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  • Springer  (59,704)
  • Elsevier  (46,609)
  • Cell Press  (1,556)
  • 1980-1984  (88,497)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1955-1959  (19,372)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1983  (88,497)
  • 1959  (19,372)
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  • 1980-1984  (88,497)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1955-1959  (19,372)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract By means of the Laplace transform, the behavior of a simplified model of the cardiovascular system is mathematically formulated. This formulation allows mathematical expression of the periodicity of the cardiac output and the systemic response. With the cardiac output represented as half of a sine function cycle, the systolic aortic pressure becomes the sum of a sine term and exponential terms, while the sum of the exponential terms alone represents the diastolic pressure. The characteristics of the mathematical expressions for systole and diastole are analyzed, and some relationships of potentially practical value are derived. Variation in the parameters of the system yields mathematical results consistent with the expected physical ones.
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  • 2
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 19-32 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract A generalization of Landahl's approximation method (H. D. Landahl,Bull. Math. Biophysics,15, 49–61, 1953) for non-linear diffusion problems is suggested. The method is applied to sorption, desorption, and free diffusion problems involving concentration-dependent diffusion coefficients. With some limitations, the results compare favorably with those obtained by numerical methods.
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  • 3
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 33-60 
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    Notes: Abstract Recently a theorem for representing current generators in a volume conductor by the superposition of a central dipole, quadrupole, octopole, etc., has been established by G. C. K. Yeh, J. Martinek, and H. de Beaumont (Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 203–16, 1958). This theorem makes possible the representation of any discrete or line, surface- or volume-distributed current source by a unique model which can be determined for each given case by surface potential measurements and closed form analysis. In this paper the multipole representations of an eccentric dipole and an eccentric double-layer are obtained in terms of the various parameters of the assumed singularities, and the contributions to surface potentials due to each of the multipoles are compared. Certain numerical results corresponding to those of E. Frank (Amer. Heart J.,46, 364–78, 1953) are carried out and compared. Furthermore, the multipole representation of a partially damaged double-layer is also determined and compared with that of an undamaged one. It is concluded that within the range of parameters corresponding to human subjects the higher-order multipoles can contribute significantly to the surface potentials compared with the dipole.
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  • 4
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 97-100 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract In line with a recent suggestion by the author (Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 267–73, September, 1958) that not only does the organism as a whole map on the primordial, but that each organ can also be thus mapped, it is shown that the previously introduced abstract spaces, which represent an organism, contain subspaces which map continuously on the space of the primordial. Several theorems about those subspaces are proven.
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  • 5
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 71-95 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract The DNA-protein coding problem is given a general algebraic formulation, the consequences of which are then explored by standard mathematical methods. To keep the treatment self-contained, the mathematical techniques to be used are explained in detail. It is demonstrated that there exista priori a countably infinite number of different abstract DNA-protein codes, thereby showing that inductive attempts to construct such a code will most likely be fruitless. A notion of ergodicity is then introduced, which imposes a number of restrictions on the admissible codes, and, in fact, these considerations enable us toderive a small portion of a code which, if our hypothesis of ergodicity is correct, must occur in nature. Finally, we discuss briefly the problem as to whether there can exist more than one DNA-protein code in nature.
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  • 6
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    Notes: Abstract The present-day practices of electrocardiography and vectorardiography are based upon the theory that the surface potential differences can be assumed to be due to a single dipole inside the body. It is shown in this paper that a dipole cannot account for all the surface potentials due to realistic current generators, and hence the determination of the current generator from surface potential measurements based upon such a theory will lead to inconsistent representations of the heart for one and the same subject. To demonstrate this point two eccentric dipoles of different strengths and locations representing two muscle fibers are taken to be the current generator in a homogeneous spherical conductor. The exact surface potentials are then expressed by means of the “interior sphere theorem” of the authors. With these expressions the magnitude, direction, and location of the resultant dipole are determined by the method of D. Gabor and C. V. Nelson (J. App. Physics,25, 413–16, 1954). The surface potentials due to this resultant dipole are again exactly expressed by means of the “interior sphere theorem” and compared with those due to the eccentric dipoles assumed. It can be seen that the differences can be considerable. It is suggested that the multipole model of the authors (Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 203–16, 1958) be used as a more accurate and the only unique representation of the heart.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 101-106 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract In a preceding paper (Bull. Math. Biophysics 20, 71–93, 1958) the principle of biotopological mapping was formulated in terms of a continuous mapping of an abstract space, made from the set of biological properties which characterize the organism, by an appropriate definition of neighborhoods. In this paper it is shown that we may consider directly the mappings of the different sets of properties which characterize different organisms without taking recourse to abstract spaces. All the verificable conclusions made in the preceding paper remain valid. A serious difficulty mentioned previously is, however, avoided and the possibility of more general predictions is established.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 107-107 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 109-128 
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    Notes: Abstract The general Theory of Categories is applied to the study of the (M, R)-systems previously defined. A set of axioms is provided which characterize “abstract (M, R)-systems”, defined in terms of the Theory of Categories. It is shown that the replication of the repair components of these systems may be accounted for in a natural way within this framework, thereby obviating the need for anad hoc postulation of a replication mechanism. A time-lag structure is introduced into these abstract (M, R)-systems. In order to apply this structure to a discussion of the “morphology” of these systems, it is necessary to make certain assumptions which relate the morphology to the time lags. By so doing, a system of abstract biology is in effect constructed. In particular, a formulation of a general Principle of Optimal Design is proposed for these systems. It is shown under what conditions the repair mechanism of the system will be localized into a spherical region, suggestive of the nuclear arrangements in cells. The possibility of placing an abstract (M, R)-system into optimal form in more than one way is then investigated, and a necessary and sufficient condition for this occurrence is obtained. Some further implications of the above assumptions are then discussed.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 141-151 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract The transient stage of the random dispersal of logistic populations is investigated, using a Sturm-Liouville series leading to an infinite system of non-linear integral equations. These equations are then solved via a successive approximation scheme. R. A. Fisher's (steady-state) velocity of advance paradox is discussed. An illustrative example is worked to the second order of approximation.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 153-159 
