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  • tissue culture
  • β-glucuronidase
  • Springer  (85)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Cambridge University Press
  • 1995-1999  (34)
  • 1990-1994  (45)
  • 1955-1959  (6)
  • 1996  (34)
  • 1991  (45)
  • 1966
  • 1955  (6)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (85)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Cambridge University Press
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (3)
Years
  • 1995-1999  (34)
  • 1990-1994  (45)
  • 1955-1959  (6)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transient expression of genes in the oomycete Phytophthora infestans using Bremia lactucae regulatory sequences (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 453-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: β-glucuronidase ; Transformation ; Fungi ; Late blight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Vectors containing fusions between the reporter gene β-glucuronidase (GUS) and transcriptional regulatory signals from the ham34 and hsp70 genes of the oomycete pathogen, Bremia lactucae, were introduced into protoplasts of the related fungus Phytophthora infestans. Transient expression of the GUS gene was detected when DNA was introduced into protoplasts of P. infestans by treatments with polyethylene glycol and CaCl2 with cationic liposomes, or by electroporation. After optimization of each procedure, using the transient expression assays, cationic liposomes were identified as the superior method for DNA uptake. Vectors containing the 5′hsp70 sequences and 3′ham34 sequences resulted in the maximum level of GUS activity. The identification of functional vectors for transformation, and of optimal methods for introducing DNA, should assist in achieving stable transformation of P. infestans and other oomycete the fungi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312736
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Primary cultures of shark rectal gland epithelial cells: A model for hormone-sensitive chloride transport (1991)
    Springer
    Methods in cell science 13 (1991), S. 149-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: tissue culture ; sharks ; epithelia ; chloride transport ; kidney tubules ; cell regulation ; cystic fibrosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Methods are described for establishing primary monolayer cultures from chloride-secreting epithelial cells of the dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias) rectal gland (SRG). After stimulation, cultures display exceptionally high rates (150 to 250μA/cm2) of transepithelial chloride secretion. Hormones and neurotransmitters which increase cytoplasmic cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, calcium or phospholipid-derived second messengers are potent secretagogues. Cultures can be analyzed using a variety of morphologic, biochemical, and electrophysiologic methods. These characteristics make SRG cultures a powerful model for delineating the molecular basis of the transmembrane and intracellular signaling networks that stimulate or inhibit secondary active chloride transport in epithelia. Secondary active chloride transport occurs in a variety of epithelia, including those comprising both the proximal and distal segments of vertebrate nephrons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02388119
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histology of, and physical factors affecting, transient GUS expression in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) embryos following microprojectile bombardment (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 10 (1991), S. 120-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Gramineae ; GUS ; microprojectile bombardment ; pearl millet ; tissue culture ; transient gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transient GUS (β-glucuronidase) expression was visualized in whole and sectioned embryos of Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. (pearl millet) after microprojectile bombardment with pMON 8678 DNA. Strongest GUS expression occurred in cells located in the center of GUS positive spots with decreasing intensity in surrounding cells. GUS positive cells could be seen up to 12 cell layers beneath the epidermis. Needle-like crystals of the GUS assay product were found throughout the cytoplasm of GUS positive cells. The number of GUS positive spots was correlated to the microprojectile spread pattern on the medium surface. Shorter bombardment distances (6.6 and 9.8 cm) and the standard accelerator speed gave the best results for transient expression but also caused maximum tissue damage. The speed and distance, however, had little influence on the ability of bombarded embryos to form compact callus. The developmental stage of the bombarded immature embryos was the determining factor in the formation of compact callus, from which plants were regenerated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232041
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A segment of rye chromosome 1 enhances growth and embryogenesis of calli derived from immature embryos of wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 10 (1991), S. 148-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: wheat ; rye ; embryogenesis ; growth ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The influence of the short arm of rye chromosome 1 (1RS) from Secale cereale var. Imperial on the growth and differentiation of callus cultures from wheat Triticum aestivum var. Chinese Spring immature embryos was analysed. This chromosome arm was found to stimulate both embryogenesis and the rate of growth of calli. Recombinant lines carrying segments of 1RS were used to delineate the regions of 1RS responsible for the tissue culture effects. The enhancement of embryogenesis and the stimulation of growth were shown to be associated with two distinct genetic regions of the chromosome arm; the former is located between the centromere and the Sec 1 locus, while the latter is situated in the immediate vicinity of the Sec 1 locus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232047
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shoot regeneration in long-term callus cultures derived from mature flowering plants of Cyclamen persicum Mill. (1996)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 15 (1996), S. 545-548 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Primulaceae ; tissue culture ; regeneration ; somaclonal variation ; organogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In long-term callus cultures of Cyclamen persicum Mill. two types of tissue could be distinguished. One type featured a brown suberised outer layer and was poorly organogenic. The other type was yellowish in appearance and gave rise to many shoot buds. Both types co-existed on the same callus, the former prevailing. Selection for organogenic tissue resulted in cultures yielding approximately three times more petioles than random subcultures. Callus-derived shoots could be rooted and established in the greenhouse. The method allowed for the production of thousands of plants but the regenerants often showed deviant phenotypes and genotypes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232991
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further evidence of a cybridization requirement for plant regeneration from citrus leaf protoplasts following somatic fusion (1996)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 15 (1996), S. 672-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: chloroplast ; mitochondria ; somatic embryogenesis ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Somatic hybridization experiments in Citrus that involve the fusion of protoplasts of one parent isolated from either nucellus-derived embryogenic callus or suspension cultures with leaf-derived protoplasts of a second parent, often result in the regeneration of diploid plants that phenotypically resemble the leaf parent. In this study, plants of this type regenerated following somatic fusions of the following three parental combinations were analyzed to determine their genetic origin (nuclear and organelle): (embryogenic parent listed first, leaf parent second) (1) calamondin (C. microcarpa Bunge) + ‘Keen’ sour orange (C. aurantium L.), (2) Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco) + sour orange, and (3) ‘Valencia’ sweet orange (C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck) + ‘Femminello’ lemon (C. limon (L.) Burm. f.). Isozyme analyses of PGI, PGM, GOT, and IDH zymograms of putative cybrid plants, along with RFLP analyses using a nuclear genome-specific probe showed that these plants contained the nucleus of the leaf parent. RFLP analyses using mtDNA-specific probes showed that these plants contained the mitochondrial genome of the embryogenic callus donor, thereby confirming cybridization. RFLP analyses using cpDNA-specific probes revealed that the cybrid plants contained the chloroplast genome of either one or the other parent. These results support previous reports indicating that acquisition of the mitochondria of embryogenic protoplasts by leaf protoplasts is a prerequisite for recovering plants with the leaf parent phenotype via somatic embryogenesis following somatic fusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231922
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficient shoot regeneration of Brassica campestris using cotyledon explants cultured in vitro (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 9 (1991), S. 549-554 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Brassica campestris ; cotyledon culture ; histology ; organogenesis ; regeneration ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A system has been developed for efficient regeneration of shoots from Brassica campestris in vitro. Using 4-day old cotyledons with petioles as expiants and a combination of BA and NAA in the regeneration media, up to 70% of expiants produced shoots after 2 weeks in culture. The optimal conditions for regeneration were found to include a BA concentration of 2mgL−1 and NAA concentration of 1mgL−1. Light intensity had a profound effect on regeneration potential. The use of silver ions as an inhibitor of ethylene action reduced regeneration rates in this system. Rooting occured simultaneously with shoot formation on these media and the resultant shoots could be rooted readily on minimal medium. The genotype dependency was investigated and indicated that this method would be widely applicable to B. campestris cultivars. Regeneration of one cultivar, a high erucic acid type (R-500), was inefficient in the system described here. Histological studies indicated the development of multiple shoot primordia from the petiolar cut ends of the expiants after the initiation of meristematic activity in the cells about 100μm from the cut site within 2 days of culture initiation. The system described is compatible with previously reported Agrobacterium — mediated transformation protocols involving cotyledonary petioles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232329
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A novel method for in situ screening of yeast colonies with the β-glucuronidase reporter gene (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 437-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; β-glucuronidase ; Colony colour assay ; Fluorometric assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Expression of the β-galactosidase gene in yeast has served as a screening marker for many purposes. Here it is shown that in two yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene can be used as an alternative marker. Since the histochemical substrate can not be taken up by yeast cells, direct colony screening of plates was found to be impossible. However, by a replica plating technique, GUS expression became visibly detectable within 10 min when the GUS gene was strongly expressed. The staining method could still be performed for expression at a 100-fold lower level, but incubation times of several hours were needed. Furthermore, specific GUS expression levels of yeast protein extracts could be quantified by a fluorometric assay which is both very simple to perform and highly sensitive. Since the GUS gene can also tolerate large N-terminal fusions, this method should be particularly attractive for studying such diverse problems as transcriptional and translational regulation or subcellular localization in yeast.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317075
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential allelochemical detoxification mechanism in tissue cultures ofAntennaria microphylla andEuphorbia esula (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 167-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; Antennaria microphylla ; small everlasting ; Euphorbia esula ; leafy spurge ; tissue culture ; hydroquinone ; arbutin ; glucosyltransferase ; biotransformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Callus and suspension cultures ofAntennaria microphylla (small everlasting) and the noxious weedEuphorbia esula (leafy spurge) can glucosylate benzene-1,4-diol (hydroquinone) to the corresponding monoglucoside, arbutin. HPLC analysis of extracts from callus tissue corroborates the presence of hydroquinone in the cells of small everlasting. Constitutive levels of a UDPG-dependent glucosyltransferase were detected in cell-free extracts of this tissue. Although this detoxification enzyme was induced in leafy spurge suspension culture cells grown in the presence of hydroquinone, the activity was six-fold lower than that measured in small everlasting. Differential ability to detoxify hydroquinone provides a basis for the observed allelopathic interaction between small everlasting and leafy spurge.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994430
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protective role of curcumin against isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 159 (1996), S. 85-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: isoproterenol ; curcumin ; myocardial infarction ; antioxidant enzymes ; β-glucuronidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of curcumin on the biochemical changes induced by isoproterenol (ISO) administration in rats was examined. ISO (300 mg Kg−1 administered subcutaneously twice at an interval of 24 h) caused a decrease in body weight and an increase in heart weight, water content as well as in the levels of serum marker enzymes viz creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and LDH1 isozyme. It also produced electrocardiographic changes such as increased heart rate, reduced R amplitude and ST elevation. Curcumin at a concentration of 200 mg.Kg−1 when administered orally, showed a decrease in serum enzyme levels and the electrocardiographic changes got restored towards normalcy. Myocardial infarction was accompanied by the disintegration of membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids expressed by increase of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), a measure of lipid peroxides and by the impairment of natural scavenging, characterized by the decrease in the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, ceruloplasmin, alpha tocopherol, reduced glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid. The oral pretreatment with curcumin two days before and during ISO administration decreased the effect of lipid peroxidation. It was shown to have a membrane stabilizing action by inhibiting the release of β-glucuronidase from nuclei, mitochondria, lysosome and microsome. Curcumin pre- and co-treatment decreased the severity of pathological changes and thus, could have a protective effect against the damage caused by myocardial infarction (MI).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00420910
