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  • SPACE RADIATION
  • 1990-1994  (189)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (737)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1992  (189)
  • 1974  (355)
  • 1970  (382)
  • 1957
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  • 1990-1994  (189)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (737)
  • 1955-1959
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  • 1
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    Galactic cosmic ray transport methods and radiation quality issues (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An overview of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) interaction and transport methods, as implemented in the Langley Research Center GCR transport code, is presented. Representative results for solar minimum, exo-magnetospheric GCR dose equivalents in water are presented on a component by component basis for various thicknesses of aluminum shielding. The impact of proposed changes to the currently used quality factors on exposure estimates and shielding requirements are quantified. Using the cellular track model of Katz, estimates of relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for the mixed GCR radiation fields are also made.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation, Part D: Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements (ISSN 0735-245X); 20; 1; p. 65-72.
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  • 2
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    Fast Fourier transformation results from gamma-ray burst profiles (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Several gamma-ray bursts in the BATSE data have sufficiently long durations and complex temporal structures with pulses that appear to be spaced quasi-periodically. In order to test and quantify these periods we have applied fast Fourier transformations (FFT) to all these events. We have also performed cross spectral analyses of the FFT of the two extreme (high-low) energy bands in each case to determine the lead/lag of the pulses in different energies.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Gamma-ray bursts; Proceedings of the Workshop, Univ. of Alabama, Huntsville, Oct. 16-18, 1991 (A93-40051 16-93); p. 299-303.
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  • 3
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    A quantitative measure of the structure of gamma-ray burst time profiles (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A cursory examination of cosmic gamma-ray burst time profiles indicates an inhomogeneous distribution of structure. In the first approximation, there seem to be two types of profiles; smooth ones with little structure and highly variable ones with lots of structure. To put this observation to the test, we have examined the statistical nature of the profile derivative to choose which parameter might best be called the burst 'spikiness'. We have found that a good estimator is given by a count of the number of 'spikes' (defined by a specific numerical recipe) and not by the rms deviations from either a pre-burst background or any type of moving average background. The application of this parameter to 30 burst time histories shows it to be consistent over a wide range of profile types. The analysis also reveals a preferred average time between spikes of approximately 1.5 seconds.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Gamma-ray bursts; Proceedings of the Workshop, Univ. of Alabama, Huntsville, Oct. 16-18, 1991 (A93-40051 16-93); p. 310-314.
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  • 4
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    Search for deterministic pulse trends in gamma ray burst temporal profiles (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Most cosmic gamma-ray burst temporal profiles appear to be comprised of several individual pulses, many of which overlap. It is advantageous to deconvolve the temporal structures into their constituent pulses, and thereby investigate the shape, intensity and temporal distributions of the pulses as a function of energy. Such fundamental pulse descriptors would provide constraints for theoretical modeling of the burst emission process, such as indications of source size, optical depth and geometry, as a function of time. We have developed a deconvolution algorithm which treats sequences of pulse shapes that change deterministically. The algorithm, a generalization of autoregressive techniques, has been applied to a few bright bursts observed by BATSE. Results indicate that, even within short intervals, constituent pulses are not self-similarly shaped, nor do pulse shapes evolve in a simple manner throughout a burst. Hence, the direction of our future work on pulse deconvolution will focus on analysis methods which allow pulse shape to vary.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Gamma-ray bursts; Proceedings of the Workshop, Univ. of Alabama, Huntsville, Oct. 16-18, 1991 (A93-40051 16-93); p. 294-298.
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  • 5
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    The limitations of resonant Compton scattering as a gamma-ray burst model (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Resonant Compton upscattering is commended as a mechanism that produces a hard gamma-ray spectrum while suppressing X-rays. This model, however, has severe physical and observational limitations. Effective X-ray suppression places a lower limit on the electron density; above this limit X-rays scatter multiple times, so the single-scattering approximation of this mechanism is invalid. Multiple scattering produces a spectrum that is much harder than the single-scattering spectrum. As the Thomson optical depth of a power-law electron beam approaches unity, photon spawning commences at a high rate and physically invalidates the underlying electron distribution. The Compton upscattering model is therefore only valid over a narrow range of electron densities. An observational consequence of this model is the absence of the third cyclotron resonance. Resonant scattering produces gamma-rays that propagate nearly along the magnetic field. The resonant cross section of the third harmonic, which is strongly angle dependent, falls below the Compton continuum for these gamma rays. The observation of a third cyclotron resonance in a gamma-ray burst spectrum would eliminate resonant Compton scattering as a gamma-ray burst process.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Gamma-ray bursts; Proceedings of the Workshop, Univ. of Alabama, Huntsville, Oct. 16-18, 1991 (A93-40051 16-93); p. 252-256.
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  • 6
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    A possible galactic association of bursts showing cyclotron lines (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Fifteen KONUS bursts and one HEAO burst showing cyclotron lines have well measured positions. If these are due to strongly magnetized neutron stars then we expect them to be associated with the galactic disk with a scale height of about 500 pc as expected for old neutron stars. The simplest way to test this hypothesis would be to test for a concentration along galactic latitude /b/ = 0. We got a marginal indication of such a concentration, and the probability that the 16 events are isotropically distributed is 0.02. We also show that this result is not in conflict with the present BATSE data set.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Gamma-ray bursts; Proceedings of the Workshop, Univ. of Alabama, Huntsville, Oct. 16-18, 1991 (A93-40051 16-93); p. 226-228.
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  • 7
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    Hardness/intensity correlations among BATSE bursts (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Conclusions about the nature of gamma-ray bursts derived from the size-frequency distribution may be altered if a significant correlation exists between burst intensity and spectral shape. Moreover, if gamma-ray bursts have a cosmological origin, such a correlation may be expected to result from the expansion of the universe. We have performed a rudimentary search of the BATSE bursts for hardness/intensity correlations. The range of spectral shapes was determined for each burst by computing the ratio of the intensity in the range 100-300 keV to that in 55-300 keV. We find weak evidence for the existence of a correlation, the strongest effect being present when comparing the maximum hardness ratio for each burst with its maximum rate.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Gamma-ray bursts; Proceedings of the Workshop, Univ. of Alabama, Huntsville, Oct. 16-18, 1991 (A93-40051 16-93); p. 190-194.
