on the length of the stalk of the dividing cell. It was concluded that the physiologic role of the stalk is enhancement of phosphate acquisition. The stimulatory role of calcium in this process was attributed to its support of stalk development and to its stabilization of internal membrane/cell envelope association within the cell-stalk juncture.
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    Archives of microbiology 139 (1984), S. 102-104 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Fungus ; Zoospore ; Blastocladiella ; Allomyces ; Gamma ; Particle ; Phosphate ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The elemental composition of gamma particles in zoospores ofAllomyces macrogynus andBlastocladiella emersonii was determined by use of energy dispersive X-ray analysis of glutaraldehyde fixed, thin section zoospores. Isolated preparations of gamma particles were also examined. Gamma particles contained no detectable elements. Similar sized, globular, electron dense cytoplasmic inclusions contained phosphorus and calcium. We suggest that previous studies assigning calcium and phosphorus to gamma particles may have been based on confusion of these two types of cytoplasmic inclusions.
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    Planta 160 (1984), S. 12-20 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Calcium ; Calmodulin ; Germination (spore) ; Onoclea ; Phytochrome and Ca2+ ; Pteridophyta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phytochrome is confirmed to be the photoreceptor pigment in the germination response of Onoclea sensibilis L. by demonstrating red-far-red (R-FR) photoreversibility. External Ca2+ is required for this response with a threshold at a submicromolar concentration. Ethylene glycol-bis(β-amino-ethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid, La3+ and Co2+ reversibly inhibit germination. Lanthanum only inhibits germination when applied before or during irradiation, indicating that the external Ca2+ requirement is transient, although in the absence of Ca2+ the R-stimulated system remains maximally poised to accept the ion for over 4 h after irradiation. The ability to respond to Ca2+ 4.1 h after R-irradiation is not reversed by FR-irradiation, indicating that Ca2+ transport has been uncoupled from phytochrome. Barium and Sr2+, but not Mg2+ can substitute for Ca2+. Artificially increasing the concentration of intracellular free Ca2+ with the ionophore A 23187 stimulates germination in the dark. The Ca2+-calmodulin antagonists, trifluoperizine and chlorpromazine, reversibly inhibit germination. Calcium is required in phytochrome-mediated fern spore germination; it may be acting as a second messenger.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ionophore A-23187 ; Calcium ; Exocrine pancreas ; Secretion ; Zymogen granule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rat-pancreas lobules were incubated with the ionophore A-23187 in the presence of Ca2+. After 90 min, some of the acini were partially or almost completely depleted of their zymogen granules while others had the appearance of resting acini. With few exceptions, the cells of a given acinus were degranulated to a comparable level. Slight dispersion of the zymogen granules was noticed in cells incubated in a Ca2+-free medium containing EGTA with or without A-23187. In the presence of Ca2+ the secretory response obtained with the ionophore was comparable to that observed with 10-5M urecholine. The results obtained provide cytological evidence that the secretory response is only partially determined at the membrane-receptor level and that other mechanisms intervene between cytosol Ca2+ increase and exocytosis.
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    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 237-244 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Aster formation ; Calcium ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Hypertonic stress ; Parthenogenetic stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sea urchin eggs exposed to a continuous hypertonic treatment rapidly form many concentric whorls of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during the pre-activation period of the parthenogenetic development. These whorls, however, are only a temporary configurational alteration of ER which begin to break up just prior to egg activation. The conversion back to normal vesicles and lamellae occurs not only concurrently with the appearance of early cytastral areas, but also frequently in close association with the formation of these membranous areas. It is revealed here that membrane elements from disrupting whorls may become incorporated into adjacent, developing clear areas, early cytastral areas, and that this ER constitutes an initial major source of membranes for these early astral areas. Having previously suggested that the actual formation of ER whorls occurs in direct response to released intracellular calcium in hypertonic stressed eggs, the new findings, along with other related data and correlations, further suggest that whorl disruption and the formation of associated astral areas can be correlated with a corresponding decrease in the concentration of this released calcium in the cytoplasm.
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    Protoplasma 120 (1984), S. 209-215 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Fusion ; Calcium ; Protoplast ; Membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Rather than selecting for a chemical fusogen one can select for a fusogenic plant membrane (i.e., one that will fuse readily). Wild carrot suspension culture cells can be grown under conditions which cause the released protoplasts to have a high potential to fuse. Protoplast fusion is enhanced by calcium and inhibited by EGTA. When 10mM calcium (pH6.0) is added, fusion percentages of 60% are common. The mild fusion treatment appears to have no effect on callus regeneration and differentiation.
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    Protoplasma 121 (1984), S. 17-24 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Chilling-sensitivity ; Calcium ; Chlortetracyline ; A 23187 ; Lycopersicon ; Digitalis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have investigated the possibility that the rapid low temperature effects upon cyclosis and subcelluar structure might be due to a breakdown in compartmentation of intracellular calcium, leading to an increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+. Changes in fluorescence of chlortetracycline (CTC), a probe for membrane-bound Ca2+ were monitored in the corners of individual trichome cells (effective spot size ca. 800 square microns) with the aid of a Zeiss epifluorescence microscope linked to a Zeiss Zonax analyzing system. A consistent decrease in signal was observed as cells of chilling-sensitiveLycopersicon esculentum Mill. (cv.Ace) were cooled below their threshold temperature for chilling sensitivity. On rewarming, as the temperature rose above the chilling threshold, there was an increase in fluorescent signal. In contrast, trichomes ofDigitalis purpurea (chilling-resistant) showed no such changes. The uncoupling agent, CCCP, and the Ca2+-chelator, EGTA, induced marked decreases in the fluorescent signal in cells from both species. A more direct approach to testing the hypothesis was to examine the effect of modulating cytoplasmic Ca2+ with the aid of the Ca2+ -ionophore A 23187 and a Ca2+ concentration series in EGTA buffer. Above 10−8 M external free Ca2+, streaming began to be inhibited, full inhibition occurring at 5 x 10−6M Ca2+. The strand structure started to disappear when the Ca2+ rose above 10−7M. Disappearance of strands was accompanied by an increase in the number of cells with vesiculated cytoplasm, an effect analogous to that of chilling temperatures on these cells. The phenothiazines, trifluoperazine and chlorpromazine (10−5M) had similar effects. However but such effects were not seen with R 24571 or N(6-aminohexyl)5-chloro-1-napthalenesulfonamide (W 7) until concentrations were reached that orders of magnitude above their IC50 for calmodulin.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Calcium ; Contraction ; Discophrya ; Ionophore A23187 ; Ruthenium red ; Tentacles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The tentacles of the suctorian protozoonDiscophrya collini are stimulated to contract by externally applied Ca2+. The role of extracellular Ca2+ in tentacle contraction was studied by monitoring45Ca2+ uptake, using ionophore A23187 to facilitate membrane transport of calcium and ruthenium red (RR) as an inhibitor of transport. The degree of tentacle retraction was dependent upon external Ca2+ concentration and studies with45Ca2+ using scintillation counting indicated a linear relationship between external Ca2+ concentration and Ca2+ uptake. Uptake of Ca2+ was enhanced in the presence of the ionophore while RR caused little inhibition.45Ca2+ uptake was only partially inhibited by RR when cells were subjected to a Ca2+, ionophore and RR mixture. Grain counts from light microscope autoradiographs after treatment of cells with45Ca2+/ionophore,45Ca2+/RR or45Ca2+ alone showed heavy, light and intermediate labelling respectively. In all instances the grains were evenly distributed within the cell. These observations are interpreted as supporting the suggestion that the ionophore enhances both the uptake of extracellular Ca2+ and release of Ca2+from an internal source, while the RR could only partially prevent movement of Ca2+ through the plasma mebrane. A model is presented suggesting that tentacle retraction is mediated by cytosolic Ca2+ levels which are determined by the fluxing of Ca2+ across the plasma membrane and the membrane of elongate dense bodies which act as internal Ca2+ reservoirs.