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    Notes: Abstract An approximation method using a sine function is used to solve the second degree growth equation for the case in which an organism may simultaneously become dispersed throughout a uniform region. The resulting expression for a special case is compared with the expression obtained by R. Barakat (1959,Bull. Math. Biophysics,21, 141–51), giving the first two terms, by an iterative, procedure. The agreement is satisfactory.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 129-140 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract Diffusion through a flat pore into a large open region is proportional to the linear dimension of the pore and not to its area. This was first explained by Brown and Escombe (1900) for a circular pore and is here generalized, by means of a dimensional argument, to include any type of regular opening. The problem is further generalized to include diffusion through pores of finite thickness, finite distance apart, and into finite regions. Since this problem cannot be solved exactly, an approximation method is introduced. Reasons for the credibility of the approximation are presented. It is then shown, by means of the approximation method, that the diffusive flow through a pore is equal to the total concentration difference divided by the resistance of the system. The resistance, in turn, is the sum of the resistances of all portions of the system, each of which is calculated. The result is compared with results which have been calculated exactly for limiting cases and found to agree very well. The results are then applied to a standard method of computing pore size in membranes, and it is shown that the correction factor is negligible.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 161-183 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract V. S. Ivlev [Experimental Ecology of Nutrition of Fishes, 1955, Moscow (in Russia)] has shown that the food uptake by fishes during a fixed interval of time is an exponential function of the concentration of food. Ivlev's equation is derived here, and it is shown that it can hold only for non-stationary conditions, such as prevailed in Ivlev's experiments. For a stationary state, the rate of food uptake should tend asymptotically to a limiting value as the concentration increases, but the variation is not exponential. Different other aspects of the problem are investigated, and definite new experimental procedures suggested. The implications of Ivlev's findings on the effect of non-uniformity of food distribution upon the rate of food consumption are studied from a mathematical point of view. The conclusion is reached that whereas a fish does not, in the process of eating, move directly to an individual food particle which it perceives, it does move more or less directly to large aggregates of particles, if the latter are distributed nonuniformly.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 185-193 
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    Notes: Abstract Some relational aspects of the property of self-reproduction of biological systems are studied. If in addition to the requirement of the property of self-reproduction we add also the requirement of adaptability of the organism to changing environment, this imposes certain conditions on the topology of the graphs which represent such systems. A further study of the relational properties of such systems seems to offer the possibility of deriving the principle of biological mapping from the requirement of self-reproduction and adaptability. An examination of the problem of the original formation of such self-reproducing systems in connection with the established fact of impossibility of spontaneous generation leads to the conclusion that an organism must inhibit such processes which, in the absence of organisms, would lead to spontaneous generation.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 195-216 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract In the human, the antagonistic, extensor-flexor system of the leg is an example of a common type of neurophysiological feedback system. After a brief introduction to the neuroanatomy and physiology of this feedback system, the paper formulates transfer functions from temporal response data available in the literature. A feedback stability analysis, based on the extension of Nyquist's stability criteria to multiple-loop systems and utilizing flow-graph techniques, demonstrates the stable behavior of the system. Expressions are given relating the sensitivity of the system to variations in muscle response and Golgi tendon organ (tension receptor) response. By considering the events taking place at synapses and end-plates during “isometric tension-small knee angle excursion” conditions as stationary stochastic processes, an external “noise” input to the system is given, whose spectrum is derived from the statistics of a shot-process representation of these events. The paper concludes with some correlations between the analytical results and clinical syndromes.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 217-255 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract In this continuation of a previous report it is shown how the Volterra population dynamics, which underlies the statistical theory, can be based on a variational principle; how the dynamics can be generalized as regards both the behavior of total populations and migration phenomena; and how many directly observable data, such as amplitudes and frequencies of oscillation of a population, fit into the statistical theory and can test it. Such a test is carried out in some detail using the fox-catch data of Elton, with a clear indication that the theory is capable of comprehending the major statistical properties of population-time curves. A final section sketches an extension of the theory to cover secular variations of external conditions such as temperature of the environment.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 287-293 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract We postulate that the biomass distribution function for an ecological population may be derived from the condition that the biomas diversity functional is maximal subject to an energetic constraint on the total biomass. This leads to a biomass distribution of the form $$p(m) = \bar m^{ - 1} \exp ( - m/\bar m)$$ , where $$\bar m$$ is the mean biomass per individual. The same condition yields a unique value for the biomass diversity functional. These predictions are tested against fishery data and found to be in good agreement. It is argued that the existence of a unique value for biomass diversity may provide a preliminary theoretical foundation for the observed upper limit to species diversity.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 311-321 
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    Notes: Abstract Pigment distribution presages hydranth regeneration in the marine hydroidTubularia. We suggest that such a distribution could result from a reaction-diffusion system. A model system based on a practical reaction scheme is studied and spatial structures found which closely resemble this pigment distribution. Finite-amplitude spatial structures in reaction-diffusion systems are considered. Whereas in one spatial dimension the final structures are normally very similar to the transient patterns which emerge from a linear analysis, it is shown that in more than one dimension this is not necessarily the case. The reasons for this are discussed.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 409-424 
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    Notes: Abstract An analytical model is used to described the behavior of inhaled particulate matter in the human respiratory tract. Three different geometries, symmetric and asymmetric, are utilized to simultate the tracheobronchial (TB) tree. The suitability of each geometry for representing the human is evaluated by comparing calculated aerosol deposition probabilities with experimental data from inhalation exposure tests. A symmetric, dichotomously branching pattern is found to be a reliable description of the TB tree for studies of factors affecting aerosol deposition in the human lung. Calculations with the theoretical model are in excellent agreement with measured aerosol deposition efficiencies. Furthermore, the model accurately predicts experimentally observed features of inhalation exposure data, such as effects of inter-subject lung morphology differences and relative efficiencies of specific deposition mechanisms, on aerosol deposition patterns in the TB tree.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 436-436 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 437-437 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 579-590 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we are concerned with problems of the long-term behavior for nonlinear systems in random environment. The general model is assumed to be given by an ordinary differential equation with random parameters or random input. The disturbance process can be taken from a fairly general class of Markov processes having a bounded state space. In terms of the system’s dynamics we give sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of invariant probabilities. Finally, we apply these results to the two-dimensional biochemical model which is known as the Brusselator.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 571-577 
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    Notes: Abstract In various applications one faces the problem of estimating a signal from discontinuous observations. For example, in biomedical applications the signal may be the ‘state’ of a given organ and one observes through an external counter the amount of radioactivity sequestered by the organ after injection of a radioactive tracer. Here the problem is studied in the context of nonlinear filtering when the signal can be modelled as either a random variable or a diffusion process, and the observations have a continuous and a purely discontinuous component; both components may be affected by the signal. When the signal is a random variable an explicitly computable solution is obtained; for the diffusion case the solution is given as a sequence of approximating filters that can be computed recursively.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 627-634 
