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  • Springer  (56,023)
  • Institute of Physics  (33,151)
  • Taylor & Francis  (3,218)
  • 2020-2020
  • 2005-2009  (83,681)
  • 1950-1954  (8,711)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1940-1944
  • 2009  (83,681)
  • 1952  (8,711)
Collection
Years
  • 2020-2020
  • 2005-2009  (83,681)
  • 1950-1954  (8,711)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1940-1944
Year
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2020-11-17
    Description: An efficient procedure is proposed in order to define realistic lower limits of velocity errors of a non-permanent GPS station (NPS), i.e. a station where the antenna is installed and operates for short time periods, typically 10-20 days per year. Moreover, the proposed method is aimed at being independent from the standard GPS data processing. The key is to appropriately subsample the coordinate time series of several continuous GPS stations (CGPSs) situated nearby or inside the considered NPS network, in order to simulate the NPS behavior and to estimate the velocity errors associated with the subsampling procedure. The obtained data are therefore used as lower limits to accept or correct the error estimates provided by standard data processing. The proposed approach is applied to data from the dense non-permanent network in the Central Apennine of Italy based on a sequence of solutions for the overlapping time spans 1999-2003, 1999-2004, 1999-2005 and 1999-2007. Both the original and error-corrected velocity patterns are used to compute the strain rate fields. The comparison between the corresponding results reveals large differences that could lead to divergent interpretations about the kinematics of the study area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 249–261
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Non-permanent GPS Stations ; Velocity Field ; Strain Rate ; Survey Optimization; ; Solution Sequence ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2020-12-23
    Description: In July 1998, an Mw = 6.2 earthquake struck the islands of Faial, Pico and San Jorge (in the Azores Archipelago), registering VIII on the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale and causing major destruction in the northeastern part of Faial. The main shock was located offshore, 8 km North East of the island, and it triggered a seismic sequence that lasted for several weeks. The existing data for this earthquake include both the general tectonic environment of the region and the teleseismic information. This is accompanied by one strong-motion record obtained 15 km from the epicentre, the epicentre location of aftershocks, and a large collection of the damage inflicted to the building stock (as poor rubble masonry, of 2-3 storeys). The present study was carried out in two steps: first, with a finite-fault stochastic simulation method of ground motion at sites throughout the affected islands, for two possible locations of the rupturing fault and for a large number of combinations of rupture mechanisms (as a parametric analysis); secondly, the damage to buildings was modelled using a well-known macroseismic method that considers the building typologies and their associated vulnerabilities. The main intent was to integrate different data (geological, seismological and building features) to produce a scenario model to reproduce and justify the level of damage generated during the Faial earthquake. Finally, through validation of the results provided by these different approaches, we obtained a complete procedure for the parameters of a first model for the production of seismic damage scenarios for the Azores Islands region.
    Description: Published
    Description: 361–381
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Stochastic finite-fault scenarios ; Building damage assessment ; 9th July Faial earthquake ; Azores Islands ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: The aim of this study was to investigate the microbial community thriving at two shallow hydrothermal vents off Panarea Island (Italy). Physico-chemical characteristics of thermal waters were examined in order to establish the effect of the vents on biodiversity of both Bacteria and Archaea. Water and adjacent sediment samples were collected at different times from two vents, characterised by different depth and temperature, and analysed to evaluate total microbial abundances, sulphuroxidising and thermophilic aerobic bacteria. Total microbial abundances were on average of the order of 105 cells ml-1, expressed as picoplanktonic size fraction. Picophytoplanktonic cells accounted for 0.77–3.83% of the total picoplanktonic cells. The contribution of bacterial and archaeal taxa to prokaryotic community diversity was investigated by PCR–DGGE fingerprinting method. The number of bands derived from bacterial DNA was highest in the DGGE profiles of water sample from the warmest and deepest site (site 2). In contrast, archaeal richness was highest in the water of the coldest and shallowest site (site 1). Sulphur-oxidising bacteria were detected by both culture- dependent and -independent methods. The primary production at the shallow hydrothermal system of Panarea is supported by a complex microbial community composed by phototrophs and chemolithotrophs.
    Description: Published
    Description: 199-212
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: hydrothermal vents ; bacteria ; geochemistry ; fluids ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.01. Air/water/earth interactions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2020-11-16
    Description: Geological, geophysical and geotechnical investigations, for the characterization of the strong-motion recording sitesmanaged by the ItalianCivil Protection, have been carried out in the framework of the project “Italian strong-motion database in the period 1972–2004”. The project aimed at creating an updated database of strong-motion data acquired in Italy by different institutions in the time span 1972–2004, and at improving the quality of disseminated data. This article illustrates the state of the recording site characterization before the beginning of the project, explains the criteria adopted to select the sites where geophysical/ geotechnical investigation have been performed and describes the results of the promoted field surveys.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1189–1207
    Description: 4IT. Banche dati
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: site ; characterization ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The objective of the COST296 Action MIERS (Mitigation of Ionospheric Effects on Radio Systems) is to develop an increased knowledge of the effects imposed by the ionosphere on practical radio systems, and for the development and implementation of techniques to mitigate the deleterious effects of the ionosphere on such systems (http://www.cost296.rl.ac.uk). The COST296 Community contributes to the international efforts of IHY with scientific and outreach activities as well. After the realization of a web site hosted by Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), developed also to promote the ionospheric physics to the open public, the COST296 Community supported an initiative addressed to the pupils of the primary school of several European Countries: the realization of a school-calendar dedicated to the Sun and to the Sun-Earth connections.
