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  • tissue culture  (41)
  • transformation
  • Springer  (68)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Cambridge University Press
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (55)
  • 1955-1959  (13)
  • 1991  (55)
  • 1966
  • 1955  (13)
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Publisher
  • Springer  (68)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Cambridge University Press
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (5)
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (55)
  • 1955-1959  (13)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Primary cultures of shark rectal gland epithelial cells: A model for hormone-sensitive chloride transport (1991)
    Springer
    Methods in cell science 13 (1991), S. 149-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: tissue culture ; sharks ; epithelia ; chloride transport ; kidney tubules ; cell regulation ; cystic fibrosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Methods are described for establishing primary monolayer cultures from chloride-secreting epithelial cells of the dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias) rectal gland (SRG). After stimulation, cultures display exceptionally high rates (150 to 250μA/cm2) of transepithelial chloride secretion. Hormones and neurotransmitters which increase cytoplasmic cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, calcium or phospholipid-derived second messengers are potent secretagogues. Cultures can be analyzed using a variety of morphologic, biochemical, and electrophysiologic methods. These characteristics make SRG cultures a powerful model for delineating the molecular basis of the transmembrane and intracellular signaling networks that stimulate or inhibit secondary active chloride transport in epithelia. Secondary active chloride transport occurs in a variety of epithelia, including those comprising both the proximal and distal segments of vertebrate nephrons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02388119
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histology of, and physical factors affecting, transient GUS expression in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) embryos following microprojectile bombardment (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 10 (1991), S. 120-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Gramineae ; GUS ; microprojectile bombardment ; pearl millet ; tissue culture ; transient gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transient GUS (β-glucuronidase) expression was visualized in whole and sectioned embryos of Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. (pearl millet) after microprojectile bombardment with pMON 8678 DNA. Strongest GUS expression occurred in cells located in the center of GUS positive spots with decreasing intensity in surrounding cells. GUS positive cells could be seen up to 12 cell layers beneath the epidermis. Needle-like crystals of the GUS assay product were found throughout the cytoplasm of GUS positive cells. The number of GUS positive spots was correlated to the microprojectile spread pattern on the medium surface. Shorter bombardment distances (6.6 and 9.8 cm) and the standard accelerator speed gave the best results for transient expression but also caused maximum tissue damage. The speed and distance, however, had little influence on the ability of bombarded embryos to form compact callus. The developmental stage of the bombarded immature embryos was the determining factor in the formation of compact callus, from which plants were regenerated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232041
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A segment of rye chromosome 1 enhances growth and embryogenesis of calli derived from immature embryos of wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 10 (1991), S. 148-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: wheat ; rye ; embryogenesis ; growth ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The influence of the short arm of rye chromosome 1 (1RS) from Secale cereale var. Imperial on the growth and differentiation of callus cultures from wheat Triticum aestivum var. Chinese Spring immature embryos was analysed. This chromosome arm was found to stimulate both embryogenesis and the rate of growth of calli. Recombinant lines carrying segments of 1RS were used to delineate the regions of 1RS responsible for the tissue culture effects. The enhancement of embryogenesis and the stimulation of growth were shown to be associated with two distinct genetic regions of the chromosome arm; the former is located between the centromere and the Sec 1 locus, while the latter is situated in the immediate vicinity of the Sec 1 locus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232047
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of acetosyringone and pH on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation vary according to plant species (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 9 (1991), S. 671-675 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; Allium cepa ; Antirrhinum majus ; Brassica campestris ; Glycine max ; Nicotiana tabacum ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Expiants of five plant species (Allium cepa, Antirrhinum majus, Brassica campestris. Glycine max, and Nicotiana tabacum) were co-cultivated with three Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains under different conditions to assess the effects of acetosyringone and medium pH on strain virulence. Tumours were incited on all dicotyledonous species by strains N2/73 and A281. The presence of acetosyringone during co-cultivation generally enhanced the virulence of these strains, most markedly N2/73 on A. majus and G. max, and A281 on G. max. Strain Ach5 was virulent only on N. tabacum in the absence of acetosyringone, which, when present, extended the host range to include A. majus. There was evidence to suggest that acetosyringone may suppress virulence in some strain/plant species interactions. Virulence was affected in some cases by medium pH, but there was no general effect across plant species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235354
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of Echinacea purpurea (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 10 (1991), S. 85-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Agrobacterium rhizogenes ; alkamides ; Echinacea purpureal ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Echinacea purpurea seedlings were inoculated with several Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains in order to obtain hairy roots. Infection with A. rhizogenes strains LMG63 and LMG150 resulted in callus formation. Upon infection with strains ATCC 15834 and R1601 hairy roots were obtained. Opine detection confirmed transformation of E. purpurea. Comparative HPLC fingerprint analysis of the alkamides from natural plant source, control tissues, and transformed callus and roots indicated that transformed callus and hairy roots might be a promising source for continuous and standardized production of the dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide and related amides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236463
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficient shoot regeneration of Brassica campestris using cotyledon explants cultured in vitro (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 9 (1991), S. 549-554 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Brassica campestris ; cotyledon culture ; histology ; organogenesis ; regeneration ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A system has been developed for efficient regeneration of shoots from Brassica campestris in vitro. Using 4-day old cotyledons with petioles as expiants and a combination of BA and NAA in the regeneration media, up to 70% of expiants produced shoots after 2 weeks in culture. The optimal conditions for regeneration were found to include a BA concentration of 2mgL−1 and NAA concentration of 1mgL−1. Light intensity had a profound effect on regeneration potential. The use of silver ions as an inhibitor of ethylene action reduced regeneration rates in this system. Rooting occured simultaneously with shoot formation on these media and the resultant shoots could be rooted readily on minimal medium. The genotype dependency was investigated and indicated that this method would be widely applicable to B. campestris cultivars. Regeneration of one cultivar, a high erucic acid type (R-500), was inefficient in the system described here. Histological studies indicated the development of multiple shoot primordia from the petiolar cut ends of the expiants after the initiation of meristematic activity in the cells about 100μm from the cut site within 2 days of culture initiation. The system described is compatible with previously reported Agrobacterium — mediated transformation protocols involving cotyledonary petioles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232329
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis in vitro of uterine estrogen receptor conformation of young and old rats (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 105 (1991), S. 171-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: estrogen receptor ; transformation ; aging ; rat uterus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The conformation of estrogen receptor (ER) and its in vitro transformation by RNase, Urea and ATP were analysed using the uteri of young (16 weeks) and old (92 weeks) rats. Following the digestion of ER with proteolytic enzymes like trypsin and chymotrypsin and the analysis of cleaved fragments by SDS-PAGE, similar pattern is observed in both ages. In vitro transformation of ER by RNase, Urea and ATP shows that the degree of transformation is lower in old than young. Furthermore, the transformed ER from old is less capable of binding to DNA than that from young. Thus our results show that the conformation of ER probably does not change with age, but the degree of transformation and the ability of transformed receptor to bind to DNA decrease with age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227756
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential allelochemical detoxification mechanism in tissue cultures ofAntennaria microphylla andEuphorbia esula (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 167-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; Antennaria microphylla ; small everlasting ; Euphorbia esula ; leafy spurge ; tissue culture ; hydroquinone ; arbutin ; glucosyltransferase ; biotransformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Callus and suspension cultures ofAntennaria microphylla (small everlasting) and the noxious weedEuphorbia esula (leafy spurge) can glucosylate benzene-1,4-diol (hydroquinone) to the corresponding monoglucoside, arbutin. HPLC analysis of extracts from callus tissue corroborates the presence of hydroquinone in the cells of small everlasting. Constitutive levels of a UDPG-dependent glucosyltransferase were detected in cell-free extracts of this tissue. Although this detoxification enzyme was induced in leafy spurge suspension culture cells grown in the presence of hydroquinone, the activity was six-fold lower than that measured in small everlasting. Differential ability to detoxify hydroquinone provides a basis for the observed allelopathic interaction between small everlasting and leafy spurge.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994430