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 319-337 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aggregates ; Aluminium ; Bacterial mucilage ; Binding agents ; Calcium ; Cation bridges ; Complexing agents ; Dispersion ; Electron microscopy ; Electrophoretic mobility ; Fungal hyphae ; Glues Iron ; Management Periodate ; Polysaccharides ; Rhizosphere ; Roots ; Slaking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The stability of pores and particles is essential for optimum growth of plants. Two categories of aggregates macro- (〉 250 μm) and micro- (〈250 μm) depend on organic matter for stability against disruptive forces caused by rapid wetting. Dispersion of clay particles from microaggregates is promoted by adsorption of complexing organic acids which increase the negative charge on clays. The acids are produced by plants, bacteria and fungi. However, the dispersibility of clay in microaggregates is offset by the binding action of polysaccharides, mainly mucilages produced by bacteria, but also by plant roots and fungal hyphae. The stability of microaggregates is also enhanced by multivalent cations which act as bridges between organic colloids and clays. Macroaggregates are enmeshed by plant roots, both living and decomposing, and are thus sensitive to management, and increase in number when grasses are grown and the soil is not disturbed. Lack of root growth,i.e. fallow, has the opposite effect. Various implications for management of soil structure are discussed.
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    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 367-379 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acidity ; Aluminium ; Calcium ; Manganese ; Nodulation ; pH Rhizobium ; Rhizosphere ; Root elongation ; Root hairs ; Trifolium repens ; White clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effects of factors associated with soil acidity (low pH, low calcium, high aluminium and high manganese) on theTrifolium repens-Rhizobium trifolii symbiosis were investigted under laboratory conditions using an axenic solution-culture technique. 200 μM manganese increased root elongation in the range pH 4.3–5.5, but had no effect on root hair formation, the number of Rhizobium in the rhizosphere, or nodule formation. Root elongation and root hair formation were unaffected at pH 4.3 when 500 or 1000μM calcium was supplied, whereas multiplication of Rhizobium in the rhizosphere and nodulation were inhibited at pH 4.3 and 4.7.50–1000μM calcium had no effect either on the multiplication of Rhizobium in the range pH 4.3–5.5, or on nodule formation in the absence of aluminium. 50 μM aluminium inhibited, root elongation and root hair formation at pH 4.3 and 4.7; the effect on root elongation was reduced by increasing the calcium concentration from 50 to 1000μM. 50μM aluminium also inhibited Rhizobium multiplication in the rhizosphere and reduced nodule formation at pH 5.5 (at which aluminium precipitated out of solution), but root elongation and root hair formation were unaffected. These, effects of aluminium at pH 5.5 may explain the poor response to inoculation by white clover in acid mineral soils after liming.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Cation de liaison ; Complexes organo-minéraux ; Minéralisation ; Stabilisation de la matière organique ; Structure ; Calcium ; Cation bridge ; Fixation of organic matter ; Mineralisation ; Organomineral compounds ; Structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By gradually removing the exchangeable calcium held by the organo-mineral complex of an organic soil from the Jura mountains, the authors showed: a direct action of the microflora on the mineralisation of organic matter (Fig. 7) and on the generation of mineral nitrogen (Fig. 3); an indirect action by the mineralisation of organic matter on the destabilisation of the clay-humus complex. They therefore concluded that the reduction of calcium resulted in the destabilisation of the organo-mineral complex by H+, produced by the biodegradation of the most labile portion of the organic matter. The clay humus complex gradually dissociated. This process lead to the destruction of aggregates and organo-mineral complexes. The organic matter released became biodegradable due to the shortage of calcium.
    Notes: Résumé Les auteurs sont partis d'un complexe organo-minéral calcique provenant d'un sol humifère du Jura et ont provoqué une diminution progressive au cours du temps du taux de calcium échangeable. L'étude de l'évolution de divers paramètres, menée parallèlement, a permis d'analyser les effets directs et indirects de la baisse du calcium sur le complexe organo-minéral. Les résultats obtenus concernent: 1. les effets directs de l'action minéralisatrice de la microflore sur la dégradation de la matière organique (Fig. 7) et la production d'azote minéral (Fig. 3). 2. les effets indirects de cette minéralisation sur la déstabilisation du complexe argilo-humique (Fig. 8). Ils permettent d'affirmer qu'un complexe organo-minéral calcique évolue très rapidement quand l'apport d'ions calcium vient à diminuer ou à être supprimé. Les ions Ca2+ sont très vite déplacés et remplacés par des ions H+ produits par la biodégradation des fractions les plus labiles de la matière organique. Le complexe argile-calcium-humus est progressivement dissocié. Le processus conduit à une destruction des agrégats avec libération des argiles et de la matière organique qui devient à son tour biodégradable. l'effet stabilisateur du calcium ayant disparu.
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    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 101-121 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Base saturation ; Bio-climatic zones ; Calcium ; Clay accumulation ; Copper ; C:N ratio ; EDTA ; Forest soils ; Greece ; Iron ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Phosphate ; Potassium ; Soil classification ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soils derived from a number of different parent materials (lithologies) and developed along a climatic gradient, manifested by the altitudinal succession of natural vegetation zones (Mediterranean, sub-Mediterranean, Mountainous and Pseudoalpine), were sampled throughout mainland Greece. In soils derived from siliceous parent materials low in clay, acidity increase and percent base saturation decreases from the Mediterranean to the Pseudoalpine vegetation zones. Clay illuviation is found mainly in soils developed in the Mediterranean and the sub-Mediterranean zones. No such changes are apparent in clayey soils rich in bases. Organic matter content of the mineral portion of the soil profile increases by a factor of 2 with a decrease in mean annual air temperature of about 10°C. The pattern of change in clay and soil organic matter content with climate is in relatively good agreement with soil development trends in the area, when soil profiles are named according to the FAO-Unesco soil map of the world. Concentrations of Ca and Mg decrease and those of total N, total and extractable P, K, Fe, Mn and Zn increase from the Mediterranean to the Mountainous zone. Within the same zone, however, concentrations of N, Ca, K, Fe, Mn and Zn decrease, but those of Mg, total and extractable P increase with soil depth. The concentrations of most macro- and micronutrients in the humic horizon are several times higher than those in the mineral portion of the soil profile due to biological enrichment.
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    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 61-67 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Glomus caledonium ; Glomus mosseae ; Lactuca sativa ; Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Infection of lettuce roots (Lactuca sativa L.) by the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungiGlomus caledonium andGlomus mosseae was dependent on the amount of calcium (supplied as CaCl2·2H2O or CaSO4·2H2O) in the nutrient solution; those plants growing at low calcium concentrations being poorly infected.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aluminium toxicity ; Calcium ; Phosphate ; Trifolium ; Uptake ; Nutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Hydroponic experiments were undertaken to examine the effect of increasing aluminium levels on the mineral nutrition and root morphology ofT. repens growing in nutrient solution. Toxicity symptoms appear between 27.8 and 47.5 μM Al3+ activity (148 to 297 μM total aluminium). The threshold level corresponding to a 10% reduction in leaf fresh weight is estimated to be approximately 20 μM Al3+ activity. The concentration of aluminium in the leaves of white clover increases exponentially with aluminium activity in the nutrient solution. The uptake of divalent cations was inhibited but aluminium enhanced potassium and nitrogen concentrations in both leaves and roots. At high pH (pH 6.0) the speciation of aluminium is controlled by the formation of solid aluminium phosphate and aluminium hydroxide except at the lowest aluminium level (37 μM) where 99.9 per cent is present as the DTPA complex. As the concentration of total aluminium increases, the percentage of Al-DTPA and soluble aluminium hydroxide decreases whilst solid Al(OH)3 increases rapidly to reach a maximum of 91.6 percent (of the total aluminium) in the 1180 μM aluminium treatment. At pH 4.5 the dominant forms of aluminium are free aluminium ion Al-DTPA, AlSO 4 + and AlOH2+. The roots of aluminium stressed plants showed symptoms typical of aluminium toxicity.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Eucalyptus saligna ; Eucalyptus wandoo ; Foliar nutrients ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Rehabilitation ; Seasonal trends
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seasonal changes in the foliar concentration of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) in sapling trees ofEucalyptus saligna Sm. andE. wandoo Blakely growing in rehabilitated bauxite mined areas in the Darling Range of Western Australia are described. Foliar N concentration decreased with age of the fully expanded leaf tissue. Leaf N concentrations were also high when rates of litter decomposition were expected to be high during the period of early spring. The greatest foliar N difference between trees growing in good soil conditions and those from poorer soil conditions also occurred during this period. Levels of P in leaves were highest in young developing leaves but once the leaves reached full size, no seasonal trend in P concentration was observed. Foliar K was lower during the winter and probably related to the period of maximum leaching by precipitation. High foliar K during summer, however, could be related to the role of K in lowering cellular water potential. Leaf Ca was highest during early sping. Low mobility of cellular Ca during the cool portion of the year was indicated. Foliar Mg showed a weak pattern of decreasing concentration with leaf age. The best season for sampling for these broadleafed evergreen species to provide information on plant nutrient status appears to be in spring.