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    Notes: Abstract Eigenvalue problems arise in various biological models. We outline a useful comparison method and a technique using Lyapunov functions that can be applied in many cases. An application to lateral diffusion is discussed.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 605-616 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews, up to their recent developments, two types of models of the cell cycle: those considering the size controls over the cycle events and the transition probability models. The distribution of inter-mitotic time and the sister-sister and motherdaughter correlations implied by the two approaches are discussed in view of some relevant experimental data.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 617-626 
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    Notes: Abstract The development of a blood cell line originating from a pluripotent stem cell pool is modelled by a chain of multidimensional branching processes in which the sojourn times of the cells in certain resting states depend on the size of the following subpopulation. The stability of such a model is discussed qualitatively and some considerations concerning a possible malignant degeneration are presented. The behaviour of models for normal and malignant cell production are illustrated by stochastic stimulations. The model presented here describes the development of a certain line of blood cells (e.g. erythrocytes, monocytes or granulocytes) originating from the pluripotent stem cell up to the functional cell in the blood (for related models see, e.g., Rubinow and Lebowitz,J. math. Biol. 1, 87–225;Biophys. J. 16, 897–910).
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 635-641 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews some recent advances in single population stochastic differential equation growth models. They are a natural way to model population growth in a randomly varying environment. The question of which calculus, Itô or Stratonovich, is preferable is addressed. The two calculi coincide when the noise term is linear, if we take into account the differences in the interpretation of the parameters. This clarifies, among other things, the controversy on the theory of niche limiting similarity proposed by May and MacArthur. The effects of correlations in the environmental fluctuations and statistical methods for estimating parameters and for prediction based on a single population trajectory are mentioned. Applications to fisheries, wildlife management and particularly to environmental impact assessment are now becoming possible and are proposed in this paper.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 643-658 
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    Notes: Abstract A survey is given of the application of (functions of) continuous-time Markov chains in the statistical analysis of behavioural time series.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 659-659 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 661-664 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper demonstrates that there is one and only one solution to a non-linear singular two-point boundary-value problem which describes oxygen diffusion in a spherical cell. Previous authors have calculated numerical results that differ substantially. Numerical computations using the multiple shooting method support the results of McElwain.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 665-720 
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    Notes: Abstract The mathematics of distance geometry constitutes the basis of a group of algorithms for revealing the structural consequences of diverse forms of information about a macromolecule's conformation. These algorithms are of proven utility in the analysis of experimental conformational data. This paper presents the basic theorems of distance geometry in Euclidean space and gives formal proofs of the correctness and, where possible, of the complexity of these algorithms. The implications of distance geometry for the energy minimization of macromolecules are also discussed.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 721-737 
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    Notes: Abstract A fully developed pulsatile flow in a circular rigid tube is analysed by a microcontinuum approach. Solutions for radial variation of axial velocity and cell rotational velocity across the tube are obtained using the momentum integral method. Simplified forms of the solutions are presented for the relevant physiological data. Marked deviations in the results are observed when compared to a Newtonian fluid model. It is interesting to see that there is sufficient reduction in the mass flow rate, phase lag and friction due to the micropolar character of the fluid.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 749-758 
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    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model of the transport of fluorescein across the blood-retina barrier in the transient state and the subsequent diffusion of fluorescein in the vitreous body is presented. The function of the barrier is lumped in a single parameter—the permeability. The sensitivity of this parameter due to changes in the other parameters of the model is given. This establishes the foundation for the quantitative assessment of the barrier function through vitreous fluorophotometry.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 739-748 
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    Notes: Abstract The objective of this preliminary study was to develop a new quantitative method of setting the initial insulin infusion patterns in treatment of diabetic patients. The method is based upon the mathematical estimation of the insulin profile required to maintain the glucose level within the normal range after glucose loading in diabetic patients. Using our previously developed equivalent circuit model of glucose kinetics and the reported data of an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) in two groups of normal and diabetic patients, two important physiological parameters of the model (the peripheral tissue's insulin resistivity and the hepatic sensitivity to glucose level) were computed for two clinical groups. Then the insulin profile was obtained by computing the plasma insulin concentrations required to keep the total glucose utilization rate of the tissue and the liver in the diabetic group equal to that of the normal group. The simulation result indicated that the computed insulin profile produced a plasma glucose profile which was more closely matched to the normal group's glucose profile than with the case of emulating the normal group's insulin profile in the diabetic group.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 759-780 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper shows that the Na conductance changes can be explained quantitatively, based on the following assumptions: (1) there exist in nerve membranes the electron transfer (ET) complexes and traps, (2) there is energy migration among them. The gating mechanism is explained in physical terms. Its mathematical expression differs from the Hodgkin-Huxley equations, but resembles the Hoyt formulation. In the present model, the physical parameters for the squid axon can be estimated from currently available experimental data. The density of the ET complexes is on the order of 105/μm2, and the density of the traps is 103/μm2. The magnitude of the energy transfer rate between ET complexes is about 106/sec at large depolarization and decreases with decreasing depolarizations, as does the Na inactivation rate. The energy gap between the two stable states of the transfer electron in the ET complex is estimated to be around 0.1 eV, which is approximately the same as that for the photosynthetic systems.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 781-792 
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    Notes: Abstract The role of symmetry in simplifying the theory of complex neural systems is argued. When the structural symmetries of a network are expressed as an ismorphism group, implications emerge for the dynamics. Various qualitative possibilities concerning stability of uniform motion in homogeneous nets are discussed and an approach to neural hierarchies is outlined.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 793-805 
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    Notes: Abstract By constructing appropriate Liapunov functionals, asymptotic behaviour of the solutions of various delay differential systems describing prey-predator, competition and symbiosis models has been studied. It has been shown that equilibrium states of these models are globally stable, provided certain conditions in terms of instantaneous and delay interaction coefficients are satisfied.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 807-826 
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    Notes: Abstract Sensitivity analyses have been used to examine the flow structure of two hypothetical ecosystem models. These analyses have results which relate to important aspects of ecosystem theory. Cycles are shown to increase the sensitivity of the network, while increased throughflow is shown to decrease the sensitivity. Such results indicate that several factors can be modified to decrease the sensitivity of ecosystems to environmental stress.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 827-836 
