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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (1,190)
  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (452)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (431)
  • Engineering  (234)
  • 1975-1979  (1,933)
  • 1950-1954  (374)
  • 1977  (1,933)
  • 1953  (374)
Collection
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Years
  • 1975-1979  (1,933)
  • 1950-1954  (374)
Year
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2005-02-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. in the Space Sci., Vol. 2, No. 1; 29 p
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  • 2
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: A discussion is presented on nickel cadmium battery life tests using reconditioning and some comparative tests not using reconditioning. The discussion is aimed at the program application part of the testing. The goals of the program were to get an increased utilization out of the battery system in geosynchronous orbit. An attempt was made to push the depth of discharge operation up around 80 to 85 percent and the intent with the reconditioning program was to extend this type of utilization out towards a 10-year life and attune the voltage regulation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 259-270
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2006-06-15
    Description: The mode of operation that is of interest in this discussion is a solar array battery load-sharing mode. The battery is loaded for a fraction of a second and then charged, so the cycle is a 100 millisecond load, followed by a 500 millisecond charge. The purpose of the experiment was to evaluate the charge efficiency and the state of charge. Charge/discharge ratio graphs are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 213-218
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  • 4
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-15
    Description: The use of statistical analysis (regression analysis) to determine the data correlation between eight voltage parameters is discussed. The eight parameters correlated include: temperature, depth of discharge; charge rate; discharge rate; percent recharge; concentration of KOH; amount of KOH; and precharge. Graphs are presented which show: (1) starpoint/centerpoint cycles to failure vs. parameters; (2) cycles to failure vs. temperature; and (3) positive and negative plate thickness and weight vs. cycles. An empirical equation derived from cycles to failure vs. temperature graph for cells cycled at 1C charge, 2C discharge, and 14 percent recharge is also presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 155-172
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  • 5
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-14
    Description: As part of the NASA lightweight battery program, the Lewis Research Center has a number of programs that are being reviewed. A brief and general discussion of these programs is presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 133-136
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  • 6
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: After using all the instrumentation that is available on a nickel hydrogen battery it will be subjected to the same low earth orbit cycles experienced by the sixty amphere hour nickel cadmium batteries now being flown on some low earth orbit missions. The objective of the test is to demonstrate real differences between the two batteries. In order to simulate flight conditions, the thermal environment and criteria for charge control will vary. The depth of discharge will be increased and testing will continue until some failures or some degradation or spread between cell performances are revealed. Different charge control modes are being considered in order to demonstrate a reasonable life for the nickel hydrogen battery.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 517
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  • 7
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: An experiment to obtain some flight experience with a nickel-hydrogen battery in low earth orbit is described. The battery was built to be as compatible with the satellite bus as possible because the satellite bus is used for recharge power. The battery is mounted on an experimental pallet on the satellite. It has its own charge control system, a modification of an existing system that is used for nickel-cadmium, which primarily uses temperature compensated voltage as its criteria. Also, on the pallet is a load bank, a resistive load band, which allows switch to various load regimes. There is some other equipment on the satellite such as the nickel-hydrogen battery to power it. Monitors attached to the 21-cell battery are described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 499-516
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  • 8
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: Features of the first operational nickel hydrogen battery are described as well as experiences encountered during its testing and installation. Battery performance since launching of the NTS-2 satellite is discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 489-498
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  • 9
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: Test data developed primarily on low earth, but also some accelerated synchronous orbit data are presented for first 40 hour ampere hour boiler plate cells. Graphic data show the following characteristics: charge/discharge voltage; charge/discharge temperature; voltage; pressure; temperature; and discharge voltage.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 481-487
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: The effects of overcharge and total cycling rate on one electrochemically impregnated and four chemically impregnated nickel electrodes are examined. Topics discussed include porosity distribution, electrode corrosion, electrolyte absorption and positive electrode involvement in the decrease in the amount of electrolyte in the separator. The electrochemically impregnated electrode is shown to be superior to all types of conventionally impregnated electrodes regardless of the loading level.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center. The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 361-376
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  • 11
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: A nylon separator was placed in a flooded condition in K0H solution and heated at various high temperatures ranging from 60 C to 110 C. The weight decrease was measured and the molecular weight and decomposition product were analyzed to determine: (1) the effect of K0H concentration on the hydrolysis rate; (2) the effect of K0H concentration on nylon degradation; (3) the activation energy at different K0H concentrations; and (4) the effect of oxygen on nylon degradation. The nylon hydrolysis rate is shown to increase as K0H concentration is decreased 34%, giving a maximum rate at about 16%. Separator hydrolysis is confirmed by molecular weight decrease in age of the batteries, and the reaction of nylon with molecular oxygen is probably negligible, compared to hydrolysis. The extrapolated rate value from the high temperature experiment correlates well with experimental values at 35 degrees.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 389-398
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  • 12
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: Nylon separator degradation was examined as a function of temperature. Electrochemically active uncharged excess negative (overcharge protection)was measured by charging a cell venting it until it became fully charged, and continuing to overcharge the vent gas. The gas was analyzed as a function of time. The amount of hydrogen evolved was examined, and the cell voltage was observed as the oxygen and/or hydrogen evolved from the cell.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 345-354
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  • 13
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: The modular power system, which is the first intended use for the NASA standard battery, is basically a four foot by four foot by eighteen inch box which can handle a complement of three 20 ampere hour batteries or later on the intended use is for three 50 ampere hour batteries to be the full complement. The system is designed to be used as a plug on component on a multi mission modular spacecraft. It has as a design point a basically 1250 watt orbital average load. The way it breaks up in a near earth orbit it would be somewhere around 1,000 watts for everything except 10 minutes, and during any 10 minute period it may go up to a peak of 3,000 watt load. Features of the battery reviewed include criteria to store electrical energy, the battery package, the covers and cases, and electrolytes. The capacities expected are 90 percent, the average cell capacity for 24 C, 90 percent of the actual battery capacity of 19 C, and 85 percent of the actual 25 degree battery capacity at zero discharge voltage for 50 percent DOD new battery is in the vicinity expected or predicted of 26.4 volts.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 437-450