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  • 40
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    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 181-190 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Adsorption ; Calcium ; CEC ; Cell wall ; Clover ; Exchange ; Magnesium ; Model ; Potassium ; pH ; Root ; Rye-grass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The ion exchange properties of clover and rye-grass root cell walls were studied quantitatively. Three sets of experiments were performed: adsorption of Ca, Mg and K ions versus pH, adsorption versus cation concentration and exchange isotherms Ca−Mg and Mg−K. A model has been developed. It allows the satisfactory prediction of results (except for pH curves) with the adjustment of a minimum of parameters. The total charge (RT), on its own, accounts for the difference between the ion exchange properties of the clover and rye grass cell walls. The selectivities observed on root material are very different from those observed on soil exchange complexes. The decreasing affinities of cell walls for cations follow the sequence: Ca〉Mg≫K for cell walls. These differences of selectivity are much larger than those usually observed for soil exchange complexes.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Branch nutrients ; Calcium ; Eucalyptus saligna ; Eucalyptus wandoo ; Foliar nutrients ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Rehabilitation ; Soil nutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The macronutrient variation within four 6 year oldEucalyptus saligna and four 5 year oldE. wandoo growing on rehabilitated bauxite pits was determined. Significant differences in mean nutrient concentrations were generally recorded between good soil condition sites and poor soil sites, between tree individuals, branch height, and plant organ type; but mean nutrient values were not different among canopy aspects. Fully expanded leaves of the current year provided the most uniform nutrient levels among the plant organs and showed major differences between sites with good soil nutrient conditions and those with poor conditions. Differences in foliar and branch levels of N, P, K, Ca and Mg, the variation between sites, canopy heights and plant organ types, and the use of foliar nutrient levels to indicate deficiencies are discussed.
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  • 42
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    Biopolymers 9 (1970), S. 811-824 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The root-mean-square end-to-end distance has been calculated for a model allowing free rotation about glycoside bonds for the general case of polysaccharides having a disaccharide repeating unit. Numerical estimates are given for several naturally occurring structures based on an idealized pyranose unit in the C1 chair conformation. Extrapolation procedures which make use of the intrinsic viscosity [η] in good solvents to obtain unperturbed dimensions do not represent, data for hyaluronic acid very well, especially at low molecular weights. However, order-of-magnitude estimates suggest that this polymer behaves similarly to other polysaccharides, and probably has stiffer local structure than typical non-ionic synthetic polymers. A double logarithmic plot of the product of [η] and M̄w, the weight-average molecular weight, against the degree of polymerization in the range for M̄w of 104 to 2 × 104 permits a straight-line fit of available data for all the glycosaminoglycans, including heparin and the chondroitin sulfates, as well as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. This result suggests similarity of short-chain hydrodynamic behavior of these polymers.
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  • 43
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    Biopolymers 9 (1970), S. 875-875 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 44
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    Biopolymers 9 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 45
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    Biopolymers 9 (1970), S. 865-874 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A common approximation for deriving solutions to the Lamm equation is to neglect diffusion. This paper presents a singular perturbation technique that allows one to estimate the band spreading due to nonzero diffusion coefficient. We illustrate the general mathematical technique by its application to sedimentation when pressure effects are important. Comparison of the approximate solution with accurate numerical solutions shows that the relative errors are of the order of 1% both for concentration and concentration gradient for parameters of chemical interest.
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  • 46
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    Biopolymers 9 (1970), S. 891-896 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Glycogen acquires a negative charge in both alkaline and acidic solutions and can move in an electrical field, its mobility being related to the degree of alkalinity or acidity. There is a slight increase in relative viscosity at both ends of the pH spectrum. These effects and the changes in nuclear magnetic resonance as a function of pH are interpreted.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The viscosity of bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase solutions was studied at 10 and 20° C in 0.2.M sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7, in the concentration range 0.1-8 mg/ml. A method for the study of the viscosity of very dilute solutions of associating enzymes is described. It was found that the reduced specific viscosity ηsp/c of glutamate dehydrogenase continuously increases with increasing enzyme concentration, from about 4 ml/g at the lowest concentrations to about 16 ml/g at 8 mg/ml. In the presence of 10-3M GTP and 10-3M NADH the viscosity increase is much smaller and the results can be extrapolated to zero enzyme concentration to yield an intrinsic viscosity [η] = 3.2. The values of ηsp/c in phosphate buffer alone apparently extrapolate to the same value of [η], or to a value close to it. We also observe that, in the presence of toluene ηsp/c increases very much more with enzyme concentration: ηsp/c already equals 16 ml/g at a concentration of 0.75 mg/ml. These observations are in good agreement with the hypothesis that the active oligomer of glutamate dehydrogenase (MW = 312,000) associates with increasing enzyme concentration to form linear rodlike polymers of indefinite length. This association is strongly diminished by the addition of 10-3M GTP, 10-3M NADH. Toluene, on the other hand, promotes reversible association to linear polymers of very high molecular weight. The transverse and axial rotary frictional coefficients of macroscopic bodies, similar to a physical model for the structure of glutamate dehydrogenase recently advanced, were determined. Assuming that the viscosity of the model is equal to that of an ellipsoid of rotation with identical frictional coefficients, we calculate [η] = 3.26 ml/g according to Kuhn and 3.20 ml/g according to Simha, for the glutamate dehydrogenase oligomer, in good agreement with the result derived from the study of enzyme solutions.
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  • 48
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    Biopolymers 9 (1970), S. 911-922 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Molecular monolaycrs of poly(β-benzyl L-aspartate) spread at. an air-water interface have been studied. The results obtained both by direct observations on the monlayer and from examination of collapsed films with polarized infrared spectroscopy and electron diffraction are consistent with the presence of right handed α-helices in the mono-layer when the molecular weight is high. When 1% (v/v) isopropanol is present in the subphase the right-handed helix prevails, provided that the monolayer is first spread on water. Monolayers of low molecular weight polymer appear to form the crossed-β structure. Orientated collapsed films of high molecular weight polymer can be converted to the left-handed α-helical and to the ω-conformation, and the mechanisms are discussed. The surface chemistry of this polymer is compared with that of related polymers and a consistent pattern of behavior emerges.