    Description: Published
    Description: 63-67
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: 5.9. Formazione e informazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: E/PO ; Space weather ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.01. Solar-terrestrial interaction
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The complex geochemical interactions in the groundwater of the industrial area of S ˇ alek Valley (Slovenia) between natural and anthropogenic fluids were studied by means of major (Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3 -, Cl- and SO4 2-) and trace elements’ (As , Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg, Se and V) abundances, geochemical classification and statistical analysis of data. Cation abundances indicate mixing between a dolomitic end-member and an evaporitic or geothermal end-member. Anion abundances indicate mixing between bicarbonate waters and either sulphateenriched waters (suggesting hydrothermalism) or chlorinerich waters. Principal component analysis (PCA) allowed the extraction of seven factors, which describe, respectively: water–rock interaction mainly on dolomitic rocks; redox conditions of water; Cd–Zn enrichment in chlorinerich waters (probably from industrial wastes); hydrothermal conditions in waters close to major faults; Pb and Cu pollution; V and K enrichments, indicating their common organic source; the role of partial pressure of CO2 dissolved in water, which is highest in three wells with bubbling gases. Average underground discharge rates of solutes from the Valley range between 0.09 t/a (V) and 1.8 9 104 t/a (HCO3 -) and indicate how natural fluids can significantly contribute to the levels of elements in the environment, in addition to the amount of elements released by human activities.
    Description: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Italy and Ministry of Superior Instruction, Science and Technology of Slovenia. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo
    Description: Published
    Description: 75-89
    Description: 4.4. Scenari e mitigazione del rischio ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: groundwater ; Slovenia ; geothermal systems ; Principal Component Analysis ; pollution ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.03. Chemistry of waters
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The Italian strong-motion database was created during a joint project between Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV, Italian Institute for Geophysics and Vulcanology) and Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (DPC, Italian Civil Protection). The aim of the project was the collection, homogenization and distribution of strong motion data acquired in Italy in the period 1972-2004 by different institutions, namely Ente Nazionale per l’Energia Elettrica (ENEL, Italian electricity company), Ente per le Nuove tecnologie, l’Energia e l’Ambiente (ENEA, Italian energy and environment organization) and DPC. Recently the strong-motion data relative to the 23th December 2009, Parma (Mw=5.4 and Mw=4.9) and to the 2009 L’Aquila sequence (13 earthquakes with 4.1Mw6.3) were included in the ITACA database (beta release). The database contains 7038 waveforms from analog and digital instruments, generated by 1019 earthquakes with magnitude up to 6.9 and can be accessed on-line at the web site http://itaca.mi.ingv.it. The strong motion data are provided in the unprocessed and processed versions. This article describes the steps followed to process the acceleration time series recorded by analogue and digital instruments. The procedures implemented involve: baseline removal, instrumental correction, band pass filtering with acausal filters, integration of the corrected acceleration in order to obtain velocity and displacement waveforms, computation of acceleration response spectra and strong motion parameters. This procedure is applied to each accelerogram, is realised to preserve the low frequency content of the records.