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transgenic rice cell lines and plants: expression of transferred chimeric genes (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 807-820 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: methylation ; Oryza sativa ; protoplasts ; transformation ; β-D-glucuronidase ; methotrexate ; hygromycin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cell suspension-derived rice (Oryza sativa L.) protoplasts were transformed by direct gene uptake. PEG-mediated transformation was more efficient than electroporation. Plasmid DNA containing a hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT) gene (which confers hygromycin resistance) driven by the CaMV 35S promoter and a β-D-glucuronidase (GUS) gene under control of the 1′, 2′ double promoter of the mannopine synthase (mas) locus of Agrobacterium tumefaciens was introduced into rice protoplasts. Southern analysis of DNA from transformed cell lines showed that the HPT and GUS genes were present intact. Both genes were expressed in transgenic cell suspensions. GUS activity was detected by histochemical staining of the cells and by enzyme assays. During a 12-day culture period the proportion of stained cells rose to a maximum and then decreased again. Considerably higher numbers of blue-stained cells were obtained when the transgenic cell lines were grown in the presence of 5-azacytidine. Transcripts of the GUS gene could not be detected, in contrast with the HPT gene. Plantlets were regenerated from one transgenic cell line. GUS activity was found in both leaf and root tissues of these plants, particularly, but not exclusively, in vascular bundles. A mouse dihydrofolate reductase coding sequence (DHFR), conferring methotrexate resistance, fused to the CaMV 35S promotor and the wild-type nopaline synthase (NOS) gene of A. tumefaciens were also introduced into rice protoplasts. Stable integration of both genes was confirmed by Southern analysis. Expression of the DHFR gene was demonstrated by high levels of resistance to methotrexate of the transgenic cell suspensions and by the presence of DHFR transcripts. Expression of the NOS gene at enzyme or RNA level was not detected. Southern analysis suggests that this gene was probably either methylated or scrambled in these lines.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015073
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alfalfa heat shock genes are differentially expressed during somatic embryogenesis (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 999-1007 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Medicago sativa L. ; stress response ; tissue culture ; somatic embryogenesis ; heat shock protein (HSP)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have isolated two cDNA clones (Mshsp18-1; Mshsp18-2) from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) which encode for small heat shock proteins (HSPs) belonging to the hsp17 subfamily. The predicted amino acid sequences of the two alfalfa proteins are 92% identical and a similar degree of homology (90%) can be detected between Mshsp 18-2 and the pea hsp 17. In comparison to various members of small HSPs from soybean amino acid sequence similarities of 80–86% were identified. The alfalfa HSPs share a homologous stretch of amino acids in the carboxy terminal region with hsp22, 23, 26 from Drosophila. This region contains the GVLTV motif which is characteristic of several members of small HSPs. At room temperature alfalfa hsp 18 mRNAs were not detectable in root and leaf tissues but northern analysis showed a low level of expression in microcallus suspension (MCS). The transcription of Mshsp 18 genes is induced by elevated temperature, CdCl2 treatment and osmotic shock in cultured cells. In alfalfa somatic embryos derived from MCS a considerable amount of hsp 18 mRNA can be detected during the early embryogenic stages under normal culture conditions. The differential expression of these genes during embryo development suggests a specific functional role for HSPs in plant cells at the time of the developmental switch in vitro.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016072
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An activating amino acid substitution in the c-abl oncogene protein fails to produce a local conformational change (1991)
    Springer
    The protein journal 10 (1991), S. 437-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Conformational energy ; three-dimensional structure ; amino acid substitution ; c-abl oncogene ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thebcr-abl chimeric gene of Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemias is only weakly transforming. This transformation activity is greatly enhanced by a Lys-for-Glu substitution at position 832 in the c-abl gene, as occurs in the highly transforming v-abl genes. It has been suggested that this mutation results in a significant structural change in the encoded protein product. Using conformational energy analysis, we have determined the allowed low-energy conformations for residues 828–836 of this protein with Lys and Glu at position 832. In both cases, the overwhelmingly preferred conformation for this region is a bend-helix motif. The helix terminates at residue 836, and there are no discernible differences in conformation between the Lys- and Glu-containing sequences. These results suggest that the activating amino acid substitution at position 832 in the c-abl protein product does not produce its effect via a local conformational change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01025258
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New patterns of gene activity in plants detected using an Agrobacterium vector (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 263-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: transformation ; enhancer trap ; β-glucuronidase ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A vector has been designed that contains a truncated CaMV (cauliflower mosaic virus) 35S promoter fused to a receptor gene encoding β-glucuronidase (GUS), placed adjacent to the left border sequence of an Agrobacterium vector. In potato plants transformed with this vector, different patterns of transcription were detected at high frequency using in situ assays for GUS activity. Previous studies in Drosophila using analogous vectors have shown that the new patterns of transcription in many cases reflect the patterns of expression of genes adjacent to the site of vector insertion. If this is also the case in plants, the vector described here will be useful in identifying the activity of genes in different cell types and will assist in determining their function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020557
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production inEscherichia coli of activeSorghum phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase which can be phosphorylated (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 83-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: recombinant ; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase ; C4 plant ; cDNA ; transformation ; Escherichia coli ; protein phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC)-deficient mutants ofEscherichia coli have been complemented with a plasmid bearing a full-length cDNA encoding the C4-type form ofSorghum leaf PEPC. Transformed cells grew on minimal medium. Two clones were selected which produce a functional and full-sized enzyme protein as determined by activity assays, immunochemical behavior and SDS-PAGE. In addition, regulatory phosphorylation of immunopurified recombinant PEPC was observed when the enzyme was incubated with a partially purified plant PEPC kinase. These results establish thatE. coli cells produce a genuine, phosphate-free, higher-plant PEPC. Application of immunoadsorbtion chromatography to bacterial extracts makes it possible to prepare highly pure protein available for biochemical studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036808
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on the kinetics of Na+/H+ exchange in OK cells: Introduction of a new device for the analysis of polarized transport in cultured epithelia (1991)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 120 (1991), S. 173-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: brush border membrane ; amiloride ; tissue culture ; intracellular pH ; fluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The present study describes a new perfusion technique—based on the use of a routine spectrofluorometer—which enables fluorometric evaluation of polarity, regulation and kinetics of Na+/H+ exchange at the level of an intact monolayer. Na+/ H+ exchange was evaluated in bicarbonate-free solutions in OK (opossum kidney) cells, a renal epithelial cell line. Na+/H+ exchange activity was measured by monitoring changes in intracellular pH (pH i ) after an acid load, using the pH-sensitive dye 2′7′-bis (carboxyethyl) 5–6-carboxy-fluorescein (BCECF). Initial experiments indicated that OK cells grown on a permeable support had access to apical and basolateral perfusion media. They also demonstrate that OK cells express an apical pH i , recovery mechanism, which is Na+ dependent, ethylisopropylamiloride (EIPA) sensitive and regulated by PTH. Compared to resting conditions (pH i =7.68; pH o =7.4) where Na+/H+ exchange is not detectable, transport rate increased as pH i decreased. A positive cooperativity characterized the interaction of internal H+ with the exchanger, and suggests multiple H+ binding sites. In contrast, extracellular [Na+] increased transport with simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The apparent affinity of the exchanger for Na+ was 19mM at an intracellular pH of 7.1 and 60mM at an intracellular pH of 6.6. Inhibition of Na+/H+ exchange activity by EIPA was competitive with respect to extracellular [Na+] and theK i was 3.4 μM. In conclusion, the technique used in the present study is well suited for determination of mechanisms involved in control of epithelial cell pH i and processes associated with their polarized expression and regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01872400
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Incorporation of the gene for a cell-cell channel protein into transformed cells leads to normalization of growth (1991)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 124 (1991), S. 207-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: intercellular communication ; gap junction ; connexin ; growth control ; cDNA ; connexin43 ; cell-cell channel ; junctional communication ; transformation ; cancer etiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Incorporation of the gene for connexin 43, a cell-cell channel protein of gap junction, into the genome of communication-deficient transformed mouse 10T1/2 cells restored junctional communication and inhibited growth. Growth was slowed, saturation density reduced and focus formation suppressed, and these effects were contingent on overexpression of the exogenous gene and the consequent enhancement of communication. In coculture with normal cells the growth of the connexin overexpressors was completely arrested, as these cells established strong communication with the normal ones. Thus, in culture by themselves or in coculture, the connexin overexpressor cells grew like normal cells. These results demonstrate that the cell-cell channel is instrumental in growth control; they are the expected behavior if the channel transmits cytoplasmic growth-regulatory signals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01994355