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  • 49
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    Biopolymers 9 (1970), S. 1017-1028 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Low-angle light scattering results reported previously demonstrated that measurements on high molecular weight native DNA must be made at angles below 30° in order to obtain correct molecular weights. Earlier light-scattering data obtained on denaturated DNA at angles above 30° showed no change in molecular weight upon denaturation, even though other techniques clearly showed that strand separation occurred. This paper reports low-angle measurements on solutions of calf thymus and T7 DNA denatured under acidic conditions. The results demonstrate that a halving of molecular weight consistent with strand separation is detected by light scattering only when low-angle data are used to obtain correct molecular weights for native material. As expected from theoretical considerations, the scattering from denatured DNA is a linear function of sin2(θ/2), where θ is the angle of observation. This result shows that anticipated experimental artifacts have no significant effect on the low-angle measurements and demonstrates that the curvature in the scattering envelope observed for native DNA below 30° is an inherent property of the native molecule.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics for the cis-trans isomerization of long-chain poly-L-proline has been studied as a function of pressure, temperature, and solvent composition in the acetic acid + n-propanol solvent system. Our complete kinetic curves were fitted by Monte Carlo techniques, and rate constants for nucleation, growth, and termination were estimated. It was found that for the formation of a cis-helix, high pressure, low temperature, and increased acetic acid content of the solvent, lowered the rate of nucleation relative to growth. The inverse seems to be t rue for the formation of a trans-helix. Molecular models suggest that this behavior of the kinetic constants can be due to the exposure of peptide units to solvent in the transition state for trans nucleation, and the burying of peptide units in the transition state for cis nucleation. It is further suggested from our analysis of complete kinetic curves that at least one of the assumptions usually made in the analysis of relaxation kinetics is invalid for poly-L-proline.
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    Biopolymers 9 (1970), S. 1039-1047 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Solutions of amylose in ethylenediamine yield a crystalline film complex upon evaporation of solvent. The x-ray analysis indicates the presence of a tetragonal-shaped cell with a symmetry approximating that of space group P212121. The amylose sixfold helix has a diameter of 13.3 Å and a translation period of 8.0Å. Chemical and physical analyses support a complexing ratio of one ethylenediamine molecule to every two glucose units. The structure is nearly identical to any amylose-dimethyl sulfoxide complex previously examined. The square mode of packing arrangement appears to result from complexation between amylose chains. Such complexing indicates a much greater degree of amylose interaction than is observed in amylose complex structures having a hexagonal close-packing arrangement.
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  • 52
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    Biopolymers 9 (1970), S. 1049-1058 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: pH titration measurements of poly- S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine were undertaken in the aqueous Nacl solution in relation to the β form-random coil transition. The titration curves show a marked molecular weight dependence because of the shortened chain length of materials. Comparison of the optical rotatory dispersion parameter a0 with the titration curve reveals that the titration curve apparently reflects a β structure-random coil transition. The β form of this polymer is assumed to be an intramolecular β form, rather than a β structure stabilized by an intermolecular hydrogen bond, at least in the polymer concentration range considered here. The standard free energy change per amino acid residue for the transition from un-ionized random coil to un-ionized β form is estimated to be about -750 cal/mole residue in the range of 0.005-0.2M NaCl concentration.
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  • 53
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    Biopolymers 9 (1970), S. 1059-1077 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the four usual deoxymononucleosides, all sixteen deoxydinucleotides, and a number of trinucleotides have been measured. The dimer spectra are quite different from the sum of the spectra of their constituent monomers. This indicates the presence of base-stacked conformations analogous to those found for ribonucleoside diphosphates. The CD spectra of several deoxytrinucleotide diphosphates and single-strand f 1 DNA can be calculated fairly well by using a semi-empirical nearest-neighbor approach. There is little or no effect of terminal phosphate or of salt concentration on the optical properties of most deoxy oligomers. The possibility of simultaneous analysis of mixtures of deoxypurine or deoxypyrimidine sequence isomers has been examined. This seems to be a viable approach for the analysis of purine runs but cannot promise much success for pyrimidine runs.
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  • 54
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    Biopolymers 9 (1970), S. 1079-1103 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The circular dichroism spectra of all 16 ribodinudeoside phosphates containing the bases adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine have been measured at room temperature and neutral pH. These results are compared with the circular dichroism spectra of the corresponding deoxy compounds. From the optical properties it is clear that the geometry of the base-stacked conformation of ribo compounds must differ substantially from that of deoxy compounds. Because of this, it is not possible to draw firm conclusions about the relative extent of stacking in most ribo and deoxy compounds. The optical rotatory dispersion of about a dozen deoxy and ribodinucleoside phosphates has been studied as a function of temperature. These results confirmed the conclusions drawn earlier from measurements at a single temperature. Several dinucleoside phosphates containing a 2′ → 5′ phosphodiester bond have also been examined. These compounds have a substantial degree of base stacking at room temperature. The geometry of the stacked conformation is different from that of either the normal ribo dimer or the deoxy dimer. The role of the 2′-hydroxyl group in stabilizing base stacked geometries has been examined by studies on C-2′-O-methyl-pC. This compound has optical properties almost identical to those of CpC. This suggests that the effect of the 2′ hydroxyl is felt indirectly through its perturbation of the geometry of the sugar ring rather than directly by hydrogen bonding. It is not possible at present to identify precise conformational differences among deoxy-, ribo-and 2′ → 5′ ribodinucleoside phosphates.
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  • 55
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    Biopolymers 9 (1970), S. 1119-1124 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Biopolymers 9 (1970), S. 1349-1360 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The influence of single-strand breaks on the kinetics of the relaxation of DNA in a solution of low ionic strength has been investigated by a temperature jump method. The relaxation of DNA after a jump of 0.7 °C in the melting region has been monitored by measuring the extinction at 260 nm. For essentially monodisperse T4 DNA (M = 130 × 106) two distinct relaxation times have been observed, that depend markedly on the initial extent of denaturation 1 - θ. The larger relaxation time decreases from 450 sec to about 300 sec, the smaller one from 55 see to 30 when 1 - θ increases from 0.03 to about 0.8. The dependence of these relaxation times on the average number of single-strand breaks per molecule (p) appears to be very small up to p = 100. However, the relative contribution of the slow process decreases sharply when p increases from 0.6 to 30 and remains nearly constant for larger p. The observations are discussed in the light recent theories of the kinetics of denaturation.
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  • 57
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    Biopolymers 9 (1970), S. 1361-1372 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Measurements have been made of the intensity of light scattered from aqueous solutions of calf thymus DNA with and without the application of electric fields. For fields approaching 150 V/cm and frequencies below 2.5 KHz, changes (ΔI) of up to 10% in the residual scattered intensity were observed. In agreement with previous dielectric and electric birefringence measurements, a low frequency dispersion of ΔI was observed, from which a rotary diffusion constant (D) of 1200 s-1 was determined. Interpreting the electric field data in terms of the classical dipolar orientation theory led to values of 2.4 × 10-25 cm (7.4 × 10-14 esu) and 4.3 × 10-25 cm (13 × 10-14 esu) for the permanent dipole moment and the anisotropy of the electric polarisabilities respectively. Furthermore the permanent dipole moment was along the major molecular axis and the particles orientated in the field as rigid entities. The zero field data indicated a molecular shape which was not rodlike but corresponded to the Kratky-Porod “stiffness” parameter of x = 24 for the wormlike coil model. Although curved, the molecules appeared to orientate in low-intensity electric fields as rigid, but not rodlike molecules. The implications of this on recent discrepancies in D determined by two or more dynamic relaxation methods is briefly discussed.
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    Biopolymers 9 (1970), S. 1391-1402 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The buoyant density of T-4 DNA was determined by equilibrium sedimentation in a density gradient, of mixed solutions of cesium and magnesium chlorides and bromides. The preferential hydration was calculated from these data, allowing appropriately for the exchange equilibrium of DNA with Cs+ and Mg++ ions. The charge and intrinsic solvation of the counterions were found to have no appreciable effect on the hydration of the DNA, the extent of solvation depending only on the thermodynamic, activity of the water. Various reasonable hypotheses are discussed to account for these results.