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  • 8
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    BATSE spectroscopy results (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We present preliminary analyses of gamma-ray burst spectra from the BATSE Spectroscopy Detectors. Our conclusions are: (1) No spectral lines have yet been detected in BATSE data from any cosmic gamma-ray burst. This is not surprising as the data for few bright bursts is available, and previous experiments saw lines in only a small fraction of the bursts. (2) Burst spectra show emission up to 20 MeV, with four of eight examined bursts having significant spectral breaks from 1 to 2 MeV. These breaks are consistent with opacity effects due to the interaction of photons with a high magnetic field. (3) Various distance independent parameters from burst spectra and time histories have no correlation with parameters related to distance. In other words, bright bursts look the same as faint bursts. This places a strong constraint on two population models of bursts. (4) The detection time of individual photons is not correlated from detector to detector, as predicted by Mitrofanov's pulsed emission model.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Gamma-ray bursts; Proceedings of the Workshop, Univ. of Alabama, Huntsville, Oct. 16-18, 1991 (A93-40051 16-93); p. 180-189.
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  • 9
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    Preliminary model constraints on the spatial and luminosity distributions of GRBs observed by BATSE (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The GRB angular/intensity distributions observed by BATSE greatly constrain models of the spatial and luminosity source distributions. Single populations of Galactic Disk and Galactic Halo sources appear to be untenable, and only a limited subset of models made up of sources in a symmetric Galactic Corona satisfy the observations. Comments are made on other classes of models.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Gamma-ray bursts; Proceedings of the Workshop, Univ. of Alabama, Huntsville, Oct. 16-18, 1991 (A93-40051 16-93); p. 70, 71.
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  • 10
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    Observation of gamma ray bursts and flares by the EGRET telescope on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory has observed energetic gamma ray bursts and flares. On May 3, 1991, EGRET detected a gamma ray burst both in the energy measuring NaI (Tl) scintillator and independently in the spark chamber imaging assembly. The NaI spectra were accumulated by a special BURST mode of EGRET. The spectra were measured over a range from 1 to 200 MeV, in three sequential spectra of 1,2, and 4 seconds. During the peak of the burst, six individual gamma rays were detected in the spark chamber, allowing a determination of the burst arrival direction. The intense flares of June were also detected. A solar flare on June 4 was observed to last for several minutes and for a brief time, less than a minute, had significant emission of gamma rays exceeding 150 MeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Gamma-ray bursts; Proceedings of the Workshop, Univ. of Alabama, Huntsville, Oct. 16-18, 1991 (A93-40051 16-93); p. 38-42.
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  • 11
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    BATSE observations of gamma-ray bursts (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Gamma-ray bursts are being detected with unprecedented sensitivity by the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory since its launch in April, 1991. The experiment is detecting about one gamma-ray burst per day. A brief description is presented of the on-orbit performance of BATSE, the methods of identification of bursts, and examples of the diverse time profiles of the gamma-ray bursts observed. The most significant finding thus far is the apparent isotropy of the bursts together with the observed inhomogeneity of the sources.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Gamma-ray bursts; Proceedings of the Workshop, Univ. of Alabama, Huntsville, Oct. 16-18, 1991 (A93-40051 16-93); p. 13-21.
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  • 12
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    Constraints on electron acceleration in the Crab nebula (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Using the radio through hard X-ray images of the Crab nebula to derive the spatial dependence of the electron spectrum and the magnetic field distribution from MHD flow models, we have rederived the high-energy spectrum of inverse Compton scattered gamma rays. We find agreement with the observed spectrum at TeV energies, but it is clear that the inverse Compton flux does not contribute significantly to the unpulsed nebular emission observed by COS-B from 50 to 500 MeV, which is consistent with a smooth continuation of the spectrum in hard X-rays. The emission at these energies must therefore be due to synchrotron radiation by electrons of at least PeV energies. It appears that the emission in the high-energy gamma-ray range, sensitive to the highest energy electrons in the nebula, can put interesting constraints on the acceleration mechanism.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Particle acceleration in cosmic plasmas; Proceedings of the Workshop, Bartol Research Inst., Newark, DE, Dec. 4-6, 1991 (A93-39976 16-93); p. 471-476.
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  • 13
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    Jovian electron transport to the polar heliosphere - An analogy to magnetospheric recirculation (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The theory of magnetospheric recirculation for cyclic electron energization and transport may apply in part to heliospheric transport of Jovian electrons if enhanced cross-IMF propagation occurs at heliospheric altitudes near and below the solar wind transition region. Low altitude, ecliptic-to-polar transport would short-circuit conventional interplanetary diffusion, facilitate rapid access to the polar heliosphere with minimal adiabatic energy losses, and provide a seed population for acceleration to 100-1000 MeV energies at the solar wind termination shock and in the heliomagnetotail.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Particle acceleration in cosmic plasmas; Proceedings of the Workshop, Bartol Research Inst., Newark, DE, Dec. 4-6, 1991 (A93-39976 16-93); p. 461-464.
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  • 14
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    Particle acceleration in modified oblique non-relativistic shocks (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Previous applications of the Monte Carlo technique at the quasiparallel earth bow shock has motivated the extension of this technique to oblique shock geometries typical of those found in most astrophysical shock environments. In addition, such a generalization will permit the thorough examination of theoretical predictions of rapid acceleration times at quasi-perpendicular shocks. Therefore, we have embarked on the modification of our existing Monte Carlo code and in this paper outline the major technical aspects involved in developing a simulation of cosmic-ray acceleration at modified oblique nonrelativistic shocks.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Particle acceleration in cosmic plasmas; Proceedings of the Workshop, Bartol Research Inst., Newark, DE, Dec. 4-6, 1991 (A93-39976 16-93); p. 177-182.