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alfalfa heat shock genes are differentially expressed during somatic embryogenesis (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 999-1007 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Medicago sativa L. ; stress response ; tissue culture ; somatic embryogenesis ; heat shock protein (HSP)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have isolated two cDNA clones (Mshsp18-1; Mshsp18-2) from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) which encode for small heat shock proteins (HSPs) belonging to the hsp17 subfamily. The predicted amino acid sequences of the two alfalfa proteins are 92% identical and a similar degree of homology (90%) can be detected between Mshsp 18-2 and the pea hsp 17. In comparison to various members of small HSPs from soybean amino acid sequence similarities of 80–86% were identified. The alfalfa HSPs share a homologous stretch of amino acids in the carboxy terminal region with hsp22, 23, 26 from Drosophila. This region contains the GVLTV motif which is characteristic of several members of small HSPs. At room temperature alfalfa hsp 18 mRNAs were not detectable in root and leaf tissues but northern analysis showed a low level of expression in microcallus suspension (MCS). The transcription of Mshsp 18 genes is induced by elevated temperature, CdCl2 treatment and osmotic shock in cultured cells. In alfalfa somatic embryos derived from MCS a considerable amount of hsp 18 mRNA can be detected during the early embryogenic stages under normal culture conditions. The differential expression of these genes during embryo development suggests a specific functional role for HSPs in plant cells at the time of the developmental switch in vitro.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016072
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A detailed study of the regulation and evolution of the two classes of patatin genes in Solanum tuberosum L. (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 1139-1154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: patatin ; promoter ; β-glucuronidase ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The class-specific expression of patatin genes was investigated by analysing four new patatin genes. A class I patatin gene from cv. Berolina as well as a class I and two class II patatin genes from the monohaploid cultivar AM 80/5793 were isolated and partially sequenced. Sequence comparison indicates rearrangements as the major source for the generation of diversity between the different members of the classes. The expression of single genes was studied in potato plants transformed with chimaeric genes where the putative patatin promoters were fused to the GUS reporter gene. A detailed histochemical analysis reveals that both class I genes are expressed as the previously described class I patatin gene B33 from cv. Berolina [1], i.e. in the starch-containing cells of potato tubers and in sucrose-induced leaves. The class II gene pgT12 shows the same pattern as the previously described class II gene pgT2 [2], i.e. expression in root tips and in the vascular tissue of tubers, whereas no activity was detectable for pgT4. Thus the expression pattern of both classes of genes seems to be stable at least within or even between different cultivars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028731
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression analysis of an Arabidopsis C2H2 zinc finger protein gene (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 785-796 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; β-glucuronidase ; C2H2 zinc finger protein ; histochemical analysis ; tissue-specific expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract C2H2 zinc finger protein genes encode nucleic acid-binding proteins involved in the regulation of gene activity. AtZFP1 (Arabidopsis thaliana zinc finger protein 1) is one member of a small family of C2H2 zinc finger-encoding sequences previously characterized from Arabidopsis. The genomic sequence corresponding to the AtZFP1 cDNA has been determined. Molecular analysis demonstrates that AtZFP1 is a unique, intronless gene which encodes a 1100 nucleotides mRNA highly expressed in roots and stems. A construct in which 2.5 kb of AtZFP1 upstream sequences is linked to the β-glucuronidase gene was introduced into Arabidopsis by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of roots. Histochemical analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis carrying the AtZFP1 promotor:β-glucuronidase fusion shows good correlation with RNA blot hybridization analysis. This transgenic line will be a useful tool for analyzing the regulation of AtZFP1 to further our understanding of its function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020477
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of gene regulatory signals in plants revealed by T-DNA-mediated fusions (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 837-851 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; binary vector ; gene fusion ; β-glucuronidase ; T-DNA insertion ; transgenic tobacco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A binary vector, pPRF120, was designed to detect T-DNA insertions within transcriptionlly active areas of the plant genome. Linked to the right-border repeat, the vector contains a promoterless β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene which can, upon integration into chromosomes, be activated by cis-acting regulatory elements. The vector also incorporates a chimeric marker gene conferring resistance to kanamycin to ensure recovery of gene fusions regardless of the extent of their tissue-specific or developmentally regulated expression, and to permit analysis of the frequency of plants which express the promoterless reporter. Approximately 1000 transgenic tobacco plants harboring pPRF120 were regenerated. Analysis of 52 individuals indicated that more than 80% contain single, intact copies of the T-DNA, regardless of their ability to express the promoterless GUS gene. Screening of leaf tissue from the 1000 pPRF120 transformants revealed that ca. 5% of the plants contained GUS activity. Fluorogenic and histological GUS assays were used to visualize and quantify tissue- and cell-specific gene expression. The potential usefulness of pPRF120 in comparison to other vectors designed to generate in vivo gene fusions is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037065
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New patterns of gene activity in plants detected using an Agrobacterium vector (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 263-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: transformation ; enhancer trap ; β-glucuronidase ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A vector has been designed that contains a truncated CaMV (cauliflower mosaic virus) 35S promoter fused to a receptor gene encoding β-glucuronidase (GUS), placed adjacent to the left border sequence of an Agrobacterium vector. In potato plants transformed with this vector, different patterns of transcription were detected at high frequency using in situ assays for GUS activity. Previous studies in Drosophila using analogous vectors have shown that the new patterns of transcription in many cases reflect the patterns of expression of genes adjacent to the site of vector insertion. If this is also the case in plants, the vector described here will be useful in identifying the activity of genes in different cell types and will assist in determining their function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020557
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transient gene expression in cassava using high-velocity microprojectiles (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 493-498 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cassava ; Manihot esculenta ; transient gene expression ; particle gun ; β-glucuronidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The bacterial gene encoding β-glucuronidase (GUS) was transiently expressed in cassava leaves following the introduction of the gene by microparticle bombardment. The DNA expression vector used to introduce the reporter gene is a pUC 19 derivative and consisted of a CaMV 35S promoter (P35S), the GUS coding region and 7S polyadenylation region. Several other promoters and regulating sequences were tested for efficiency in cassava leaves. Two derivatives of the P35S, one including a partial duplication of the upstream region of the P35S and the other containing a tetramer of the octopine synthase enhancer, were found to be expressed at three times the level of the P35S in cassava leaves. The ubiquitin 1 promoter fromArabidopsis thaliana was expressed at the same level as the P35S. No influence on the level of expression was observed when different 3′ ends were used. The biolistic transient gene expression system in cassava leaves allows rapid analysis of gene constructs and can serve as a preliminary screen for chimeric gene function in the construction of transgenic cassava plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040643
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on the kinetics of Na+/H+ exchange in OK cells: Introduction of a new device for the analysis of polarized transport in cultured epithelia (1991)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 120 (1991), S. 173-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: brush border membrane ; amiloride ; tissue culture ; intracellular pH ; fluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The present study describes a new perfusion technique—based on the use of a routine spectrofluorometer—which enables fluorometric evaluation of polarity, regulation and kinetics of Na+/H+ exchange at the level of an intact monolayer. Na+/ H+ exchange was evaluated in bicarbonate-free solutions in OK (opossum kidney) cells, a renal epithelial cell line. Na+/H+ exchange activity was measured by monitoring changes in intracellular pH (pH i ) after an acid load, using the pH-sensitive dye 2′7′-bis (carboxyethyl) 5–6-carboxy-fluorescein (BCECF). Initial experiments indicated that OK cells grown on a permeable support had access to apical and basolateral perfusion media. They also demonstrate that OK cells express an apical pH i , recovery mechanism, which is Na+ dependent, ethylisopropylamiloride (EIPA) sensitive and regulated by PTH. Compared to resting conditions (pH i =7.68; pH o =7.4) where Na+/H+ exchange is not detectable, transport rate increased as pH i decreased. A positive cooperativity characterized the interaction of internal H+ with the exchanger, and suggests multiple H+ binding sites. In contrast, extracellular [Na+] increased transport with simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The apparent affinity of the exchanger for Na+ was 19mM at an intracellular pH of 7.1 and 60mM at an intracellular pH of 6.6. Inhibition of Na+/H+ exchange activity by EIPA was competitive with respect to extracellular [Na+] and theK i was 3.4 μM. In conclusion, the technique used in the present study is well suited for determination of mechanisms involved in control of epithelial cell pH i and processes associated with their polarized expression and regulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01872400
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In situ detection of expression of thegus reporter gene in transgenic plants: ten years of blue genes (1996)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 5 (1996), S. 281-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: reporter genes ; β-glucuronidase ; transgenic plants ; immunocytochemistry ; in situ hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Among the methods now available to localize the sites of gene expression in plant materials, reporter genes based on thegus (uidA) gene ofEscherichia coli, which encodes a β-glucuronidase (E.C. 3.2.1.31; GUS), have been the most widely used during the last ten years. The apparent simplicity of the histochemical GUS assay has been a major factor in the increase in articles usinggus genes. However, over the last four years, there have been occasional reports expressing doubts concerning the specificity of the observed localizations based on discrepancies between results obtained with GUS histochemistry and immunocytochemistry and/orin situ hybridization. This brief review compares the results obtained with immunocytochemistry with those obtained with various GUS substrates for histochemical studies. Certain sources of artefact are discussed, as are the limits that should be imposed on interpretation of GUS histochemistry results at the organ, tissue and cell levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01968938
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Cold storage of in vitro cultures of hybrid poplar shoots (Populus alba L. x P. grandidentata Michx.) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 161-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: aspen ; growth suspension ; phenotypic variation ; ultra-structure ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Shoot cultures of P. alba x P. grandidentata ‘Crandon’ were maintained for more than 5 years at 4°C with minimal growth. The highest survival after 2 years and 5 years of cold storage were 70% and 25% respectively using 1-month of pre-storage culture on MS medium containing 1.33 μM BA. When 5-year-old cold-stored shoot cultures were transferred to the greenhouse, color variations were observed. The frequencies of albino and red pigmented plants were 0.25% and 12.8%, respectively. A rosette type growth pattern was also observed on 0.3% of the long-term cold-stored plants. During long-term cold storage there were local disruption of cambium connections and the accumulations of chemicals in some cells, as observed by light microscopy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00041285