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    Notes: Abstract A continous, deterministic mathematical model is used to predict population distributions by age at any time, given the initial distribution and the variation of birth and death rates with age and time. Solutions are obtained on a computer using a semi-discretization algorithm in which time derivatives in the partial differential equations are replaced by finite-difference expressions. The resulting sets of ordinary differential equations are solved by a predictor-corrector method. Graphical results are shown for some examples.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 849-855 
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    Notes: Abstract A new formula for the complexity of graphs is proposed and applied to the points lines and ‘connections’ of some chemically relevant graphs.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 837-847 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper reports general and specialized results on analytical solutions to the governing phenomenological equations for chemotactic redistribution and population growth of motile bacteria. It is shown that the number of bacteria cells per unit volume,b, is proportional to a certain prescribed function ofs, the concentration of the critical substrate chemotactic agent, for steady-state solutions through an arbitrary spatial region with a boundary that is impermeable to bacteria cell transport. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the steady-state solution forb ands is unique for a prescribed total number of bacteria cells in the spatial region and a generic Robin boundary condition ons. The latter solution can be approximated to desired accuracy in terms of the Poisson-Green's function associated with the spatial region. Also, as shown by example, closed-form exact steady-state solutions are obtainable for certain consumption rate functions and geometrically symmetric spatial regions. A solutional procedure is formulated for the initialvalue problem in cases for which significant population growth is present and bacteria cell redistribution due to motility and chemotactic flow proceeds slowly relative to the diffusion of the chemoattractant substrate. Finally, a remarkably simple exact analytical solution is reported for a stradily propagating plane-wave which features motility, chemotactic motion and bacteria population growth regulated by substrate diffusion.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 857-867 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the flow of blood in large artries under the influence of linear periodic acceleration. The governing equations and boundary conditions are established and analytical solutions for the velocity, fluid acceleration, bulk flow and shear stress are obtained. The results for these physical quantitites are computed for the case of an artery the size of a normal human aorta. It is found that the flow field variables are directly proportional to the external accelerating force. The behaviour of the velocity profile along the radial distance at different stages of times at fixed applied acceleration is also shown.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 931-968 
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    Notes: Abstract The evolutionary selection circuits model of learning has been specified algorithmically. The basic structural components of the selection circuits model are enzymatic neurons, that is, neurons whose firing behavior is controlled by membrane-bound macromolecules called excitases. Learning involves changes in the excitase contents of neurons through a process of variation and selection. In this paper we report on the behavior of a basic version of the learning algorithm which has been developed through extensive interactive experiments with the model. This algorithm is effective in that it enables single neurons or networks of neurons to learn simple pattern classification tasks in a number of time steps which appears experimentally to be a linear function of problem size, as measured by the number of patterns of presynaptic input. The experimental behavior of the algorithm establishes that evolutionary mechanisms of learning are competent to serve as major mechanisms of neuronal adaptation. As an example, we show how the evolutionary learning algorithm can contribute to adaptive motor control processes in which the learning system develops the ability to reach a target in the presence of randomly imposed disturbances.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 981-990 
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    Notes: Abstract In the present paper we discuss the behaviour of solutions of a dynamical system describing the growth of cells in a well-mixed continuous culture where the supply of the growth-limiting nutrient depends on the activity of an enzyme outside the cell membrane. It turns out that for positive dilution rates there exists an exponentially attractive two-dimensional simplex. Furthermore, the reversed system restricted to this simplex is quasimonotone. In every case all trajectories tend to an equilibrium state.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 991-1004 
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    Notes: Abstract We present a Gause predator-prey model incorporating mutual interference among predators, a density-dependent predator death rate and a time lag due to gestation. It is well known that mutual interference is stabilizing, whereas time delays are destabilizing. We show that in combining the two, a long time-lag usually, but not always, destabilizes the system. We also show that increasing delays can cause a bifurcation into periodic solutions.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 969-980 
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    Notes: Abstract The cycle structure of enzymatic neural networks may be characterized in terms of number of cycles exhibited, size of cycle state sets and cycle lengths. Simulation experiments show that the stability properties of these networks have some unusual features which are not exhibited by networks of two-state switching elements or by randomly constructed ecosystem models. The behavioral and structural stability of these systems decreases with their structural complexity, as measured by the number of components. The behavioral and structural stability of enzymatic neural networks also decreases with structural complexity, as measured by the number of excitase types, but only up to the middle level of excitases per neuron. This is the point of highest potential responsiveness of the system to environmental stimuli. Beyond this point the behavioral and structural stability increase. This is due to the fact that the number of possible states increases up to this point and decreases beyond it. The number of possible states, not the number of components, serves as the useful measure of complexity in these types of systems. The selection circuits learning algorithm has been used to evolve networks whose cycle structures have desired features.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 1005-1011 
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    Notes: Abstract Similarity criteria of the functional design of the mammalian cardiovascular system are scant. For the analysis of mammalian cardiac energetics physiological parameters such as mean arterial blood pressure, stroke volume, heart rate, metabolic rate and heart and body weights are considered pertinent. Based on these parameters, a new similarity principle is established via allometric equations, dimensional analysis and Buckingham's pi-theorem. The principle states that the ratio of left ventricular external work to metabolic rate is inversely proportional to resting heart rates of mammals. The proportionality constant is dimensionless and is invariant of mammalian body weights.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 1029-1045 
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    Notes: Abstract The mathematical theory of categories is used as a tool in the description of the structure and function of natural systems. The connections between the category of natural systems, with observables and dynamics, and the phenomenological calculus of response tensors, duality- and adjoint-invariance diagrams are established. The unified theory is applied to the analysis of hierarchies, pattern generation and the structure and dynamics of proteins.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 1047-1072 
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    Notes: Abstract This is an investigation of natural systems from the standpoint of the mathematical theory of categories. It examines the relationships which exist between different descriptions through measurement of observables and dynamical interactions. We begin with a category theory of formal systems with observables, and then proceed to a category theory of dynamical systems. The two categories are then combined to represent natural systems. Topological considerations enter in the study of stability and bifurcation phenomena. Special emphasis is placed on natural systems which model biological processes. The categorical system theory developed is applied to the analysis of several biological problems and biological system theories.
