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  • 1
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    Risk analyses for the solar particle events of August through December 1989 (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The solar particle events of August through December 1989, among the largest ever recorded, are analyzed to assess the potential hazards to humans on interplanetary missions from events of these types. Using the coupled neutron-proton space radiation transport computer code BRYNTRN, risk estimates for the effects of exposures to the skin, ocular lens, and bone marrow are made for nominal thicknesses of the spacecraft aluminum shielding. Risk assessment in terms of absorbed dose is made for each event. Also presented are estimates of organ absorbed dose and dose equivalent for pairs of events which occurred within 30-day periods, and for the cumulative August through December 1989 period.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Radiation Research (ISSN 0033-7587); 130; 1-6
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  • 2
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    Nuclear reaction effects in use of newly recommended quality factor (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The biological risk for energetic ion exposure cannot be reliably estimated exclusive of the target nuclear reaction products produced within the local tissue. A theoretical basis is derived for evaluating target fragment contributions that are evaluated for the newly proposed quality factor.
    Keywords: NUCLEAR AND HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS
    Type: Health Physics (ISSN 0017-9078); 61; 415-419
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  • 3
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    Nuclear reaction effects in conventional risk assessment for energetic ion exposure (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A volume of tissue through which a monoenergetic ion fluence has passed is considered, and the energy absorbed by the media in the passage is evaluated. Various contributions to biological risk are quantified using quality factors presently in force. The effects of newly proposed quality factors are evaluated.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Health Physics (ISSN 0017-9078); 58; 749-752
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  • 4
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    Interplanetary crew exposure estimates for the August 1972 and October 1989 solar particle events (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Detailed exposure estimates for the bone marrow, ocular lens, and skin of astronauts on manned missions beyond the earth's magnetosphere have been made for the large solar particle events (SPE) of August 1972 and October 1989. The estimates were made using the coupled neutron-proton space radiation transport computer code BRYNTRN and the CAM model for the human body. It is found that at least 10 g/sq cm aluminum shielding is needed to keep estimated dose equivalent values below current space radiation exposure guidelines recommended for LEO missions. Space suits currently being designed will not provide adequate crew protection and may not even ensure crew survival in the event of exposure to a large SPE during extravehicular activity.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Radiation Research (ISSN 0033-7587); 126; 108-110
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  • 5
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    Semi-implicit and fully implicit shock-capturing methods for nonequilibrium flows (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 27; 299-307
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  • 6
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    Transport methods and interactions for space radiations (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: This report presents a brief history leading to the involvement of the Langley Research Center of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in space-radiation physics and protection. Indeed, a relatively complete summary of technical capability as of the summer of 1990 is given. The Boltzmann equations for coupled ionic and neutronic fields are presented and inversion techniques for the Boltzmann operator are discussed. Errors generated by the straight ahead approximation are derived and are shown to be negligible for most problems of space-radiation protection. A decoupling of projectile propagation from the target fields greatly simplifies the Boltzmann equations and allows an analytic solution of the target fragment transport. Analytic and numerical methods of solving the projectile transport equations are discussed. The nuclear physics underlying the coefficients in the Boltzmann equation is discussed. A coupled-channel optical model is found as a consequence of the loose binding of nuclear matter and closure of the nuclear states in high-energy reactions. Transport solutions with the developed data base are used with laboratory experiments to validate both the transport code and the data base. Numerical benchmarks and comparison with Monte Carlo calculations are also used for code validation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ; : Spaceflight mechan
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  • 7
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    Comparison of Stopping Power and Range Databases for Radiation Transport Study (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The codes used to calculate stopping power and range for the space radiation shielding program at the Langley Research Center are based on the work of Ziegler but with modifications. As more experience is gained from experiments at heavy ion accelerators, prudence dictates a reevaluation of the current databases. Numerical values of stopping power and range calculated from four different codes currently in use are presented for selected ions and materials in the energy domain suitable for space radiation transport. This study of radiation transport has found that for most collision systems and for intermediate particle energies, agreement is less than 1 percent, in general, among all the codes. However, greater discrepancies are seen for heavy systems, especially at low particle energies.
    Keywords: Atomic and Molecular Physics
    Type: NASA-TP-3644 , NAS 1.60:3644 , L-17588
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  • 8
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    Galactic and Solar Cosmic Ray Shielding in Deep Space (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An analysis of the radiation hazards in support of NASA deep space exploration activities is presented. The emphasis is on materials required for radiation protection shielding. Aluminum has been found to be a poor shield material when dose equivalent is used with exposure limits for low Earth orbit (LEO) as a guide for shield requirements. Because the radiation issues are cost related-the parasitic shield mass has high launch costs, the use of aluminum as a basic construction material is clearly not cost-effective and alternate materials need to be developed. In this context, polyethylene is examined as a potentially useful material and demonstrates important advantages as an alternative to aluminum construction. Although polyethylene is useful as a shield material, it may not meet other design criteria (strength, stability, thermal); other polymer materials must be examined.
    Keywords: Solar Physics
    Type: NASA-TP-3682 , NAS 1.60:3682 , L-17634
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  • 9
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    LET spectra of fragmented 600-MeV/A iron beam on aluminum and polyethylene: A preliminary analysis (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An iron beam experiment recently conducted at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Bevalac by Benton et al. provides an opportunity for verifying the new Green's function computer code (GRNTRN) and assessing the related nuclear database. The iron beam with 600 MeV/A at extraction traversed a series of beam transport elements, lead foil, and several triggering devices before impacting the target. Of these, only the 2.24 g/sq cm lead foil and target are considered in the transport analysis with an assumed (inferred from calibration) beam energy of 557 MeV/A. A thin layer of CR-39 plastic nuclear track detector (PNTD) was placed in front of the target to monitor the incident flux and a stack of four PNTD's placed behind to measure the linear energy transfer (LET) distribution of the transported beam. Test data are analyzed for three separate targets: 2 g/sq cm aluminum, 5-cm polyethylene, and 8-cm polyethylene. The two-layer GRNTRN results were mapped into the detector response function for comparison with the measured LET spectra. Reasonable agreement is obtained. Future research and analysis can be improved by using a more accurate isotope set or including other important media which significantly alter the beam. The assumption that the fragmentation cross sections are too small for aluminum is inconclusive because the production of fragments by 2 g/sq cm aluminum can be more significantly affected by the fragment contribution originating from the media in front of the target than that currently considered in the analysis.
    Keywords: METALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: NASA-TP-3436 , L-17342 , NAS 1.60:3436
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  • 10
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    Radiation risk predictions for Space Station Freedom orbits (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Risk assessment calculations are presented for the preliminary proposed solar minimum and solar maximum orbits for Space Station Freedom (SSF). Integral linear energy transfer (LET) fluence spectra are calculated for the trapped proton and GCR environments. Organ dose calculations are discussed using the computerized anatomical man model. The cellular track model of Katz is applied to calculate cell survival, transformation, and mutation rates for various aluminum shields. Comparisons between relative biological effectiveness (RBE) and quality factor (QF) values for SSF orbits are made.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TP-3098 , L-16903 , NAS 1.60:3098
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