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  • 15
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    High energy gamma ray observations (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Since the trajectories of astrophysical charged particles are bent by magnetic fields and normally curl many times before their detection, their origin may not be inferred from their directions as is the case with photons. Fortunately, charged particles reveal their presence through interactions in many instances leading to high-energy gamma rays. Bremsstrahlung, Compton, synchrotron, and curvature radiation all generally have a monotonically decreasing energy spectra reflecting that of the parent particles, whereas nucleon-nucleon radiation has a maximum at about 70 MeV reflecting the nature of the interaction process. Gamma radiation has been seen coming from neutron stars in pulses with the same period as the radio pulsar. Solar gamma rays also have been seen, as have short bursts of gamma rays whose origin remain a mystery. Galactic diffuse gamma radiation reveals the distribution of cosmic rays in our Galaxy. Beyond our Galaxy, active galaxies are seen in gamma rays implying a huge energy in the form of cosmic rays to be present there. The Optically Violent Variable quasar 3C 279 is particularly astounding. During an active state 3C 279 was seen to be emitting approximately 10 exp 48 erg/s if its radiation is isotropic.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Particle acceleration in cosmic plasmas; Proceedings of the Workshop, Bartol Research Inst., Newark, DE, Dec. 4-6, 1991 (A93-39976 16-93); p. 57-68.
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  • 16
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    Gamma-ray monitoring of AGN and galactic black hole candidates by the Gamma-Ray Observatory (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Burst and Transient Spectroscopy Experiment (BATSE) on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory has a powerful capability to provide nearly uninterrupted monitoring in the 25 keV-10 MeV range of both AGN and Galactic black hole candidates such as Cygnus X-1, using the occultation of cosmic sources by the Earth. Progress in background modeling indicates that the data accept region, or fit window tau, around the occultation step can be substantially increased over that conservatively assumed in earlier estimates of BATSE's Earth occultation sensitivity. We show samples of large-tau fits to background and source edges. As a result we expect to be able to perform long-term monitoring of Cygnus X-1 and many of the brighter AGN for the duration of the CGRO mission.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Testing the AGN paradigm; Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Topical Astrophysics Conference, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, Oct. 14-16, 1991 (A93-29801 11-90); p. 356-361.
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  • 17
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    A measurement of the absolute energy spectra of galactic cosmic rays during the 1976-77 solar minimum (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An instrument designed to measure elemental cosmic ray abundances from boron to nickel in the energy region 0.5-2.0 GeV/nucl was flown on a high altitude balloon from Sioux Falls, South Dakota, on 30 September through 1 October 1976 at an average atmospheric depth of about 5 g/sq cm. Differential energy spectra of B, C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si and Fe, extrapolated to the top of the atmosphere, were measured. The float altitude exposure of 17 h ended near Alpena, Michigan. The flight trajectory maintained a north easterly heading out of Sioux Falls traversing the upper midwest region between 84 and 97 deg west longitude while remaining between 43.5 and 45 deg north latitude. The maximum vertical cut-off for this flight path was 1.77 GV or 0.35 GeV/nucl.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation, Part D: Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements (ISSN 0735-245X); 20; 3; p. 415-421.
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  • 18
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    A quantitative assessment of the role of the post-shock turbulent region in the formation of Forbush decreases (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We present results of a survey of the relation between Forbush decreases, magnetic clouds, and interplanetary shocks during the period August 1978 to November 1982. We have used data from the ISEE-3 study of bidirectional ions associated with magnetic structures or clouds of Marsden et al. (1987), and ground-based observations of Forbush decreases from several neutron monitors. We use the two-step model of a Forbush decrease. We assume that the first step is due to the passage of the postshock turbulent region, and that the second is due to the passage of the magnetic cloud or structure which usually follows the postshock turbulent region. To determine the effectiveness of the postshock turbulent region in causing a Forbush decrease, we have evaluated the radial diffusion coefficient of the postshock turbulent region for the eight largest events during the above period using observations of the magnetic field. We have made a quantitative assessment of the relative importance of the postshock turbulent region in the formation of the Forbush decrease, concluding that the postshock turbulent region alone is not sufficient to cause a Forbush decrease.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Solar Wind Seven; Proceedings of the 3rd COSPAR Colloquium, Goslar, Germany, Sept. 16-20, 1991 (A93-33554 13-92); p. 663-666.
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  • 19
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    TeV gamma rays from 3C 279 - A possible probe of origin and intergalactic infrared radiation fields (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The gamma-ray spectrum of 3C 279 during 1991 June exhibited a near-perfect power law between 50 MeV and over 5 GeV with a differential spectral index of -(2.02 +/- 0.07). If extrapolated, the gamma-ray spectrum of 3C 279 should be easily detectable with first-generation air Cerenkov detectors operating above about 0.3 TeV provided there is no intergalactic absorption. However, by using model-dependent lower and upper limits for the extragalactic infrared background radiation field, a sharp cutoff of the 3C 279 spectrum is predicted at between about 0.1 and about 1 TeV. The sensitivity of present air Cerenkov detectors is good enough to measure such a cutoff, which would provide the first opportunity to obtain a measurement of the extragalactic background infrared radiation field.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 390; 2, Ma
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  • 20
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    Mean free paths of energetic particles at very large heliodistances (Pioneer 11 at 20 AU) (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The parallel mean free path and the diffusion coefficient parallel to the magnetic field line are derived from magnetic field data at 20 AU to characterize heliospheric modulation and energetic-particle/magnetic-field interaction. The computational method of Moussas et al. (1975, 1982) is employed, and the values of the parallel mean free path are shown to be significantly larger than the values estimated in studies of up to 6 AU. The distance dependence of the parallel diffusion mean free path is found to follow a power law, and the diffusion coefficient dependence upon energy is determined by a constant mean free path and the velocity of the particle. The contribution of the diffusion coefficient perpendicular to the magnetic field is expected to dominate the radial diffusion coefficient of cosmic rays, although the contribution of the diffusion parallel to the field is important with respect to the small-scale structure of intensity gradients.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics (ISSN 0038-0938); 140; 1, Ju; 161-170
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  • 21
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    Risk analyses for the solar particle events of August through December 1989 (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The solar particle events of August through December 1989, among the largest ever recorded, are analyzed to assess the potential hazards to humans on interplanetary missions from events of these types. Using the coupled neutron-proton space radiation transport computer code BRYNTRN, risk estimates for the effects of exposures to the skin, ocular lens, and bone marrow are made for nominal thicknesses of the spacecraft aluminum shielding. Risk assessment in terms of absorbed dose is made for each event. Also presented are estimates of organ absorbed dose and dose equivalent for pairs of events which occurred within 30-day periods, and for the cumulative August through December 1989 period.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Radiation Research (ISSN 0033-7587); 130; 1-6
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  • 22