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  • 16
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    Effect of growth and subsequent decomposition of blue-green algae on the transformation of iron and manganese in submerged soils (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 138 (1991), S. 75-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: blue-green algae ; iron ; manganese ; submerged soils ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract N2-fixing blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria), besides enriching soils with N and organic carbon, may modify a number of chemical and electro-chemical properties of the soils resulting in a change in availability of some micronutrient elements. Keeping this in view, an experiment was conducted to study the effects of growth and subsequent decomposition of blue-green algae on changes in the different forms of Fe and Mn in four soils under submerged condition. A mixed algal culture containing Anabaena, Nostoc, Cylindrospermum, and Tolypothrix was used as inoculum. It was allowed to grow for 2 months, after which the soils were sequentially extracted with (i) M NH4OAc (pH 7.0), (ii) M K4P2O7, (iii) 0.1 M NH2OH.HCl (pH 2.0), (iv) 0.2 M (NH4)2C2O4 (pH 3.0) and (v) 0.1 M ascorbic acid to obtain water-soluble plus exchangeable, organically bound, easily reducible, amorphous oxides-and crystalline oxides-bound forms of Fe and Mn, respectively, both during the growth as well as the subsequent in-situ decomposition of the algal biomass in soils. Iron and Mn in the extracts were estimated by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed that growth of blue-green algae in submerged rice soils caused a decrease in the NH4OAc-extractable forms of Fe and Mn with concomitant increases in all the other four determined forms of the elements. Such decreases and/or increases in different forms of Fe and Mn in soils were explained as being due to release of O2, addition of organic matter and liberation of extracellular organic compounds by the blue-green algae during their growth. The decomposition of algal biomass resulted in an increase in the NH4OAc-, K4P2O7- and (NH4)2C2O4-extractable forms of Fe and Mn with a simultaneous decrease in the NH2OH · HCl- and ascorbic acid-extractable forms. Development of strong reducing conditions and formation of organic acids with chelating properties were suggested as being the cause of the above changes. The implication of these changes in the forms of Fe and Mn for the Fe and Mn nutrition of rice plants were discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011810
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cold storage of in vitro cultures of hybrid poplar shoots (Populus alba L. x P. grandidentata Michx.) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 161-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: aspen ; growth suspension ; phenotypic variation ; ultra-structure ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Shoot cultures of P. alba x P. grandidentata ‘Crandon’ were maintained for more than 5 years at 4°C with minimal growth. The highest survival after 2 years and 5 years of cold storage were 70% and 25% respectively using 1-month of pre-storage culture on MS medium containing 1.33 μM BA. When 5-year-old cold-stored shoot cultures were transferred to the greenhouse, color variations were observed. The frequencies of albino and red pigmented plants were 0.25% and 12.8%, respectively. A rosette type growth pattern was also observed on 0.3% of the long-term cold-stored plants. During long-term cold storage there were local disruption of cambium connections and the accumulations of chemicals in some cells, as observed by light microscopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00041285
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field evaluation of antisense RNA mediated inhibition of GBSS gene expression in potato (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 59 (1991), S. 83-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Agrobacterium rhizogenes ; antisense RNA ; granule-bound starch synthase ; Solanum tuberosum ; starch composition ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) catalyses the synthesis of amylose in starch granules. Analysis of antisense RNA mediated inhibition of GBSS gene expression in large numbers of tubers from in vitro grown, greenhouse grown and field grown transgenic potato plants revealed stable and total inhibition of GBSS gene expression in one clone. In three other transgenic genotypes partial and unstable inhibition was found. In these genotypes both GBSS activity and amylose content were remarkably reduced compared with the non-transformed control genotype. No relationship was found between the level of inhibition of GBSS gene expression and yield and dry matter content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025364
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Callus induction and plant regeneration from anther and inflorescence culture of Sorghum (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 52 (1991), S. 177-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Sorghum bicolor L. Moench ; tissue culture ; callus ; haploid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Twenty-five inbred lines, including grain and forage types from the USA and China, two hybrids, one Sorghum almum, and one Parasorghum (S. versicolor) were tested for their response to anther culture. Three nutrient media were effective in inducing anther calli from six cultivars (Xin White, TX 403-TSB, DDY Sommer Milo, TX 2779, Brawley, and Spur Federal) and one was effective for plant regeneration for one cultivar, Xin White. Averaged over media, callus induction frequency (number of calli per 100 anthers) was highest in cultivars Xin White and TX 403-TSB (6.7 and 3.9%, respectively). The means of cultivars for media C17-2 and Ms-t-z-2, 4.3 and 3.2%, respectively, were superior to that for medium 85D3-2 (0.1%). Expressed as an average of the six cultivars and three media the mean calli induction frequency was 2.6%; however, differential responses of genotype and medium were noted. Among the 10 regeneration media tested, medium MS-d-4 containing Murashige and Skoog basal components plus 2.0 mg/l indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 2.5 mg/l kinetin was the most effective for plant regeneration. Numbers of albino plants and calli developing only roots increased directly with callus-induction time, whereas the frequency of plant regeneration decreased. Regenerated plants had varied numbers of chromosomes in root tip cells: 10, 15, 20, 40, and 60. The 29 regenerated plants that reached maturity, however, were highly fertile and contained only 10 bivalents in pollen mother cells. Normal chromosome number and behavior for the regenerated plants suggest that induced calli originated from cells other than microspores. However, spontaneous chromosome doubling in microspore-derived haploids may occur. The appearance of albinos also implies that haploids may have been produced from anther culture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029394
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    Genetic improvement of legumes using somatic cell and molecular techniques (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 55 (1991), S. 157-169 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: gene transfer ; genetic manipulation ; chimaeric genes ; legumes ; transformation ; somatic hybridisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The merits and limitations of somatic cell techniques involving Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, direct gene transfer and protoplast fusion, are discussed in relation to the genetic improvement of forage and grain legumes. Whilst progress with legumes is limited compared to that with plants of other families such as the Solanaceae, the fact that many legumes are readily amenable to tissue culture now permits somatic cell techniques to be targetted to these species. Future development of the subject will necessitate close collaboration between molecular biologists and plant breeders to enable novel plants generated by in vitro technologies to be incorporated into conventional breeding programmes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025229
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    Transformation of lily by Agrobacterium (1955)
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 97-100 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; transformation ; lily ; β-glucuronidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Lily cv. Harmony was inoculated with several Agrobacterium strains to study its susceptibility to Agrobacterium infection and transformation. Tumorous tissue formation on inoculated stem internodes of sterile-grown plantlets, as well as expression of a β-glucuronidase marker gene interrupted by an intron in cells of inoculated stem nodes, indicate that the monocotyledon Lilium is a host for Agrobacterium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023935
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    Transformation studies in Hordeum vulgare using a highly regenerable microspore system (1955)
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 113-118 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; isolated microspores ; particle bombardment ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A highly regenerable, isolated microspore system for barley, Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Igri, has been developed which is amenable to transformation studies using particle bombardment. The system allows DNA to be delivered to microspores at the single cell stage and both transient and stable transformation events have been demonstrated. The potential advantages of using isolated microspores as the target tissue in routine transformation systems are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023938
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    Resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus in transgenic tomato hybrids (1955)
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 159-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon ; tomato ; tomato spotted wilt virus ; tospovirus ; transformation ; virus resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) causes significant economic losses in the commercial culture of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Culture practices and introgression of natural sources of resistance to TSWV have only been marginally effective in controlling the TSWV disease. Recently however, high levels of protection against TSWV have been obtained by transforming tobacco with a chimaeric gene cassette comprising the TSWV nucleoprotein gene. This report demonstrates the successful application of this newly-created TSWV resistance gene in cultivated tomato. Transformation of an inbred tomato line with the TSWV nucleoprotein gene cassette resulted in high levels of resistance to TSWV that were maintained in hybrids derived from the parental tomato line. Therefore, transformant lines carrying the synthetic TSWV resistance gene make suitable progenitors for TSWV resistance to be incorporated into the breeding programmes of tomato.