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  • 14
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: A brief description of the ITOS power systems is presented. The descriptions are from viewgraphs shown to the participants of the Workshop. A block diagram of ITOS power supply subsystem is presented along with graphs representing: ITOS voltage limit versus temperature; and battery charge-discharge current profiles over an orbit period.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 7-13
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  • 15
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-15
    Description: The results of an experiment to test storage effects on electric cells of a battery are presented and discussed. The type of cells were the 20 amp-hour OAO type. The various modes that were tested were the integration type mode, the trickle charge, the discharge shorted and the discharged OCV (open current voltage). Every six months the cells were reconditioned and approximately two weeks of tests were performed. The tests included three capacity checks, two zero-degree overcharge tests and an internal short test (the cells are shunted for 16 hours, the shunt removed and allowed to stand on local circuit recovery for 24 hours). The integration pack was discontinued after three years and the trickle charge shorted packs after five years.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 223-242
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  • 16
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-15
    Description: Some possible parameters which could be used to predict failures within packs of electrochemical cells based on measurements that are taken while the cells are cycling are discussed. Discharge and charge curves are presented and fitted to measure the efficiency of the cells in terms of voltage vs. time.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 181-195
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  • 17
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-15
    Description: A discussion is presented on the use of statistical analysis to develop a technique that will reliably predict the life of a battery.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 141-153
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  • 18
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-15
    Description: Prediction techniques are discussed for the cycle life of nickel cadmium space cells. Equations and graphs which incorporate such parameters as temperature and recharge are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 173-179
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  • 19
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-15
    Description: A brief discussion on the accelerated testing of batteries is given. The statistical analysis and the various aspects of the modeling that was done and the results attained from the model are also briefly discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 137-140
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  • 20
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-14
    Description: The orbit data for the Intelsat 4 spacecraft is described. The performance and characteristics of the battery used for this spacecraft are discussed. Graphs are presented which relate battery voltage to various eclipse seasons.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 89-107
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2006-06-14
    Description: The OSO-1 represents a recent vintage satellite, or more recent design satellite. A summary of the battery design used on OSO-1 is presented. The temperature effects on voltage and charging-discharging of the battery system are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 43-54
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  • 22
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-14
    Description: Atmospheric Explorer (AE) is a 1971 power system design, using the heritage of the ITOS system. The system design and its operation are discussed. Problems of charging and discharging the batteries and the effects of temperature on these operations are discussed. A block diagram of the power supply electronics and some graphs related to voltage and temperature for the AE battery design are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 15-23
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  • 23
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-14
    Description: A discussion is presented which gives an overview of the research and technological areas on nickel cadmium batteries at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Some of the topics covered include: goals; failure modes and mechanisms; factors of degradation and some possible solutions; energy density; and accomplishments for FY 77 and FY 78.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 119-132
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2006-06-14
    Description: The battery was a three ampere hour nickel cadmium prismatic cell. The battery consists of 20 cells connected in series and there were two batteries per spacecraft. The battery operations (voltage and temperature) that the spacecraft sees during a normal operational day are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 69-79
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2006-06-14
    Description: The battery design of OAO-C (OAO-3) is given and consists of three-20 ampere hour 22 series connected cells in the battery. There are three batteries per spacecraft. The packaging configuration is described. The charging-discharging operations and the voltage potential of the battery system are discussed. Graphs are presented for the voltage limits (battery voltage versus temperature) and end of dark voltages (battery voltage versus ampere-hours discharged) of the battery system used on OAO-3. Data tables are also presented which give a summary of the battery performance and a comparison of OAO-3 with OAO A-2.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 55-79
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  • 26
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: Progress of four contractors in producing standard 20 AH nickel-cadmium cells meeting a capacity requirement of 24 + or - 2 AH and an envelope requirement listed in NASA/GSFC specification S-711-17 is reported. Among the requirements were 10 burn in cycles 24 C, 0 C, and 35 C capacity tests, charge efficiency tests and precharge verification tests.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 431-435
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  • 27
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: Solar array power systems for the space construction base are discussed. Nickel cadmium and nickel hydrogen batteries are equally attractive relative to regenerative fuel cell systems at 5 years life. Further evaluation of energy storage system life (low orbit conditions) is required. Shuttle and solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell technology appears adequate; large units (approximately four times shuttle) are most appropriate and should be studied for a 100 KWe SCB system. A conservative NiH2 battery DOD (18.6%) was elected due to lack of test data and offers considerable improvement potential. Multiorbit load averaging and reserve capacity requirements limit nominal DOD to 30% to 50% maximum, independent of life considerations.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 451-461
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  • 28
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: The graphite epoxy cell case and header developed as a means of weight reduction are discussed. Aspects considered include gas permeability, KOH compatibility, pressure and structural dynamic integrity, fiber orientation, fabrication process, cover-to-case sealing, terminal installation and sealing, reproducibility, exposure to the extractable materials that might influence the electrochemical portion of the cell, and electrical conductivity between the terminals.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 419-427
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2006-06-14