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    Genetic analysis of leaf explant regenerability inSolanum chacoense (1996)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 47 (1996), S. 9-13 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: heritability ; inheritance ; regeneration ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An F1 population consisting of 51 genotypes, derived from two unresponsive parental lines ofSolanum chacoense Bitt., was examined for shoot regeneration from leaf explants. Fourteen genotypes failed to respond whereas, among the responsive genotypes, four produced multiple shoots on over 90% of the explants. Estimates of broad-sense heritability were high for both frequency of responsive explants (83%) and the number of shoots per responsive explant (82%). The segregation of the F1 hybrid progeny was in agreement with the theoretical ratios of a genetic model for tissue culture responsiveness involving three unlinked genes. This study confirms earlier findings concerning the genetic control ofin vitro shoot regeneration from leaf explants inS. chacoense.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02318960
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    The influence of local plant growth conditions on non-fastidious bacterial contamination of meristem-tips ofHydrangea culturedin vitro (1996)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 47 (1996), S. 15-26 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: bacterial contamination ; Enterobacteriaceae ; Escherichia coli ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A high incidence ofin vitro bacterial contamination (69%) has been detected in meristem-tip explants ofHydrangea from widely differing locations in Ireland and the UK. The bacteria were characterised by API 20E biochemical test kits and by fatty acid profile analysis. The results obtained from the different methods were compatible and anomalies were explicable in terms of the limitations of the respective methods. The majority of the isolates were environmental or animal-associated bacteria with clusters ofEnterobacter isolates in Dublin, and ofEscherichia coli in the main Cork location. A cluster of Pseudomonads was detected in the Derby (UK) plants. The main association was between the location and the contaminant clusters. The main finding was that the nature of organic soil amendments may influence inoculum for the contamination of plants and the conclusion was that fertilisation with organic materials should be avoided in the preparation of plants for micropropagation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02318961
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    Autotetraploid plants from colchicine-treated bud culture ofSalvia miltiorrhiza Bge (1996)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 47 (1996), S. 73-77 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: colchicine ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; Tanshinone ; tetraploid ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The root ofSalvia miltiorrhiza is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant used as an important drug to cure cardiovascular diseases. Research on the technology of induction, identification and chemical analysis of polypoid plants is reported. The obtained results indicated that basal MS media plus 10 ppm colchicine can induce polyploid mutants effectively. Tetraploid plants were transferred to the fields so that comparative experiment for further identification, observation and screening of 15 agronomic characteristics could be made. The major chemical compounds, tanshinones, in two tetraploid plants were higher than that in the control. An excellent plant 61-2-22 may develop into a new variety for large scale production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02318968
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    Callus induction and plant regeneration from anther and inflorescence culture of Sorghum (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 52 (1991), S. 177-181 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Sorghum bicolor L. Moench ; tissue culture ; callus ; haploid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Twenty-five inbred lines, including grain and forage types from the USA and China, two hybrids, one Sorghum almum, and one Parasorghum (S. versicolor) were tested for their response to anther culture. Three nutrient media were effective in inducing anther calli from six cultivars (Xin White, TX 403-TSB, DDY Sommer Milo, TX 2779, Brawley, and Spur Federal) and one was effective for plant regeneration for one cultivar, Xin White. Averaged over media, callus induction frequency (number of calli per 100 anthers) was highest in cultivars Xin White and TX 403-TSB (6.7 and 3.9%, respectively). The means of cultivars for media C17-2 and Ms-t-z-2, 4.3 and 3.2%, respectively, were superior to that for medium 85D3-2 (0.1%). Expressed as an average of the six cultivars and three media the mean calli induction frequency was 2.6%; however, differential responses of genotype and medium were noted. Among the 10 regeneration media tested, medium MS-d-4 containing Murashige and Skoog basal components plus 2.0 mg/l indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 2.5 mg/l kinetin was the most effective for plant regeneration. Numbers of albino plants and calli developing only roots increased directly with callus-induction time, whereas the frequency of plant regeneration decreased. Regenerated plants had varied numbers of chromosomes in root tip cells: 10, 15, 20, 40, and 60. The 29 regenerated plants that reached maturity, however, were highly fertile and contained only 10 bivalents in pollen mother cells. Normal chromosome number and behavior for the regenerated plants suggest that induced calli originated from cells other than microspores. However, spontaneous chromosome doubling in microspore-derived haploids may occur. The appearance of albinos also implies that haploids may have been produced from anther culture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029394
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    Transformation of lily by Agrobacterium (1955)
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 97-100 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; transformation ; lily ; β-glucuronidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Lily cv. Harmony was inoculated with several Agrobacterium strains to study its susceptibility to Agrobacterium infection and transformation. Tumorous tissue formation on inoculated stem internodes of sterile-grown plantlets, as well as expression of a β-glucuronidase marker gene interrupted by an intron in cells of inoculated stem nodes, indicate that the monocotyledon Lilium is a host for Agrobacterium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023935
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  • 25
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    Microprotoplast fusion technique: a new tool for gene transfer between sexually-incongruent plant species (1955)
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 255-268 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: microprotoplast fusion ; partial genome transfer ; monosomic additions ; kanamycin resistance ; β-glucuronidase ; gene expression ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Various aspects of a microprotoplast fusion technique and the strategies followed for intergeneric partial genome transfer (one or a few chromosomes) and alien genes from sexually-incongruent donor species to recipient species are described. The essential requirements of the microprotoplast fusion technique are the induction of micronuclei at high frequencies, as well as the isolation and enrichment of sub-diploid microprotoplasts in donor species, efficient fusion of the donor microprotoplasts with normal recipient protoplasts and stable regeneration of plants from fusion products. The results on the production of microprotoplast hybrid plants between the transformed donor lines of Solanum tuberosum and Nicotiana Plumbaginifolia carrying various genetic markers, and a recipient line of Lycopersicon peruvianum or Nicotiana tabacum, and on the transfer and expression of alien genes (kanamycin resistance, β-glucuronidase) are presented. The data obtained on microprotoplast hybrid plants between S. tuberosum and L. peruvianum showed that many of the hybrids contained one potato chromosome carrying nptII and GUS, and 24 or 48 L. peruvianum chromosomes (monosomic additions), and that they were male-and female-fertile. Various applications of chromosome transfer by this technique, especially for economically-important traits (e.g. disease or stress resistance) from sexually-incompatible wild species, for construction of chromosome-specific DNA libraries through microdissection and microcloning of chromosomes, or by flow-sorting of chromosomes for genome analysis, are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023954
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    Somaclonal variation as a tool for crop improvement (1955)
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 295-302 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: tissue culture ; somaclonal variation ; plant breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Somaclonal variation is a tool that can be used by plant breeders. The review examines where this tool can be applied most effectively and the factors that limit or improve its chances of success. The main factors that influence the variation generated from tissue culture are (1) the degree of departure from organised growth, (2) the genotype, (3) growth regulators and (4) tissue source. Despite an increasing understanding of how these factors work it is still not possible to predict the outcome of a somaclonal breeding programme. New varieties have been produced by somaclonal variation, but in a large number of cases improved variants have not been selected because (1) the variation was all negative, (2) positive changes were also altered in negative ways, (3) the changes were not novel, or (4) the changes were not stable after selfing or crossing. Somaclonal variation is cheaper than other methods of genetic manipulation. At the present time, it is also more universally applicable and does not require ‘containment’ procedures. It has been most successful in crops with limited genetic systems and/or narrow genetic bases, where it can provide a rapid source of variability for crop improvement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023959
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    Micropropagation of mother plants of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) for somatic embryogenesis (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 193-200 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Medicago sativa ; lucerne ; alfalfa ; automation ; somatic embryogenesis ; in vitro maintenance ; explant type ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A reliable and standard method was established for micropropagation of the A70-34 selected genotype of lecerne (Medicago sativa L., genotype A70-34), aimed at reducing contamination problems, seasonal and phenological influences on regeneration and phytosanitary problems of the mother plants, while maintaining the regenerative potential for somatic embryogenesis of the plant tissues. Mother plants were routinely maintained for several subcultures and somatic embryogenesis was regularly obtained from the subcultured explants. Proliferation, rooting and embryogenetic ability of plants cultured for 30 days was greater than those cultured for 20 days. The regenerative potential of tissues from different organs and of triturated and intact whole plants was also tested. Petioles were confirmed as the best source for embryogenesis as far as efficiency and repeatability were concerned, even though regeneration from other explant types was also achieved. Production of somatic embryos through mechanical trituration of the in vitro cultured plants was obtained; the regeneration ability of the triturated plants was greater than that observed in the intact plants.
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    Cytogenetic variation in somatic tissue cultures and regenerated plants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 91 (1996), S. 37-43 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; tissue culture ; chromosomal variation ; plant regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Chromosome number of morphogenic and non-morphogenic calli and regenerated plants of barley were determined. Cultures were obtained from two kinds of explants, immature embryos and seedling leaves from three cultivars, Ingrid, Dissa and Golden Promise. Callus chromosome analyses were carried out during a 12 month period in a medium containing 2 mg/l of 2,4-D. Diploid cells were predominant in all cases; although in leaf-derived cultures, retraploid cells (2n=4x=28) showed a tendency to increase as time in culture increased and after more than six months in culture, diploid cells decreased to percentages of almost 70%. Aneuploid cells were generally infrequent in all cases. The source of explant has been more important than the genotype (cultivar) and the type of callus (morphogenic vs. non-morphogenic) in the chromosomal stability of cultures as time increases. From short term cultures, only 1.85% of the regenerated plants were tetraploid, the remaining were diploids. The ability of morphogenic calli to regenerate plants decreased before any significant reduction of diploid cells were observed.
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    Growth and regenerability of long-term suspension cultures of the U.S. rice cultivar Mercury (1996)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 44 (1996), S. 155-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Oryza sativa L. ; regeneration ; tissue culture ; rejuvenation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Suspension cultures of the U.S. rice cultivar Mercury have been maintained in modified General Medium for more than 3 years. These suspensions have continued to have high and relatively stable regeneration rates. Two different explants, immature panicles and seeds, were compared during the development of these embryogenic suspensions. Initial formation of secondary embryogenic callus from immature panicles on induction medium was greater than that from seeds. Suspensions of these two cell lines, however, did not differ morphologically and maintained similar regeneration rates. After 5 months in culture the rates of regeneration began to decline. The suspensions were plated onto regeneration medium without growth regulators for 2 weeks and then embryogenic cells were manually selected and used to develop secondary suspensions. Through this simple rejuvenation procedure, the suspensions retained high and stable regeneration rates. Variability in suspension growth, however, was observed during the culture period. Slower growth occurred at weeks 13, 15, 27, and 29 and was associated with a decrease in regeneration rates. Reproductive fertility of regenerated plants remained high for 3.5 years but then declined.