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    Biopolymers 9 (1970), S. 1373-1389 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reaction of 27 SMS2 RNA with formaldehyde normally results in an unfolded, 13.4 S form. At acidic pH, however, and under the proper ionic conditions, a compact component sedimenting at 36-40 S was obtained. The molecular weight of this species corresponds to a dinner. The formaldehyde concentration was not critical, and approximately the same number of base pairs had been opened in the compact and in the unfolded form. Presumably dimers, which had been specifically formed under defined conditions, were stabilized by formaldehyde-induced crosslinks. Similar dimers were formed by 16 S and by 23 S ribosomal RNA, but not by tRNA.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The DNA-ligand interactions of a series of phenanthridinium compounds with various combinations of amino, azido, and hydrogen functions at R3 and R8 were examined to determine the contribution of these particular substituents to ligand binding. Spectrophometric titrations using calf-thymus DNA emphasized the importance of amino substituents in conferring a strong interaction and also stabilizing the interaction against reversal by high ionic strength. Although azido groups were not as effective as amino groups, they were more effective than hydrogen functions in enhancing the interaction. Furthermore, an amino substitution at R8 was consistently, though only slightly, more effective than an amino substituent at R3. The results from superhelical titrations using plasmid pBR322 DNA demonstrated that analogs with amino and/or azido functions at both R3 and R8 produced the greatest unwinding, and compounds with an amino or an azido function at R8 proved more effective than those with the corresponding amino or azido substituent at R3.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The magnetic shielding constant of the 31P nucleus of the dimethylphosphate anion is calculated by an ab initio method for different values of the torsion angles about the PO ester bond and different orientations of the methyl groups. The results obtained tend to show that both types of conformational parameters contribute to the value of σ31P. The largest shielding is obtained when the methyl groups are staggered with respect to the PO bond; the smallest, for the eclipsed arrangement. Measurements carried out on the 16 deoxyribodinucleoside monophosphates show that in the majority of cases σ31P is shifted toward lower field for the dimers having large values of 3JPH3′ and 3JPH5′(5″). The theoretical results are discussed in relation to experimental data for polynucleotides and nucleic acids.
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  • 62
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    Biopolymers 23 (1984), S. 471-491 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The optical modes of DNA that displace one strand against the other are modeled by the motion of an oscillator in an asymmetric quartic double-well potential whose minima represent the A- and B-conformations. Assuming that the variation of the polarizability during vibration derives mainly from the tilting of the base rings relative to the helix axis, the total polarizability tensor is shown to possess approximately ellipsoidal symmetry and to depend nonlinearly on the instantaneous displacement of the two strands. The Raman spectrum of a collection of randomly oriented molecules is calculated. It consists of one or more peaks with characteristic shape. The depolarization ratio is 3/4, independent of molecular conformation and frequency. The results are discussed in the light of existing experimental and theoretical information.
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    Biopolymers 23 (1984), S. 511-536 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Using the semiempirical potential functions, conformational energies of the model compounds DMP-, d(pCp), d(pGp), and d(pCpGpCp) are calculated, and the B → Z transition is discussed along the pseudorotational path of the sugar ring. For dimethylmonophosphate anion, DMP-, the energy contour map is presented and the stabilities of the phosphodiester conformations discussed. For the sugar ring without the base attached, the minimum energies for each sugar-puckering form are calculated along the pseudorotational path. The energy barrier of the interconversion between the C(3′)-endo form and the C(2′)-endo form is calculated to be about 2.0 kcal/mol. From the conformational energy calculations of the interconversions of mononucleoside diphosphates, d(pCp) and d(pGp), between the C(2′)-endo conformer and the C(3′)-endo conformer, the purine sugar segment is known to be more convertible than the pyrimidine sugar segment. The results also support the finding that the pseudorotational transition occurred with the O(1′)-endo form more easily than with the O(1′)-exo form. Based on the results of conformational studies of DMP-, d(pCp), and d(pGp), a topological transition of the handedness of the model compound, d(pCpGpCp), is studied. The left-handed Z-form is found to be less stable by about 8.5 kcal/mol than is the right-handed B-form. The energy barrier of the Z → B transition is calculated to be about 17.4 kcal/mol. The contributions of the electrostatic and nonbonded energies to the energy barrier are discussed in connection with the conformation changes of the model compound, d(pCpGpCp).
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    Biopolymers 23 (1984), S. 593-599 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The dielectric properties of aqueous solutions of DNA were measured at frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 12 GHz. The results are analyzed using the Maxwell mixture theory and yield a value for the hydration of the DNA of about 0.4 g/g, which is in the range observed in other investigations. No evidence was found for an additional absorption effect at microwave frequencies, which has been predicted to occur in certain DNA analogs due to the vibrational excitation of the double helix by the applied microwave field.
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  • 65
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Self-association of substance P and its C-terminal partial peptide sequences was studied by CD, quasi-electric light scattering, and sedimentation experiments. CD spectra of these peptides are strongly influenced by self-association. They exhibit strong characteristic negative ellipticities, suggesting the formation of a presumably B-type ordered structure. The tendency to form multimers depends on chain length and constitution and has its maximum at the octapeptide (SP 8). The peptide multimers have a broad distribution of sizes in the range of 30- and 800-nm diameter. Subdivision of this distribution into two size classes gives mean diameters of 60-100 nm (predominating)/200-800 nm for substance P and 30-50 nm/200-800 nm for SP 8 multimers.
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    Biopolymers 23 (1984), S. 819-829 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 13C-nmr chemical shifts of backbone carbonyl and side-chain β-carbons in polypeptides provide structural information. Recent utilization of substituent effects on 13C-nmr chemical shifts (principally γ-effects) has permitted the rationalization of their sequence and conformation dependence when observed in linear, flexible polypeptides. In this report, we apply the γ-effect method to study the 13C-nmr chemical shifts observed in solution and in the solid state for the backbone carbonyl and side-chain β-carbons in conformationally rigid polypeptides, which are usually cyclic. As found previously for flexible, linear polypetides, the relative 13C-nmr chemical shifts observed for the backbone carbonyl and side-chain β-carbons in conformationally rigid polypeptides are predictable from knowledge of their peptide residue sequence (primary structure) and conformation (secondary structure) via the γ-effect method.
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    Biopolymers 23 (1984), S. 847-852 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 68
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The CD spectra of the peptides Boc-X-(Aib-X)n-OMe (n = 1, 2, 3) and Boc-(Aib-X)5-OMe, where X = L-Ala or L-Val have been examined in several solvents. The X = Ala and Val peptides behave similarly in all solvents, suggesting that the Aib residues dominate the folding preferences of these peptides. The decapeptides adopt helical conformations in methanol and trifluoroethanol, with characteristic negative CD bands at 222 and 205 nm. In the heptapeptides, similar spectra with reduced intensities are observed. Comparison with nmr studies suggest that estimates of helical content in oligopeptides by CD methods may lead to erroneous conclusions. The pentapeptides yield solvent-dependent spectra indicative of conformational perturbations. Peptide association in dioxane results in an unusual spectrum with a single negative band at 210 nm for the decapeptides. Disaggregation is induced by the addition of methanol or water to dioxane solutions. Aggregation of the heptapeptides is less pronounced in dioxane, suggesting that a critical helix length may be necessary to promote association stabilized by helix dipole-dipole interactions.
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    Biopolymers 23 (1984), S. 831-841 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The interaction of poly-5-bromouridylic acid [poly(BU)] with adenosine and 9-methyladenine was studied by equilibrium dialysis, optical melting, and microcalorimetry. The stacking free energy, ω, was estimated as -17.6 kJ/mol for adenosine·2poly(BU) and -18.8 kJ/mol for 9-methyladenine·2poly(BU) from the binding isotherms constructed from equilibrium dialysis results. The binding isotherms constructed from a series of melting curves also gave ω values for adenosine·2poly(BU). The thermal stability of the complex depends on monomer concentration, and the partial molar enthalpies of the complex formation at the midpoint of the transition were evaluated from the Tm coefficients as a function of free monomer concentration. The values of -92.0 and -90.4 kJ/mol were obtained for adenosine·2poly(BU) and 9-methyladenine·2poly(BU) in 0.4M NaCl-0.02M Na-cacodylate-5 × 10-4M EDTA (pH 7.0), respectively. Microcalorimetric measurements provided lower integral heats of reaction values for these complexes, i.e., -73.2 kJ/mol for adenosine·2poly(BU) and -71.5 kJ/mol for 9-methyladenine·2poly(BU). A comparison with a polyribouridylic acid system provided a quantitative understanding of a stabilization by bromination in terms of thermodynamic parameters.