    Description: In press
    Description: 5.2. TTC - Banche dati di sismologia strumentale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: strong-motion ; processing ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In the Rocca Busambra area (mid-west Sicily, Italy), from November 1999 to July 2002, 23 water points including wells and springs were sampled and studied for their chemical and isotopic compositions. Two rain gauges were also installed at different altitudes, and rainwater was collected monthly to determine the isotopic composition. The obtained results revealed the Rocca Busambra carbonate complex as being the main recharge area on account of its high permeability value. From a chemical view point, two main groups of water can be distinguished: calcium– magnesium–bicarbonate-type and calcium–magnesium– chloride–sulphate-type waters. The first group reflects the dissolution of the carbonate rocks; the second group probably originates from circulation within flyschoid sediments. Three water wells differ from the other samples due to their relatively high Na and K content, which probably is to be referred to a marked interaction with the ‘‘Calcareniti di Corleone’’ formation, which is rich in glauconite [(K, Na)(Fe3+, Al, Mg)2(Si, Al)4O10(OH)2]. In accordance with WHO guidelines for drinking water (2004), almost all the samples collected can be considered drinkable, with the exception of four of them, whose NO3 -, F- and Na+ contents exceed the limits. On the contrary, the sampled groundwater studied is basically suitable for irrigation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 885-898
    Description: 2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Water quality ; Environmental isotopes ; Geochemistry ; Sicily ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.01. Analytical and numerical modeling
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Volcanic and geothermal areas are one of the major natural sources of H2S to the atmosphere. Its environmental impact is often the main cause of the opposition to the development of geothermal energy exploitation programs. In this paper we analyze the air concentrations and dispersion pattern of naturally emitted H2S at the geothermal area of Sousaki (Corinthia, Greece). Measurements, made with a network of passive samplers, evidence a rapid decrease of concentration values away from the emission points. The fact that the decrease is more pronounced in the summer with respect to the winter indicates that it is not only due to a dilution effect, but also to redox reactions favoured by higher temperatures and intense sunlight typical of the summer period.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1723-1728
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Hydrogen sulphide ; Environmental impact of volcanic activity ; Gas hazard ; Passive samplers ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.03. Pollution ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A revised Italian strong motion archive has become available since July 2007, including all the records of the strongest events occurred from 1972 to 2004. It contains the uncorrected and corrected accelerograms and the metadata relevant to seismic events, recording stations and instruments added after a careful revision. The availability of this archive allowed us to perform a first step towards an update of the reference ground motion prediction equations for Italy, which were evaluated by Sabetta and Pugliese in (Bull Seismol Soc Am 77:1491–1513, 1987), for peak ground acceleration and velocity, and subsequently extended to the 5% damped pseudovelocity response spectra in 1996. A subset with the 27 major earthquakes occurred in Italy from 1972 to 2002, in the magnitude range 4.6–6.9, was extracted and 235 good quality waveforms were selected, recorded at distances up to 183 km. The goodness of fit of the Sabetta and Pugliese (Bull Seismol Soc Am 86:337–352, 1996) model was explored using two independent statistical approaches (Spudich et al. Bull Seismol Soc Am 89:1156–1170, 1999 and Scherbaum et al. Bull Seismol Soc Am 94:2164– 2185, 2004). The results obtained show that the Sabetta and Pugliese (Bull Seismol Soc Am 77:1491–1513, 1987) does not adequately fit the new strong-motion data set, for its small standard deviation and its non-zero bias. In particular, the most noteworthy result is that the Sabetta and Pugliese (Bull Seismol Soc Am 77:1491–1513, 1987) over-predicts peak ground acceleration and velocity at rock sites. New coefficients for the prediction of horizontal peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity and acceleration response spectra, adopting the same functional form in Sabetta and Pugliese (Bull Seismol Soc Am 77:1491–1513, 1987), were then evaluated in order to fit the new data set. This paper illustrates the steps made to update the existing ground motion prediction equations for Italy, discusses their limitations and provides the basis for future developments.
    Description: Published
    Description: 591–608
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: ground motion prediction ; equation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The Italian Accelerometic Archive (ITACA) was created in 2007 during a joint project between the Italian Institute for Geophysics and Vulcanology (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, INGV) and the Italian Civil Protection (Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, DPC). The project, started in 2006, had the aim of filling the data gap of existing strong motion databases and facilitating strong motion data users in obtaining good quality waveforms, through the collection, homogenization and distribution of strong motion data acquired during the period 1972-2004 in Italy by different institutions (Ente Nazionale per l’Energia Elettrica, ENEL, Italian electricity company; Ente per le Nuove tecnologie, l’Energia e l’Ambiente, ENEA, Italian energy and environment organization DPC). The compiled database contains 2182 three-component waveforms generated by 1008 earthquakes with a maximum moment magnitude of 6.9 (1980 Irpinia earthquake) and can be accessed on-line at the portal denominated ITACA at the site http://itaca.mi.ingv.it, where a wide range of search tools enables the user to interactively retrieve events, recording stations and waveforms with particular characteristics, whose parameters can be specified, as needed, through user friendly interfaces. A range of display options allows users to view data in different contexts, extract and download time series and spectral data. This article describes the state of the art up to 2006 and the activities which led to the completion of the project.
    Description: In press
    Description: 5.2. TTC - Banche dati di sismologia strumentale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: strong-motion ; database ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A set of Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs) for the Italian territory is proposed, exploiting a new strong-motion data set become available since July 2007 through the Italian Accelerometric Archive (ITACA). The data set is composed by 561 three-component waveforms from 107 earthquakes with moment magnitude in the range 4.0–6.9, occurred in Italy from 1972 to 2007 and recorded by 206 stations at distances up to 100 km. The functional form used to derive GMPEs in Italy (Sabetta and Pugliese in Bull Seismol Soc Am 86(2):337–352, 1996) has been modified introducing a quadratic term for magnitude and a magnitude-dependent geometrical spreading. The coefficients for the prediction of horizontal and vertical peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity and 5% damped acceleration response spectra are evaluated. This paper illustrates the new data set, the regression analysis and the comparisons with recently derived GMPEs in Europe and in the Next Generation Attenuation of Ground Motions (NGA) Project.