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    Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of commercial mints (1996)
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 44 (1996), S. 177-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Callus ; DNA slot blot hybridization ; Mentha ; polymerase chain reaction ; Southern analysis ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Commercial peppermint (P) (Mentha × piperita L. ev. Black Mitcham), native spearmint (NS) (M. spicata L.) and Scotch spearmint (SS) (M. × gracillis Sole cv Baker) petioles and orange mint (OM) (M. citrata Ehrh.) leaf disks were cocultivated with a number of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains. P, SS and OM initiated tumor-like callus tissue on growth regulator-free MS medium after cocultivation with strain A281, a hypervirulent agropine strain containing Ti plasmid pTiBo542. Callus did not initiate from explants cocultivated with strain C58, a virulent nopaline strain; with A 136, a plasmidless strain, or from uninoculated controls. A281-derived callus was maintained on growth regulator-free medium in the absence of antibiotics for up to two years with no bacterial outgrowth. No shoots regenerated from any of the tumors on regeneration medium. Five of seven OM callus lines assayed gave a positive signal for agropine. DNA extracted from OM tumor tissue hybridized to a DNA probe specific to the T-DNA region of pTi plasmid. Genomic Southern analysis of DNA from tumors of P and SS indicated that one to a few copies of the T-DNA integrated into the mint chromosomes. PCR amplification of genomic DNA with primers specific for one of the T-DNA encoded genes yielded fragments that, when analyzed by restriction enzyme mapping and on Southern blots, corresponded to the cytokinin biosynthesis gene ipt. These results demonstrate transformation of three species of mint and the potential for using A. tumefaciens to transfer economically important genes into commercial mint cultivars.
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    Protoplast isolation, culture, and fusion protocols for kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) (1996)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 44 (1996), S. 201-210 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: electrofusion ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Protoplast isolation and culture protocols were developed for ten cultivars of Hibiscus cannabinus L. (kenaf). Leaves from seedling lines maintained in vitro were used as donor tissues. Optimal cell wall digestions were achieved with a combination of cellulysin (1.0%) and macerase (0.5%). Average yields ranged from 0.9×105 to 5.9×106 protoplasts g fw-1 leaf tissue with viability estimates ranging from 53% to 87%. This protocol was ineffective for leaf tissue taken from plants grown in vivo. Protoplasts harvested from plantlets maintained in vitro produced rapidly growing calluses when plated in semi-solid medium after an initial culture in liquid medium. First cell divisions were observed within four to six days after initial culture in medium containing plant growth regulators 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (1.4 μM) and kinetin (13.8 μM). An electrofusion protocol which did not significantly reduce protoplast viabilities was developed for kenaf protoplasts. The maximum fusion frequency (4.6%) was obtained with an electrofusion voltage of 2.0 kV cm-1.
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    Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in cotyledonary explant cultures of Chinese cabbage (1996)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 44 (1996), S. 253-256 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Brassica campestris ssp ; napus pekinensis ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cotyledonary explants of Chinese cabbage were cultured on Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with various concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Up to 20% of the cotyledonary explants produced somatic embryos with or without intervening callus production. Explants became more competent as the age of the source seedlings increased up to 8 days, but cotyledonary explants from 10-day-old seedlings were not responsive. Upon transfer to MS basal medium most of the somatic embryos developed into plantlets. Plantlets were transplanted to potting soil and grown to maturity in a phytotron. Among three cultivars used, only cotyledonary explants of ‘Top Salad’ were capable of producing somatic embryos.
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    Field resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) De Bary) in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) somaclones associated with instability and pleiotropic effects (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 56 (1991), S. 75-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; potato ; Phytophthora infestans ; late blight ; adventitious regeneration ; somaclonal variation ; tissue culture ; mutation ; maturity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Adventitious regenerants (‘somaclones’) of ‘Bintje’ and their vegetative progeny were screened for field resistance to Phytophthora infestans as follows: the area under the disease progress curve was computed and correlated with resistance rating in ‘Bintje’ and reference varieties. The resistance rating of the somaclones was determined from this relationship. Clones with stable improved field resistance in successive years' trials were detected, however, most of such clones were also maturation mutants. Variation in resistance rating in clone replicates and between years was detected in most clones. The possible basis of the field resistance and reasons for its instability are discussed.
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    Application of cell and tissue culture and in vitro selection for disease resistance breeding — a review (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 56 (1991), S. 269-285 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: disease resistance ; in vitro selection ; somaclonal variation ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Somaclonal variation, i.e. the variation induced by cell and tissue culture, offers an opportunity to broaden the genetic variation of crops. As a result of somaclonal variation a wide range of plant characteristics can be altered. However, the selection of agronomically important traits, e.g. disease resistance, has many limitations. The efficiency of selection can be increased by the application of in vitro selection procedures. Selection strategies that may be applied to obtain disease resistant somaclonal variants are described. Their merits and limitations, in relation to the efficiency of the procedures, the frequency of disease resistant variants and the genetics of the resistance obtained, are discussed.
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    Estimation of genetic parameters for in vitro traits in wheat immature embryo cultures involving high X low regeneration capacity genotypes (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 87 (1996), S. 119-125 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; gene action ; heritability ; wheat ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Estimates of gene actions were obtained for five in vitro traits of immature wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) embryo cultures from a cross of two wheat cultivars and the resulting reciprocal, F1, F2 and backcross populations. The contribution of additive gene effects to in vitro traits was not as important as the dominance gene effects. Epistatic gene effects were relatively more important than either additive or dominance gene effects. Of the individual types of digenic epistatic effects, the dominance x dominance estimates were relatively larger in magnitude for all in vitro culture traits measured. The maternal effect played a minor role in the inheritance of the in vitro studied traits since the difference among the reciprocal values was not significant. It is shown from the generation mean method that epistasis played a major role in the inheritance of most of the traits under study. The negative values of additive and dominance genetic variance were estimates of zero. Heritability estimates, in broad sense, were relatively high for the in vitro studied traits. In some cases, heritability estimates in broad and narrow senses are almost equal since the estimation of dominance genetic variance led to negative values. According to the results of the gene effects, dominance and epistasis were important for the shoot formation trait. Selection would be effective among the isolated genotypes on individual basis.
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    Actual, potential and speculative applications of seaweed cellular biotechnology: some specific comments on Gelidium (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 221 (1991), S. 181-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: callus ; cell culture ; domestication ; protoplast ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cellular biotechnology is a promising application in the propagation and selection of superior strains of seaweeds. Although axenic cultures, organogenetic tissue cultures, vegetative micro-propagation, callus induction and high yields of agar from calli have been described for several species of Gelidium, a number of basic problems remain to be solved. These include standardized methods for obtaining axenic cultures, identification of requirements for organic nutrients, PGR's, cellular disorganization and reorganization, somaclonal variation and somatic incompatibilities. Future progress in seaweed biotechnology will depend on the resolution of many of these problems.
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    Measurement of formaldehyde and some fully N-methylated substances in tissue cultures of Datura innoxia (1996)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 20 (1996), S. 317-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: aging ; cell proliferation ; choline ; Datura innoxia Mill. ; formaldehyde ; methylation-demethylation ; Nε-trimethyl-L-lysine ; OPLC ; tissue culture ; TLC ; trigonelline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Formaldehyde (HCHO) and choline, trigonelline and Nε-trimethyl-L-lysine (TML) were detected and measured in tissue cultures of Datura innoxia Mill. by TLC and OPLC. The higher level of HCHO in young tissues appears to originate from the methylation reactions. This is in correlation with the high level of fully N-methylated substances. In spite of this the level of the fully N-methylated substances decreased with the aging of tissue. HCHO level also decreased with aging. However, in old tissues the amount of HCHO again increased. This HCHO originates mainly from demethylation reactions. It seems that there is a dynamic relationship between methylation/ demethylation processes based on HCHO reactions and cell proliferation.
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    Application of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to detect genetic variation in Norway spruce (1996)
    Springer
    New forests 11 (1996), S. 173-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: Picea abies ; genetic markers ; clone identification ; tissue culture ; segregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The RAPD assay is a screening method for genetic variation; in Norway spruce biology research, it may find many applications. We have investigated into its suitability for Norway spruce genetics by optimizing the protocol, testing for stability in clones, especially tissue culture clones, assessing the variation in a seed sample, and checking for correct Mendelian segregation in haploid megagametophytes. The RAPD assay produced numerous genetic markers quickly. The data obtained gave insight into the genetic make-up of clones and seed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die RAPD Methode, ein Schnelltest für die genetische Variation, wurde für die europäische Fichte getestet, wo viele Aspekte der Biologie der Baumart damit untersucht werden könnten. Das Protokoll wurde optimiert, und genetische Stabilität in Klonen, besonders aus Gewebekultur, die genetische Variation in einer Samenprobe und die Mendel-konforme Aufspaltung in haploiden Megagametophyten wurde untersucht. Zahlreiche genetische Marker konnten gefunden werden, wodurch ein Einblick in die genetische Zusammensetzung des untersuchten Materials gegeben war.
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    Food ingestion by planarian intestinal phagocytic cells — a study by scanning electron microscopy (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 227 (1991), S. 179-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: planarian ; intestine ; endocytosis ; phagocytosis ; tissue culture ; SEM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tissue-cultured fragments of the intestine of Dugesia japonica were examined by SEM for formation of pseudopodia in the phagocytic cells. For comparison, parallel experiments in vivo were performed using intact animals under starved and fed conditions. When cultures were incubated with fetal calf serum, individual phagocytic cells formed one or two large cup-like pseudopodia. Cultures incubated with latex beads showed pseudopodia that varied in shape according to the size of the beads and that had multiple folds or funnels. Pseudopodia and the modes of their endocytosis in this planarian, however, are morphologically like those of other phagocytes such as digestive cells of Hydra, rat macrophages, and human neutrophils. Culture in vitro of digestive tissue should be an important tool for studying the digestive physiology of planarians at the cellular level.
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    A comparison of BA, zeatin and thidiazuron for adventitious bud formation from Picea glauca embryos and epicotyl explants (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 281-287 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: conifer ; cytokinin ; organogenesis ; Picea glauca ; tissue culture ; white spruce
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Picea glauca (white spruce) zygotic embryos and one-week-old-seedling epicotyl explants were placed on either Woody Plant Medium (WPM) or half-strength Schenk & Hildebrandt (1/2S&H) medium supplemented with varying levels of benzyladenine (BA) (0.1, 1.0, 10, 50, 100 μM), zeatin (10, 50, 100 μM) or thidiazuron (TDZ) (0.01, 0.1 μM). In addition to differences in the number of buds induced at three months on the two media, buds induced on WPM were visually more uniform, less vitrified and elongated faster. On 1/2S&H supplemented with BA, maximum bud induction from embryos occurred on 1.0 μM BA with 0.01 μM TDZ with higher BA concentrations inhibitory to bud induction. In contrast, on WPM there was little difference in the number of buds induced from embryos placed on 10, 50 and 100 μM BA with or without TDZ. One-week-old-seedling epicotyl explants required higher BA levels on 1/2S&H, as bud induction at three months was greatest at 10 μM BA. On WPM, as with the embryos, there were only minor differences in the number of buds induced from epicotyl explants on the various BA levels. Zeatin was more effective at inducing buds than BA with both media. From embryos, bud induction was greatest on 50 or 100 μM zeatin without TDZ and 50 or 100 μM zeatin with or without TDZ on 1/2S&H and WPM respectively. From epicotyl explants on 1/2S&H, there was little difference in the number of buds induced with the zeatin concentrations used, while with WPM, 50 and 100 μM zeatin induced the greatest number of buds. Interestingly, with BA, the epicotyl explants needed a higher level than the embryos for maximal response, while with zeatin, the level was the same for both embryos and epicotyl explants. Long-term (six month) survival was higher on WPM than with 1/2S&H. Additionally, embryos had a higher percentage of genotypes surviving at six-months when compared with epicotyl explants. For overall survival and development of the buds, 50 μM zeatin with 0.01 μM TDZ was the best treatment tested.