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    Notes: Abstract Tetanic hyperpolarization for theXenopus node is simulated by means of iterative solutions of the Frankenhaeuser-Huxley excitation equations together with an active transport current density term which is dependent on sodium and potassium levels as well as the ADP/ATP ratio. All time-dependent variables at the end of one interspike interval are introduced as initial conditions for the next response, whereupon all time-dependent changes in voltage and permeability factors appear identical for the third and fourth responses of a sequence. Net change in internal sodium concentration is zero throughout the third and fourth intervals if sodium loading of the system is initially adjusted to a critical level. Extent of tetanic hyperpolarization is a function of the pump conductance.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 1097-1097 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 1073-1096 
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    Notes: Abstract The properties of nonlinear equations describing the solute and solvent transport across a simplified Patlak-Goldstein-Hoffman model (two membranes in series without unstirred layers) are investigated both analytically and numerically. The analysis shows that the principal coefficients measured in transport experiments in the presence of active transport are dependent on the experimental conditions. These ‘apparent’ system parameters are extensions of the corresponding parameters determined both in passive systems and in the linear Kedem-Katchalsky theory. Moreover, they are related to the local phenomenological coefficients of the single membranes of the array. Several relationships between measurable quantities and the local system parameters are indicated, allowing the planning of experiments aimed at the measurement of the latter. Data in the literature have been used to check the proposed volume flow equation.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 139-142 
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    Notes: Abstract As an alternative to optimum-processor models in which sensors attempt to circumvent internal and external noise, a mechanism-independent argument is presented for Weber's law in vision and hearing. In vision, the argument is that categories of objects should be independent of the light intensity on these objects. In hearing, sound categorization should be independent of the distance from the sound source. An analogous desideratum for computer-based image segmentation is also presented.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 193-207 
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    Notes: Abstract Rashevsky's treatment of general binary relations between sets of biological elements is extended using the novel mathematical concept of lattice-valued relation (l.v.r.). This yields a quantitative measure of the strength of the relations between components of a biological organism, and some illustrative examples are given. Specific l.v.r.'s are used to define (more precisely than in Rashevsky's preliminary theory of binary relations) the biologically important relationships amongst hormones, metabolism and energy exchange involved in metabolic reactions. The ‘strongest link’ between the set of hormones and the set of metabolic reactions is quantified using a special l.v.r., and other specific biological realisations of lattice-valued relations in abstract-relational biology are presented. L.v.r.'s may also be regarded as a form ofG-relation in relational biology, or as a particular case of generating diagrams. Further possible developments of this approach, using more complex tools of the newly developed mathematical theory of lattice-valued relations, such as function space l.v.r., group l.v.r., l.v.r. morphisms, l.v.r. homology andn-ary l.v.r.'s are suggested.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 259-267 
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    Notes: Abstract The effects of the viscosity-concentration dependence and of the concentration profile on blood flow through a vessel with stenosis have been studied. The flow resistance and the wall shear stress have been found to be smaller than in the two-fluid model with constant viscosities.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 507-519 
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    Notes: Abstract A survey is given of branching process type methods in cell kinetics. Some results are given that allow circadian rhythm and do not require complete independence between cells. Some more classical results on balanced exponential growth are given and some comments are made on flow microfluorometry.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 439-442 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 443-465 
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    Notes: Abstract The spike train activity of neurones is considered as a point process, and methods of analysing and interpreting recorded spike trains are considered. The generation of a continuous process (membrane noise) from interacting point processes is described.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 521-554 
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    Notes: Abstract Stochastic models of population genetics are studied with special reference to the biological interest. Mathematical methods are described for treating some simple models and their modifications aimed at the problems of the molecular evolution. Unified theory for treating different quantities is extensively developed and applied to some typical problems of current interest in genetics. Mathematical methods for treating geographically structured populations are given. Approximation formulae and their accuracy are discussed. Some criteria are given for a structured population to behave almost like a panmictic population of the same total size. Some quantities are shown to be independent of the geographical structure and their dynamics are described.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 35-44 
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    Notes: Abstract Via fractional representation methods, this paper tries to clarify the role of various conditions used in the feedback system design and stability with respect to the well-posedness of the system, the existence of a solution for stability and design, and the parameterization of the set of complete solutions. The design criterion for stable feedback system design can be used for filters design, as shown in Section 5. Systems to be considered in this paper include the linear time-varying case and results can easily be extended to the case where systems do not have the same number of inputs and outputs.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 57-76 
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    Notes: Abstract Conditions are established which ensure the existence (or non-existence) of limit cycles in feedback systems containing discontinuous elements or elements with hysteresis. The results are applied to a specific example.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 45-55 
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    Notes: Conclusion A necessary condition for consistent initial conditions for singular nonlinear systems has been discussed. It is shown that for linear systems or systems of index less than three these conditions are equivlaent to previously reported results. However, for nonlinear systems of index greater than two these new conditions correct those previously reported. One consequence is that Euler's method may fail to estimate solutions for some semi-state equations. R. W. Newcomb's provision of an earlier version of [14] and subsequent correspondence is gratefully acknowledged.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 161-177 
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    Notes: Abstract Thep-plane scattering and admittance matrices of SAW transducers consisting ofn equal sections modeled through the hybrid equivalent circuit are explicitly calculated. The results are specialized to the in-line and crossed-field models, and the technique is developed for unequal section transducers.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 203-211 