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    The cosmic radiation in the heliosphere at successive solar minima (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Cosmic ray observations at 1 AU are compared for the last three solar minimum periods along with the 1977/1989 and 1987 Pioneer 10 and Voyager 1 and 2 data from the outer heliosphere. There is good agreement between the 1965 and 1987 Galactic cosmic ray H and He spectra at 1 AU. Significant and complex differences are found between the 1977/1978 and 1987 measurements of the Galactic and anomalous cosmic ray components at 1 and 15 AU. In the outer heliosphere there are negative latitudinal gradients that reach their maximum magnitude when the inclination of the outer heliosphere current sheet is at a minimum. The radial gradients decrease with heliocentric distance as about 1/r exp 0.7 and do not differ significantly at the successive solar minima. The measured radial and latitudinal gradients are used to estimate the particle transport parameters in the outer heliosphere. Using the local interstellar He spectrum of Webber et al. (1987), it is estimated that the modulation boundary is of the order of 160 AU.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; 1557-157
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  • 23
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    The solar-wind spectrometer experiment (1970)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-06
    Description: Apollo 12 solar wind spectrometer and particle energy spectra at lunar surface
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER APOLLO 12- PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1 JUN. 1970; P 75-81
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  • 24
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    The solar-wind composition experiment (1970)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Apollo 12 solar wind experiment and He-4 data
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER APOLLO 12- PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1 JUN. 1970; P 99-102
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  • 25
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    The space radiation environment in low altitude and low inclination orbits (1970)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Charged particle dose rates for men and radiation sensitive materials during long-duration flights in low orbit
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: OPT. TELESCOPE TECHNOL. 1970; P 495-499
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  • 26
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    Galactic radio emissions (1970)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-25
    Description: Thermal electron density and cosmic ray flux in galactic radio emissions
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI. AND TECHNOL. AT GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 1970; P 140-144
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  • 27
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    Relativistic interplanetary electrons and positrons (1970)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-25
    Description: Relativistic electron and positron intensity distributions in interplanetary regions
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI. AND TECHNOL. AT GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 1970; P 134-139
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  • 28
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    Energetic solar X-rays (1970)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-25
    Description: Electron energy and thermal emission in solar X-ray bursts
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI. AND TECHNOL. AT GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 1970; P 127-129
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  • 29
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    Cosmic X-ray line emission (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-25
    Description: Statistical analysis of X ray line emission from cosmic radiation source
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI. AND TECHNOL. AT GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 1970; P 178-181
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  • 30
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    Interstellar extinction (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-25
    Description: Interstellar matter in stellar extinction curve
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI. AND TECHNOL. AT GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 1970; P 162-165
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  • 31
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    Remote sensing of global ozone from Nimbus 3 (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-25
    Description: Nimbus 3 infrared detectors for remote sensing of global ozone
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI. AND TECHNOL. AT GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 1970; P 11-14
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  • 32
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    Pulsations of blue variable stars (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-25
    Description: Evolution of pulsating variable binary star by nuclear interactions
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI. AND TECHNOL. AT GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 1970; P 170-173
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  • 33
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    Low energy cosmic rays in the solar system (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-25
    Description: Low energy cosmic radiation spectrum analysis for IMP 4 data on solar system
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI. AND TECHNOL. AT GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 1970; P 145-149
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  • 34
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    Solar radio emissions (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-25
    Description: Solar radio bursts caused by energetic electron propagation through corona
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI. AND TECHNOL. AT GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 1970; P 130-133
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  • 35
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    Observations of the ultraviolet solar flux variability (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-25
    Description: Nimbus 3 observations of ultraviolet solar flux variations
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI. AND TECHNOL. AT GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 1970; P 119-122
    Format: text
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  • 36
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    Molecules in interstellar space (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-25
    Description: Lifetimes of interstellar polyatomic molecules
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI. AND TECHNOL. AT GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 1970; P 158-161
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  • 37
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    Ultra high energy cosmic rays (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-25
    Description: Extragalactic origin of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI. AND TECHNOL. AT GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 1970; P 153-155
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  • 38
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    Pulsars and the origin of cosmic rays (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-25
    Description: Galactic origin of pulsars and cosmic radiation sources
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI. AND TECHNOL. AT GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 1970; P 150-152
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  • 39
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    Soft solar X-rays (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-25
    Description: Analysis on soft solar X-ray spectra of solar flares
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI. AND TECHNOL. AT GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 1970; P 123-126
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  • 40
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    The heating of the solar wind (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-25
    Description: Heating and bulk speed of solar wind
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI. AND TECHNOL. AT GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 1970; P 108-110
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  • 41
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    Threshold law for electron impact ionization of atoms (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-25
    Description: Threshold law for electron atom impact ionization
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI. AND TECHNOL. AT GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 1970; P 114-118
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  • 42
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    Viscosity and the solar wind (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-25
    Description: Viscous two fluid model for solar wind
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI. AND TECHNOL. AT GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 1970; P 105-107
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  • 43
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    Results from the ATS 3 reflectometer experiment (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-25
    Description: Evaluation of solar mirror surface materials by ATS 3 reflectometer
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI. AND TECHNOL. AT GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 1970; P 238-240
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  • 44