    Description: A summary of the ATS battery design which is onboard the Applications Technology Satellite (ATS) is provided. The 15 ampere hour nickel cadmium cells were manufactured by Gulton, 19 series connected cells per battery, and there are two batteries in each spacecraft. The operating design life was two years in a synchronous orbit, and a maximum depth of discharge of 50 percent. The design temperature for the batteries in the spacecraft was 0 to 25 C, and the charge control consisted of 1 volt versus temperature on a constant percentage voltage. Also, C/10 current limit, and a commandable trickle charge rate, using C/20 or C/60. The undervoltage was sent across a 9 cell and a 10 cell group, and it was set at one volt average per group on either group.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 81-87
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  • 30
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-14
    Description: The operation and systems design of a nickel cadmium battery system used on the Nimbus and LANDSAT satellites are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the charging-discharging operation of the battery system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 25-42
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  • 31
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: Three 18 AH Li-CF batteries with a polypropylene separator and using dimethyl sulfite in Li as F6 for the electrolyte will be placed in each shuttle solid rocket booster for range safety and frustrum location aid. Mechanical vibration, acceleration, random and design vibration, and discharge evaluation tests are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 581-589
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  • 32
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: Three lithium SO2 cells, two lithium CF cells, and a vinyl chloride cell, all with crimped seals, and all strictly experimental, were independently discharged on resistors. Three temperatures were used and several different storage temperatures. Discharge rate generally on the nominal discharges were 0.1 amp, 0.5 amp, and 1 amp. Tests results show that the crimp seals are inadequate, especially for the SO2 cells. Normal discharges present no hazards. All cells discharge to zero. The problem of lithium cell explosions, such as occurred during off-limits testing, is discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 557-567
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  • 33
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: The long duration exposure facility mission places temperature requirements of from -30 F to +150 F on the batteries to be used. A hermetically sealed lithium sulfur dioxide cell was tested to predict what the temperature of the battery would be over a given spectrum of temperatures of operation. Near the end of cell discharge, as the voltage started collapsing, a very high heat output rise due to chemical reaction took place. However, if the cells were thermally insulated, they vented, ignited, and burned if an attempt was made to discharge them all the way. The cells do not go into reversal. It was determined that the root of the problem was probably the chemical reaction between the lithium and the acetonitrite solvent. A redesigned cell is discussed as well as some alternates.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 565-580
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  • 34
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: Experiences with batteries for the Apollo Soyuz Test Project are related and the need for safety criteria for space shuttle orbiter and payload battery handling and design is assessed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 545-556
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  • 35
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: Because of the disintegration of LaNi5 as the lattice expands on absorbing hydrogen, a nickel hydrogen cell similar to a nickel cadmium cell was designed. The positive electrode is wrapped in a microporous separator and the leads are insulated. A negative conducting grid is inserted and welded to the top of the can into an open ended container which is then turned upside down and filled so that LiNa5 powder occupies all the space not used by the rest of the components. The bottom of the can is then welded on. A fill tube is located either on the bottom or on the top of the can. When welded shut, the cell is put into a pressure bomb and the lanthanum nickel is activated at about 1,000 pounds of hydrogen. Electrolytes are added to the cell as well as whatever amount of hydrogen precharge desired, and the cell is sealed. Advantages and disadvantages of the cell are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 533-543
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  • 36
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: Values for the capacity loss with time, naturally on open circuit stand, and information regarding the minimum amount of circuit charge needed to keep the cell charged can be determined from the self-discharge behavior of nickel hydrogen cells. Furthermore, the rate of reaction between hydrogen and a charged nickel electrode is also open for nickel cadmium batteries. In a nickel hydrogen cell, the hydrogen is stored as pressurized gas and the cell stack with the charge that is oxidized nickel-hydroxide electrode is in direct contact with the hydrogen. Therefore, the rate of reaction can be measured easily and precisely by monitoring the charge, the change in hydrogen pressure with time. Measures made on twelve 15 ampere hour nickel hydrogen cells of different stack configurations built for COMSAT are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 525-531
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  • 37
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: Design criteria are discussed for a hermetic seal capable of withstanding the 450 C operating temperature of a lithium-metal sulfide battery system. A mechanical seal consisting of two high strength alloy metal sleeves welded or brazed to a conductor assembly and pressed onto a ceramic is described. The conductor center passes through the ceramic but is not sealed to it. The seal is effected on the outside of the taper where the tubular part is pressed down over and makes contact.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 355-360
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: The spectral thermal optimization of solar cell configurations for various solar panel applications is considered. The method of optimization depends upon varying the solar cell configuration's optical characteristics to minimize panel temperatures, maximize power output and decrease the power delta from beginning of life to end of life. Four areas of primary investigation are: (1) testing and evaluation of ultraviolet resistant coverslide adhesives, primarily FEP as an adhesive; (2) examination of solar cell absolute spectral response and corresponding cell manufacturing processes that affect it; (3) experimental work with solar cell manufacturing processes that vary cell reflectance (solar absorptance); and (4) experimental and theoretical studies with various coverslide filter designs, mainly a red rejection filter. The Hughes' solar array prediction program has been modified to aid in evaluating the effect of each of the above four areas on the output of a solar panel in orbit.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage; p 127-132
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Normal isotopic silicon contains 3.05% of Si-30 which transmutes to P-31 after thermal neutron absorption, with a half-life of 2.6 hours. This reaction is used to introduce extremely uniform concentrations of phosphorus into silicon, thus eliminating the areal and spatial inhomogeneities characteristic of chemical doping. Annealing of the lattice damage in the irradiated silicon does not alter the uniformity of dopant distribution. Transmutation doping also makes it possible to introduce phosphorus into polycrystalline silicon without segregation of the dopant at the grain boundaries. The use of neutron transmutation doped (NTD) silicon in solar cell research and development is discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage; p 109-116
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  • 40
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: A novel cover slide is reported which increases solar cell output by reducing the reflection of light from the cover slide surface and by redirecting incident light so that none falls on the collection grids of the cell. The new cover slide is fabricated with a sawtooth surface having a periodicity equal to that of the solar cell grids. This configuration refracts the light so that it is directed onto the semiconductor surface between the grid lines. Conventional grid patterns obstruct 7-10 percent of the light incident on the cell; at least half of this loss has been recovered by using the sawtooth cover slide. In addition, surface reflection from the conventional coated cover slide is suppressed by presenting a second surface to any light reflected at the first plane of contact. This double reflection results in a greater reduction of the reflection loss from the cover slide than does an antireflection coating on a flat surface.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage; p 95-98