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    Notes: Abstract A set of eight linear spectral transformations which can be used in the design of two-dimensional digital filters is studied from a group-theoretic point of view. Several properties of the transformations, some of them known and some of them new, are deduced and are then applied in the implementation of 2-D digital filters. It is shown that trade-offs exist which can be used to reduce either the amount of memory required for the programming or the amount of data manipulation.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 213-238 
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    Notes: Abstract A physically justifiable mathematical model is proposed for a class of current-controlled, negative resistance oscillators having terminal characteristics which are poorly represented by the van der Pol, Scott, and Ceschia-Zecchin equations. Such resonators are typified by the monolithic emitter-coupled astable multivibrator (ECAM). A unique, three-parameter equation, based on the inverse hyperbolic tangent, is matched to the ECAM voltage-current curve. Using the method of Kryloff and Bogoliuboff, the transient and steady-state behavior of the ECAM is derived for oscillation with single-mode and double-mode LCR networks under quasi-linear conditions. An expression for the time of amplitude build-up and decay is derived. A phase plane is constructed for the double-mode case, yielding a system apparently free of simultaneous modes. The validity of the model is experimentally verified for quartz-controlled ECAM devices. The analysis results are extendable ton resonant modes and may be generalized to voltage-controlled devices.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 421-443 
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    Notes: Abstract The problem of adaptively detecting two sinusoids corrupted by noise is considered, with emphasis on resolution properties. The approach is to form a spectral estimate from the coefficients of a Δ-step-ahead adaptive predictor. A theoretical analysis reveals that attention to the choice of the prediction horizon Δ gives a distinct improvement in the spectral estimate and in the resolution of the signals. The theoretical results are illustrated with numerical examples. Comparisons with previously suggested techniques are also made.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 13-17 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper extends Leslie's vector and matrix treatment of populations. A simple matrix is given for species in which adult mortality and fertility are independent of age, but in which the juvenile mortality rate differs from the adult. The population vector can be changed into a population matrix. This should allow equations using functions of the size of the population to be developed. Genetic variables such as sex or other polymorphisms can be introduced, and the notation allows different systems of selection or non-random mating to be specified.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 11-20 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with a generalization of the simple epidemic model in which the infective population is partitioned intom classes, each of specific infectiousness. Attention is restricted, however, to the case where all the meeting rates between two individuals are equal to each other. Both deterministic and stochastic versions are examined. In either case the development in time of the epidemic process is investigated by exploiting a connection with the standard simple epidemic model. Finally, it is shown that the technique used also applies to a similar model for the spread of information.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 33-40 
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    Notes: Abstract For each rooted binary tree witht labeled terminal vertices (leaves) a natural number can be assigned uniquely. Unrooted trees witht labeled terminal vertices andt-2 unlabeled internal vertices of degree 3 can also be numbered uniquely using the same convention. Rooted trees in which the hights of the internal vertices are rank ordered are also considered. Applications to problems in taxonomy are discussed.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 41-50 
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    Notes: Abstract Expressions and numerical values for hematocrit reduction are calculated as blood flows from a cylindrical feeding tube into a cylindrical capillary at a right-angle branch. Blood is considered to consist of two Newtonian fluids, plasma and red cell suspension, which have equal densities but different viscosities. The concentration profile of the red cells is concluded to depend on the size of the feeding tube. An estimate for the thickness of the plasma layer adjacent to the wall is obtained.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 51-67 
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    Notes: Abstract Asimple model system of two self-reproducing objects is considered. A set of equations, similar to Eigen's equation, describing competition of these objects is derived and analyzed under the effect of an ‘ecological constraint’. The relation with other constraints used in the literature is discussed.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 69-90 
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    Notes: Abstract A membrane with an arbitrary distribution of fixed charges inside and on its surfaces is considered. A procedure for calculating the local electrostatic potential at an arbitrary point of the system is described and its validity discussed. This procedure is based on the linearization of the 3-dimensional Poisson-Boltzmann equation around an exact 1-dimensional solution.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 103-116 
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    Notes: Abstract In this, the first of a series of papers on stochastic and deterministic non-linear allometric growth models, a deterministic model is proposed which generalizes the widely applicable classical linear model of Huxley and Needham. There aren types of producers, each type depositing a product which accumulates monotonically in the environment. Producers interact via a mass action law satisfying an optimality condition. Coefficients may be interpreted as competition between the various producer types in the usual Volterra sense. An ideal coral reef is studied in which then species of coral polyps lay down aragonite calcium carbonate in building the reef framework. This deterministic model predicts that younger reefs are strongly unstable relative to initial species abundance, while older reefs grow in the classical sense of Huxley and Needham, asymptotically, as time goes to infinity.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 151-153 
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    Notes: Abstract First-order spatial gradients are reliquished in the Schrödinger-Bloch equation for bacterial chemotaxis if and only if the flux coefficient-motility ratio equals 2, the precise value measured in recent experiments onEscherichia coli attracted by oxygen. Moreover, for δ/μ=2 the Schrödinger-Bloch function Ψ is simply equal to the number of bacteria cells per unit volume divided by the chemoattractant concentration.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 169-192 
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    Notes: Abstract A mathematical formulation useful in characterizing the effects of light on the pupal eclosion rhythm of the fruit flyDrosophila pseudoobscura is presented. It is based upon the premise that the underlying pacemaker oscillator behaves in a manner analogous to a customized version of a phase-locked loop circuit. Theoretical analyses supplemented with numerical simulations reveal that this phase-locked loop approach yields a concise mathematical characterization which is quite comprehensive in its scope, yet surprisingly accurate in the detail with which it can be used to successfully predict observed experimental results.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 155-168 