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    Somaclonal variation as a tool for crop improvement (1955)
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 295-302 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: tissue culture ; somaclonal variation ; plant breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Somaclonal variation is a tool that can be used by plant breeders. The review examines where this tool can be applied most effectively and the factors that limit or improve its chances of success. The main factors that influence the variation generated from tissue culture are (1) the degree of departure from organised growth, (2) the genotype, (3) growth regulators and (4) tissue source. Despite an increasing understanding of how these factors work it is still not possible to predict the outcome of a somaclonal breeding programme. New varieties have been produced by somaclonal variation, but in a large number of cases improved variants have not been selected because (1) the variation was all negative, (2) positive changes were also altered in negative ways, (3) the changes were not novel, or (4) the changes were not stable after selfing or crossing. Somaclonal variation is cheaper than other methods of genetic manipulation. At the present time, it is also more universally applicable and does not require ‘containment’ procedures. It has been most successful in crops with limited genetic systems and/or narrow genetic bases, where it can provide a rapid source of variability for crop improvement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023959
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    Production and field performance of transgenic alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) expressing alpha-amylase and manganese-dependent lignin peroxidase (1955)
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 381-393 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: alfalfa ; alpha-amylase ; field performance ; manganese-dependent lignin peroxidase ; Medicago sativa ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Transgenic alfalfa plants expressinBacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase and mangaese-dependent lignin peroxidase (Mn-P) from Phanerochaete chrysosporium were produced using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation system. In each case, there was a range of expression of the introduced gene among independent transgenic plants. Plants producing alpha-amylase showed no alteration of phenotype. Production of Mn-P in alfalfa, howeven, in most cases adversely affected plant growth and development. Affected plants were stunted with yellowing foliage, but survived and produced seed. Results from field trials showed that Mn-P production in transgenic alfalfa reduced dry matter yield and plant height. The extent of these symptoms and yield reduction was, for the most part, related to the level of foreign protein production as estimated by Western analysis. Field data from transgenic plants expressing alpha-amylase showed that there was no effect of foreign protein production on plant performance. Expression of Mn-P was shown to segregate in sexual progeny derived from transgenic plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023971
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    Field resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) De Bary) in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) somaclones associated with instability and pleiotropic effects (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 56 (1991), S. 75-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; potato ; Phytophthora infestans ; late blight ; adventitious regeneration ; somaclonal variation ; tissue culture ; mutation ; maturity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Adventitious regenerants (‘somaclones’) of ‘Bintje’ and their vegetative progeny were screened for field resistance to Phytophthora infestans as follows: the area under the disease progress curve was computed and correlated with resistance rating in ‘Bintje’ and reference varieties. The resistance rating of the somaclones was determined from this relationship. Clones with stable improved field resistance in successive years' trials were detected, however, most of such clones were also maturation mutants. Variation in resistance rating in clone replicates and between years was detected in most clones. The possible basis of the field resistance and reasons for its instability are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00041746
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    Application of cell and tissue culture and in vitro selection for disease resistance breeding — a review (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 56 (1991), S. 269-285 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: disease resistance ; in vitro selection ; somaclonal variation ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Somaclonal variation, i.e. the variation induced by cell and tissue culture, offers an opportunity to broaden the genetic variation of crops. As a result of somaclonal variation a wide range of plant characteristics can be altered. However, the selection of agronomically important traits, e.g. disease resistance, has many limitations. The efficiency of selection can be increased by the application of in vitro selection procedures. Selection strategies that may be applied to obtain disease resistant somaclonal variants are described. Their merits and limitations, in relation to the efficiency of the procedures, the frequency of disease resistant variants and the genetics of the resistance obtained, are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00042373
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    Actual, potential and speculative applications of seaweed cellular biotechnology: some specific comments on Gelidium (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 221 (1991), S. 181-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: callus ; cell culture ; domestication ; protoplast ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cellular biotechnology is a promising application in the propagation and selection of superior strains of seaweeds. Although axenic cultures, organogenetic tissue cultures, vegetative micro-propagation, callus induction and high yields of agar from calli have been described for several species of Gelidium, a number of basic problems remain to be solved. These include standardized methods for obtaining axenic cultures, identification of requirements for organic nutrients, PGR's, cellular disorganization and reorganization, somaclonal variation and somatic incompatibilities. Future progress in seaweed biotechnology will depend on the resolution of many of these problems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028374
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    Food ingestion by planarian intestinal phagocytic cells — a study by scanning electron microscopy (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 227 (1991), S. 179-185 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: planarian ; intestine ; endocytosis ; phagocytosis ; tissue culture ; SEM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tissue-cultured fragments of the intestine of Dugesia japonica were examined by SEM for formation of pseudopodia in the phagocytic cells. For comparison, parallel experiments in vivo were performed using intact animals under starved and fed conditions. When cultures were incubated with fetal calf serum, individual phagocytic cells formed one or two large cup-like pseudopodia. Cultures incubated with latex beads showed pseudopodia that varied in shape according to the size of the beads and that had multiple folds or funnels. Pseudopodia and the modes of their endocytosis in this planarian, however, are morphologically like those of other phagocytes such as digestive cells of Hydra, rat macrophages, and human neutrophils. Culture in vitro of digestive tissue should be an important tool for studying the digestive physiology of planarians at the cellular level.
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    A comparison of BA, zeatin and thidiazuron for adventitious bud formation from Picea glauca embryos and epicotyl explants (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 281-287 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: conifer ; cytokinin ; organogenesis ; Picea glauca ; tissue culture ; white spruce
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Picea glauca (white spruce) zygotic embryos and one-week-old-seedling epicotyl explants were placed on either Woody Plant Medium (WPM) or half-strength Schenk & Hildebrandt (1/2S&H) medium supplemented with varying levels of benzyladenine (BA) (0.1, 1.0, 10, 50, 100 μM), zeatin (10, 50, 100 μM) or thidiazuron (TDZ) (0.01, 0.1 μM). In addition to differences in the number of buds induced at three months on the two media, buds induced on WPM were visually more uniform, less vitrified and elongated faster. On 1/2S&H supplemented with BA, maximum bud induction from embryos occurred on 1.0 μM BA with 0.01 μM TDZ with higher BA concentrations inhibitory to bud induction. In contrast, on WPM there was little difference in the number of buds induced from embryos placed on 10, 50 and 100 μM BA with or without TDZ. One-week-old-seedling epicotyl explants required higher BA levels on 1/2S&H, as bud induction at three months was greatest at 10 μM BA. On WPM, as with the embryos, there were only minor differences in the number of buds induced from epicotyl explants on the various BA levels. Zeatin was more effective at inducing buds than BA with both media. From embryos, bud induction was greatest on 50 or 100 μM zeatin without TDZ and 50 or 100 μM zeatin with or without TDZ on 1/2S&H and WPM respectively. From epicotyl explants on 1/2S&H, there was little difference in the number of buds induced with the zeatin concentrations used, while with WPM, 50 and 100 μM zeatin induced the greatest number of buds. Interestingly, with BA, the epicotyl explants needed a higher level than the embryos for maximal response, while with zeatin, the level was the same for both embryos and epicotyl explants. Long-term (six month) survival was higher on WPM than with 1/2S&H. Additionally, embryos had a higher percentage of genotypes surviving at six-months when compared with epicotyl explants. For overall survival and development of the buds, 50 μM zeatin with 0.01 μM TDZ was the best treatment tested.
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    Micropropagation of juvenile and adult Sorbus domestica L. (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 341-348 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: rooting ; shoot proliferation ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Successful propagation of seedlings and mature trees of Sorbus domestica L. has been achieved by in vitro methods. Multiple shoot formation was obtained by placing shoot apices or nodal segments on a modified Schenck and Hildebrandt medium containing benzyladenine. Regenerated shoots were excised and induced to root on media with auxin. In the best treatments 75–85% of shoots from juvenile material rooted. Rooting capacity of shoots from mature explants was lower (30%) and was not improved by dipping the base of shoots in concentration solutions of indolebutyric or naphthaleneacetic acids. Plantlets were ultimately established in soil.
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    Regeneration and transformation of Ribes (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 24 (1991), S. 91-95 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; regeneration ; Ribes nigrum ; tissue culture ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transformation of the black currant cv. Ben More was achieved by utilising the binary vector system of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. This system involved the inoculation of peeled internodal stem segments with A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404 containing the binary vector PBI121.X with the marker genes Betaglucuronidase (GUS) and neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII). Shoot regeneration occurred on nutrient media based on M&S salts. Transformation was confirmed by the fluorogenic assay procedure which determined that the GUS gene had been transferred into the plant material and was being expressed. Concurrent transfer of the NPTII gene into the plant material was also confirmed with a ‘dot blot’ assay on selected GUS positive plantlets.