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    Micropropagation of juvenile and adult Sorbus domestica L. (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 341-348 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: rooting ; shoot proliferation ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Successful propagation of seedlings and mature trees of Sorbus domestica L. has been achieved by in vitro methods. Multiple shoot formation was obtained by placing shoot apices or nodal segments on a modified Schenck and Hildebrandt medium containing benzyladenine. Regenerated shoots were excised and induced to root on media with auxin. In the best treatments 75–85% of shoots from juvenile material rooted. Rooting capacity of shoots from mature explants was lower (30%) and was not improved by dipping the base of shoots in concentration solutions of indolebutyric or naphthaleneacetic acids. Plantlets were ultimately established in soil.
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    Regeneration and transformation of Ribes (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 24 (1991), S. 91-95 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; regeneration ; Ribes nigrum ; tissue culture ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transformation of the black currant cv. Ben More was achieved by utilising the binary vector system of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. This system involved the inoculation of peeled internodal stem segments with A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404 containing the binary vector PBI121.X with the marker genes Betaglucuronidase (GUS) and neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII). Shoot regeneration occurred on nutrient media based on M&S salts. Transformation was confirmed by the fluorogenic assay procedure which determined that the GUS gene had been transferred into the plant material and was being expressed. Concurrent transfer of the NPTII gene into the plant material was also confirmed with a ‘dot blot’ assay on selected GUS positive plantlets.
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    Degradation of exogenous indole-3-butyric acid and riboflavin and their influence on rooting response of papaya in vitro (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 26 (1991), S. 29-34 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Carica papaya ; IBA ; papaw ; papaya ; riboflavin ; root initiation ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Varying concentrations of riboflavin were added to a De Fossard et al. (1974) basal medium containing 10 µM IBA and the effect on adventitious root initiation on shoots of Carica papaya L. was studied. Ninety percent root initiation occurred in 11 days when 1 µM riboflavin was added to the culture medium. Smaller rooting percentages were observed and roots emerged more slowly with riboflavin concentrations greater and less than 1 µM. Tissue culture media were maintained at 27°±1°C in either darkness or 12-h photoperiods for 28 days, and concentrations of riboflavin and IBA were measured at regular intervals using HPLC analysis. In a De Fossard et al. (1974) basal medium, riboflavin concentrations (0.1, 1.0, 10.0 µM) decreased rapidly in light and were independent of the presence of IBA. IBA concentration steadily decreased when media was placed in light, and increasing riboflavin concentrations accelerated the reduction of IBA levels. Concentrations of IBA and riboflavin were stable with dark incubation.
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    Precocious gladiolus corm formation in liquid shake cultures (1991)
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 26 (1991), S. 63-70 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: corm ; cytokinin ; Gladiolus ; paclobutrazol ; sucrose ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Conditions were defined for precocious differentiation and improved growth of corms at the base of gladiolus shoots. Shoots were derived from explants cultured on agar solidified media, and corm regeneration was obtained in subsequent liquid shake cultures. Benzyladenine (BA), at 10-7 M, was found to have a stimulating effect mainly when provided to the shoots prior to manifestation of corm growth. Paclobutrazol and sucrose promoted corm formation when supplemented to the liquid media. Paclobutrazol, at 10 mg l-1, shifted assimilate allocation towards the growing corm. A differential promotion of corm development by sucrose was not observed, and the concentration of sucrose at which the sugar demand for maximal shoot and corm growth is satisfied (60 g l-1) was unaltered by the presence of paclobutrazol. The rate of corm growth on shoots cultured in a liquid medium supplemented with paclobutrazol and a saturating sucrose concentration, was a function of the length of the shoot's leaf blades, and was similar in light and in dark.
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    Plant regeneration from somatic tissue of Rhododendron laetum x aurigeranum (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 37-43 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: organogenesis ; plant growth regulators ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the source of plant material (greenhouse-grown plants or in vitro shoot cultures), the type of tissue explant (shoot-tip, single-node stem segment, whole leaf, leaf strip or half-leaf section) and growth regulator concentration on shoot regeneration from somatic tissue of Rhododendron laetum × aurigeranum was evaluated. No regeneration response was obtained on explants from greenhouse-grown plants. Adventitious shoots were obtained from callus produced at the basal end of shoot-tip and single-node stem segment explants derived from in vitro-grown shoots cultured on Anderson's medium supplemented with 22.8 μM IAA and 73.8 μM 2iP. The greatest percentage of adventitious shoot regeneration (77%) was induced on leaf sections cultured in the presence of 22.8 μM IAA and 147.6 μM 2iP. Plant regeneration was accomplished with minimal callus formation. This technique represents a further step toward gene manipulation of Rhododendron.
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    The role of cotyledonary tissue in the differentiation of shoots and roots from cotyledon explants of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 24 (1991), S. 55-59 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: auxin-like factor ; Brassica juncea ; brown mustard ; organogenesis ; regeneration ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In cotyledon cultures of Brassica juncea, shoots and roots invariable differentiate at the cut end of the petiole. Organogenesis occurred only if the proximal cut end of the petiole was in contact with the medium. In the absence of the petiole, differentiation from the lamina was rare. Hence investigations were carried out to study the influence of the cotyledonary lamina on regeneration of shoots and roots from the petiolar cut end. The lamina tissue was surgically removed from the cotyledon explants at different durations (0–10 days) after culturing them on either root-forming (basal medium) or shoot-forming (basal medium containing 5.0 μM N6-benzyladenine) media. The differentiation of roots or shoots from the petioles was dependent on the presence of the lamina for at least 7 days of culture. Quantitative removal of the laminar tissue had a corresponding negative effect on shoot bud differentiation from the petiole. The nature of the ‘lamina factor’ was found to be auxin-like.
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    High frequency of plant regeneration from hypocotyl explants of Brassica carinata A. Br. (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 24 (1991), S. 79-82 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Brassica carinata ; Ethiopia mustard ; hypocotyl ; plant regeneration ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An efficient tissue culture system for high frequency of plant regeneration from hypocotyl explants of Brassica carinata was developed via manipulation of culture medium and selection of explants. Explants grown on medium containing combinations of 2 mg l-1 BA and 0.01 mg l-1 NAA or 4 mg l-1 kinetin and 0.01 mg l-1 2,4-D regenerated shoots at 100% frequency. High frequency shoot regeneration occurred only from explants originating from 6 to 7-day-old but not younger or older seedlings. Explants showed higher regeneration capacity at the distal end than the proximal end, and the upper segment was more regenerative than the lower segment of hypocotyl. Regenerants were rooted on half-strength growth regulator-free medium, acclimatized and developed into normal, fertile plants.
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    Somatic embryogenesis from immature embryos in meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 24 (1991), S. 193-198 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Limnanthes alba ; meadowfoam ; somatic embryogenesis ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Developing embryos from immature seeds were excised and cultured. Optimal proliferation of differentiated secondary embryos occurred on Murashige-Skoog media containing 7% sucrose, 0.1 μM 2,4-D, and 0.1–1.0 μM zeatin. Higher levels of auxins inhibited embryo proliferation. Secondary embryos were subcultured to produce more embryos. The results indicate the feasibility of clonal propagation of meadowfoam.
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    Morphogenesis in leaf, hypocotyl and root explants of Digitalis thapsi L. cultured in vitro (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 25 (1991), S. 117-123 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Digitalis thapsi ; plant regeneration ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the auxins 2,4-D, NAA and IAA either alone or in combination with kinetin or BA were investigated to assess the morphogenetic potential of leaf, root and hypocotyl explants of Digitalis thapsi. Calluses were obtained from the three explants in basal medium without the addition of growth regulators and in leaves, the calluses formed roots. Application of 2,4-D, NAA or BA increased callus formation. The presence of NAA induced root formation and that of BA induced shoot formation via callus interphase. Indole-3-acetic acid alone only induced the generation of roots in the hypocotyl callus. Kinetin was ineffective in all the explants tested. Combinations of NAA with kinetin or BA were more effective in inducing organogenesis in leaf explants. Optimum responses were obtained in hypocotyl and root explants by using IAA in combination with BA, the highest rate of shoot regeneration being observed in hypocotyl explants. Rooting of the differentiated shoots was readily achieved in media without growth regulators. Regenerated plantlets were transferred to soil and grew with a survival rate of 70%.
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    Adherence of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to the cells of immature wheat embryos (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 25 (1991), S. 199-208 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; cocultivation ; enzymatic digestion ; tissue culture ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Agrobacterium attached to wheat embryos in vitro. This attachment was plasmid independent, and occurred on both wounded and unwounded cell surfaces. The pattern of attachment clearly demonstrated that bacterial attachment to cereal cells follows the same trends observed for dicotyledonous plants. During the inoculation period the bacterial cells attach to the plant cell walls either with lateral or polar orientation. Wounding (mechanical or enzymatic) preferentially promoted adherence of the bacteria at the wound site, however, attachment was not wound dependent.
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    Agrobacterium tumefaciens-gene transfer into wheat tissues (1991)
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 25 (1991), S. 209-218 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; cocultivation ; tissue culture ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract DNA can be transferred by Agrobacterium tumefaciens to wheat, albeit at very low frequencies. Transfer of agrobacterial DNA occurred in cultures where the embryos had been subjected to partial enzymatic digestion prior to cocultivation with the bacteria. It is unclear whether this is by the normal process mediated by the Ti virulence genes and the border repeats of the T-DNA. The Southern hybridization patterns indicate that in one cell line the T-DNA had undergone extensive rearrangements, and might indicate that the process of T-DNA transfer and integration might differ in the case of cereals. This could suggest the method of transfer and ultimately the expression of these genes in cereal cells may be different to that observed in other monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species.
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    Effect of temperature, gel concentration and cytokinins on vitrification of Olearia microdisca (J.M. Black) in vitro shoot cultures (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 26 (1991), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: chilling ; lignin synthesis ; shoot multiplication ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The interaction between gel concentration, cytokinin levels and temperature in vitrification of Olearia microdisca in vitro has been investigated. Vitrified plants displayed tissue hypertrophy and reduced lignification. Cytokinin in the medium was essential for vitrification. Increasing gel concentration or reducing temperature reduced the vitrification in the presence of 20 µM BA. The observed responses were consistent with indirect effects on BA uptake. Alternatively an indirect effect of BA on shoot multiplication rate and hence on lignification of cell walls may be involved.