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Increased solar cell efficiencies are attained by reduction of surface recombination and variation of impurity concentration profiles at the n(+) surface of silicon solar cells. Diagnostic techniques are employed to evaluate the effects of specific materials preparation methodologies on surface and near surface concentrations. It is demonstrated that the MOS C-V method, when combined with a bulk measurement technique, yields more complete concentration data than are obtainable by either method alone. Specifically, new solar cell MOS C-V measurements are combined with bulk concentrations obtained by a successive layer removal technique utilizing measurements of sheet resistivity and Hall coefficient.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage; p 69-79
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Quantitative analysis of the electron beam-induced current and the dependence of the effective diffusion length of the minority carriers on the penetration depth of the electron beam were employed for the analysis of the carrier recombination characteristics in heavily doped silicon layers. The analysis is based on the concept of the effective excitation strength of the carriers which takes into consideration all possible recombination sources. Two dimensional mapping of the surface recombination velocity of P-diffused Si layers will be presented together with a three dimensional mapping of minority carrier lifetime in ion implanted Si. Layers heavily doped with As exhibit improved recombination characteristics as compared to those of the layers doped with P.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage; p 59-68
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Silicon and gallium arsenide solar cell developments are reviewed. The rationale for these efforts are cited showing the reasons for placing emphasis on survivability as well as high conversion efficiency.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage; p 25-31
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: One potential means of improving the efficiency of solar cells especially after space irradiation is to incorporate built-in fields into the device through the use of impurity doping gradients. A detailed numerical calculation of solar cell performance has been used to study various types of doping gradients. In general, the predicted improvements in performance have been less than previously reported due to various device effects such as, high injection and the dependence of lifetime on doping density.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage; p 33-50
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Low cost solar cells and arrays with high end-of-life efficiency are evaluated through two approaches: one, to obtain increased device efficiency at no increase in cost and two, to reduce the manufacturing costs of space solar cells and arrays. Technology efforts encompass high efficiency epitaxial cells, high efficiency wraparound contact solar cells, economical diffusion sources, automated cell fabrication and development of easily applied, durable cover glasses. The examination of ion-implanted profile tailored junctions and additional development of screen printed contact technology to cell development are also considered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage; p 3-6
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: The relative merits of pressure increment and partial derivative formulations of the ozone inversion problem are discussed briefly. The height range of validity of the retrieved ozone profile and the effects of adding wavelengths to or of dropping wave-length from the inversion system are indicated. Illustrative results are presented for profiles retrieved from BUV data using Backus-Gilbert, minimum information (Twomey), and quasi-optimum procedures.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 577-597
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Laboratory tests and flight experiments showed that solar cells can be produced in quantity, that they are suitable for space flight applications, and that the power produced ranged from 20 to 35% more than that of conventional cells. In a benign flight environment, the cells degraded at approximately the same rate as conventional cells. In synchronous orbit, the rate exceeded that of conventional cells, but high efficiency cells still showed significant power advantage after two years. Irradiation test results showed the voltage-temperature coefficients to be comparable to conventional cells. However, current-temperature coefficients were not only higher initially, but also increased significantly with irradiation. Although thin cells with good performance characteristics were made, significant problem areas pertinent to production were disclosed, particularly for cells with thickness of 0.100 mm or less. The overall program led to the use of advanced high efficiency cells on the International Sun-Earth Explorer solar panels.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage; p 7-23
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: The inversions of multi-channel solar extinction measurements have been analyzed for the 0.35-1.0 micron wavelength region to retrieve stratospheric aerosol and ozone vertical profiles using both the constrained linear inversion scheme and the iterative scheme. The inversions of the multi-wavelength solar extinction data obtained from spacecraft have been analyzed based on the inversion of computer simulated data using various atmospheric models with differing amounts of aerosol and ozone in the stratosphere. The sensitivities of the inversion schemes to different experimental errors are discussed in terms of accuracy and resolution of the retrieved profiles.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 505-527
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Polarization properties of the angularly scattered laser light from a volume of air are used to determine the size distribution of the aerosol particles within the volume by the use of appropriate inversion techniques. Similar techniques are employed to determine a mean size distribution of the particulates within a vertical column through the atmosphere from determinations of the aerosol optical depth as a function of wavelength. In both of these examples, a modification of an inversion technique originally described by Twomey has been employed. Details of this method are presented as well as results from actual measurements employing bistatic lidar and solar radiometer.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 469-503
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Surface-based observations of downwelling microwave thermal emission are related to temperature and humidity profiles via a standard integral equation of radiative transfer. Both in clear and in cloudy atmospheres, statistical inversion techniques are used to retrieve profiles from a data vector of brightness observations and surface meteorological constraints. For the clear case, accuracy predictions and profile retrievals are illustrated for: (1) single frequency angular scanned data; (2) multi-frequency angular scanned data; and (3) multi-frequency zenith data. For the last case predicted and achieved accuracies were compared in a recently conducted radiometric experiment. Retrievals of cloud contaminated radiometric data are elaborated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 395-427
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Linear numerical inversion methods applied to atmospheric remote sounding generally can be categorized in two ways: (1) iterative, and (2) inverse matrix methods. However, these two categories are not unrelated; a duality exists between them. In other words, given an iterative scheme, a corresponding inverse matrix method exists, and conversely. This duality concept is developed for the more familiar linear methods. The iterative duals are compared with the classical linear iterative approaches and their differences analyzed. The importance of the initial profile in all methods is stressed. Calculations using simulated data are made to compare accuracies and to examine the dependence of the solution on the initial profile.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 325-360
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: An analytic model approach is applied to several simple atmospheric inversion problems. This method gives a sharp determination of aerosol size distribution parameters. It is shown that this analytic approach, together with ground level point sampling data measurements, can be used to infer information on the tropospheric ozone profile.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 297-324