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    Degradation of exogenous indole-3-butyric acid and riboflavin and their influence on rooting response of papaya in vitro (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 26 (1991), S. 29-34 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Carica papaya ; IBA ; papaw ; papaya ; riboflavin ; root initiation ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Varying concentrations of riboflavin were added to a De Fossard et al. (1974) basal medium containing 10 µM IBA and the effect on adventitious root initiation on shoots of Carica papaya L. was studied. Ninety percent root initiation occurred in 11 days when 1 µM riboflavin was added to the culture medium. Smaller rooting percentages were observed and roots emerged more slowly with riboflavin concentrations greater and less than 1 µM. Tissue culture media were maintained at 27°±1°C in either darkness or 12-h photoperiods for 28 days, and concentrations of riboflavin and IBA were measured at regular intervals using HPLC analysis. In a De Fossard et al. (1974) basal medium, riboflavin concentrations (0.1, 1.0, 10.0 µM) decreased rapidly in light and were independent of the presence of IBA. IBA concentration steadily decreased when media was placed in light, and increasing riboflavin concentrations accelerated the reduction of IBA levels. Concentrations of IBA and riboflavin were stable with dark incubation.
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    Precocious gladiolus corm formation in liquid shake cultures (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 26 (1991), S. 63-70 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: corm ; cytokinin ; Gladiolus ; paclobutrazol ; sucrose ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Conditions were defined for precocious differentiation and improved growth of corms at the base of gladiolus shoots. Shoots were derived from explants cultured on agar solidified media, and corm regeneration was obtained in subsequent liquid shake cultures. Benzyladenine (BA), at 10-7 M, was found to have a stimulating effect mainly when provided to the shoots prior to manifestation of corm growth. Paclobutrazol and sucrose promoted corm formation when supplemented to the liquid media. Paclobutrazol, at 10 mg l-1, shifted assimilate allocation towards the growing corm. A differential promotion of corm development by sucrose was not observed, and the concentration of sucrose at which the sugar demand for maximal shoot and corm growth is satisfied (60 g l-1) was unaltered by the presence of paclobutrazol. The rate of corm growth on shoots cultured in a liquid medium supplemented with paclobutrazol and a saturating sucrose concentration, was a function of the length of the shoot's leaf blades, and was similar in light and in dark.
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    Plant regeneration from somatic tissue of Rhododendron laetum x aurigeranum (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 37-43 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: organogenesis ; plant growth regulators ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the source of plant material (greenhouse-grown plants or in vitro shoot cultures), the type of tissue explant (shoot-tip, single-node stem segment, whole leaf, leaf strip or half-leaf section) and growth regulator concentration on shoot regeneration from somatic tissue of Rhododendron laetum × aurigeranum was evaluated. No regeneration response was obtained on explants from greenhouse-grown plants. Adventitious shoots were obtained from callus produced at the basal end of shoot-tip and single-node stem segment explants derived from in vitro-grown shoots cultured on Anderson's medium supplemented with 22.8 μM IAA and 73.8 μM 2iP. The greatest percentage of adventitious shoot regeneration (77%) was induced on leaf sections cultured in the presence of 22.8 μM IAA and 147.6 μM 2iP. Plant regeneration was accomplished with minimal callus formation. This technique represents a further step toward gene manipulation of Rhododendron.
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    Modification of transplasma membrane oxidoreduction by SV40 transformation of 3T3 cells (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 23 (1991), S. 903-917 
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    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Transferrin receptor ; diferric transferrin ; 3T3 cells ; transformation ; iron reduction ; plasma membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Transformation of 3T3 cells by SV40 virus changes the properties of the transplasma membrane electron transport activity which can be assayed by reduction of external ferric salts. After 42 h of culture and before the growth rate is maximum, the transformed cells have a much slower rate of ferric reduction. The change in activity is expressed both by change inK m andV max for ferricyanide reduction. The change in activity is not based on surface charge effect or on tight coupling to proton release or on intracellular NADH concentration. With transformation by SV40 virus infection the expression of transferrin receptors increases, which correlates with greater diferric transferrin stimulation of the rate of ferric ammonium citrate reduction in transformed SV40-3T3 cells than in 3T3 cells.
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    The role of cotyledonary tissue in the differentiation of shoots and roots from cotyledon explants of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 24 (1991), S. 55-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: auxin-like factor ; Brassica juncea ; brown mustard ; organogenesis ; regeneration ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In cotyledon cultures of Brassica juncea, shoots and roots invariable differentiate at the cut end of the petiole. Organogenesis occurred only if the proximal cut end of the petiole was in contact with the medium. In the absence of the petiole, differentiation from the lamina was rare. Hence investigations were carried out to study the influence of the cotyledonary lamina on regeneration of shoots and roots from the petiolar cut end. The lamina tissue was surgically removed from the cotyledon explants at different durations (0–10 days) after culturing them on either root-forming (basal medium) or shoot-forming (basal medium containing 5.0 μM N6-benzyladenine) media. The differentiation of roots or shoots from the petioles was dependent on the presence of the lamina for at least 7 days of culture. Quantitative removal of the laminar tissue had a corresponding negative effect on shoot bud differentiation from the petiole. The nature of the ‘lamina factor’ was found to be auxin-like.
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    High frequency of plant regeneration from hypocotyl explants of Brassica carinata A. Br. (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 24 (1991), S. 79-82 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Brassica carinata ; Ethiopia mustard ; hypocotyl ; plant regeneration ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An efficient tissue culture system for high frequency of plant regeneration from hypocotyl explants of Brassica carinata was developed via manipulation of culture medium and selection of explants. Explants grown on medium containing combinations of 2 mg l-1 BA and 0.01 mg l-1 NAA or 4 mg l-1 kinetin and 0.01 mg l-1 2,4-D regenerated shoots at 100% frequency. High frequency shoot regeneration occurred only from explants originating from 6 to 7-day-old but not younger or older seedlings. Explants showed higher regeneration capacity at the distal end than the proximal end, and the upper segment was more regenerative than the lower segment of hypocotyl. Regenerants were rooted on half-strength growth regulator-free medium, acclimatized and developed into normal, fertile plants.
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    Cryopreservation and post freeze molecular and biosynthetic stability in transformed roots of Beta vulgaris and Nicotiana rustica (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 24 (1991), S. 163-172 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Agrobacterium rhizogenes ; cryopreservation ; hairy roots ; molecular stability ; secondary metabolites ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Crypopreservation methods were firstly developed for root-tips from hairy root cultures of Beta vulgaris, established after transformation by Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The effects of culture age, pre-growth, cryoprotection, freezing rate and post-freeze culture conditions were determined. The resulting freezing protocol was then used to cryopreserve transformed root cultures of Nicotiana rustica. Both species were viable after freezing (ca. 80%), according to fluorescein diacetate vital staining. However, on average the regeneration of proliferating roots from surviving root-tips was low (〈20%). Growth rates, secondary metabolite production and T-DNA structure of a number of hairy root lines were examined and found to be unchanged after cryopreservation.
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    Somatic embryogenesis from immature embryos in meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 24 (1991), S. 193-198 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Limnanthes alba ; meadowfoam ; somatic embryogenesis ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Developing embryos from immature seeds were excised and cultured. Optimal proliferation of differentiated secondary embryos occurred on Murashige-Skoog media containing 7% sucrose, 0.1 μM 2,4-D, and 0.1–1.0 μM zeatin. Higher levels of auxins inhibited embryo proliferation. Secondary embryos were subcultured to produce more embryos. The results indicate the feasibility of clonal propagation of meadowfoam.