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    A method for in vitro cell culture of superficial bovine uterine endometrial epithelium (1991)
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    Methods in cell science 13 (1991), S. 247-251 
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    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: tissue culture ; uterine epithelial cells ; bovine ; monolayer culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Bovine epithelial cells were obtained for culture from the uterine endometrium of adult, cyclic cattle. Using the procedures described herein, cell-specific monolayers of uterine epithelial cells developed rapidly in culture and maintained a good level of viability for seven to eight subcultures. In addition, frozen-thawed uterine epithelial cells also maintained a respectable level of viability during postthaw subculture. Patterns of cell growth for uterine epithelial cells were determined by a growth curve. A growth curve of fresh epithelial cells over an 8-day interval revealed a short lag phase (24 h) followed by a log growth phase for 5 days and then a stationary phase starting on Days 6 or 7 of incubation. This method for isolation and culture of uterine epithelial cells provides a potential model for evaluating uterine epithelial cell secretory capacity during the estrous cycle. This culture system may offer benefits for in vitro culture of bovine embryos.
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    Application of the principles of good manufacturing practices (GMP) to the design and operation of a tissue culture laboratory (1991)
    Springer
    Methods in cell science 13 (1991), S. 265-273 
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    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: tissue culture ; GMP ; laboratory design ; laboratory operation ; contamination control ; environmental control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Recommendations are presented for the design and operation of a tissue culture laboratory to reduce microbial contamination of cultures. These recommendations are based on practices currently used in the manufacturing of sterile drug products, certain medical devices, and in vitro diagnostic products. The recommendations depend on qualification and validation of equipment, systems, and procedures and on the control and monitoring of the laboratory environment and procedures.
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    In vitro shoot apex micrografting of mature Acacia mangium (1996)
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    Agroforestry systems 34 (1996), S. 213-217 
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    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: grafting ; shoot tip ; tissue culture ; vegetative propagation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Prospects for in vitro micrografting shoot apices of mature Acacia mangium trees were investigated with the use of 432 micrografts. Overall success rates of 51.5%s% were obtained for shoot apices ranging from 200 to 400 μm in length, and a short basal wedge of underlying tissues top-grafted in aseptic conditions onto 2-to-3-month old in vitro grown Acacia mangium seedlings. The successfully established micrografts displayed, however, substantial variability in terms of further scion elongation as 41% of these micrografts, or 21.2% only of the total amount of the micrografts performed, had resumed growth two months after micrografting. The elongated scions exhibited different types of morphology, ranging from juvenile-like type composed leaves to the predominant mature-like phyllode morphology. Side-grafting, a more difficult procedure to perform than top-grafting, or placing the micrografts for 2 weeks in darkness after grafting, did not improve the scores. Moreover, attempts to micrograft meristems (150–200 μm) resulted in 5% success only.
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    Roots as an enhancing factor for the production of artemisinin in shoot cultures of Artemisia annua (1996)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 44 (1996), S. 211-217 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: arteannuin B ; artemisinic acid ; Asteraceae ; differentiation ; growth regulators ; secondary metabolites ; sesquiterpenes ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Artemisinin was produced in differentiated shoot cultures of Artemisia annua L. but was undetected in callus or cell cultures. The growth regulators benzyladenine, kinetin, chlormequat, and daminozide, at concentrations which severely reduced rooting, reduced artemisinin production. A highly significant correlation (1% level) was observed between shoot artemisinin content and number of roots (r=0.775**), but shoot number and artemisinin content were unrelated (r=-0.198). Benzyladenine increased shoot proliferation at 0.5 and 5.0 μM, but decreased root production at 0.5, 5.0, and 50 μM. The highest levels of artemisinin production (0.287% DW) were obtained in hormone-free medium when root production was maximized. Removal of roots from shoots cultured in hormone-free liquid medium reduced shoot artemisinin by 53% and shoot arteannuin B by 60%. Neither artemisinin, arteannuin B, or artemisinic acid were detected from roots developed in semi-solid or liquid medium.
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    Taxus sp. cell, tissue and organ cultures as alternative sources for taxoids production: a literature survey (1996)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 46 (1996), S. 59-75 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: paclitaxel ; review ; taxoid ; Taxus sp. ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The literature concerning the tissue culture of Taxus sp. as an alternative source for taxoid production is reviewed. The aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the progress achieved with the approaches and methods used for the establishment of various Taxus culture systems, the methods used for the evaluation of taxoid production, the multiple factors which control taxoid production and the feasibility of the in vitro production of taxoids on a commercial scale.
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    Callus cultures of Artemisia absinthium L.: initiation, growth optimization and organogenesis (1996)
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 45 (1996), S. 67-72 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Biomass increase ; chromosome count ; growth regulators ; regeneration ; tissue culture ; wormwood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Callus cultures were initiated from micropropagated Artemisia absinthium plantlets on MS basal medium supplemented with different concentrations of BA, Kn, NAA, IAA and 2,4-d in combination or singly. Supplementing the medium with low doses of both BA in combination with NAA, and Kn in combination with NAA enhanced the growth rate of callus cultures. However, cultures grew slowly following the second subculture and the majority turned brown and died within the next month. Initiation of root and shoot primordia occured directly from leaf explants cultured on 1.81 μM 2,4-d, while adventitious shoot formation from callus was observed occasionally when BA was added to the medium in combination with IAA. Furthermore, medium containing 2.22 μM BA and 2.69 μM NAA stimulated both callus growth and organogenesis on some callus cultures derived from leaves and stems of young stock material. The best results were obtained with leaf explants. Cytological analysis of root meristems revealed that all regenerants were diploid (2n=18), as expected.
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    Soluble iron is lost from MS medium pre-exposed to light but growth of potato plantlets is not inhibited (1996)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 46 (1996), S. 117-121 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: EDTA ; iron deficiency ; light ; Solanum tuberosum ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plant tissue culture medium which contained FeEDTA as sole iron source was incubated aseptically in light (16-h photoperiod, 100 μmol m-2 s-1 PAR) at 20°C without plant tissue. Soluble iron dropped from an initial concentration of 4 mg 1-1 to less than 0.1 mg 1-1 in 4 weeks. This occurred in both glass and plastic culture vessels. No loss occurred when medium was incubated at 20°C in darkness. A further experiment showed that soluble iron concentration fell to 〈0.2 mg 1-1 in only 4 days but the loss was slower at lower irradiances. Effects of the loss of soluble iron on plantlet growth were assessed by culturing single node stem segments of in vitro potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Arran Banner) plantlets on medium previously exposed to light. Pre-exposure sufficient to reduce soluble iron concentration to 〈0.1 mg 1-1 had no inhibitory effect on plantlet development in solidified medium or in liquid medium, except when the liquid medium had been centrifuged before inoculation to remove iron precipitated during pre-exposure to light. The plantlets then became chlorotic.
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    Survival and growth of eastern white pine shoot apical meristemsin vitro (1996)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 46 (1996), S. 171-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: juvenility ; maturation ; Pinus strobus ; propagation ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Shoot apical meristems of seedling and mature eastern white pine trees were excised and grownin vitro. Placing the meristems on filters instead of directly on agarose-solidified nutrient medium enhanced survival of both juvenile and mature meristems. Applying forcing treatments to mature branches improved survival and growth of dissected meristems compared with meristems from non-forced branches in experiments conducted over two years. No consistent differences were observed among 2-, 4-, and 6-week forcing treatments. Including 5.37 nM (0.001 mg l-1) l-naphthaleneacetic acid in the culture medium did not affect meristem survival or growth. Some meristems from seedlings grew rapidly, produced primary leaves, underwent internode elongation, and in three cases, produced adventitious roots. Meristems from mature trees did not grow as rapidly as seedling meristems. The leaves produced by mature meristems appeared to be scale leaves and a few of these had brachyblast primordia in the axils. The shoots derived from mature meristems did not produce adventitious roots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02307092
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    Improvement of somatic embryogenesis in zonal geranium (1996)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 47 (1996), S. 27-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: growth regulators ; nitrogen ; Pelargonium ; sucrose ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A number of media constituents including sucrose, ammonium nitrate and plant growth regulators were evaluated in an attempt to improve somatic embryo production in zonal geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum) cv. Scarlet Orbit Improved. Somatic embryo production was characterized by the quantity and type of somatic embryo induced by the treatments. Sucrose at 4% supported the highest number of total somatic embryos while improving the proportion of the morphologically normal cotyledon-stage somatic embryos. Addition of ammonium nitrate also improved embryo production. With 1.89 mM ammonium nitrate, normal cotyledon-stage embryo development was increased by 53%; the proportion of normal cotyledon-stage embryos decreased and abnormal embryos with leaves or serrated margins in cotyledons (fringed-shoot type) increased with higher ammonium nitrate concentrations. The effect of plant growth regulators on somatic embryogenesis indicated that exogenous supply of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) at a range of 0.25 to 4 µM failed to promote somatic embryogenesis. In contrast, benzyladenine (BA) up to 2.0 µM increased the total embryo number and the proportion of desirable cotyledon-stage embryos. There was no interaction between IAA and BA. Our research has demonstrated that improvement in both quantity and quality of somatic embryos can be achieved in zonal geranium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02318962
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    In vitro screening and field evaluation of tissue-culture-regenerated sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) for soil stress tolerance (1955)
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 373-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: aluminium toxicity ; soil acidity ; somaclonal variation ; sorghum ; Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ; tissue culture ; salt stress ; drought stress ; variants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench is generally quite sensitive to salt and acid (high aluminium) soil stresses, but quite tolerant of drought stress. As with any stress phenomenon, intra-specific variability exists within the genus. In vitro cell selection and somaclonal variation offer an alternative to traditional breeding methodology for generating improved breeding lines for hybrid development. A field selection protocol was developed for the three soil stresses and inter-stress evaluations were conducted in an effort to find multiple, stress-tolerant genotypes. The acid soil-drought stress, super-tolerant selections were located by the R7 generation when exposed to a combined aluminium-drought stress field environment and when the regeneration population (number of regenerated lines from one callus source) was maintained at 15,000 plants or higher. A variant frequency of 0.1 to 0.2% for stress tolerance and acceptable agronomic traits among the surviving somaclones, provided an adequate number of phenotypes with desirable agronomic characteristics and a high level of soil stress tolerance. Subsequent research verified that the stress-tolerant regenerants had superior acid soil and drought stress tolerance to that of the donor parents, that their yield capabilities under stress were superior to their parents, and that their stress tolerance attributes were transferred in hybrid combinations. In vitro selection was not effective in increasing the number of field stress survivors. In fact, superior germplasms were developed from non-stressed callus or salt-stressed callus. In vitro selection reduced regeneration frequency and subsequent survival of plants under field stress. In vitro-stressed regenerants should be subjected only to non-stressed environments to maintain population numbers for field selection and thereafter should be subjected to stress environments during later (R5+) generations. The optimal strategy for the exploitation of somaclonal variation may be through short-term cell culture (〈 12 months) with no attempt at in vitro selection.