    Description: In press
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Large variations of the CO2 flux through the soil were observed between November 2002 and January 2006 at Mt. Etna volcano. In many cases, the CO2 flux was strongly influenced by changes in air temperature and atmospheric pressure. A new filtering method was then developed to remove the atmospheric influences on soil CO2 flux and, at the same time, to highlight the variations strictly related to volcanic activity. Successively, the CO2 corrected data were quantitatively compared with the spectral amplitude of the volcanic tremor by cross correlation function, cross-wavelet spectrum and wavelet coherence. These analyses suggested that the soil CO2 flux variations preceded those of volcanic tremor by about 50 days. Given that volcanic tremor is linked to the shallow (a few kilometer) magma dynamics and soil CO2 flux related to the deeper (*12 km b.s.l.) magma dynamics, the “delayed similarity” between the CO2 flux and the volcanic tremor amplitude was used to assess the average speed in the magma uprising into the crust, as about 170–260 m per day. Finally, the large amount of CO2 released before the onset of the 2004–2005 eruption indicated a deep ingression of new magma, which might have triggered such an eruption.
    Description: In press
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Mt. Etna ; Soil CO2 flux ; Volcanic tremor ; Cross-wavelet spectrum ; Wavelet coherence ; Cross correlation function ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.02. Seismological data
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: New Sr and Nd isotope data for whole rocks, glasses and minerals are combined to reconstruct the nature and origin of mixing end-members of the 200 km3 trachytic to phonolitic Campanian Ignimbrite (Campi Flegrei, Italy) magmatic system. The least-evolved magmatic end-member shows equilibrium between host glass and the majority of the phenocrysts and is less radiogenic in Sr and Nd than the most-evolved magma. On the contrary, only the Fe-rich pyroxene from the most-evolved erupted magma is in equilibrium with the matrix glass, while all other minerals are in isotopic disequilibrium. These magmas mixed prior to and during the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption and minerals were freely exchanged between the magma batches. Combining the results of the geochemical investigations on magma end-members with geophysical and geological data, we develop the following scenario. In stage 1, a parental, less differentiated magma rose into the middle crust, and evolved through combined crustal assimilation and crystal fractionation. In stage 2, the differentiated magma rose to shallower depth, fed the pre-Campanian Ignimbrite activity and evolved by further open-system processes into the most-evolved and most-radiogenic Campanian Ignimbrite end-member magma. In stage 3, new trachytic magma, isotopically distinct from the pre-Campanian Ignimbrite magmas, rose from ca. 6 km to shallower depth, recharged the most-evolved pre-Campanian Ignimbrite magma chamber, and formed the large and stratified Campanian Ignimbrite magmatic system. During the course of the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption, the two layers were tapped separately and/or simultaneously, and gave rise to the range of chemical and isotopic values displayed by the Campanian Ignimbrite pumices, glasses and minerals.
    Description: Published
    Description: 285-300
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Campanian Ignimbrite ; Radiogenic isotopes ; Mixing process ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: National seismic risk maps are an important risk mitigation tool as they can be used for the prioritization of regions within a country where retrofitting of the building stock or other risk mitigation measures should take place. The production of a seismic risk map involves the convolution of seismic hazard data, vulnerability predictions for the building stock and exposure data. The seismic risk maps produced in Italy over the past 10 years are compared in this paper with recent proposals for seismic risk maps based on state-of-the-art seismic hazard data and mechanics-based vulnerability assessment procedures. The aim of the paper is to open the discussion for the way in which future seismic risk maps could be produced, making use of the most up-to-date information in the fields of seismic hazard evaluation and vulnerability assessment.