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    Biopolymers 23 (1984) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 71
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    Biopolymers 23 (1984), S. 191-194 
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  • 72
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    Biopolymers 23 (1984), S. 257-270 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A molecular-dynamics simulation was used to carry out an introductory study of the hydration of a section of a rigid single A- or B-DNA helix with one Na+ counterion per nucleotide. Four Na+ ions and four nucleotides and periodic boundary conditions were used to mimic an infinite helix. The atoms of the helix and the Na+ ions were assumed to be Lennard-Jones spheres that also carried charges. Stillinger four-point charge model water molecules were used. We carried out five calculations, for 26 and 46 water molecules in B-DNA and 20, 32, and 46 in A-DNA fragments. The arrangements of the Na+ ions are found to have some similarities to those obtained by Clementi and Corongiu. In the calculations with 46 water molecules, we found that two Na+ ions can be bridged by about two water molecules and form a hydrated bound pair, which in turn forms a bridge between the guanine N7 and a near phosphate group. These bound pairs may be important in stabilizing the helix structure of DNA molecules.
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    Biopolymers 23 (1984), S. 313-323 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ethylurea was used to weaken hydrophobic interactions during collagen fibrillogenesis in vitro. Intact and enzyme-digested type I collagen was studied. In all preparations, ethylurea decreased the extent and rate of fibril formation, inhibition being greatest in the enzyme-digested collagens. With intact collagen (and probably also with carboxypeptidasedigested collagen), there was no evidence the ethylurea altered the mechanism of fibril growth; in pepsin-digested collagen, however, the growth mechanism was altered by ethylurea, possibly reflecting a conformational change of the “hydrophobic cluster” in the C-terminal peptide. Such a structural change could occur in a hydrophobic environment once the distal portion of the C-terminal peptide (presumed to be essential for its structural stability) is removed by pepsin. The results further emphasize the importance of hydrophobic interactions in collagen fibril nucleation and growth in vitro.
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    Biopolymers 23 (1984) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 75
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We report the crystal-structure analysis of a complex involving the drug proflavine and the two dinucleoside monophosphates cytidylyl-3′,5′-adenosine (CpA) and uridylyl-3′,5′-guanosine (UpG). The planar drug molecule is intercalated between C⃛G and U⃛A Watson-Crick base pairs, in a double-helical fragmentlike arrangement. Sugar conformations at the 3′-ends of the two strands are dissimilar. The backbone conformations fall within the ranges of values noted previously for dinucleoside intercalation complexes, and some correlations involving these are noted. The separation of the two strands and the basic twist angle of 16°, compared to other reported complexes, are indicative of sequence-dependent effects of the drug binding.
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    Biopolymers 23 (1984), S. 1057-1066 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Helical hydrophobic moment ratios, 〈h2〉/〈H2〉, have been evaluated for 34 polypeptides under conditions where the helix content is dictated solely by the short-range interactions operative in aqueous media. The mean-square helical hydrophobic moment is denoted by 〈h2〉, and 〈H2〉 is the averaged of the squared hydrophobicites. This ratio would be one in absence of any correlation in the hydrophobicities of amino acid residues in helices. The 〈h2〉/〈H2〉 tend to be substantially larger than values of the analogous ratio formulated for the mean-square dipole moments of typical synthetic polymers. For 24 of the 34 polypeptide chains considered, 〈h2〉/〈H2〉 is found to be greater than one, indicating a tendency to form helices with amphiphilic character. The ratio is exceptionally large in the case of the δ-hemolysins. It is also large for two other surface-active peptides, for two of the four apolipoproteins examined, and for myohemerythrin. A much smaller 〈h2〉/〈H2〉 is found for melittins. If melittins is to form helices with large 〈h2〉/〈H2〉, the configurational statistics must be governed by effects in addition to those short-range interactions that occur when water is the solvent.
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    Biopolymers 23 (1984) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 78
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Conformational-energy computations have been carried out for the N-acetyl-N′-methylamides of the Pro-Pro, Pro-Gly, and Gly-Pro dipeptides and of the Pro-Pro-Gly-Pro tetrapeptide, serving as models for the conformational analysis of single-stranded poly(Gly-Pro-Pro). The probability of β-bend formation for the Pro-Gly sequence is very high, viz., 0.72 for the terminally blocked Pro-Gly dipeptide, and rises to 0.86 in the tetrapeptide. The β-bend conformations of the Pro-Gly sequence are of low energy in single-chain poly(Gly-Pro-Pro) as well. The β-bend structure had been postulated earlier to be a requirement for post-translational proline hydroxylation during the biosynthesis of collagen. The present results lend strong support to this proposal by demonstrating that the β-bend structure is energetically favorable and hence can be accommodated easily in single-stranded poly(Gly-Pro-Pro).
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  • 79
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The interaction of Cu(II) with the protamine scylliorhinine Z3 was studied by means of CD measurements. At a 1:1 molar ratio, three complexes are formed. (1) In the pH range 5-6.5, the results suggest the formation of a five-membered chelate ring through the coordination of two nitrogen atoms, the N-terminal and the contiguous peptide nitrogen. (2) At pH ≥ 6.4, there is involvement of the lateral NH2 group of Arg; at pH 6.5-8, the formation of a 3N cupric complex is strongly suggested. (3) At pH ≥ 8, results indicate the formation of a 4N complex as a major species in Cu(II)-Z3 solution. The transformation from a 2N to a 3N complex, and from a 3N to a 4N complex was followed with the help of the σ(αNH2) → Cu(II) charge-transfer dichroic band transitions. At Cu(II):Z3 molar ratios ≥ 2 and at pH 〉 8, a new dichroic band appears, indicating the involvement of the tyrosine residue side chain in metal-ion complexation.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Studies of the optical birefringence of solutions of acid-soluble collagen from rat-tail tendon at 22°C in the pH range 1.0-6.0 show that collagen exhibits an isotropic to mesophase transition only between pH 2.4 and 3.0 at 10% weight concentration. Such liquid crystalline order is probably essential for the orientation of collagen in a magnetic field. When solutions of neutral salt-soluble collagen were precipitated at pH 7.0 by warming to 37°C (“heat gelling”) in a magnetic field of ca. 20 kG, the resulting fibrils wee oriented perpendicular to the direction of the field. Heat gelling is shown to be a useful technique for maintaining the orientation induced in precursor solutions even after the sample is removed from the magnetic field.
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    Biopolymers 23 (1984), S. 1295-1306 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polyamines are ubiquitous cellular components that interacts strongly with nucleic acids. Although many of the interactions of oligocations with DNA can be rationalized with polyelectrolyte theories that treat counterions as point charges, some structural effects are evident. We have explored the effects of polyamine structure on one important aspect of DNA behavior, its thermal melting transition, by using a series of spermidine analogs NH3(CH2)3NH2(CH2)nNH33+, where n varies from 2 to 8 [Jorstad et al. (1980) J. Bacteriol. 141, 456-463]. For spermidine itself, n = 4. Tm for calf-thymus DNA in the presence of each of these analogs, and the other naturally occurring polyamines putrescine2+ and spermine4+, was measured over a wide range of NaCl concentrations and polyamine:DNA phosphate ratios. There are modest, but significant structural effects. particularly with the shorter n = 2 and 3 derivatives, whose geometry my not allow full electrostatic interaction with DNA. Longer analogs, on the other hand, are not much different than spermidine in their effects on Tm, though a moderate maximum occurs at n = 5. Since polyamines are important in the cellular condensation and packaging of DNA, we have also delineated the critical polyamine and salt concentrations that are required to cause DNA aggregation. Here again, there are significant structural effects, which are not easily rationalized by any simple considerations.