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Limb emission measurements are characterized by sharp weighting functions at high altitudes, and for temperature determinations, strongly nonlinear dependence of the weighting function on the temperature. Several methods for inverting this type of measurement have been described and used, including iterative, statistical, nonlinear and approximate direct approaches. These approaches are described and advantages and disadvantages of each are outlined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 195-216
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Nonlinear matrix inversion operators have been developed which, applied to observed radiances, infer maximal information regarding atmospheric scattering parameters and vertical distribution of radiant sources and sinks. The algorithm has the attractive feature of noise discrimination, attributing instrumental errors to extra-atmospheric sources.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 139-153
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: The inversion method provides a quantitative evaluation of the trade-off between vertical resolution of a retrieved profile and formal root-mean-square (rms) error due to measurement noise propagation. The problem of retrieving the top-side ozone profile from backscattered ultraviolet (BUV) measurements is considered. For measurements of the type currently being obtained with the Nimbus 4 and AE-E BUV experiments, it is found that a vertical resolution of approximately 0.75 scale height can be achieved for a formal volume mixing ratio profile error of 10%. Other examples include treatments of the retrieval of temperature profiles from measurements in the 15 micron CO2 absorption band for both the terrestrial and Martian atmospheres. Finally, the method is applied to the problem of retrieving temperature profiles of the Jovian planets from measurements in the far infrared pressure induced H2 lines to be obtained from the Mariner Jupiter/Saturn fly-by missions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 155-193
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  • 56
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Statistical methods are used to deal with the inverse problem of radiative transfer. All the available information about an unknown profile can be expressed in the form of values of functions of that profile and error estimates of these values. Estimation theory shows how these values are combined to give an estimate of the unknown profile and its error covariance. Many inversion methods are expressed in this form, although the error estimate is not usually carried out. Practical applications are described, both for inversion of individual profiles, and the global analysis of satellite data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 117-138
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Several commonly used methods for inversion--constrained linear inversion, synthesis (Backus-Gilbert) methods and nonlinear iterative techniques for the Chahine type--are discussed. It is demonstrated that a very close connection exists between Backus-Gilbert solutions and those given by constrained linear inversion. A number of examples of the application of such methods are presented, showing that resolution is not greatly different for quite different algorithms, a result quite in accord with general theoretical considerations: more resolution can be achieved at the expense of introducing greater a priori bias in the procedure.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 41-65
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: The radiative transfer in a scattering plane-parallel atmosphere is discussed, considering the exact analytical, the computational and the approximate methods. Some results of numerical comparisons are given. Finally, the difficulties of realistic atmospheric models are emphasized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 21-40
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  • 59
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Multiple scattering problems in a plane layer often permit the convenient use of different methods joined together. Sample numerical results to illustrate this point refer to X- and Y-functions, asymptotic fitting, the small-loss approximations, polarization in high orders, and photon path distribution.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 1-19
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2006-05-24
    Description: Ultraviolet damage to the new violet and non-reflective type solar cell assemblies, was studied, and potential advantages of using coverslides with no filters or filters with cut-off wavelengths below 0.35 micron were determined. The experiments consisted of three types of tests on fused silica coverslides with 0.35- and 0.30-micron cut-off filters and no cut-off filters, as well as on ceria-doped microsheet coverslides. Ultraviolet irradiation for over 1500 hours at one sun conditions (AMO) was carried out under vacuum of about 1 million torr. Nearly identical results for non-reflective type cells with 0.35-micro cut-off filters or ceria-doped coverslides were obtained. The 0.30-um filtered cell shows greater than average degradation. The unfiltered cell shows an abrupt drop in the first 20 UVSH and very little subsequent degradation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage; p 227-229
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2006-05-24
    Description: Close examination of the interaction of the energetic knock-on atoms with the local lattice environment reveals a damage mechanism which does satisfy the experimental data on proton irradiation of silicon. A proton-atom interaction with high energy transfer is considered where the proton path is delineated by a trail of ionization, and the silicon ion path is characterized by much heavier ionization terminating in a dense displacement cluster. At collision, many of the silicon electrons are stripped off, and the resulting energetic ion subsequently loses energy rapidly by Coulomb interaction with bound electrons. The rate of energy loss depends on the charge state and velocity of the knock-on ion. For ion energies in excess of 1 MeV, the intensity of ionization is sufficient to permit lattice atoms, stripped of their binding electrons, to reorient randomly before having an opportunity to recombine with electrons and re-establish the lattice. The path of a knock-on ion thus becomes a thin cylinder of amorphous material within the crystal. Amorphous silicon has a Fermi level closer to mid-band than does single crystal silicon, and a strong field therefore, results around this damaged region. The field produces a large depletion region, representing a very large capture cross section for minority carriers.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage; p 221-223
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  • 62
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-05-24
    Description: The motivation for developing GaAs solar cells is based on their superior efficiency when compared to silicon cells, their lower degradation with increasing temperature, and the expectation for better resistance to space radiation damage. The AMO efficiency of GaAs solar cells was calculated. A key consideration in the HRL technology is the production of GaAs cells of large area (greater than 4 sg cm) at a reasonable cost without sacrificing efficiency. An essential requirement for the successful fabrication of such cells is the ability to grow epitaxially a uniform layer of high quality GaAs (buffer layer) on state-of-the-art GaAs substrates, and to grow on this buffer layer the required than layer of (AlGa)As. A modified infinite melt liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) growth technique is detailed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage; p 149-157
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2006-05-24
    Description: A new double graded band-gap (DGBG) Al sub x Ga sub l-x As-Al sub z Ga sub l-z As solar cell has potential for providing high efficiency performance throughout the entire life of a solar cell in a space environment. A preliminary theoretical analysis indicates that short circuit current available from an optimized DGBG cell is slightly larger than that of a previously reported single graded band-gap cell. However, the DGBG cell potentially offers a substantial improvement in radiation resistance of the base region.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage; p 139-147
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2006-05-24
    Description: The present status of the GaAlAs/GaAs heteroface solar cell program is reported. Studies have been concentrated on GaAlAs/GaAs heteroface solar cells; however, some research has been conducted on thin junction, diffused GaAs solar cells. Emphasis has been on obtaining high efficiency (18% to 20%) GaAs solar cells. Two problems that have limited the efficiency of GaAs solar cells are the high recombination velocity of carriers near the surface and the low minority carrier diffusion length in n-GaAs.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage; p 133-138