    Description: Italian Ministry of Research and Higher Education (MIUR—Ministero dell’Università e della Ricerca) through the financing of the project AIRPLANE (Advancing Interdisciplinary Research PLAtform on volcanoes aNd Earthquakes)
    Description: In press
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Scenari e mappe di pericolosità sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Seismic risk ; Seismic hazard ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We show the magnetic model of the Selli-Vavilov region. The Selli Line is known as the northwestern edge of the southern Tyrrhenian basin. The tectonic evolution of the Tyrrhenian basin is dominated by a Tortonian - Quaternary extension through the eastward movement of the Apennine subduction system. This migration has generated a diffuse stretching of the continental crust with the emplacement of new oceanic material. This latter occurred in several localized zones where the eastward retreating of the Ionian subduction system produced a strong depletion of the crust with formation of basins and correlated spreading. Nowadays the presence of oceanic crust is confirmed through direct drilling investigation but a complete mapping of the oceanic crustal distribution is still lacking. The Selli-Vavilov region shows a differentiated crustal setting where seamount structures, the oceanic basement portions and continental crust blocks are superimposed. To this aim, a 2D inversion of the magnetic data of this region was conducted to define buried structures. The magnetic susceptibility pattern was computed by solving the least squares problem of the misfit between the predicted and real data for separated wavebands. This method produced two 2D models of the high and low frequency fields of the Selli-Vavilov region. The two apparent susceptibility maps provide different information for distinct ranges of depth. The results of the inversions were also combined with seismic data of the Selli region highlighting the position of the highly-magnetized buried bodies. The results confirm a role for the Selli Line as a deep crustal boundary dividing the Sardinian passive domain from the easternmost active region where different oceanic structures are located. The Selli Line has worked as a detachment fault system which has moved eastward. Finally, the Selli-Vavilov region may be interpreted as a tectonic result due to a passive asymmetrical rift occurred between the Tortonian and Pliocene.
    Description: Published
    Description: 251-266
    Description: 2.6. TTC - Laboratorio di gravimetria, magnetismo ed elettromagnetismo in aree attive
    Description: 3.4. Geomagnetismo
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Geomagnetism ; Tectonics ; Geodynamics ; Inversion ; Oceanic crust ; Volcanic structure ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.04. Magnetic anomalies ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.03. Inverse methods
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Cross-spectral analysis of ULF wave measurements recorded at ground magnetometer stations closely spaced in latitude allows accurate determinations of magnetospheric field line resonance (FLR) frequencies. This is a useful tool for remote sensing temporal and spatial variations of the magnetospheric plasma mass density. The spatial configuration of the South European GeoMagnetic Array (SEGMA, 1.56 〈 L 〈 1.89) offers the possibility to perform such studies at low latitudes allowing to monitor the dynamical coupling between the ionosphere and the inner plasmasphere. As an example of this capability we present the results of a cross-correlation analysis between FLR frequencies and solar EUV irradiance (as monitored by the 10.7-cm solar radio flux F10.7) suggesting that changes in the inner plasmasphere density follow the short-term (27-day) variations of the solar irradiance with a time delay of 1–2 days. As an additional example we present the results of a comparative analysis of FLR measurements, ionospheric vertical soundings and vertical TEC measurements during the development of a geomagnetic storm.
    Description: Published
    Description: 25-27
    Description: 1.6. Osservazioni di geomagnetismo
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: ULF waves ; Field line resonance ; Remote sensing ; Solar activity ; Plasmasphere ; Ionosphere ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.02. Dynamics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.04. Plasma Physics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.03. Magnetosphere::01.03.03. Magnetospheric physics ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.01. Solar-terrestrial interaction
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Following the 2001 and 2002–2003 flank eruptions, activity resumed at Mt. Etna on 7 September 2004 and lasted for about 6 months. This paper presents new petrographic, major and trace element, and Sr–Nd isotope data from sequential samples collected during the entire 2004–2005 eruption. The progressive change of lava composition allowed defining three phases that correspond to different processes controlling magma dynamics inside the central volcano conduits. The compositional variability of products erupted up to 24 September is well reproduced by a fractional crystallization model that involves magma already stored at shallow depth since the 2002–2003 eruption. The progressive mixing of this magma with a distinct new one rising within the central conduits is clearly revealed by the composition of the products erupted from 24 September to 15 October. After 15 October, the contribution from the new magma gradually becomes predominant, and the efficiency of the mixing process ensures the emission of homogeneous products up to the end of the eruption. Our results give insights into the complex conditions of magma storage and evolution in the shallow plumbing system of Mt. Etna during a flank eruption. Furthermore, they confirm that the 2004–2005 activity at Etna was triggered by regional movements of the eastern flank of the volcano. They caused the opening of a complex fracture zone extending ESE which drained a magma stored at shallow depth since the 2002–2003 eruption. This process favored the ascent of a different magma in the central conduits, which began to be erupted on 24 September without any significant change in eruptive style, deformation, and seismicity until the end of eruption.
    Description: Published
    Description: 781–793
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Geochemistry ; Isotopic compositions ; Magma feeding system ; Magma mixing ; Mt. Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © 2008 The Author. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License. The definitive version was published in Environmental Fluid Mechanics 8 (2008): 551-560, doi:10.1007/s10652-008-9076-5.
    Description: Experiments are reviewed in which a two-layer salt-stratified tank of water was mixed by turbulence. The density profile began as a single step and evolved to a smooth mixed profile. The turbulence was generated by many excursions of a horizontally moving vertical rod with Richardson number Ri 〉 0.9 and Reynolds Number Re 〉 600. There was almost perfect collapse of all the profiles to one universal profile as a function of a similarity variable. We develop a theoretical model for a simple mixing law with a buoyancy flux that is a function of internal Richardson number Rii. A similarity equation is found. A flux law that increases with small Rii and decreases with large Rii is considered next. Since no analytical solution is known, the similarity concept is tested by numerically integrating the equations in space and time. With buoyancy flux monotonically increasing with internal Richardson number, the similarity approach is valid for a profile starting from a slightly smoothed step. However, a shock forms for a mixing law with higher initial Rii (so that buoyancy flux decreases with Richardson number) and the similarity approach is invalid for those initial conditions.