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    Notes: Abstract Pointwise upper and lower bounds for the solution of a class of nonlinear problems arising in the steady-state finite cable model of cell membranes are presented. Simple analytical bounding curves are obtained for an illustrative example in the theory of nerve membranes.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 209-227 
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    Notes: Abstract Single-species reaction-diffusion models are analyzed to determine the effect of various diffusion mechanisms on species persistence or extinction.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 401-408 
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    Notes: Abstract A restriction is imposed on the number of particles that can possibly move at any time from a compartment, so that any other particles present in the compartment must wait until such particles have moved out. The equations for such a system are formulated and the solution is given for a single compartment system; increased variability of the compartmental particle count is one effect of this restriction.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 323-345 
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    Notes: Abstract Two classes of dose-effect models for cell killing (additive damage and independent effects) are developed under alternative hypotheses about the damage that leads to cell death. Generalized models, along with specific models for cell killing after exposure to a specific cytotoxicant, are used to make predictions about the effects of sequential or simultaneous exposure to different cytotoxicants. It is demonstrated that with the additive damage models developed one can adequately account for the combined effects of the cytotoxicants considered. Theoretical results are presented which suggest that after simultaneous exposure of cells to low total doses (〈0.1 Gy) of different ionizing radiations, use of the conventional relative biological effectiveness approach to predict cell killing risks is unnecessary; cell killing risks can adequately be determined by assuming the effects of the different radiations to be independent. Also, for simultaneous exposure of cells to total doses of different radiations much larger than 0.1 Gy, use of the conventional RBE approach to arrive at cell killing risk could lead to overestimation of the risk.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 347-400 
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    Notes: Abstract A predator which is preying on a model-mimic system can choose either the single-trial strategy or a multi-trial strategy as its behavior in learning to prudently harvest such a prey system. In this learning behavior, an important and often-posed problem is to determine which among these two strategies is better suited for the predator and why one is preferable over the other. We present in this article, using Markov chain methods, an extensive analysis of these strategies (and also of eat-everything, strategy). We conclude that the multi-trial strategy is the one that the predator should adopt (but we will also describe the situations when the single-trial strategy seems to be better). Our conclusions are based on the comparisons of quantities such as the mean benefit to the predator, energy derived by a predator from the model-mimic system and (a newly introduced notion of) contagion in eating mimics and models (these quantities are computed for different strategies). The first two quantities are functions of the abundancep and noxiousnessb of models. The contagion is a function of onlyp; and, though independent ofb, it is also in support of multi-trial, strategy. We introduce, in the present context, a biological analog of the d'Alembert principle and also derive functions describing the influences of eating a specified type of prey at a given time on eating any type of prey at a later time. Various results of Estabrook-Jespersen (single-trial strategy) and Bobisud-Potratz (multi-trial strategy) are re-derived as special cases of our more general results. A central limit theorem under the eat-everything strategy is given.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 431-435 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 425-430 
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    Notes: Abstract We consider the one-dimension (one-compartment) exponential model using a diffusion process approach. In particular, we summarize the known results in the case where the stochastic component of the model is a Gaussian white noise process with mean zero and variance σ2. Finally, we briefly illustrate a number of cases where similar forms of model arise.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 467-482 
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    Notes: Abstract The surfaces of many cells are viscous fluids; consequently, most membrane proteins are able to diffuse laterally, in a more or less random fashion, with diffusion coefficients typically of order 10−10 cm2/sec. If a molecule (ligand) in solution outside the cell and a protein molecule on the surface (receptor) each have two or more sites at which they can interact with one another, large, branched receptor-ligand networks can form on the cell surface by virtue of the chemical interactions that surface fluidity permits. Evidence from a variety of systems indicates that such receptor clustering plays a role in the sequence of events leading to cellular activity. This paper describes a number of mathematical problems that arise in the analysis of experiments in which clustering occurs. I begin by reviewing methods for finding the time evolution of the cluster size distribution function in terms of reaction rate constants. The methods solve an essentially infinite system of coupled nonlinear differential equations. Next, the rate constants are analyzed, the Brownian motion problems that arise in attempting to understand ligand recognition are described and relevant experimental systems are discussed. Finally the notion of ligand as a signal amplifier is introduced—an idea that emerges naturally from the requirement that receptors be clustered for a finite amount of time before a signal can be transmitted.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 555-569 
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    Notes: Abstract The covariances among the populations of distinct compartments are studied for the multi-compartmental birthless death-migration-immigration process. The important role played by the transition matrix of the deterministic process is underlined. Several examples are discussed.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 483-506 
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    Notes: Abstract Qualitative theory for multidimensional stochastic dynamical models $$\dot x = f(x, \xi )$$ is presented where the random influences ξ may be white or colored, i.e. a (possibly bounded) diffusion process. We concentrate on transience, stationary solutions and boundary behavior and discuss a set-up for reliable simulations. The method consists in associating a deterministic control system where the (approximate) controllability properties determine the qualitative behavior of the stochastic system. Applications to some biological systems indicate the usefulness of qualitative theory in life sciences.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 599-603 
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    Notes: Abstract We study some linear stochastic differential equations in Hilbert spaces.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 591-597 
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    Notes: Abstract In this article we show how linearity with respect to the output of a stochastic dynamic model can be exploited in order to simplify the computation of moments or conditional moments. The results are presented for two examples, one of which includes delays. This feature is often encountered in biological models.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 873-874 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 869-872 