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    Biopolymers 23 (1984), S. 1315-1323 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The observed difference between the CD spectrum of B-DNA mononucleosomes and that of free DNA has been attributed to the tertiary structure of the core DNA. This conjecture is tested here. The tertiary structure is modeled as an optical system consisting of two identical, planar, linear retarders rotated with respect to each other. The retarders have the same linear birefringence and linear dichroism as oriented B-DNA. Such an optical system is circularly dichroic. The predicted wavelength dependence and magnitude of the CD are in reasonably close agreement with the experimental results.
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    Biopolymers 23 (1984), S. 1367-1377 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The absorption and CD spectra of the complexes of poly(L-arginine) (PLA) and azo dyes have been measured in aqueous solution. On complexation, Blue-shifted additional absorption bands were observed. In the wide pH 4-11 range, induced CD was observed at the visible wavelengths corresponding to the blue-shifted absorption bands. The induced CD arose from the dimeric dye molecules bound to PLA in the α-helical structure. When a modified analysis of induced CE is made by the excition chirality method, the origin of the induced CD can be assigned to the dipole coupling. The PLA-dye complexes showed the counterlockwise (negative, S) chirality of the transition dipole moments of dyes.
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    Biopolymers 23 (1984), S. 1347-1365 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ionization properties of the tyrosyl groups of bovine plasma albumin in various conformational states - the native state (N), the two acid states (F and E), and the state (B) stable at slightly alkaline pH - were studied by means of a stopped-flow-pH-jump technique. The technique allows us to obtain the tyrosyl titration curve in a conformational state that is unstable in the pH region of the titration. The pH jumps from the N and B states to various alkaline pH's, where the tyrosines ionize to bring about a time-dependent increase in absorption at 296 nm, indicating that a number of the tyrosines buried initially become susceptible to ionization as a result of the alkaline transition occurring above pH 10.8. Extrapolation of the observed absorption change to zero time gives a spectrophotometric titration curve in the initial conformational state. Only 30-401% of the 19 tyrosines of the protein can ionize both in the N and the B state at pH 12. The pH jumps from the F and E states, on the other hand, give a decrease in absorption between pH 9 and 11.7, indicating that the tyrosyl groups initially exposed are remarked by refolding after the pH jumps, and the zero-time titration curves show that essentially all the tyrosyl groups ionize normally in these acid states. The results are discussed in relation to the known results of the tyrosyl exposure of the protein measured by other techniques, and the consistency among them demonstrates the effectiveness of the pH-jump titration method. Hydrogen bonding between the abnormal tyrosyl and carboxylate groups as a mechanism to stabilize native albumin is suggested from characteristics of the alkaline transition, which also involves the exposure of the tyrosyl groups, and from the tyrosyl titration curves in the native and acid states.
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    Biopolymers 23 (1984), S. 1137-1139 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Notes: Two series of peptides with hydrophobic side chains, Nps-(L-Leu-L-Leu-L-Ala)n-OEt and Nps-(L-Met-L-Met-LLeu)n-OEt (n = 1-6), were synthesized by the fragment condensation method using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in the presence of N-hydroxysuccinimide. The tripeptide fragments were prepared stepwise by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-mediated reaction of Nps-amino acids, which were synthesized by an improved rapid procedure.
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    Biopolymers 23 (1984), S. 1457-1463 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The dielectric properties of sonicated calf-thymus DNA sodium salt in aqueous solutions have been studied in the frequency range from 40 MHz to 2 GHz by time domain spectroscopy (TDS). A dielectric dispersion not previously reported was found, which has a characteristic frequency of about 150 MHz. All of the dielectric parameters are insensitive to the size of DNA fragments and to helix-to-coil transitions. The study of this dispersion as a function of DNA concentration and temperature allows us to conclude that it may be due to counterion fluctuation on short sections, probably in a direction transverse to the macromolecular axis.
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    Biopolymers 23 (1984), S. 1465-1479 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The oxidation of L-adrenaline (epinephrine) in the presence of [Fe(tetpy)(OH)2]+ ions bound to poly(L-glutamate) or to poly(D-glutamate) has been studied at pH 7 (tetpy = 2,2′:6′,2″:6″,2‴-tetrapyridyl). Electron transfer from the substrate to the central metal ion, which is rate-determining, proceeds stereoselectively only when extensive and possibly specific interactions between adrenaline and the peptidic residues of the ordered polymer in the close environment of the active sites occur. This ensures different steric constraints for the two diastereomeric precursor complexes, which are thought to affect the separation and orientation of the redox centers differently, leading to the observed phenomena. Some data on the catalytic oxidation of L-dopa(3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) are also presented, showing stereoselective effects similar to those observed with L-adrenaline, despite the diverse distance of the chiral center from the reacting OH groups. A mechanistic interpretation of the results is discussed in the light of a few general considerations concerning the structural features of the catalytic systems. Possible explanations for the finding that stereoselectivity occurs at the expense of the efficiency of catalysis are also considered.
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    Biopolymers 23 (1984), S. 1917-1930 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Solution-phase Raman spectra of diastereomeric alanyl dipeptides, D-Ala-L-Ala and L-Ala-L-Ala, and various mono- and dideuterated isotopomers in H2O and D2O, are reported. Spectral differences between the diastereomeric forms are interpreted, using the Raman analog of the coupled oscillator model, in terms of geometric differences between certain vibrations in the diastereomeric forms. Application of the coupled-oscillator formalism allows the determination of a dihedral angle between the coupling vibrations. The results are compared with vibrational coupling employed by other workers in the determination of the vibrational spectra of peptides.
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    Biopolymers 23 (1984), S. 1951-1960 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The conformational equilibria of five β-cellobiose conformers have been studied theoretically in 10 solvents. The stability of the conformers in dilute solution has been compared by using the method that has already been tested for 2-methoxytetrahydropyran, β-maltose, and D-glucose. The solvation energy consists of electrostatic, dispersion, and cavity terms which have been determined from the properties of the solute calculated by the PCILO quantum-chemical method and physicochemical properties of the solvents. The calculated abundance of conformers depends on the solvent (e.g., in dioxane C1:C2:C3:C4:C5 = 60.0:34.1:2.9:2.0:1.0; in dimethylsulfoxide, 75.5:22.1:1.8:0.5:0.2; and in water, 82.2:16.2:1.3:0.2:0.1). The results obtained indicate that the preponderant conformer in the aqueous solution is similar to the one adopted by β-cellobiose in the crystalline form. The role of individual contributions to the solvation energy have been analyzed. Based on the determined abundance of conformers, averaged residual optical activity and nmr parameters have been calculated and compared with observable properties. The marked differences observed between solvent-induced conformational changes for β-cellobiose and β-maltose have been discussed from the viewpoint of the solubility of the cellulose.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: With a view to understanding the role of hydrogen bonds in the recognition of nucleic acids by proteins, hydrogen bonding between the bases and base pairs of nucleic acids and the amino acids (Asn, Gln, Asp and Glu, and charged residues Arg+, Glu-, and Asp-) has been studied by a second-order perturbation theory. Binding energies have been calculated for all possible configurations involving a pair of hydrogen bonds between the base (or base pair) and the amino acid residue. Our results show that the hydrogen bonding in these cases has a large contribution from electrostatic interaction. In general, the charged amino acids, compared to the uncharged ones, form more stable complexes with bases or base pairs. The hydrogen-bond energies are an order of magnitude smaller than the Coulombic interaction energies between basic amino acids (Lys+, Arg+, and His+) and the phosphate groups of nucleic acids. The stabilities of the complexes of amino acids Asn, Gln, Asp, and Glu with bases are in the order: G-X 〉 C-X 〉 A-X U-X or T-X, and G · C-X 〉 A · T(U)-X, where X is one of these amino acid residues. It has been shown that Glu- and Asp- can recognize guanine in single-stranded nucleic acids; Arg+ can recognize G · C base pairs from A · T base pairs in double-stranded structures.