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Mixing ; Stratified ; Similarity solution ; Layered fluid
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Geo-Marine Letters 29 (2009): 395-404, doi:10.1007/s00367-009-0159-1.
    Description: A program of geophysical mapping and vibracoring was conducted to better understand the geologic evolution of Apalachicola Bay. Analyses of the geophysical data and sediment cores along with age control provided by 34 AMS 14C dates on marine shells and wood reveal the following history. As sea level rose in the early Holocene, fluvial deposits filled the Apalachicola River paleochannel, which extended southward under the central part of the bay and seaward across the continental shelf. Sediments to either side of the paleochannel contain abundant wood fragments, with dates documenting that those areas were forested at 8,000 14C years b.p. As sea level continued to rise, spits formed of headland prodelta deposits. Between ~6,400 and ~2,500 14C years b.p., an Apalachicola prodelta prograded and receded several times across the inner shelf that underlies the western part of the bay. An eastern deltaic lobe was active for a shorter time, between ~5,800 and 5,100 14C years b.p. Estuarine benthic foraminiferal assemblages occurred in the western bay as early as 6,400 14C years b.p., and indicate that there was some physical barrier to open-ocean circulation and shelf species established by that time. It is considered that shoals formed in the region of the present barrier islands as the rising sea flooded an interstream divide. Estuarine conditions were established very early in the post-glacial flooding of the bay.
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © 2009 The Authors. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License. The definitive version was published in Marine Biology 156 (2009): 1049-1056, doi:10.1007/s00227-009-1149-6.
    Description: Behavioral observations using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) in the Gulf of California in March, 2003, provided insights into the vertical distribution, feeding and anatomy of the rare and delicate ctenophore Thalassocalyce inconstans. Additional archived ROV video records from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute of 288 sightings of T. inconstans and 2,437 individual observations of euphausiids in the Gulf of California and Monterey Canyon between 1989 and 2005 were examined to determine ctenophore and euphausiid prey depth distributions with respect to temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration [dO]. In the Gulf of California most ctenophores (96.9%) were above 350 m, the top of the oxygen minimum layer. In Monterey Canyon the ctenophores were more widely distributed throughout the water column, including the hypoxic zone, to depths as great as 3,500 m. Computer-aided behavioral analysis of two video records of the capture of euphausiids by T. inconstans showed that the ctenophore contracted its bell almost instantly (0.5 s), transforming its flattened, hemispherical resting shape into a closed bi-lobed globe in which seawater and prey were engulfed. Euphausiids entrapped within the globe displayed a previously undescribed escape response for krill (‘probing behavior’), in which they hovered and gently probed the inner surfaces of the globe with antennae without stimulating further contraction by the ctenophore. Such rapid bell contraction could be effected only by a peripheral sphincter muscle even though the presence of circumferential ring musculature was unknown for the Phylum Ctenophora. Thereafter, several live T. inconstans were collected by hand off Barbados and microscopic observations confirmed that assumption.
    Description: Supported by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation and NOAA Grant #NA06OAR4600091.
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © 2008 The Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License. The definitive version was published in Environmental Fluid Mechanics 8 (2008): 495-509, doi:10.1007/s10652-008-9107-2.
    Description: Estuarine turbulence is notable in that both the dissipation rate and the buoyancy frequency extend to much higher values than in other natural environments. The high dissipation rates lead to a distinct inertial subrange in the velocity and scalar spectra, which can be exploited for quantifying the turbulence quantities. However, high buoyancy frequencies lead to small Ozmidov scales, which require high sampling rates and small spatial aperture to resolve the turbulent fluxes. A set of observations in a highly stratified estuary demonstrate the effectiveness of a vessel-mounted turbulence array for resolving turbulent processes, and for relating the turbulence to the forcing by the Reynolds-averaged flow. The observations focus on the ebb, when most of the buoyancy flux occurs. Three stages of mixing are observed: (1) intermittent and localized but intense shear instability during the early ebb; (2) continuous and relatively homogeneous shear-induced mixing during the mid-ebb, and weakly stratified, boundary-layer mixing during the late ebb. The mixing efficiency as quantified by the flux Richardson number Rf was frequently observed to be higher than the canonical value of 0.15 from Osborn (J Phys Oceanogr 10:83–89, 1980). The high efficiency may be linked to the temporal–spatial evolution of shear instabilities.