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Determinations of tracking station locations and the gravitational constant of the earth, based on Doppler-tracking data from lunar and planetary spacecraft are presented. Two-way Doppler data obtained by the Deep Space Network of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) were used. The Deep Space Station instrumentation that JPL employed is described. How the stations were located is detailed, and the data used are discussed. Results are given together with an analysis of the errors.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 249-292
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) space research program was directed toward modeling the gravitational field of the earth from an analysis of the Doppler shifts on the transmitted frequencies of the satellites as obtained by the tracking stations. Emphasis is on the satellites involved and the methods used in accomplishing this aim.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 89-138
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Problems encountered on Skylab prompted the development of a reconditioning circuit which involves a DC to DC converter, a circuit sensing device, and the capability of switching several size reconditioners onto a circuit. Across each cell there is a full bridge rectifier. During battery discharge, if there is low cell voltage, the reconditioning systems holds that voltage up and permits discharge to continue on the system. When the cell is good, the voltage is up about one volt, the diodes are back, or reversed biased, and the current drawn out of the system is very low. The system has a standby power thrown at about one volt. As the voltage drops on a cell, the circuit strts picking up the load and helps hold the overall battery voltage up.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 305-313
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Background for the National Geodetic Satellite Program (NGSP) is presented. An historical summary of the program and its technical structure is given. The technical structure of the program is described in enough detail that the reader can relate the work of the individual contributors to each other and to the NGSP.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 3-85
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The major accomplishments of the GEOS-B, C-band systems project is assessed. The project objectives are given, namely: (1) primary objectives that must be met for project success; (2) secondary objectives that were sufficiently important to warrant serious consideration; and (3) other objectives that were important to the project and for which additional effort would be desirable. The primary objectives are presented and discussed in detail.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 487-524
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Equipment and techniques were evaluated operationally, by the Department of Defense, during the National Geodetic Satellite Program (NGSP). The theory, instrumentation, and data reduction methods used are described. Results obtained during the NGSP are given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 139-245
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  • 71
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Various steps followed in analyzing the electrolyte, separator, and electrodes are reviewed. Specific emphasis is given to scanning electron microscopic and metallographic analysis of the plates. Cadmium migration is defined, its effects and causes are examined, and methods for its reduction in cells are suggested.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 377-388
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  • 72
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: A discussion on cell reversal during flight is presented. Data tables and graphs are also presented to clarify the discussion.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 285-292
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: A mechanism which allows a cell voltage reversal in a nickel cadmium battery are discussed. The effects of reconditioning and the characteristics of Ni-Cd cells during voltage reversal at low overdischarge rates are outlined. Graphs are presented for: (1) hydrogen pressure decay-effect of state of charge (open circuit stand); (2) hydrogen pressure increase during overdischarge; (3) hydrogen pressure decay-effect of temperature (cells terminals connected through resistors); (4) cell, positive and negative electrode voltage during reversal when reconditioning a 13 cell-24-Ah battery pack through a 40 Omega resistor; (5) pressure discharge current and recombination current during voltage reversal when reconditioning a 13 cell-24-Ah battery pack through a 40 Omega resistor; (6) theoretical hydrogen gas pressure if there were no recombination; and (7) effect of hydrogen pressure on recombination rate during overcharge.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 271-283
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2006-06-15
    Description: Some real life data on the flight performance and reconditioning on the Communications Technology Satellite are presented. There are two 24-cell nominal 5 amp-hour nickel cadmium batteries on board. The two batteries are operated in parallel with isolating diodes in between and permanently connected to the housekeeping buses. The recharge can be at C over 10 or C over 20 to a 1.4 charge/discharge ratio; and recharge is terminated either when a computed 1.4 charge/discharge ratio is reached, or a charge voltage peak is reached.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 245-257
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  • 75
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-15
    Description: The long-term effects of storing batteries over a period of years prior to their use in a synchronous orbit application are discussed. A previous experiment is discussed where life testing was performed on cells after having stored the battery for a period of three years with the cell shorted and at a temperature on the order of 5-10 C. The test consisted of performing a sequence of 10 simulated eclipse seasons (equivalent in cycling of five years in synchronous orbit). Results of this test indicated very little degradation and change in the physical and chemical conditions of the cell. The program was extended for an additional year (battery was stored for four years) under the same conditions and testing. The results of the four year storage (one exception) indicate that no further change occurred that is significant from the three year test.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 219-222
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2006-06-15
    Description: An engineering evaluation of the Multimission Modular Spacecraft power supply is presented. The spacecraft has one charger with eight commandable voltage versus temperature levels. Graphs are presented which represent: (1) cell voltage limits vs. temperature; (2) charge ratio vs. temperature; (3) effect of 0.0 percent impedance unbalance at 10 C; (4) shorted cell at 10 C; and (5) discharge voltage profile at 10 C.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 197-211
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  • 77
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: A typical 625 Inconel pressure vessel, equipped with four thermocouples, has voltage taps not only for the cell, but for each of the several packs inside the container. In a two-stack design, a weld ring is used to separate the packs which, joined together, form one solid group. In the four-stack design, stacks are separated mechanically with about half inch Plexiglas and are connected through the center. Electrolytes are forced out by vacuum. The two stack design is intended for 500 psi and was pressure tested up to 1,000. The problem of electrolyte shorts is discussed and possible solutions for its correction are given.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 519-524
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  • 78
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: A brief history of the SATCOM satellites is given. Cell design and battery operating characteristics are outlined and discussed. Graphs are presented comparing reconditioning parameters such as voltage, temperature, time and discharge.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 293-304
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  • 79