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    Biopolymers 23 (1984) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Biopolymers 23 (1984), S. 2195-2210 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of histone H1 on the conformation and stability of control and acetylated HeLa high-molecular-weight chromatin that had been stripped of H1 and nonhistone proteins was compared by circular dichroism (CD) and thermal denaturation measurements. Two different preparations of H1, originating from rat thymus and chicken erythrocyte, were used in the reconstitution studies. The control and acetylated stripped chromatin had identical CD and thermal denaturation properties, as did their reconstitutes with rat thymus H1. Reconstitutes of the two chromatins with chicken erythrocyte H1 had similar CD properties, but thermal denaturation studies showed that the acetylated reconstitute was destabilized compared to the control reconstitute. Reconstitutes of both chromatins with chicken erythrocyte H1 had a more condensed and stabilized structure than the reconstitutes with rat thymus H1. Thus, acetylation caused a decrease in the stability of chromatin in the presence of erythrocyte H1, but more marked differences were detected in the structure of stripped chromatin after reassociation with different H1 preparations.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Human fibrinogen was treated with thrombin in the presence of fibrinoligase (Factor XIIIa) and calcium ion at pH 8.5, ionic strength 0.45, and the ensuing polymerization was interrupted at various time intervals (t) both before and after the clotting time (tc) by solubilization with a solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea. Aliquots of the solubilized protein were subjected to gel electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels after disulfide reduction by dithiothreitol and on agarose gels without reduction. The degree of γ-γ ligation was determined from the former. The latter provided the size distribution of ligated end-to-end sequences produced by splitting the ligated staggered overlapped oligomers down the middle, for degrees of polymerization, x, from 1 to 10. Addition of fibrinoligase (in which the activating thrombin had been inhibited by p-nitrophenyl-p′-guanidinobenzoate, NPGB) to Kabi fibrinogen showed the presence of small amounts of ligatable oligomers. Addition of fibrinoligase to a polymerizing mixture in which the action of thrombin had been stopped before clotting by NPGB produced the same distribution of ligated end-to-end sequences that was obtained when fibrinoligase was originally present, at least for reaction times up to 0.7 of the clotting time. The kinetics of γ-γ ligation by fibrinoligase acting on a polymerized mixture stabilized by NPGB were followed. The reaction was first order in the concentration of ligatable γ-γ junctions and the initial velocity was proportional to the enzyme concentration. The time evolution of size distribution of ligated end-to-end sequences agreed with a theory based on random ligation of ligatable junctions.
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  • 95
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 23 (1984), S. 201-212 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A mean-square helical hydrophobic moment, 〈h2〉, is defined for polypeptides in analogy to the mean-square dipole moment, 〈μ2〉, for polymer chains. For a freely jointed polymer chain, 〈μ2〉 is given by Σmi2, where mi denotes the dipole moment associated with bond i. In the absence of any correlations in the hydrophobic moments of individual amino acid residues in the helix, 〈h2〉 is specified by ΣHi2, where Hi denotes the hydrophobicity of residue i. The tendency for correlations in orientations of residue hydrophobic moments in helices therefore dictates the size of 〈h2〉/〈H2〉, where 〈H2〉 denotes the average value of ΣHi2 for all helices. The value of 〈h2〉/〈H2〉 will be greater than one in amphiphilic helices. A necessary prerequisite for this diagnostic usage of 〈h2〉/〈H2〉 is that the residue hydrophobic moment be oriented prependicular to the principal axis of the helix. Matrix-generation schemes are formulated that permit rapid evaluation of 〈h2〉 and 〈H2〉. The behavior of 〈h2〉/〈H2〉 is illustrated by calculations performed for model sequential copolypeptides.
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  • 96
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 23 (1984), S. 271-285 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We report a calculation of the distribution of small ions around a charged cylinder representing a polyelectrolyte molecule in solution. The Monte Carlo method of Metropolis, Rosenbluth, and Teller was used to avoid the inaccuracies known to be associated with the Poisson-Boltzmann equation. The systems examined contained a long polyelectrolyte cylinder with charge parameter, χ, equal to 4.2, corresponding approximately to a DNA molecule. In one model, the cylinder had charges on its axis and an exclusion radius to the center of the small ions equal to 10 Å, while the small ions had various radii in the range from 1 to 10 Å and one or two protonic charges. Various systems were studied; some had one species of small ion alone, others had mixtures of different types. The results showed good agreement with the solution of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation when only the species with 1-Å radius was present, but considerable discrepancies appeared with larger ions as a result of excluded volume interactions between the latter. Deviations from the Poisson-Boltzmann equation also appeared when both positive and negative small ions were present; the deviations were in the direction of a higher concentration of both counter- and co-ions, but particularly co-ions, close to the polyelectrolyte. In another model, the charges were arranged along two helices on the surface of the cylinder; the resulting radial distribution of small ions was not much different from that found when the charges were situated on the axis. In all cases there was a striking accumulation of counterions in a layer of concentration exceeding 1 mol/L at the surface of the polyion.
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 23 (1984), S. 337-351 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Brillouin scattering was used to determine the longitudinal acoustic velocity along the axis of collagen fibers as the relative humidity decreased from 95 to 0%. Between 0 and 86%, the velocity decreased linearly at a modest rate. Above 86%, the decrease was steep. The changing mass of the absorbed water accounts for most of the velocity change in the lower humidity range. The remaining deviation is probably due to variation of the elastic coupling between molecules. At low humidity, the adsorbed water is known to be attached to the collagen molecules, whereas the additionally adsorbed water at high humidity has the properties of bulk liquid. The high-humidity sonic velocity variation is ascribed to the presence of free water. It is possible to identify the five water regimes of Pineri et al. [(1978) Biopolymers 17, 2799-2815] with the variations of the sonic velocity with water content.
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 23 (1984), S. 353-361 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Optical rotation, viscosity, and density studies are reported on solutions of α-gelatin in solvent mixtures of water and various monohydric alcohols. Reversion to the collagen fold by the protein is shown to be order in all cases, but changes in magnitude as a function of concentration of the particular alcohol are observed. The structuring effects of the alcohol on water are seen to be reflected in the extent of helix regeneration by the protein. Shorter chain alcohols appear to influence the initial rate of reversion by direct interaction with the protein.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 23 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have recorded high-resolution 13C-nmr spectra of collagen fibrils in the solid state by the cross-polarization-magic-angle-spinning(CP-MAS)method and analyzed the spectra with reference to those of collagenlike polypeptides. We used two kinds of model polypeptides to obtain reference 13C chemical shifts of major amino acid residues of collagen (Gly, Pro, Ala, and Hyp): the 31-helical polypeptides [(Gly)nII, (Pro)nII, (Hyp)n, and (Ala—Gly—Gly)nII], and the triple-helical polypeptides [(Pro—Gly—Pro)n and (Pro—Ala—Gly)n]. Examination of the 13C chemical shifts of these polypeptides, together with our previous data, showed that the 13C chemical shifts of individual amino acid residues are the same, within experimental error (±0.5 ppm), among different polypeptides with different primary sequences, if the conformations are the same. We found that the 13C chemical shifts of Ala residues of the 31-helical (Ala—Gly—Gly)n and triple-helical (Pro—Ala—Gly)n are significantly displaced, compared with those of the α-helix, β-sheet, and silk I form, and can be utilized as excellent probes to examine conformational features of collagen-like polypeptides. Further, the 13C chemical shifts of Gly and Pro residues in the triple-helical polypeptides are substantially displaced from those found in (Gly)nII and (Pro)nII of the 31-helix, reflecting further conformational change from the 31-helix to the supercoiled triple helix. In particular, the 13C chemical shifts of Gly C = O carbons of the triple-helical polypeptides are substantially displaced upfield (4.1-5.1 ppm), with respect to those of the 31-helical polypeptides. These displacements are interpreted by that Gly C = O of the former is not involved in NH … O = C hydrogen bonds, while this carbon of the latter is linked by these kinds of hydrogen bonds.On the basis of these 13C chemical shifts, as reference data for the collagenlike structure, we were able to assign the 13C-nmr peaks of Gly, Ala, Pro, and Hyp residues of collagen fibrils, which are in good agreement with the values expected from the model polypeptides mentioned above. We also discuss a plausible conformational change of collagen fibrils during denaturation.
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