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    Possibility of using sources of vacuum ultraviolet irradiation to solve problems of space material science (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: An urgent problem in space materials science is simulating the interaction of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) of solar emission with solids in space conditions, that is, producing a light source with a distribution that approximates the distribution of solar energy. Information is presented on the distribution of the energy flux of VUV of solar radiation. Requirements that must be satisfied by the VUV source used for space materials science are formulated, and a critical evaluation is given of the possibilities of using existing sources for space materials science. From this evaluation it was established that none of the sources of VUV satisfies the specific requirements imposed on the simulator of solar radiation. A solution to the problem was found to be in the development of a new type of source based on exciting a supersonic gas jet flowing into vacuum with a sense electron beam. A description of this gas-jet source, along with its spectral and operation characteristics, is presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 102-123
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  • 45
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    Effect of small flares in the neutral component of secondary cosmic radiation (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The results are presented of an investigation of the effect of small flares, scale divisions 1 and 1(+), in the neutron component of secondary cosmic radiation from the data of neutron supermonitors at the stations of Kiev, Bukhta Tiksi, and Deep River. It is shown that flares of scale divisions 1 and 1(+) are accompanied by an effect in the neutron component amounting to about 0.4%. A mechanism is presented for calculating the outflow of particles accelerated in small flares, owing to diffusion across the magnetic field of a trap.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 77-85
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  • 46
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    Analysis of the nature of excessive cosmic radiation in the area of the Brazilian magnetic anomaly at altitudes 250-500km, from Kosmos-225 satellite data (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Results are presented from a study of the region of anomalous cosmic radiation in the area of the Brazilian magnetic anomaly at the altitudes 250-500 km, using data measurements taken on the Kosmos-225 satellite (14-29 June 1968). The existence of a stable intensity anomaly discovered in the experiments on the second and third Soviet spacecraft-satellites is confirmed. The total vector of the geomagnetic field at different altitudes was compared with isoline maps. An altitude profile of the South Atlantic anomaly of radiation intensity was obtained, using data from the same instrument. The nature of the anomalies in cosmic radiation intensity over the regions of negative magnetic anomalies is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 86-94
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  • 47
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    Acceleration of solar cosmic rays during chromospheric flares (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Using the Fokker-Planck equation, an examination is made of the acceleration of charged particles by fluctuational electric fields caused by the propagation of intense radio emission in the long-wave range. Correlation functions of electric fields near the boundary of plasma instability were computed. The interaction of charged particles with these fields is examined. It is shown that due to the interaction of particles with fluctuational fields, solar cosmic rays can be accelerated to energies of E=100 to 1000 MeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 69-76
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  • 48
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    Chromospheric flares and sudden commencements of geomagnetic storms (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A catalogue of flare activity was compiled during 1957-1967 (the solar activity cycle). By comparing all reliable SC during this period with chromospheric flares, the following conclusions are drawn; (1) There is no statistically significant correlation between SC and chromospheric flares. (2) The assumption that a shock wave propagates throughout the entire hemisphere is unjustified and contradicts the fact of recurrence of SC. (3) A statistically significant correlation was established between SC and chromospheric flares, that is, a relationship between a SC and the moment that a flare active region transits the Central Meridian. (4) SC are caused by shock waves or tangential discontinuities formed at the western boundary of the quasisteady directed corpuscular flux or at the boundary between sectors.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 61-68
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  • 49
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    High-energy spectral breaks in gamma-ray bursts (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Model fits are presented for 18 gamma-ray burst spectra from 100 keV to 27 MeV made with the BATSE spectroscopy detectors on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. Most of the bursts are well fitted as power laws with spectral indices between -1.36 and -2.29; however, five bursts show definite departures from a simple power-law fit at high energies. Three of these bursts are well fitted with broken power-law spectra and break energies of from 400 to 690 keV, such as might arise from photon-photon interactions. If so, then the source compactness and hence distance will be sharply constrained. Two of the bursts have spectra with sharply confined slope changes and are well fitted with broken power-law spectra with break energies of 1.2 and 1.6 MeV at peak, such as might arise from photon-magnetic field interactions. If so, then these spectral breaks provide strong evidence for the existence of high magnetic fields in the burst emission region.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 393; 2, Ju
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  • 50
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    Intensity variations in the interplanetary magnetic field measured by Voyager 2 and the 11-year solar cycle modulation of galactic cosmic rays (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: New evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that the 11-yr solar cycle modulation of galactic cosmic rays is caused by strong diffusion inside long-lived merged interaction regions. To test this hypothesis, the 1D force-field approximation of the cosmic ray modulation equation is solved. It is assumed that a constant solar wind speed convects magnetic field compressions and rarefactions unchanged through a model heliosphere. The result is a reasonable simulation of the integrated high-energy cosmic ray intensity profile from about 1982 to mid-1989. This period encompasses both the full recovery portion of the last profile from about 1982 to mid-1989. This model responds to the Voyager 2 magnetic field data by correctly timing the beginning of the new modulation cycle in late 1987. It is concluded that the present hypothesis is consistent with the results of this simulation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; A4, A
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  • 51
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    Gamma-ray bursts and cosmic rays from accretion-induced collapse (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: It is shown that the birth of naked or nearly naked neutron stars in accretion-induced collapse or in the bare collapse of white dwarfs can produce cosmological gamma-ray bursts and can provide the required injection rate of cosmic rays into the interstellar space. It is estimated that most of the e(+)e(-) pairs annihilate in flight on a short time scale in the vicinity of the neutron star. It is shown that the gamma-ray bursts, the 0.511 MeV Galactic annihilation radiation, and the cosmic rays exclude the possibility that the large uncertainties in the Galactic pulsar birthrate and the Galactic SN II explosion rate would allow a significant contribution to the pulsar birthrate from naked or nearly naked neutron star formation. The upper bound on the Galactic birthrate of naked or nearly naked neutron stars of less than 1 in 1000 yr makes it very unlikely that a neutrino burst unaccompanied by optical emission from the birth of a naked or nearly naked neutron star will be detected in the near future by underground neutrino telescopes.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 388; 164-170
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  • 52
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    Detection of high-energy gamma radiation from quasar 3C 279 by the EGRET telescope on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Intense gamma radiation has been observed from the direction of the quasar 3C 279 throughout the energy range from 30 MeV to over 5 GeV by the Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) during the period June 15-28, 1991. Its spectrum is well represented by a photon differential power-law exponent of 2.0 +/- 0.1, with a photon intensity above 100 MeV of (2.8 +/- 0.4) x 10 exp -6/sq cm s. For E is greater than 100 MeV, the 2-sigma upper limits were 1.0 x 10 exp -6/sq cm s in 1973 from the SAS 2 observations and 0.3 x 10 exp -6/sq cm s for the combined 1976, 1978, and 1980 COS B observations. Hence, there has been a large increase in high-energy gamma-ray intensity relative to the earlier times, as there has been in the radio, infrared, optical, and X-ray ranges. This source is the most distant and by far the most luminous gamma-ray source yet detected.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 385; L1-L4