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: Periodic capacity checks are assessed as well as the effects of periodic discharges on the cycle life and the performance of cells during the cycle life. Topics discussed include the effect of the amount of electrolyte on cell capacity at 35 C; battery design for spacecraft; electrolyte starvation theory; battery separator degradation; negative electrode stability; voltage regulation; operating temperatures; and integration of reconditioning systems using microprocessors.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 315-343
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  • 80
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: Results of cyclic tests on seven 3-cell 100 A-H nickel cadmium batteries on 1.5 hr cycles are presented. The failure of the nylon and polypropylene separators was not analyzed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 475-478
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  • 81
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: The capabilities of photovoltaic, nuclear reactor, and solar thermal systems are assessed for the space construction base. Topics covered include Brayton conversion, thermionic conversion, and thermo-electric conversion. The effectiveness of nickel cadmium and nickel hydrogen batteries are discussed as well as that of regenerative fuel cells. The verification of long cycle life for nickel hydrogen systems is recommended.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 463-474
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  • 82
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: Batteries designed for the defense satellite communications system were modified to meet increased power requirements. A stainless steel case for the cell, approximately 4 inches wide, 4 1/2 inches high and 1 inch thick, with a weld down a narrow edge, has 12 mil 304-L stainless steel side walls and a 19 mil 304-L stainless bottom. A dip-brazed 60-61 aluminum retainer is electrically separated from the steel case by 15 mils of potting compound. The thickness of the compound varies from 10 to 20 mils, except at the bottom, where it is 20 to 30 mils thick. Pressure test results are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 409-417
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  • 83
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: The thickness, moisture content, exchange capacity, tensile strength, diffusion characteristics, stability, and electrical properties are discussed for the 2291 radiation-grafted separator used in military vented nickel cadmium aircraft batteries. A regression analysis of separator resistance as a function of temperature and KOH concentration is included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 399-408
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  • 84
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The reported discussion is concerned with longitudinal waves associated with electron motions. These waves are easily stimulated in the ionosphere by rocket- and satellite-borne RF sounders. Most of the observations of stimulated plasma waves in the ionosphere are based on ionograms obtained from the sounders carried on board five satellites, including Explorer 20, Alouette 1 and 2, and ISIS 1 and 2. The majority of the observations can be explained by considering the propagation of the sounder-stimulated plasma waves. Attention is given to aspects of plasma wave dispersion, linear phenomena, plasma wave instabilities and nonlinear phenomena, unexplained phenomena, diagnostic applications, geophysical and astrophysical applications, and a number of experiments planned for the future.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Science; 12; Nov
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Rocks from an ophiolite suite once on the seafloor were analyzed for rare earth elements (REE), Sc, Co, Na2O, Cr, Zn and FeO. Strontium isotope exchange noted in some of the lavas is attributed to basalt-seawater interaction; the Ce abundance in smectite- and zeolite-bearing lavas may also be due to prolonged exposure to seawater. The higher grades of metamorphic rock, however, show no variation from the usual flat or slightly light REE depleted profiles. Plutonic igneous rock, all light REE depleted, have total REE abundances varying by a factor of 100 between the dunites and diorites. In order of decreasing REE abundance are hornblende, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, orthopyroxene and olivine. Calculations of REE contents of liquids in equilibrium with early cumulative clinopyroxenes suggest that the parent to the stratiform sequence was more depleted in light REE than the parent to the lava pile.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 41; Oct. 197
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  • 86
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In a computer simulation study of earthquakes a seismically active strike slip fault is represented by coupled mechanical blocks which are driven by a moving plate and which slide on a friction surface. Elastic forces and time independent friction are used to generate main shock events, while viscoelastic forces and time dependent friction add aftershock features. The study reveals that the size, length, and time and place of event occurrence are strongly influenced by the magnitude and degree of homogeneity in the elastic, viscous, and friction parameters of the fault region. For example, periodically reoccurring similar events are observed in simulations with near-homogeneous parameters along the fault, whereas seismic gaps are a common feature of simulations employing large variations in the fault parameters. The study also reveals correlations between strain energy release and fault length and average displacement and between main shock and aftershock displacements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Sept. 10
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The 1976 U.S. Standard Atmosphere, representing a mid-latitude atmosphere for moderate solar activity, is compared to earlier standards. For heights of 51 km and below, this standard is identical with its immediate predecessor, the 1962 U.S. Standard Atmosphere. When the density-height profile of each of five earlier model atmospheres is compared with that of the 1976 standard, an oscillation of this parameter around the currently accepted average value is observed, which is partly the result of true density changes related to the 11-year cycle of solar activity and partly the result of earlier uncertainties. The development of knowledge is also elucidated by comparing the temperature-height profiles of each of the important standards used during the preceding century. Number densities of each of six atmospheric species computed for the 1976 U.S. standard are compared over the height region of 0 to 1000 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 15; Aug. 197
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Measurements of neutral nitrogen density from mass spectrometers on five satellites (AE-B, Ogo 6, San Marco 3, Aeros A, and AE-C) and neutral temperatures inferred from incoherent scatter measurements at four ground stations are combined to produce a model of thermospheric neutral temperatures and nitrogen densities similar to the Ogo 6 empirical model (Hedin et al., 1974). This global model is designated MSIS (mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter). The global average temperature, the annual temperature variation, lower bound density, and lower bound temperature are discussed. The data set covers the time period from the end of 1965 to mid-1975 and also a wide range of solar activities. Diurnal and semidiurnal variations in lower bound density and temperature are considered, as is magnetic activity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; June 1
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Turbulence in planetary atmospheres and ionospheres causes changes in angles of refraction of radio waves used in occultation experiments. Atmospheric temperature and pressure profiles, and ionospheric electron concentration profiles, derived from radio occultation measurements of Doppler frequency contain errors due to such angular offsets. The lowest-order average errors are derived from a geometrical-optics treatment of the radio-wave phase advance caused by the addition of uniform turbulence to an initially homogeneous medium. It is concluded that the average profile errors are small and that precise Doppler frequency measurements at two or more wavelengths could be used to help determine characteristics of the turbulence, as well as accuracy limits and possible correction terms for the profiles. However, a more detailed study of both frequency and intensity characteristics in radio and optical occultation measurements of turbulent planetary atmospheres and ionospheres is required to realize the full potential of such measurements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 214