    Description: The funding for this research was obtained from ONR Grant N00014-06-1-0292 and NSF Grant OCE-0729547.
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Estuaries ; Shear instability ; Buoyancy flux
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © 2009 The Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License. The definitive version was published in JARO - Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology 10 (2009): 497-509, doi:10.1007/s10162-009-0174-y.
    Description: The dynamic displacement of the semicircular canal cupula and modulation of afferent nerve discharge were measured simultaneously in response to physiological stimuli in vivo. The adaptation time constant(s) of normal cupulae in response to step stimuli averaged 36 s, corresponding to a mechanical lower corner frequency for sinusoidal stimuli of 0.0044 Hz. For stimuli equivalent to 40–200 deg/s of angular head velocity, the displacement gain of the central region of the cupula averaged 53 nm per deg/s. Afferents adapted more rapidly than the cupula, demonstrating the presence of a relaxation process that contributes significantly to the neural representation of angular head motions by the discharge patterns of canal afferent neurons. We also investigated changes in time constants of the cupula and afferents following detachment of the cupula at its apex—mechanical detachment that occurs in response to excessive transcupular endolymph pressure. Detached cupulae exhibited sharply reduced adaptation time constants (300 ms–3 s, n = 3) and can be explained by endolymph flowing rapidly over the apex of the cupula. Partially detached cupulae reattached and normal afferent discharge patterns were recovered 5–7 h following detachment. This regeneration process may have relevance to the recovery of semicircular canal function following head trauma.
    Description: Financial support was provided by the NIDCD R01 DC06685 (Rabbitt) and NASA GSRP 56000135 & NSF IGERT DGE- 9987616 (Breneman).
    Keywords: Vestibular ; Inner ear micromechanics ; Cupula regeneration ; Angular motion sensation ; Afferent response dynamics
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © 2009 The Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License. The definitive version was published in Coral Reefs 28 (2009): 327-337, doi:10.1007/s00338-009-0466-z.
    Description: Design and decision-making for marine protected areas (MPAs) on coral reefs require prediction of MPA effects with population models. Modeling of MPAs has shown how the persistence of metapopulations in systems of MPAs depends on the size and spacing of MPAs, and levels of fishing outside the MPAs. However, the pattern of demographic connectivity produced by larval dispersal is a key uncertainty in those modeling studies. The information required to assess population persistence is a dispersal matrix containing the fraction of larvae traveling to each location from each location, not just the current number of larvae exchanged among locations. Recent metapopulation modeling research with hypothetical dispersal matrices has shown how the spatial scale of dispersal, degree of advection versus diffusion, total larval output, and temporal and spatial variability in dispersal influence population persistence. Recent empirical studies using population genetics, parentage analysis, and geochemical and artificial marks in calcified structures have improved the understanding of dispersal. However, many such studies report current self-recruitment (locally produced settlement/settlement from elsewhere), which is not as directly useful as local retention (locally produced settlement/total locally released), which is a component of the dispersal matrix. Modeling of biophysical circulation with larval particle tracking can provide the required elements of dispersal matrices and assess their sensitivity to flows and larval behavior, but it requires more assumptions than direct empirical methods. To make rapid progress in understanding the scales and patterns of connectivity, greater communication between empiricists and population modelers will be needed. Empiricists need to focus more on identifying the characteristics of the dispersal matrix, while population modelers need to track and assimilate evolving empirical results.
    Description: Work by CB Paris was supported by the National Science Foundation grant NSF-OCE 0550732. Work by M-A Coffroth and SR Thorrold was supported by the National Science Foundation grant NSF-OCE 0424688. Work by TL Shearer was supported by an International Cooperative Biodiversity Group grant R21 TW006662-01 from the Fogarty International Center at the National Institutes of Health.
    Keywords: Connectivity ; Larval dispersal ; Marine protected areas ; Resilience ; Replacement ; Genetics
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 5 (1952), S. 1-4 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Bedeutung der hydrodynamischen Instabilität für die Bildung antizyklonaler Wirbel direkt südlich des westlichen Freistrahlstromes in mittleren Breiten wird dargelegt. Ferner macht der Verfasser auf seine früheren Untersuchungen von 1941 über dynamische Instabilität aufmerksam.
    Abstract: Résumé L'auteur montre l'importance de l'instabilité hydrodynamique pour la formation de tourbillons anticycloniques immédiatement au Sud du courant d'Ouest (jet stream) aux latitudes moyennes. Il rappelle ensuite ses précédentes recherches de 1941 sur l'instabilité dynamique.