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    In vitro propagation of the nitrogen-fixing tree-legume Acacia mangium Willd. (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 135 (1991), S. 151-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: micropropagation ; Acacia mangium ; tissue culture ; Bradyrhizobium spp. ; nodulation ; nitrogen-fixing tree
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In vitro propagation was initiated from 2-week-old and 7-month-old explants of Acacia mangium. Juvenile explants (2 week-old) of 5- to 10-mm lengths composed of two leaves were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1.0 or 2.0 mg L-1 6-benzyladenine (BAP). After 6 weeks, most explants had formed a large cluster of 14–18 axillary shoots produced by prolific branching of the primary axillary shoot after elongation. The maximum multiplication rate (40) was obtained in the first subculture; the rate decreased to 10–20 in the second one. The mean length of shoots was not significantly affected by BAP concentrations during the subsequent cultures. Rooting ability of juvenile explants was greatly affected by BAP concentrations used in the multiplication medium. When both types of explants were multiplied on a MS medium containing 1.0 mg L-1 BAP and transferred to a half-strength MS medium containing 0.05 mg L-1 IBA, only 10% of the juvenile explants were rooted versus 70% of the 7-month-old explants. Rooted plants transferred onto artificial substrate were all nodulated, when inoculated with a specific Bradyrhizobium sp. strain.
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    Effect of light on vanillin precursors formation by in vitro cultures of Vanilla planifolia (1996)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 45 (1996), S. 133-136 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: flavor ; tissue culture ; vanillin ; vanillyl alcohol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cluster culture of Vanilla planifolia Andr. has been established from shoots. It has been maintained in the dark. Various light conditions had little effect on its growth. However, the light conditions did affect the production in both quantity and quality of compounds associated with the vanillin pathway, particularly the 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl alcohol.
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    Rapid plant regeneration of pea using thidiazuron (1996)
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 45 (1996), S. 165-168 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: organogenesis ; Pisum sativum ; regeneration ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A simple and rapid pea regeneration procedure was developed. An average of up to 20 shoots formed from hypocotyl explants of cvs. Sugar Ann and Patriot cultured on Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with 0.5 or 1.0 μM thidiazuron (N-phenyl-N′-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5′-ylurea). Hypocotyls of Puget and Sugar Daddy did not respond. Regenerated shoots rooted rapidly when cultured on Murashige and Skoog basal medium containing either 2.0 μM α-naphthaleneacetic acid or 1.0–2.0 μM indole-3-butyric acid. Seeds were harvested from regenerated plants after only 9–11 weeks.
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    Production and use of calli from yellow birch buds for in vitro assessment of virulence of Nectria galligena isolates (1996)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 45 (1996), S. 175-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Betula alleghaniensis ; perennial Nectria canker ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Field studies of perennial Nectria canker of northern hardwoods, caused by the ascomycete fungus Nectria galligena, are time-consuming since the disease develops slowly on the stem of trees. In this report, an in vitro bioassay is described for determining and comparing the virulence of different isolates of Nectria galligena by using calli produced from yellow birch buds. The technique facilitates the distinction between highly virulent and less virulent isolates of the pathogen within one week following the inoculation.
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    Adventitious bud formation and shoot development from in vitro leaves of Vitis x Muscadinia hybrids (1996)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 45 (1996), S. 245-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Adventitious organogenesis ; grapevine ; muscadine ; shoot regeneration ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract High levels of regeneration were obtained from young leaves excised from axillary shoots in proliferating nodal cultures of several Vitis x Muscadinia hybrids. Best results were obtained when the explants were cultured on solidified half-strength Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 8.9 μM 6-benzyladenine and 0.05 μM 1-naphthaleneacetic acid. Though variation was observed among the hybrids, the procedure used does not seem to be genotype-specific as all the hybrids and cultivars tested could regenerate. Scanning electron microscopy observations and histological studies carried out during the development of adventitious shoot organogenesis revealed that the promeristem initiation occurred in the outer cell layers near the wounded area of the petiolar stub.
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    Different 5′ leader sequences modulate β-glucuronidase accumulation levels in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants (1955)
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 209-216 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: β-glucuronidase ; plant ; silencing ; translational control ; 5′-untranslated region ; variation of gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three random synthetic leaders and three naturally-occurring leaders, the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein, the satellite tobacco necrosis virus (STNV) and the plant chlorophyll a/b-binding protein (Cab22L), were shown to modulate the β-glucuronidase reporter protein accumulation levels in transient expression experiments. The same chimeric constructs also confer differential distribution patterns of reporter protein accumulation in stably-transformed tobacco calli or regenerated transgenic plants. When the highest expression levels with a given leader are compared, the 31-nucleotide random leader stimulates translation 20- and 100-fold relative to the 9- and 4- nucleotide synthetic leaders respectively. However, this 31-nucleotide random leader is approx. 2 to 3-fold weaker than the 30-nucleotide STNV leader and even 5-fold weaker than both the 79-nucleotide TMV leader and the 66-nucleotide Cab22L leader. These results confirm the findings in transient expression experiments and stress the importance of the 5′-untranslated region for the production of heterologous proteins in transgenic plants.
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    An assessment of morphogenic and transformation efficiency in a range of varieties of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) (1955)
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 101-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; plant regeneration ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum ; tissue culture ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary To provide a truly genotype-independent transformation system, it is necessary to be able to transform a wide range of potato genotypes. The ability to regenerate shoots in vitro was determined for 34 potato varieties using tuber disc explants. Following a culture regime used extensively in previous studies with the variety Desiree, half of the varieties could be regenerated from tuber discs and half could not. From a sample of varieties that could be regenerated from tuber discs, all but one variety gave transgenic plants. Twelve varieties were evaluated for the capacity to regenerate shoots from leaf and internode explants excised from in vitro grown plants. All of the varieties tested regenerated adventitious shoots. Leaf and internode explants from 5 varieties were subsequently used for transformation, and transgenic plants were produced from two potato varieties that did not give transgenic plants from tuber disc explants. Some varieties could not be transformed by either method, and will require modification of the in vitro regeneration and transformation system to be successful.
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    Identification of tetraploid regenerants from cotyledons of diploid watermelon cultured in vitro (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 87 (1996), S. 165-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Citrullus lanatus ; cucurbits ; tissue culture ; adventitious shoot organogenesis ; seedless watermelon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Adventitious shoots were obtained from the diploid watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] cultivars Dixielee, Jubilee II, Mickylee, Minilee, and Royal Sweet by culturing excised cotyledons on shoot regeneration medium for six weeks. Tetraploid and diploid regenerants were identified by counting the number of chloroplasts per guard cell pair from leaves of regenerated plants. Cross fertilization of putative tetraploids with diploid pollinators and the production of triploid seed confirmed the efficacy of this approach. The mean number of chloroplasts for tetraploid regenerants was 19.1 whereas diploids averaged 11.2. These values were similar to tetraploid and diploid plants from seed. Ovary diameter, petal, and anther diameter of male flowers, and leaf length by width ratio were also good indicators of plant ploidy. Progeny obtained from self-fertile tetraploids of ‘Mickylee’ were crossed with various diploid pollinators to produce triploid hybrid seed. All triploid plants from tissue culture-derived tetraploids produced fruit comparable in quality to fruit produced by currently-available triploid hybrids, demonstrating that in vitro tetraploid induction can be used to produce high quality tetraploid plants for use in triploid hybrid seed production.
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    Study of the variation in the somatic embryogenesis ability of some pea lines (Pisum sativum L. and Pisum arvense L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 90 (1996), S. 251-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: genotypic variation ; somatic embryo development ; tissue culture ; Pisum sativum ; Pisum arvense ; pea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Thirty lines of pea were tested in vitro to evaluate their ability to produce somatic embryos. Three distinct genotypic classes were detected (strong, medium and weak). The best responses were obtained in Pisum sativum. Abnormal somatic embryos and secondary embryogenesis seem to constitute the principal obstacle to the development of these structures.
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    Somatic embryogenesis in pea (Pisum sativum L. and Pisum arvense L.): Diallel analysis and genetic control (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 90 (1996), S. 257-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Diallel analysis ; genetic control ; somatic embryogenesis ; tissue culture ; Pisum sativum ; Pisum arvense ; pea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Six lines of Pisum were tested in vitro for their ability to produce somatic embryos from apices. Significant quantitative variation was observed. Inheritance of the ability to form somatic embryos was studied using a diallel cross among six different lines. About 80% of the observed genotypic variation was due to additive effects. There is a tendency for the favourable genes to be recessive. It appears that there are two genetic systems involved. Analysis of the distribution of F3 families means from a cross among two extreme lines seems to indicate the presence of a few major genes in the control of somatic embryogenesis of pea.
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    Expression of an auxin-inducible promoter of tobacco in Arabidopsis thaliana (1996)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 18 (1996), S. 7-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Key words ; auxin ; gene expression ; Arabidopsis thaliana ; auxin-inducible promoter ; β-glucuronidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The expression of the auxin-inducible Nt103-1 gene of tobacco was studied in Arabidopsis thaliana. For this purpose we introduced a gene fusion between the promoter of the gene and the β-glucuronidase reporter gene (GUS) into Arabidopsis thaliana. The expression and location of GUS activity were studied histochemically in time and after incubation of seedlings on medium containing auxins or other compounds. The auxins 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and 1-naphthylacetic acid (1-NAA) were able to induce GUS activity in the root tips of transgenic seedlings. The auxin transport inhibitor 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid was able to induce GUS activity not only in the root tip, but also in other parts of the root. Induction by the inactive auxin analog 3,5-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid was much weaker. Compounds like glutathione and the heavy metal CuSO4 were weak inducers. GUS activity observed after induction by glutathione was located in the transition zone. Salicylic acid and compounds increasing the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the cell were also very well able to induce GUS activity in the roots. The possible involvement of hydrogen peroxide as a second messenger in the pathway leading to the induction of the Nt103-1 promoter is discussed.
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    Involvement of ethylene on growth and plant regeneration in callus cultures of Heliconia psittacorum L.f. (1996)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 19 (1996), S. 145-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ethylene inhibitors ; headspace gas ; Heliconia ; morphogenesis ; protocorm-like bodies ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The level of ethylene accumulated in morphogenic callus cultures of Heliconia psittacorum L.f. was only one quarter that of non-morphogenic cultures. The rate of ethylene production in the morphogenic callus cultures during early stages of differentiation of protocorm-like bodies leading to plantlet regeneration was 10-fold higher than that during callus proliferation. In cultures sealed with gastight serum caps, fresh weight gain was reduced 2-to 3-fold compared to those that were closed with Kaputsℜ. Treatment with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (≥ 100 μM) caused complete inhibition of plant regeneration from the morphogenic callus on subsequent culture under inductive conditions. Silver nitrate and aminoethoxyvinylglycine also reduced plant regeneration. These results indicate that while high levels of ethylene were inhibitory, a low level of endogenous ethylene production may be necessary during the plant regeneration phase in callus cultures of Heliconia.