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  • 53
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    Gamma-ray bursts in the Galactic halo (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: It is shown here that significant isotropy can be achieved for the angular and luminosity distributions of gamma-ray bursts with a spherically symmetric Galactic halo model for the bursts if the halo extends out beyond 100 kpc. Large halo core radii enhance isotropy, although consistency with observation is possible for core radii as small as 5 kpc if the halo radius is sufficiently large. The intrinsic luminosity distribution of gamma-ray bursts must be treated as a free parameter to fit the observations. If gamma-ray bursts are from the halo, they are likely to be old population H neutron stars, because models based on pulsars escaping from the Galactic plane have strong anisotropies.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 355; 522-524
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  • 54
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    Resonant Compton cooling and annihilation line production in gamma-ray bursts (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Attention is given to a synchrotron self-Compton emission model for gamma-ray bursts which produces narrow annihilation features for a variety of field strengths, primary electron injection energies, and injection rates. In this model, primary electrons are injected and cooled by synchrotron emission in a strong, homogeneous magnetic field, resulting in a pair cascade. Multiple resonant scattering with cyclotron photons efficiently traps and cools pairs in the ground state to an average energy where the Compton energy loss rate is zero, which is in agreement with previous estimates of a Compton temperature. The particle distributions in the ground state are determined by numerically solving the Fokker-Planck equation in the steady state. In the case of isotropic injection of primary electrons, a significant narrow-line feature appears in the overall emission. In the case of beamed injection, the annihilation line is broadened to the extent that it would not be observable.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 386; 308-324
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  • 55
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    Spatial distribution of gamma-ray bursts observed by BATSE (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An analysis of 153 gamma-ray bursts detected by the Burst and Transient Source Experiment on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory is reported. The number versus intensity distribution does not follow the -3/2 power law expected for a spatially extended homogeneous distribution of sources, but at the same time the angular distribution is isotropic within statistical limits. Taken together these results are consistent with the spatial distribution of any known population of galactic objects, but may be consistent with the bursts being at cosmological distances.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 355; 143-145
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  • 56
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    Evidence of sub-millisecond structure in a gamma-ray burst (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: It is reported here that GRB910711, the gamma-ray burst (GRB) with apparently the shortest duration yet seen by the BATSE, has a time profile that shows significant submillisecond structure. The responses to this burst in the BATSE detectors show that the burst is both narrower and of higher energy than is indicated by a light curve summed over all detectors. A narrow spike of duration 200 microsec was detected in the light curve; variations on this timescale have not previously been observed in GRBs, and their explanation should be a stringent test of any GRB theory.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 359; 6392; p. 217, 218.
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  • 57
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    Rapid method of calculating the orbital radiation environment (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 29; 5; p. 646-652.
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  • 58
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    Mn 53 and the age of galactic cosmic rays (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Mn 53 age measurement of galactic cosmic rays
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ; 483 (
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  • 59
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    Spectrum of the extra-galactic background radiation at low radio frequencies (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Extragalactic LF background radiation spectra, using model for free-free absorption in galactic disk
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ; YAL SOCIETY (
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  • 60
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    Galactic scattering and discrete sources as possible origins of the diffuse galactic X- ray background (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Diffuse galactic X ray background intensity as function of galactic scattering and discrete sources
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ; 93 (
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  • 61
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    Origin of galactic gamma rays (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Galactic gamma rays from OSO-3 observations attributed to decay of neutral pions produced by cosmic rays interaction with interstellar gas nucleons
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ; 37 (
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  • 62
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    Examination of the 'leakage-lifetime' approximation in cosmic-ray diffusion (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Cosmic ray particles diffusion with simultaneous energy transport, using leakage lifetime approximation
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ; BROTECHNIKA, NO. 2(
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  • 63
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    Nonthermal heating in the two-fluid solar wind model (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Simple two fluid solar wind speed and proton temperature model, discussing nonthermal energy dissipation
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ; ADEMIE DES SCIENCES
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  • 64
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    A study of the composition of the solar corona and solar wind (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Solar corona and wind composition, accounting for He flux and heavy elements from diffusion equations solution
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ; ADEMIE DES SCIENCES
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  • 65
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    Application of satellite beacon ionospheric data to solar corona Faraday rotation measurements (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: ATS 1 Faraday effect data applied to Pioneer 6 space probe solar corona data
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Max-Planck-Inst. fuer Aeronomie Future Appl. of Satellite Beacon Expt.; 5 p
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  • 66
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    Scorpius XR-1 - Some X-ray and optical observations /1969 May/ (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Simultaneous X ray and optical observations of Scorpius XR-1, comparing rocket data from various flights
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ; ATA U., BULLETIN (
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  • 67
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    A study of gamma rays from the region of the galactic center (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Galactic center region gamma radiation observations, discussing intensities, energy spectrum and decay
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ; ATA U., BULLETIN (
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  • 68
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    Detection of 10.5-micron line emission from the planetary nebula NGC 7027 (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Planetary nebula NGC 7027 IR line spectra emission, examining S IV and AR III line intensities
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ; ATA U., BULLETIN (
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  • 69
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    Photoelectron excitation of N2 in the day airglow (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Nitrogen photoelectron excitation in dayglow, examining 3371 A band intensity, energy spectrum and flux in ionosphere
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ; TROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
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  • 70
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    Localization of solar X-ray emission at energies above 3 keV (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Solar X-ray emission localization, examining spatial distribution by rocket-borne collimated proportional counter
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ; YAL SOCIETY (
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  • 71