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    Morphogenesis in leaf, hypocotyl and root explants of Digitalis thapsi L. cultured in vitro (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 25 (1991), S. 117-123 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Digitalis thapsi ; plant regeneration ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the auxins 2,4-D, NAA and IAA either alone or in combination with kinetin or BA were investigated to assess the morphogenetic potential of leaf, root and hypocotyl explants of Digitalis thapsi. Calluses were obtained from the three explants in basal medium without the addition of growth regulators and in leaves, the calluses formed roots. Application of 2,4-D, NAA or BA increased callus formation. The presence of NAA induced root formation and that of BA induced shoot formation via callus interphase. Indole-3-acetic acid alone only induced the generation of roots in the hypocotyl callus. Kinetin was ineffective in all the explants tested. Combinations of NAA with kinetin or BA were more effective in inducing organogenesis in leaf explants. Optimum responses were obtained in hypocotyl and root explants by using IAA in combination with BA, the highest rate of shoot regeneration being observed in hypocotyl explants. Rooting of the differentiated shoots was readily achieved in media without growth regulators. Regenerated plantlets were transferred to soil and grew with a survival rate of 70%.
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    Adherence of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to the cells of immature wheat embryos (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 25 (1991), S. 199-208 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; cocultivation ; enzymatic digestion ; tissue culture ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Agrobacterium attached to wheat embryos in vitro. This attachment was plasmid independent, and occurred on both wounded and unwounded cell surfaces. The pattern of attachment clearly demonstrated that bacterial attachment to cereal cells follows the same trends observed for dicotyledonous plants. During the inoculation period the bacterial cells attach to the plant cell walls either with lateral or polar orientation. Wounding (mechanical or enzymatic) preferentially promoted adherence of the bacteria at the wound site, however, attachment was not wound dependent.
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    Agrobacterium tumefaciens-gene transfer into wheat tissues (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 25 (1991), S. 209-218 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; cocultivation ; tissue culture ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract DNA can be transferred by Agrobacterium tumefaciens to wheat, albeit at very low frequencies. Transfer of agrobacterial DNA occurred in cultures where the embryos had been subjected to partial enzymatic digestion prior to cocultivation with the bacteria. It is unclear whether this is by the normal process mediated by the Ti virulence genes and the border repeats of the T-DNA. The Southern hybridization patterns indicate that in one cell line the T-DNA had undergone extensive rearrangements, and might indicate that the process of T-DNA transfer and integration might differ in the case of cereals. This could suggest the method of transfer and ultimately the expression of these genes in cereal cells may be different to that observed in other monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species.
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    Effect of temperature, gel concentration and cytokinins on vitrification of Olearia microdisca (J.M. Black) in vitro shoot cultures (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 26 (1991), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: chilling ; lignin synthesis ; shoot multiplication ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The interaction between gel concentration, cytokinin levels and temperature in vitrification of Olearia microdisca in vitro has been investigated. Vitrified plants displayed tissue hypertrophy and reduced lignification. Cytokinin in the medium was essential for vitrification. Increasing gel concentration or reducing temperature reduced the vitrification in the presence of 20 µM BA. The observed responses were consistent with indirect effects on BA uptake. Alternatively an indirect effect of BA on shoot multiplication rate and hence on lignification of cell walls may be involved.
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    An effective method for establishing human B lymphoblastic cell lines using epstein-barr virus (1991)
    Springer
    Methods in cell science 13 (1991), S. 39-44 
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    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: Epstein-Barr virus ; feeder layer ; B-lymphocytes ; transformation ; human cell lines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Methods are described for the efficient transformation of fresh or cryopreserved human B lymphocytes to produce continuous, lymphoblastic cell lines. Lymphocytes are separated from whole blood by centrifugation through Ficoll. They are transformed by exposure to Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) obtained as a supernatant from ATCC. CRL 1612 (B95-8) cells. Virus production is verified in advance by immunoperoxidase staining after application of a monoclonal antibody to EBV capsid antigen [ATCC.HB 168 (72A1)]. The addition of irradiated feeder cells [ATCC.CCL 17 (MRC-5)] is important to enhance efficiency in lymphoblast culture initiation.
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    A method for in vitro cell culture of superficial bovine uterine endometrial epithelium (1991)
    Springer
    Methods in cell science 13 (1991), S. 247-251 
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    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: tissue culture ; uterine epithelial cells ; bovine ; monolayer culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Bovine epithelial cells were obtained for culture from the uterine endometrium of adult, cyclic cattle. Using the procedures described herein, cell-specific monolayers of uterine epithelial cells developed rapidly in culture and maintained a good level of viability for seven to eight subcultures. In addition, frozen-thawed uterine epithelial cells also maintained a respectable level of viability during postthaw subculture. Patterns of cell growth for uterine epithelial cells were determined by a growth curve. A growth curve of fresh epithelial cells over an 8-day interval revealed a short lag phase (24 h) followed by a log growth phase for 5 days and then a stationary phase starting on Days 6 or 7 of incubation. This method for isolation and culture of uterine epithelial cells provides a potential model for evaluating uterine epithelial cell secretory capacity during the estrous cycle. This culture system may offer benefits for in vitro culture of bovine embryos.
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    Application of the principles of good manufacturing practices (GMP) to the design and operation of a tissue culture laboratory (1991)
    Springer
    Methods in cell science 13 (1991), S. 265-273 
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    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: tissue culture ; GMP ; laboratory design ; laboratory operation ; contamination control ; environmental control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Recommendations are presented for the design and operation of a tissue culture laboratory to reduce microbial contamination of cultures. These recommendations are based on practices currently used in the manufacturing of sterile drug products, certain medical devices, and in vitro diagnostic products. The recommendations depend on qualification and validation of equipment, systems, and procedures and on the control and monitoring of the laboratory environment and procedures.
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    Compiling bottom-up and mixed derivations into top-down executable logic programs (1991)
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    Journal of automated reasoning 7 (1991), S. 337-358 
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    ISSN: 1573-0670
    Keywords: Control rules ; transformation ; logic programming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract We present a technique for the compilation of bottom-up and mixed logic derivations into PROLOG-programs. It is obtained as an extension of a program transformation technique called Compiling Control. We illustrate its applications in three different domains: solving numerical problems, integrity checking in deductive databases and theorem proving. The aim is to obtain efficient PROLOG programs for problems in which a non-top-down control is most appropriate.
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    Maize transformation utilizing silicon carbide whiskers: a review (1955)
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    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 75-80 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: transformation ; silicon carbide ; whiskers ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We review here the most recently developed technique for maize transformation which involves the vortexing of silicon carbide whiskers with maize cells in the presence of plasmid DNA. Fertile transgenic plants have been regenerated following whisker-mediated transformation which is compared with the alternatives described to date, namely protoplast uptake, particle bombardment and electroporation of intact tissue.
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    Expression of foreign genes in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) — evaluation of three gene transfer methods (1955)
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 63-74 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; electroporation ; particle gun ; polyethylene glycol ; regeneration ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Suitable sunflower tissues and cells were transformed either by direct gene transfer into protoplasts, particle bombardment, or Agrobacterium co-culture. While all techniques allowed efficient short-term or transient expression of the introduced gene(s) in the respective tissues, stable transformation was only observed after transformation with Agrobacterium. The latter technique was suitable for the production of transgenic callus from seedling cotyledons and occasional shoots with chimaeric expression of the transgene. Detailed analysis of the interaction of Agrobacterium with this explant showed that infection efficiency was critically dependent on the co-culture conditions, and that the preferentially-transformed cells were not the ones competent for regeneration.
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    Biolistic introduction of a synthetic Bt gene into elite maize (1955)
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    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 119-123 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis ; maize ; microprojectile bombardment ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A synthetic Bt gene encoding a truncated version of the CryIA(b) protein derived from Bacillus thuringiensis was successfully introduced into elite maize using microprojectile bombardment of immature embryos. The method used to initiate and identify transformation events is described. We describe the detailed parameters used for the Biolistics device as well as the plasmids used for the transformations. The plasmids contained the synthetic Bt gene driven by either the 35S CaMV promoter or a combination of two tissue-specific promoters, leaf and pollen, derived from maize. Specific conditions for the culture of Type I callus from immature embryos, the phosphinothricin (PPT) selection protocol, and the regeneration of plants are discussed. T0 and T1 plants were initially identified using the pH-dependent chlorophenol red test and/or the histochemical β-glucuronidase (GUS) assay. PCR and Southern data confirm the presence of the 35S CaMV promoter and the synthetic Bt gene.