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Until recently, the majority of work in geothermal energy development has been devoted to technical considerations of resource identification and extraction technologies. The increasing interest in exploiting the variety of geothermal resources has prompted an examination of the institutional barriers to their introduction for commercial use. A significant effort was undertaken by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory as a part of a national study to identify existing constraints to geothermal development and possible remedial actions. These aspects included legislative and legal parameters plus environmental, social, and economic considerations.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Nuclear Technology; 34; June 197
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Rocket observations of the lower ionosphere in the winter of 1971 at two locations show differences of electron density which are attributed to enhancements of nitric oxide and energetic electron fluxes precipitated into the mesosphere during the poststorm phase of a geomagnetic storm. Electron density distributions were observed above Wallops Island, Virginia, and Keweenaw, Michigan, larger values occurring at Keweenaw. Energetic electron fluxes were greater at Keweenaw (L = 3.9) than at Wallops Island (L = 2.5). While particle ionization was the dominant factor in establishing the electron density during one measurement at Keweenaw, particles were not present two days earlier, even though the electron density distribution was significantly larger than that observed at Wallops Island on both occasions. An accompanying ion composition profile measured at Keweenaw during the earlier flight showed NO(+) to be the dominant ion to 76 km, where the concentration of hydrated ions H3O(+).(H2O)n, exceeded that of NO(+).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; May 1
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  • 92
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Studies of the earth's magnetosphere have indicated that a large-scale electric field E plays a central role in its electrodynamics and in the flow and acceleration of charged particles there; while many observations relevant to E have accumulated, quite a few basic problems involving the origin and structure of this field remain unsolved. The ultimate source of E is presumably the flow of the solar wind past the earth, but the mechanism by which E arises is still unclear, and several independent sources may contribute to it, some of them being of a rather transient nature. This review attempts to sum up the main observed facts and theoretical concepts related to E.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 15; May 1977
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A simple semiquantitative model is presented which allows analytic solutions of tidal and planetary wave propagation at thermospheric heights. This model is based on perturbation approximation and mode separation. The effects of viscosity and heat conduction are parameterized by Rayleigh friction and Newtonian cooling. Because of this simplicity, one gains a clear physical insight into basic features of atmospheric wave propagation. In particular, we discuss the meridional structures of pressure and horizontal wind (the solutions of Laplace's equation) and their modification due to dissipative effects at thermospheric heights. Furthermore, we solve the equations governing the height structure of the wave modes and arrive at a very simple asymptotic solution valid in the upper part of the thermosphere. That 'system transfer function' of the thermosphere allows one to estimate immediately the reaction of the thermospheric wave mode parameters such as pressure, temperature, and winds to an external heat source of arbitrary temporal and spatial distribution. Finally, the diffusion effects of the minor constituents due to the global wind circulation are discussed, and some results of numerical calculations are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 15; May 1977
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In situ measurements of variational electric fields at low latitudes, taken by OGO 6 satellite instruments, are analyzed. The observations are compared with other data on F region and spread-F structures. Conformity of the electric field fluctuations with the overall picture of low-latitude irregularities is examined empirically and theoretically, and candidate processes for generation of the observed irregularities are considered. Three distinct types of irregularities are delineated and compared.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 39; Mar. 197
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  • 95
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Practical applications of NASA space systems, science, and technology to the study of oceans and solid earth are discussed. Goals involving earth dynamics include earthquake hazard assessment and alleviation, and global surveying and mapping, while goals involving ocean dynamics include the determination of ocean currents and circulation, and the monitoring of ocean surface conditions. Satellites used to obtain data are described, and projects such as the study of open ocean tides and earth motion determination are reviewed, with consideration given to the techniques (e.g., laser ranging, satellite-to-satellite track) used in these studies. Several physical phenomena, the extent to which they presently can be measured, and possible future requirements for more accurate measurements are examined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper discusses techniques available for measuring polar motion, earth rotation and earth tides with laser tracking of satellites. In a discussion of future prospects, it is noted that when the Laser Geodynamics Satellite is launched, a network of laser stations is projected to be able to achieve better than 10 cm from each coordinate from less than one day of tracking.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two satellite-to-satellite tracking (sst) tests are described in detail: (1) the ATS-6/Geos-3 and (2) the ATS-6/Apollo-Soyuz experiment. The main purpose of these two experiments was to track via ATS-6 the Geos-3, as well as the Apollo-Soyuz and to use these tracking data to determine both of the orbits at the same time, each of the orbits alone, and to test the two sst links to study local gravity anomalies. A second purpose was to test communications, command and data transmission from the ground via ATS-6 to these spacecraft and back again to the ground.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reports the apparent generation of pulsating aurora by explosive releases of barium vapor near 250 km altitude. This effect occurred only when the explosions were in the path of precipitating electrons associated with the visible aurora. Each explosive charge was a standard 1.5 kg thermite mixture of Ba and CuO with an excess of Ba metal which was vaporized and dispersed by the thermite explosion. Traces of Sr, Na, and Li were added to some of the charges, and monitoring was achieved by ground-based spectrophotometric observations. On March 28, 1976, an increase in emission at 5577 A and at 4278 A was observed in association with the first two bursts, these emissions pulsating with roughly a 10 sec period for approximately 60 to 100 sec after the burst.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 267; May 12
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The development and application of a variable composition solar cell computer analysis program is discussed. The basic device equations are derived and results of the computer analysis of several Al(x)Ga(1-x)As and GaAs(1-x)P(x) solar cell structures are presented along with a discussion of the effects of interface states and various composition and doping profiles on maximum solar cell efficiency. Interface states are found to be responsible for a severe reduction in the efficiency of GaAs(1-x)P(x) cells, but do not significantly affect the behavior of Al(x)Ga(1-x)As cells. The depth of the p-n junction below the wide bandgap window layer is a critical factor in determining the loss of minority carriers to interface recombination at the heterojunction.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices; ED-24; Apr. 197
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  • 100
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The vertical profile of the horizontal wind in a strong equatorial electrojet is distinctly different from profiles observed previously at other times and locations. The zonal wind speed is small and varies slowly with altitude, whereas the meridional component manifests a cross-equatorial oscillation with altitude which may result from a unique interaction of the ionized and neutral motions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 39; Feb. 197
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