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    Preliminary investigations on somatic embryogenesis from leaf discs of red oak (Quercus rubra L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 20 (1996), S. 67-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: forest tree ; germination ; juvenile plants ; Quercus rubra ; somatic embryos ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Somatic embryos were obtained from leaf discs of juvenile red oak plants. Basal inductive nutrient medium was a modified Murashige and Skoog solution enriched with 500 mg L−1 casein hydrolysate, 100 mg L−1 polyvinylpyrrolidone, 5.4 μM naphthaleneacetic acid and 0.09 μM benzyladenine. Embryogenesis was obtained only from leaf discs in the presence of light and increased when the adaxial surface of the explants (with midrib or main veins present) was in contact with the medium. Large variation was observed in all experiments. Recurrent embryogenesis was observed at the base of embryo clusters with callus present; conversely, embryogenic potential was rapidly lost by subculturing full calli. Maturation, germination and development of isolated somatic embryos were obtained. However, the vast majority of embryos did not have viable apical bud meristems and on only a few occasions were shoots produced.
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    A programmable micropropagation apparatus using cycled liquid medium (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 211-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: endogenous microorganisms ; semi-automated micropropagation ; Spathiphyllum ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An apparatus was developed that featured programmable application of liquid medium to plant cultures for micropropagation. Computer control capabilities included liquid medium introduction and medium depth within four culture vessels, medium application and removal on an assigned schedule, schedule adjustment during a culture period and medium replacement. The medium level was controlled using an accurate custom level-sensing technique consisting of thermistors and float switches. Seven-liter polycarbonate containers were modified and used as the culture vessels. Maintaining sterility was a key constraint in the development of the plant tissue culture apparatus.
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    Adventitious shoot regeneration from leaf explants of tissue cultured and greenhouse-grown raspberry (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 249-255 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: organogenesis ; Rubus idaeus L ; R. × neglectus Peck ; thidiazuron ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Adventitious shoot regeneration was observed using leaf-petiole explants from shoot-proliferating cultures of ‘Comet’ red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.). A maximum regeneration rate of 70% (3.7 shoots/explant) was obtained using 4.5–9.1 μM (1–2 mg l−1) N-phenyl-N′-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (thidiazuron or TDZ) with 2.5–4.9 μM (0.5–1 mg l−1) 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA) or 2.3 μM (0.5 mg l−1) TDZ with 4.9 μM (1 mg l−1) IBA in modified Murashige-Skoog medium. TDZ was more effective than N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA) at promoting regeneration in combinations tested with IBA (maximum 50% regeneration rate; 1.8 shoots/explant). Variation in the agar concentration or incubation temperature, orientation or scoring of the leaf-petiole explants and use of separate leaf or petiole explants had no effect on shoot regeneration. Incubation in the dark for 1, 2 or 3 weeks prior to growth in the light did not influence the percent regeneration rate but depressed the number of adventitious shoots. Explant source, from micropropagated shoots or greenhouse-grown plants, had an effect on shoot regeneration that was genotype dependent. Only 8 of 22 (36%) raspberry cultivars were capable of regeneration from leaf explants derived from greenhouse-grown plants.
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    In vitro micropropagation and plant establishment of muscadine grape cultivars (Vitis rotundifolia) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 7-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: plant regeneration ; propagation ; tissue culture ; viticulture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Shoot apical meristems were used to establish regenerative axillary bud cultures of 9 muscadine grape cultivars. Meristems taken from 10 cm long shoots had less contamination (3%) and a higher survival rate (94%) than those from shorter or longer shoots. Of media tested, MS, 1/2 MS, and C2D resulted in equivalent shoot proliferation rates, whereas, WPM produced stunted shoots. When pooling results for 3 cultivars, 5, 10 and 20 μM BA and 5 μM TDZ produced the highest average number of shoots per cultured apex (3.4–3.8). However, shoots produced with TDZ were stunted and did not root well. For rooting of shoots directly in potting mix, a rooting powder pretreatment significantly increased the number of roots per shoot but did not affect percent rooting or root length. For rooting in vitro, 1 μM NAA significantly increased all parameters measured. Although more shoots rooted in vitro than in vivo (77% vs. 46%), the latter was judged preferable since acclimatized plants were produced in less time and a major culture step was eliminated. Significant differences among cultivars were noted for measured responses in all experiments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00048199
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    Freeze-preservation of buds from Scots pine trees (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 89-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: cryopreservation ; Pinus sylvestris L. ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A procedure has been developed for freeze-preservation of buds of the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Instead of liquid nitrogen, cold storage in −80°C was used. The partly dormant material used in the experiments was obtained directly from a natural stand in Northern Finland and no prefreezing or cryoprotectants for preconditioning were used. Cooling velocity was 1°C/min up to a terminal freezing temperature of −39°C, after which the buds were immersed in liquid nitrogen at −196°C for 10 minutes. The material was then transferred to a deepfreezer at −80°C and stored up to 6 months. After rapid thawing, the buds were sterilized and their viability was tested by FDA staining and by culturing meristems on 1/2 MS medium for at least two weeks. All the freezing experiments were performed during March and April. The best survival of buds (90–100%) was achieved at the beginning of April, after which a pronounced decline in survival occurred obviously due to a rise in the water content of the buds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00048212
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    In vitro regeneration from excised leaves of Flaveria trinervia (Sprengel) C. Mohr (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 297-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Flaveria trinervia ; growth regulators ; leaf explant ; tissue culture ; plant regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Flaveria trinervia (Compositae) leaves are used for the treatment of jaundice and fever. From the leaf callus cultures regeneration of plantlets has been achieved. The results showed that BAP greatly stimulated the bud formation in concentrations ranging from 2–5 mg l−1 than at very low concentrations (0.2–1.0 mg l−1). Roots developed on the regenerated shoots, over a range of treatments, but were most prolific in the medium containing 1 mg l−1 IAA. Histological observations revealed that cultured spongy cells of the mesophyll were greatly enlarged and underwent repeated cell divisions leading to the formation of hard nodular callus from which shoot buds differentiated. The shoots obtained were readily rooted and transplanted into glass houses. Cytological studies of the callus showed abnormalities such as bridges, endomitosis and multinucleolate conditions. Root tip squashes of the regenerated plants showed no variations and were diploid in chromosome number.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00157594
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    Relationship between growth rate of Helminthosporium oryzae isolates on calluses of rice cultivars and their disease reaction on rice plants (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 24 (1991), S. 237-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: disease resistance ; Helminthosporium oryzae ; rice ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rice cultivars showed differential reaction to various isolates of Helminthosporium oryzae, the brown spot pathogen. The calluses obtained from those cultivars behaved in a similar manner to the mycelial growth of pathogenic isolates on them. However, amount of inoculum, size of the callus and period of incubation influenced the reaction of the callus to the fungal isolates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033483
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    Uptake and metabolism of 6-benzyladenine in shoot cultures of Musa and Rhododendron (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 25 (1991), S. 69-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: BA uptake ; cytokinin metabolism ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Shoots of Musa and Rhododendron were cultured in vitro on a medium containing 0.5 mg l-1 BA. Shoots growing in the presence of [14C]BA were harvested at intervals during the culture period. Uptake of BA was linear throughout this culture period in Musa but slowed considerably in Rhododendron shoots after day 10. Rhododendron shoots absorbed 40% of the BA present in the medium and Musa shoots absorbed 52%. In each species the principal metabolite formed was [9G]BA. Benzyladenine was present in significant levels only in the pseudostem of Musa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033915
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  • 83
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    Methods for improving tissue culture of human tracheo-bronchial epithelium obtained at autopsy (1991)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 5 (1991), S. 155-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: tissue culture ; trypan blue ; cilia ; cell injury ; organ culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Human tracheo-bronchial epithelium obtained from autopsy, surgery, and organ donation will have areas of both viable and non-viable cells. It is important in the initial establishment of epithelial explant and cell cultures that injured, non-viable mucosal epithelium not be used for the cultures. Autopsy cases selected for culture should initially be chosen on the basis of a shorter post mortem interval and cause of death in order to increase the rate of successful culture. Staining the epithelium with the vital dye, trypan blue, in combination with phase contrast microscopy of the bronchial tissues will further identify those areas of the mucosa that are enriched for viable cells. The dead, non-viable areas are trypan blue positive, while the viable areas are clear and have foci of beating, motile cilia. Treatment of the mucosal tissue with mucolytic agents to remove cell debris, dead cells, and microbes trapped in the mucus material will further improve the chances for successful culture. Human tracheo-bronchial epithelium, although non-sterile and often injured at time zero for numerous reasons, can effectively be used in in vitro pathophysiology studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00365432
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    Exfoliative cytologic evaluation of primary cultured lung carcinomas (1991)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 6 (1991), S. 143-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: tissue culture ; lung cancer ; cytogenetics ; cytotechnology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a tissue culture and exfoliative cell culture system that enables one to (1) evaluate the adequacy of primary lung carcinoma cultures for cytogenetic analysis, and (2) predict the likelihood of viable cells and type of differentiation present in the primary lung tumor cultures used for cytogenetics. Primary lung carcinomas were established from explant outgrowths and maintained in serum supplemented or serum free media on plastic or basement membrane associated protein coated dishes in order to obtain cells for karyotypic analysis (Miura et al., 1990). The media from these cultures that would ordinarily have been discarded was aspirated at each media change and used to prepare cytocentrifuge cytology preparations. Papanicolaou stained cells from the preparations were evaluated by cytotechnologists in order to assess (1) the cellularity and presence of cancer cells in the sample, (2) differentiation of the malignant cells, and (3) adequacy for chromosomal studies. We determined that cytology preparations of cell and explant outgrowth cultures from primary lung tumors are a reliable method for screening and evaluating the suitability of primary lung carcinoma cultures for cytogenetic analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00373032
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    Water Vapor Adsorption and Desorption Isotherms of Biologically Active Proteins (1991)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 8 (1991), S. 191-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: urease ; lipase ; α-amylase ; β-glucuronidase ; isolated soy protein ; static/dynamic water adsorption and desorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Using a protein isolated from soy, a dynamic water adsorption method was developed and the data were compared with those obtained from a static gravimetric procedure. Both methods gave comparable results, showing that Type II isotherms with considerable hysteresis were obtained. However, the dynamic procedure was preferred since it provided data rapidly and used significantly less material. Using the dynamic method, water adsorption isotherms at 25°C were also determined for four biologically active proteins: α-amylase, (β-glucuronidase, lipase, and urease. BET (Brunauer, Emmet, and Teller) parameters were calculated and the specific surface areas for the native, biologically active proteins were found to be similar, 238.4 ± 20.2 m2/g. On the other hand, the specific surface area for the denatured soy protein isolate was 144.6 m2/g. Nevertheless, the heat of absorbance for all of the proteins examined was similar, suggesting that they have comparable degrees of hydrophilicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015835902721
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