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    Notes: Abstract In the derivation of the biomass distribution function for an ecological population critical use is made of an energetic constraint on the maximization of biomass diversity. The nature of this constraint is explored in detail using Kleiber's relation σ(m)=cm γ between animal metabolic rate σ(m) and body weightm in conjuction with the Prigogine-Wiame thermodynamic paradigm for specific entropy production in biological stationary states. These two inputs fix the energetic constraint on the maximization of biomass diversity to be the constancy of the mean metabolic rate of the ecosystem. The resulting biomass distribution function is tested against observational data.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 875-875 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 901-915 
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    Notes: Abstract A system of mixed integrodifferential and partial differential equations for an agestructured predator-prey system is studied here. The predator eats all ages of prey, but more of the very young and very old than of the intermediate ages. The existence of periodic solutions corresponding to stable coexistence is proved for a suitable range of parameters by bifurcation theory.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 877-900 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper, stability of two-prey, one-predator communities is investigated by Lyapunov's direct method and Hopf's bifurcation theory. Three patterns of three-species coexistence are possible. A globally stable non-negative equilibrium exists for the system even if two competing prey species without a predator cannot coexist. The stable equilibrium bifurcates to a periodic motion with a small amplitude when the predation rate increases. It is also shown that a chaotic motion emerges from the periodic motion when one of two prey has greater competitive abilities than the other. This predator-mediated coexistence can be realized by the intimate relationship between preferences of a predator and competitive abilities of two prey.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 917-930 
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    Notes: Abstract A non-linear stability analysis using a multi-scale perturbation procedure is carried out on the practical Thomas reaction-diffusion mechanism which exhibits bifurcation to non-uniform states. The analytical results compare favourably with the numerical solutions. The sequential patterns generated by this model by variations in a parameter related to the reaction-diffusion domain indicate its capacity to represent certain key morphogenetic features required in a recent model by Kauffman for pattern formation in theDrosophila embryo.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 341-360 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a new method for estimating the coefficients of autoregressive moving-average parameters of stationary time series. The method is based on computing the sample autocorrelations of the given time series and fitting an ARMA model so as to approximate the partial autocorrelations in a least-squares sense. When the given time series are characterized by spectral zeroes near the unit circle, they tend to have relatively long sequences of nonzero partial autocorrelations; hence the new method is especially effective in such cases. This paper contains a derivation of all necessary mathematical details, as well as several numerical examples illustrating the performance.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 3-34 
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    Notes: Summary of Part I The present article represents a survey of a new frequency domain approach to the feedback system design problem. Although the theory applies to the general multivariate case and, in fact, much of the theory can be extended to a general ring theoretic setting for the purpose of the present exposition we will restrict ourselves to the single-variate case wherein the simple algebraic nature of the new theory is most readily apparent. In Part I1 we introduced the concept of a stable rational fractional representation for a feedback system and derived an asymptotic design theory therefrom. This included a complete parameterization for the set of compensators which stabilize the system under appropriate tracking and/or disturbance rejection constraints. Moreover, expressions for the feedback system gains of the resulting system which are linear (actually affine) in the underlying design parameter are obtained. As such, the process of choosing a specific design within this set to meet additional specifications is greatly simplified. In Part II we investigate a number of these constraints. These include the robust design problem, transfer function design, the pole placement problem, the simultaneous design problem, and the problem of designing a stable stabilizing compensator.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 99-117 
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    Notes: Abstract The anti-sidetone telephone circuit is a frequency-independent passive reciprocal 3-port whose scattering matrix between three prescribed resistive terminations (transmitter, receiver, line) meets a certain specification. In their 1920 paper, Campbell and Foster (CF) showed that the prescribed 3-port can be realized as a lossless 4-port consisting in two 3-winding transformers closed on one resistance (the balancing network). If one (two) relations are imposed between the terminating resistances of the 4-port, realizations involving a single 3-winding (2-winding) transformer are available, and the resulting 136 (38) distinct realizations have been listed by CF. In this paper, we reestablish the CF-results (which were stated almost without proof in their paper and have never been rediscussed in the literature) and present a genetic classification of their 136 + 38 circuits. Recently, a realization of the anti-sidetone 3-port containing more than one internal resistance (in addition to the balancing network, a light-emitting diode serves to illuminate the dial) has been described by D. R. Means; in this paper, we present a complete characterization of that wider class of circuits.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 155-160 
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    Notes: Abstract A differential operational amplifier with reverse switched and fixed capacitors produces a semi-nonsingular sampled data system which leads to a delayed sample and hold signal. Such a device can be suitably applied to a compensating resonant low-pass filter which is derived within theclass of Rader-Gold transforms. The resonant low-pass filter application demonstrates that analog transfer functions with bounded spectrums can be converted to accurate digital spectrum counterparts without pole-zero decompositions.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 239-253 
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    Notes: Abstract Multivariable positive real functions whose polynomial derivatives are reactance functions — a characteristic not possible in the case of single-variable positive real functions — are discussed. It is shown that the input impedances of certain cascaded multivariable networks belong to this class. Necessary and sufficient conditions for a multivariable positive real function with unity degree in each variable to be the input impedance of a resistively-terminated cascade of two lossless two-ports in mutually exclusive variables and separated by a series inductor or a shunt capacitor in another variable are discussed.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 311-326 
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    Notes: Abstract One form of the singular systemAx′+Bx=f is considered. The analytic solution, perturbation, and numerical solution of this form are examined. A class of systems which may be transformed into this form without altering these properties is characterized.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 391-420 
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    Notes: Abstract The least-squares lattice filter is used to implement an infinite-impulse-response adaptive filter for the enhancement of narrowband signals in the presence of white or finitely correlated noise. The advantages of infinite impulse response filters for adaptive line enhancement are discussed. The performance of the proposed technique is illustrated by simulation results.
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