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    In vitro screening and field evaluation of tissue-culture-regenerated sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) for soil stress tolerance (1955)
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 373-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: aluminium toxicity ; soil acidity ; somaclonal variation ; sorghum ; Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ; tissue culture ; salt stress ; drought stress ; variants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench is generally quite sensitive to salt and acid (high aluminium) soil stresses, but quite tolerant of drought stress. As with any stress phenomenon, intra-specific variability exists within the genus. In vitro cell selection and somaclonal variation offer an alternative to traditional breeding methodology for generating improved breeding lines for hybrid development. A field selection protocol was developed for the three soil stresses and inter-stress evaluations were conducted in an effort to find multiple, stress-tolerant genotypes. The acid soil-drought stress, super-tolerant selections were located by the R7 generation when exposed to a combined aluminium-drought stress field environment and when the regeneration population (number of regenerated lines from one callus source) was maintained at 15,000 plants or higher. A variant frequency of 0.1 to 0.2% for stress tolerance and acceptable agronomic traits among the surviving somaclones, provided an adequate number of phenotypes with desirable agronomic characteristics and a high level of soil stress tolerance. Subsequent research verified that the stress-tolerant regenerants had superior acid soil and drought stress tolerance to that of the donor parents, that their yield capabilities under stress were superior to their parents, and that their stress tolerance attributes were transferred in hybrid combinations. In vitro selection was not effective in increasing the number of field stress survivors. In fact, superior germplasms were developed from non-stressed callus or salt-stressed callus. In vitro selection reduced regeneration frequency and subsequent survival of plants under field stress. In vitro-stressed regenerants should be subjected only to non-stressed environments to maintain population numbers for field selection and thereafter should be subjected to stress environments during later (R5+) generations. The optimal strategy for the exploitation of somaclonal variation may be through short-term cell culture (〈 12 months) with no attempt at in vitro selection.
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    In vitro propagation of the nitrogen-fixing tree-legume Acacia mangium Willd. (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 135 (1991), S. 151-159 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: micropropagation ; Acacia mangium ; tissue culture ; Bradyrhizobium spp. ; nodulation ; nitrogen-fixing tree
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In vitro propagation was initiated from 2-week-old and 7-month-old explants of Acacia mangium. Juvenile explants (2 week-old) of 5- to 10-mm lengths composed of two leaves were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1.0 or 2.0 mg L-1 6-benzyladenine (BAP). After 6 weeks, most explants had formed a large cluster of 14–18 axillary shoots produced by prolific branching of the primary axillary shoot after elongation. The maximum multiplication rate (40) was obtained in the first subculture; the rate decreased to 10–20 in the second one. The mean length of shoots was not significantly affected by BAP concentrations during the subsequent cultures. Rooting ability of juvenile explants was greatly affected by BAP concentrations used in the multiplication medium. When both types of explants were multiplied on a MS medium containing 1.0 mg L-1 BAP and transferred to a half-strength MS medium containing 0.05 mg L-1 IBA, only 10% of the juvenile explants were rooted versus 70% of the 7-month-old explants. Rooted plants transferred onto artificial substrate were all nodulated, when inoculated with a specific Bradyrhizobium sp. strain.
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    Degradation of oxalic acid by transgenic oilseed rape plants expressing oxalate oxidase (1955)
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 169-172 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; disease tolerance ; oxalic acid ; oxalate oxidase ; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Oxalic acid is thought to have a primary role in the pathogenicity of several plant pathogens, notably Sclerotinia selerotiorum. A gene coding for the enzyme oxalate oxidase was isolated from barley roots and introduced into oilseed rape as a means of degrading oxalic acid in vivo. This report describes the production of several transgenic plants of oilseed rape and the characterisation of these plants by Southern, Western and enzyme activity assays. Plants were shown to contain an active oxalate oxidase enzyme and were tolerant of exogenously supplied oxalic acid.
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    Genetic manipulation in plant breeding — prospects and limitations (1955)
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    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 1-12 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: genetic engineering ; gene targets ; mapping ; markers ; transformation ; QTLs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023925
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    An assessment of morphogenic and transformation efficiency in a range of varieties of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) (1955)
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 101-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; plant regeneration ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum ; tissue culture ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary To provide a truly genotype-independent transformation system, it is necessary to be able to transform a wide range of potato genotypes. The ability to regenerate shoots in vitro was determined for 34 potato varieties using tuber disc explants. Following a culture regime used extensively in previous studies with the variety Desiree, half of the varieties could be regenerated from tuber discs and half could not. From a sample of varieties that could be regenerated from tuber discs, all but one variety gave transgenic plants. Twelve varieties were evaluated for the capacity to regenerate shoots from leaf and internode explants excised from in vitro grown plants. All of the varieties tested regenerated adventitious shoots. Leaf and internode explants from 5 varieties were subsequently used for transformation, and transgenic plants were produced from two potato varieties that did not give transgenic plants from tuber disc explants. Some varieties could not be transformed by either method, and will require modification of the in vitro regeneration and transformation system to be successful.
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    Some methodological aspects of apple transformation by Agrobacterium (1955)
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 131-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: apple ; transformation ; Agrobacterium ; preculture ; azacytidine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Leaf explants of apple cvs Gala and Golden Delicious were infected with the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL0(pMOG410). The effects of a 2 d preculture of the explants before infection and the addition of 5-azacytidine to the selection medium were studied. The percentages of GUS-positive explants after 5 w did not significantly alter due to these treatments. One of the ‘Gala’ shoots, which was removed from a leaf explant cultured for 8 w on selection medium, proved to be GUS-positive and will be analyzed further. In general, however, it should be concluded that regeneration of transgenic shoots directly from leaf tissue was not very effective.
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    A programmable micropropagation apparatus using cycled liquid medium (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 211-218 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: endogenous microorganisms ; semi-automated micropropagation ; Spathiphyllum ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An apparatus was developed that featured programmable application of liquid medium to plant cultures for micropropagation. Computer control capabilities included liquid medium introduction and medium depth within four culture vessels, medium application and removal on an assigned schedule, schedule adjustment during a culture period and medium replacement. The medium level was controlled using an accurate custom level-sensing technique consisting of thermistors and float switches. Seven-liter polycarbonate containers were modified and used as the culture vessels. Maintaining sterility was a key constraint in the development of the plant tissue culture apparatus.
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    Adventitious shoot regeneration from leaf explants of tissue cultured and greenhouse-grown raspberry (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 249-255 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: organogenesis ; Rubus idaeus L ; R. × neglectus Peck ; thidiazuron ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Adventitious shoot regeneration was observed using leaf-petiole explants from shoot-proliferating cultures of ‘Comet’ red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.). A maximum regeneration rate of 70% (3.7 shoots/explant) was obtained using 4.5–9.1 μM (1–2 mg l−1) N-phenyl-N′-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (thidiazuron or TDZ) with 2.5–4.9 μM (0.5–1 mg l−1) 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA) or 2.3 μM (0.5 mg l−1) TDZ with 4.9 μM (1 mg l−1) IBA in modified Murashige-Skoog medium. TDZ was more effective than N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA) at promoting regeneration in combinations tested with IBA (maximum 50% regeneration rate; 1.8 shoots/explant). Variation in the agar concentration or incubation temperature, orientation or scoring of the leaf-petiole explants and use of separate leaf or petiole explants had no effect on shoot regeneration. Incubation in the dark for 1, 2 or 3 weeks prior to growth in the light did not influence the percent regeneration rate but depressed the number of adventitious shoots. Explant source, from micropropagated shoots or greenhouse-grown plants, had an effect on shoot regeneration that was genotype dependent. Only 8 of 22 (36%) raspberry cultivars were capable of regeneration from leaf explants derived from greenhouse-grown plants.
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    Transformation of Nicotiana tabacum, N. debneyi, and N. rustica: Inheritance and protoplast expression of antibiotic resistance (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 25 (1991), S. 189-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; leaf explant ; mesophyll protoplast ; regeneration ; selective agent ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains harbouring plasmid vectors pBCAT1, pVU1011 or pMON806 were used to transform leaf explants of Nicotiana tabacum cultivars ‘Delgold’ and ‘Candel’, N. debneyi, and N. rustica var. NRT. Transgenic plants resistant to the selective agents kanamycin, hygromycin or methotrexate were regenerated and used as sources of leaf mesophyll protoplasts. Protoplasts divided and regenerated plants in the presence of selective agents at levels inhibitory to protoplasts of non-transformed plants. Cross-resistance of protoplasts to more than one selective agent was not observed in this study which suggests that this approach may lead to an efficient interspecific somatic hybrid selection system.