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    Magnetic and thermal pressures in the solar wind (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Magnetic and thermal pressures in solar wind from Explorer 34 data
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ; 483 (
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  • 72
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    Pulsars and very high-energy cosmic-ray electrons (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Pulsars relationship to very high energy cosmic ray electron propagation, examining far IR background and radiation sources
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ; 483 (
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  • 73
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    Fluctuation of cosmic-ray anisotropy and the dimensionality of propagation (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Cosmic ray anisotropy fluctuation and propagation function dimensionality relationship, demonstrating essentially one dimensional propagation
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ; YAL SOCIETY (
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  • 74
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    Study of the high-latitude, outer-zone boundary region for greater than or equal to 40-kev electrons with satellite Injun 3 (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: High altitude outer radiation zone boundary region electron energy measurement by satellite Injun 3, noting angular distribution dependence on local time, latitude, etc
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ; TROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
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  • 75
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    Solar wind and solar energetic particles - Properties and interactions (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Solar wind and flare energetic particles properties and interactions, surveying interplanetary magnetic field, planetary bow shock waves, neutrons, neutrinos, etc
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ; ADEMIE DES SCIENCES
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  • 76
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    Solar radiation in the extreme ultraviolet and its variation with solar rotation (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Solar UV radiation measurements by OSO-3, obtaining flux variation over solar rotation period
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ; ADEMIE DES SCIENCES
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  • 77
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    Measurement of the distribution in energy and angle of high-energy albedo neutrons and determination of an upper limit for the solar neutron flux (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: High energy albedo neutrons energy and angular distributions, determining solar neutron flux upper limit
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ; ADEMIE DES SCIENCES
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  • 78
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    Stability of tangential discontinuities (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: MHD stability of tangential discontinuities in solar wind flow
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ; 311 (
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  • 79
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    A reverse hydromagnetic shock in the solar wind (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Reverse hydromagnetic shock in solar wind as discontinuity of plasma density, proton temperature and magnetic field density, using spacecraft data
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ; TROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
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  • 80
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    Search for Jovian hectometric continuum radiation (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Jovian continuum radiation observation by RAE-1 during lunar occultations
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ; 5, 6, 8 (
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  • 81
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    Low frequency cosmic noise observations of the constitution of the local system (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Local system interstellar medium thermal electron distribution, synchrotron radiation emissivity, cosmic ray electron flux and spectrum
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ; STITUTION OF ENGINEE
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  • 82
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    Rigidity spectrum of z greater than or equal to 3 cosmic-ray nuclei in the range 4-285 GV and a search for cosmic antimatter (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A measurement, using the magnetic emulsion spectrometer system, of the differential rigidity spectrum of Z greater than or equal to 3 nuclei of the galactic cosmic radiation is presented. The system was flown on Aug. 22, 1969, from Palestine, Texas. The instrument floated above 125,000 feet for eight hours. The data in the rigidity range 8-285 GV can be represented by a power-law spectrum in rigidity, J(rho) = A rho to the minus gamma power, with the exponent gamma = 2.6 plus or minus 0.10. The spectrum in the range 15-285 GV is also described by the same exponent, gamma = 2.6 plus or minus 0.25. The data below 8 GV cannot be described by the same power law without invoking solar modulation. A set of nonunique parameters for modulation are given. Upper limit for the fraction of antimatter in the rigidity range 4-125 GV is .005 with 95% confidence limit.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 192; Sept. 15
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  • 83
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    The distribution of cosmic rays in the galaxy and their dynamics as deduced from recent gamma ray observations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Data from SAS-2 on the galactic gamma ray line flux as a function of longitude is examined. It is shown that the gamma ray emissivity varies with galactocentric distance and is about an order of magnitude higher than the local value in a toroidal region between 4 and 5 kpc from the galactic center. This enhancement is accounted for in part by first-order Fermi acceleration, compression, and trapping of cosmic rays consistent with present ideas of galactic dynamics and galactic structure theory. Calculations indicate that cosmic rays in the 4 to 5 kpc region are trapped and accelerated over a mean time of the order of a few million years or about 2 to 4 times the assumed trapping time in the solar region of the galaxy on the assumption that only an increased cosmic ray flux is responsible for the observed emission. Cosmic ray nucleons, cosmic ray electrons, and ionized hydrogen gas were found to have a strikingly similar distribution in the galaxy according to both the observational data and the theoretical model discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 241-248
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  • 84
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    Observations of discrete gamma ray sources with SAS-2 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Compact gamma ray sources centered on the Crab nebula and the Vela X supernova remnant are considered. An excess in the galactic radiation was observed in both regions. Data indicate that a large fraction of this flux is pulsed. The excess from the Vela region could reflect either a large-scale galactic feature, such as a superposition of spiral arm segments, or it could be associated with the Vela supernova remnant. Low-energy gamma ray bursts were observed in the SAS-2 anticoincidence shielding.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 273-277
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  • 85
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    Cosmic electrons (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The published literature on cosmic electrons is summarized. The primary and secondary sources of cosmic electrons are discussed, and the propagation of the electrons in the interstellar medium is studied with respect to energy loss mechanisms, age distributions, and spectral modifications during flight. Various portions of the electron and positron spectra are then considered in relation to problems of astrophysics. New information is presented on such topics as the origin of low-energy positrons, the decay kinematics of the pi-mu-e process, the application of age distributions for nuclear cosmic rays to cosmic electrons, and the possibility of nonidentical sources for cosmic electrons and protons.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 86
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    Solar particles /observations, relationship to the sun acceleration, interplanetary medium/ (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The major features of the propagation of flare particles in the interplanetary medium are discussed in terms of the classic well-behaved flare having unique impulsive injection and a smooth time profile. Topics include flare events, their frequency of occurrence, development of a typical event, energy spectra, proton and electron types, charge and isotopic composition, solar flares and particle accelerations, radio and X-ray observations, the Fermi mechanism, the betatron mechanism, acceleration models, plasma instabilities, two-stage acceleration, propagation mechanisms, the anisotropic stage, the diffusive stage, and the convection and energy loss stage.