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    In vitro micropropagation and plant establishment of muscadine grape cultivars (Vitis rotundifolia) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 7-14 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: plant regeneration ; propagation ; tissue culture ; viticulture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Shoot apical meristems were used to establish regenerative axillary bud cultures of 9 muscadine grape cultivars. Meristems taken from 10 cm long shoots had less contamination (3%) and a higher survival rate (94%) than those from shorter or longer shoots. Of media tested, MS, 1/2 MS, and C2D resulted in equivalent shoot proliferation rates, whereas, WPM produced stunted shoots. When pooling results for 3 cultivars, 5, 10 and 20 μM BA and 5 μM TDZ produced the highest average number of shoots per cultured apex (3.4–3.8). However, shoots produced with TDZ were stunted and did not root well. For rooting of shoots directly in potting mix, a rooting powder pretreatment significantly increased the number of roots per shoot but did not affect percent rooting or root length. For rooting in vitro, 1 μM NAA significantly increased all parameters measured. Although more shoots rooted in vitro than in vivo (77% vs. 46%), the latter was judged preferable since acclimatized plants were produced in less time and a major culture step was eliminated. Significant differences among cultivars were noted for measured responses in all experiments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00048199
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    Freeze-preservation of buds from Scots pine trees (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 89-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: cryopreservation ; Pinus sylvestris L. ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A procedure has been developed for freeze-preservation of buds of the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Instead of liquid nitrogen, cold storage in −80°C was used. The partly dormant material used in the experiments was obtained directly from a natural stand in Northern Finland and no prefreezing or cryoprotectants for preconditioning were used. Cooling velocity was 1°C/min up to a terminal freezing temperature of −39°C, after which the buds were immersed in liquid nitrogen at −196°C for 10 minutes. The material was then transferred to a deepfreezer at −80°C and stored up to 6 months. After rapid thawing, the buds were sterilized and their viability was tested by FDA staining and by culturing meristems on 1/2 MS medium for at least two weeks. All the freezing experiments were performed during March and April. The best survival of buds (90–100%) was achieved at the beginning of April, after which a pronounced decline in survival occurred obviously due to a rise in the water content of the buds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00048212
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    In vitro regeneration from excised leaves of Flaveria trinervia (Sprengel) C. Mohr (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 297-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Flaveria trinervia ; growth regulators ; leaf explant ; tissue culture ; plant regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Flaveria trinervia (Compositae) leaves are used for the treatment of jaundice and fever. From the leaf callus cultures regeneration of plantlets has been achieved. The results showed that BAP greatly stimulated the bud formation in concentrations ranging from 2–5 mg l−1 than at very low concentrations (0.2–1.0 mg l−1). Roots developed on the regenerated shoots, over a range of treatments, but were most prolific in the medium containing 1 mg l−1 IAA. Histological observations revealed that cultured spongy cells of the mesophyll were greatly enlarged and underwent repeated cell divisions leading to the formation of hard nodular callus from which shoot buds differentiated. The shoots obtained were readily rooted and transplanted into glass houses. Cytological studies of the callus showed abnormalities such as bridges, endomitosis and multinucleolate conditions. Root tip squashes of the regenerated plants showed no variations and were diploid in chromosome number.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00157594
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    Relationship between growth rate of Helminthosporium oryzae isolates on calluses of rice cultivars and their disease reaction on rice plants (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 24 (1991), S. 237-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: disease resistance ; Helminthosporium oryzae ; rice ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rice cultivars showed differential reaction to various isolates of Helminthosporium oryzae, the brown spot pathogen. The calluses obtained from those cultivars behaved in a similar manner to the mycelial growth of pathogenic isolates on them. However, amount of inoculum, size of the callus and period of incubation influenced the reaction of the callus to the fungal isolates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033483
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    Uptake and metabolism of 6-benzyladenine in shoot cultures of Musa and Rhododendron (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 25 (1991), S. 69-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: BA uptake ; cytokinin metabolism ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Shoots of Musa and Rhododendron were cultured in vitro on a medium containing 0.5 mg l-1 BA. Shoots growing in the presence of [14C]BA were harvested at intervals during the culture period. Uptake of BA was linear throughout this culture period in Musa but slowed considerably in Rhododendron shoots after day 10. Rhododendron shoots absorbed 40% of the BA present in the medium and Musa shoots absorbed 52%. In each species the principal metabolite formed was [9G]BA. Benzyladenine was present in significant levels only in the pseudostem of Musa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033915
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    Methods for improving tissue culture of human tracheo-bronchial epithelium obtained at autopsy (1991)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 5 (1991), S. 155-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: tissue culture ; trypan blue ; cilia ; cell injury ; organ culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Human tracheo-bronchial epithelium obtained from autopsy, surgery, and organ donation will have areas of both viable and non-viable cells. It is important in the initial establishment of epithelial explant and cell cultures that injured, non-viable mucosal epithelium not be used for the cultures. Autopsy cases selected for culture should initially be chosen on the basis of a shorter post mortem interval and cause of death in order to increase the rate of successful culture. Staining the epithelium with the vital dye, trypan blue, in combination with phase contrast microscopy of the bronchial tissues will further identify those areas of the mucosa that are enriched for viable cells. The dead, non-viable areas are trypan blue positive, while the viable areas are clear and have foci of beating, motile cilia. Treatment of the mucosal tissue with mucolytic agents to remove cell debris, dead cells, and microbes trapped in the mucus material will further improve the chances for successful culture. Human tracheo-bronchial epithelium, although non-sterile and often injured at time zero for numerous reasons, can effectively be used in in vitro pathophysiology studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00365432
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    Exfoliative cytologic evaluation of primary cultured lung carcinomas (1991)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 6 (1991), S. 143-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: tissue culture ; lung cancer ; cytogenetics ; cytotechnology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a tissue culture and exfoliative cell culture system that enables one to (1) evaluate the adequacy of primary lung carcinoma cultures for cytogenetic analysis, and (2) predict the likelihood of viable cells and type of differentiation present in the primary lung tumor cultures used for cytogenetics. Primary lung carcinomas were established from explant outgrowths and maintained in serum supplemented or serum free media on plastic or basement membrane associated protein coated dishes in order to obtain cells for karyotypic analysis (Miura et al., 1990). The media from these cultures that would ordinarily have been discarded was aspirated at each media change and used to prepare cytocentrifuge cytology preparations. Papanicolaou stained cells from the preparations were evaluated by cytotechnologists in order to assess (1) the cellularity and presence of cancer cells in the sample, (2) differentiation of the malignant cells, and (3) adequacy for chromosomal studies. We determined that cytology preparations of cell and explant outgrowth cultures from primary lung tumors are a reliable method for screening and evaluating the suitability of primary lung carcinoma cultures for cytogenetic analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00373032
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    Precipitation behavior of 1,1,Di-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-cyclohexane clathrate crystals from acetone solutions containingd-limonene (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 10 (1991), S. 305-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: Crystallization ; adductive crystallization ; nucleation ; crystal growth ; polymorph ; transformation ; release rate ; perfume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The precipitation behavior of 1,1-di(p-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane (DHC) from acetone solutions containing d-Limonene (1-methyl-4(I-methylethenyl)cyclohexene) was studied. From the pure acetone solution or the solutions containing a small amount of d-Limonene crystals (B) precipitated, which clathrate only acetone with a guest/host (G/H) molar ratio of 1.0. However, when thed-Limonene concentration is increased to more than ca. 2 mol/L, crystals (A) precipitated which had a different habit from the B crystals. In the A crystalsd-Limonene is clathrated together with a large amount of acetone and the G/H value ofd-Limonene increases with the concentration in the solution up to the maximum value of 0.2. As the diffraction patterns of the A and B crystals are similar, it is assumed that a part of the acetone molecules in the B crystals are replaced byd-Limonene molecules. The acetone in the A crystals escapes rapidly, but thed-Limonene remains for a long time. This may indicate that the large molecule ofd-Limonene cannot diffuse rapidly within the host lattice owing to three-dimensional hindrance. It was clear that the solubility of the A crystals is higher than that of the B crystals and the transformation from the'metastable A to the stable B crystals proceeds during the crystallization of A crystals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01133316
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