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  • 87
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    Sweet's mechanism in the solar wind (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Sweet (1956, 1958) proposed a mechanism for the rapid, steady-state dissipation of a magnetic field in a resistive plasma. It is shown that Sweet's mechanism operates in the interplanetary medium near 1 AU in structures which Burlaga and Ness (1968) have identified and called D-sheets. The basic equations are considered of a specific mathematical model provided by Parker (1963) for the case of antiparallel fields and incompressible flow. The theoretical conclusions are related to interplanetary observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 191; Aug. 1
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  • 88
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    The distribution of cosmic rays in the Galaxy and their dynamics as deduced from recent gamma-ray observations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent data from SAS-2 on the galactic gamma-ray line flux as a function of longitude reveal a broad maximum in the gamma-ray intensity in the longitude region less than or equal to 30 deg. These data, when unfolded, imply that the low-energy (1 to 10 GeV) galactic cosmic-ray flux varies with galactocentric distance and is about an order of magnitude higher than the local value in a toroidal region between 4 and 5 kpc from the galactic center. It is further shown that this enhancement can be plausibly accounted for by first-order Fermi acceleration, compression, and trapping of cosmic rays consistent with present ideas of galactic dynamics and galactic structure theory. Calculations indicate that cosmic rays in the 4- to 5-kpc region are trapped and accelerated over a mean time of the order of a few million years or about 2 to 4 times the assumed trapping time in the solar region of the Galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 15
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  • 89
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    Origin of QSO absorption lines (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Consideration of the origin of the absorption lines in QSOs with observed absolute redshifts much less than the empirical values. As a possible alternative to the plasmoid mechanism for decreasing the relatively large possible macroscopic or bulk motions in QSO clouds, it is shown that certain large relative bulk motions in QSO clouds can be dissipated without the presence of strong magnetic fields and without large adiabatic expansions. The essence of the argument is that a cloud with convergent internal velocities can coalesce inelastically, because the internal kinetic energy can be dissipated and radiated away. There are thus indications that observed QSO absorption clouds may have their origin in clouds with internal velocities which are convergent.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 250; July 26
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  • 90
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    478-keV and 431-keV line emissions from alpha-alpha reactions (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 1
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  • 91
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    1.0 arc second structure on the sun at 3.71 cm wavelength (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 36; June 197
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  • 92
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    Ionization equilibrium in soft X-ray-emitting solar flares (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Studies of the 1.9-A line produced by highly ionized iron during a solar flare indicate that this emission occurs under conditions approaching a steady-state ionization equilibrium. Time-dependent and steady-state ionization equilibrium values are used for calculation of 1.9 A line fluxes per unit flare emission. The results are compared with those obtained by observations of some four solar flares, showing that the calculations from time-dependent equilibrium values approximate the observed line flux values with the same accuracy as the calculations from steady-state equilibrium values only when the electron densities are equal to or greater than 10 billion per cu cm.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 36; June 197
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  • 93
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    Solar longitude dependence of some characteristics of type III radio bursts from metric to hectometric wavelengths (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Using the observed data for metric and hectometric type III radio bursts, the dependence of burst characteristics on the solar longitude has been examined over a wide frequency range. It is found that there exists and east-west asymmetry for the extension of metric type III bursts into the hectometric wavelength range. In particular, hectometric bursts are rarely observed for solar flares associated with metric bursts east of 60 E solar longitude. Furthermore, for east longitudes, the low-frequency radio observations show a large dispersion in drift time interval.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 36; May 1974
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  • 94
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    On helium-like 1s2l-1snl prime transitions in solar flare spectra (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Expected wavelengths and intensities are computed for 1s2l-1snl prime transitions in helium-like ions of the abundant elements from oxygen to iron under coronal conditions. Probable observations of some of these lines in the spectra of solar flares are discussed, and attention is called to a possible reversal of singlet and triplet intensities as compared to laboratory observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 36; May 1974
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  • 95
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    The Fokker-Planck coefficient for pitch-angle scattering of cosmic rays (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: For the case of homogeneous, isotropic magnetic field fluctuations, it is shown that most theories which are based on the quasi-linear and adiabatic approximations yield the same integral for the Fokker-Planck coefficient for the pitch-angle scattering of cosmic rays. For example, despite apparent differences, the theories due to Jokipii and to Klimas and Sandri yield the same integral. It is also shown, however, that this integral in most cases has been evaluated incorrectly in the past. For small pitch angles, the errors in previous evaluations are fortuitously of minor importance. For large pitch angles, however, these errors become more significant; and for pitch angles of 90 deg, the actual Fokker-Planck coefficient contains a delta function which has been overlooked in the past. The implications of these corrections on the possibility of relating cosmic-ray diffusion coefficients to observed properties of the interplanetary magnetic field are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 190; June 1
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  • 96
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    Empirical solar proton model for orbiting spacecraft applications (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An empirical model for energetic solar proton fluxes is presented. With this model the effects of such protons on geocentric space missions, to be flown during the next solar active period (1977-1983), and with orbits involving partial magnetospheric shielding, may be estimated. A synoptic background review is given, followed by a detailed discussion of the model's use, errors, uncertainties, and limitations, including sample calculations which demonstrate the application of specific or general project missions. Finally, for circular trajectories, percentage exposure maps are presented, depicting fractional mission times spent outside particular L shells as functions of orbit altitude and inclination.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems; AES-10; July 197
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  • 97
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    Solar proton fluences for 1977-1983 space missions (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The probability with which any given solar proton fluence level will be exceeded during a space mission is computed for mission to be flown during the active phase of the next solar cycle (1977-1983). This probability is a function of fluence level, proton energy threshold, and mission duration. Calculations are based on 1966-1972 data only. In estimating mission fluences, a distinction is made between ordinary and anomalously large events. Probable numbers of each type of event are estimated from Burrell's extension of Poisson statistics. Fluences of all anomalously large events are assumed to have a spectrum given by the August 1972 event, while fluences of the ordinary events are assumed to obey a log normal distribution.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 11; June 197
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  • 98
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    The anomalous abundance of cosmic-ray nitrogen and oxygen nuclei at low energies (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent measurements using the Goddard-University of New Hampshire cosmic-ray telescope on the Pioneer 10 spacecraft have revealed an anomalous spectrum of nitrogen and oxygen nuclei relative to other nuclei such as He and C, in the energy range 3-30 MeV per nucleon. The intensity of nitrogen and oxygen nuclei is enhanced by a factor of up to 20 relative to their abundance in galactic or solar cosmic rays. It is argued that this is most likely a new extrasolar component of cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 187; Feb. 1
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  • 99
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    An upper limit on soft X-ray pulsations from the pulsar PSR 0833-45 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Vela pulsar PSR 0833-45, located in the Vela X nebula, has the second shortest period of any of the known radio pulsars. Soft X-ray observations are described which place an upper limit of 0.3% on the pulsed fraction of the Vela pulsar relative to the flux from the entire Vela X Nebula, in the 0.5- to 1.0-keV energy band. The present results are about a factor of 7 below the value of 2% measured by Harnden and Gorenstein (1973) for the pulsed fraction relative to the flux from the Vela X Nebula.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 189; May 1
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  • 100
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    The helium component of solar wind velocity streams (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Systematic variations of the properties of the helium constituent of the solar wind in the velocity streams are described. It is found that the helium abundance varies by about a factor of 2 as the stream is crossed. The velocity of the helium differs from that of the hydrogen by a few kilometers per second throughout much of the stream structure. This velocity difference is greatest immediately after the proton density peak passes, the helium velocity being typically 20 km/sec faster than the protons at that position in the stream. A sharp dip in the helium to proton temperature ratio is centered on the proton density peak. Although it appears reasonable that at least the velocity and temperature effects are due to the dynamic interactions of the two streams, it is not yet clear exactly what physical processes are directly involved in producing the effects described here.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Mar. 1
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