    Notes: Summary The importance of the hydrodynamic instability for the formation of anticyclonic eddies just south of westerly jet stream in the middle latitudes is pointed out. Finally, the author would like to call attention for his earlier works on dynamic instability in 1941.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 5 (1952), S. 5-16 
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch die Grenzfläche jedes Luftteilchens, das sich in der Atmosphäre bewegt, strömt ständig Energie in die benachbarte Atmosphäre hinein und aus ihr hinaus. Die Energie, die das Luftteilchen aus der benachbarten Atmosphäre aufnimmt, wird aus der Gradientkraft und aus den Druckkräften durch Gl. (4′) bestimmt. Ein Teil dieser Energie bedingt eine Änderung der potentiellen Energie des barischen Feldes des Luftteilchens, der andere Teil dagegen eine Änderung seiner inneren Energie. Die potentielle Energie des Druckfeldes kann durch die Enthalpie definiert werden. Jedes Luftteilchen besitzt neben anderen Energiearten noch eine äußere Energie, die ihren Sitz nicht im Luftteilchen selbst, sondern außerhalb desselben in der umgebenden Atmosphäre hat; diese Energie ist gleich der Differenz zwischen der Enthalpie und der inneren Energie des Luftteilchens.
    Abstract: Summary Through the boundary surface of any air particle moving in the atmosphere a permanent flow of energy is outgoing and incoming to and from the atmosphere. The energy absorbed by the air particle from the neightbouring atmosphere is defined from the gradient force and the pressure force by the equation (4′). One part of this energy induces a modification of the potential energy of the field of pressure of the air particle, and the other part a variation of the internal energy. The potential energy of the field of pressure can be defined by the enthalpy. In addition to other kinds of energy each air particle holds and external energy, the place of which is not in the air particle itself but in the surrounding atmosphere. This energy is equal to the difference between the enthalpy and the internal energy of the air particle.
    Notes: Résumé De la surface limite de n'importe quelle particule d'air qui se meut dans l'atmosphère sort perpétuellement une énergie dans l'atmosphère ambiante et inversement. En raison de la présence de la force du gradient et de la force de pression, l'énergie que reçoit la particule de l'atmosphère ambiante est établie par l'équation (4′). Une partie de cette énergie détermine une modification de l'énergie potentielle du champ barique de la particule, et l'autre une modification de son énergie interne. L'énergie potentielle du champ barique peut être définie par l'enthalpie. Chaque particule d'air possède, outre les autres énergies, encore une énergie externe qui diffère de l'énergie interne en ce qu'elle ne réside pas dans la particule mais en dehors d'elle, dans l'atmosphère ambiante. Cette énergie est égale à la différence entre l'enthalpie et l'énergie interne de la particule.
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 1-15 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 16-37 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 49-60 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 38-48 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 61-74 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 75-88 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 89-95 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 96-100 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 101-104 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 105-125 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 137-143 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 126-136 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 144-149 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 150-163 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 180-180 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 164-179 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 181-219 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 220-228 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 229-232 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 233-239 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 253-255 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 240-252 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 265-287 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 256-264 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 304-306 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 288-303 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 307-312 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 313-334 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 335-338 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 339-343 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 344-351 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 352-360 
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    Helgoland marine research 4 (1952), S. 88-99 
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    Helgoland marine research 4 (1952), S. 138-160 
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    Helgoland marine research 4 (1952), S. 101-106 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die ökologischen Faktoren wurden in kleinen Wattenpfützen während der Trockenzeit laufend untersucht. Dabei erwies sich Salzgehalt und Wassertemperatur als direkt von den Wetterbedingungen abhängig, während durch die Photosynthese der Sauerstoffgehalt, das Säurebindungsvermögen und pH weitgehend verändert werden können. Auch diese Faktoren sind indirekt von der Witterung abhängig, sie können großen Schwankungen unterliegen. Auf die biologische Bedeutung der Schwankungen im Chemismus von Wattenpfützen wird hingewiesen.
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    Helgoland marine research 4 (1952), S. 1-54 
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    Helgoland marine research 4 (1952), S. 55-61 
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    Helgoland marine research 4 (1952), S. 130-137 
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    Helgoland marine research 4 (1952), S. 174-174 
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    Helgoland marine research 4 (1952), S. 161-173 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Längen-Gewichts-Koeffizient der Schollen ist bei den kleinsten Tieren zunächst hoch, nimmt dann stark ab, um im späteren Leben erneut zu steigen. Bei gleichaltrigen Schollen sind die best- und schlechtestgewachsenen Tiere relativ schwerer als die große Masse. Langsames Wachstum und große Bestandesdichte setzen das auf eine bestimmte Länge bezogene Gewicht herab; mit der Entfernung vom Land steigt es. Die Größe der Schollen in den Marktfängen hängt außer von Alter und Wachstum entscheidend auch von der Marktauslese ab: Ist diese scharf, so ergeben sich selbst für langsam gewachsene Jahrgänge erhöhte Mittelwerte von Gewicht und Länge, die bis zum Fünffachen des Gewichts und dem Zweifachen der Länge der betreffenden Altersgruppen im natürlichen Bestande erreichen. Langsames Wachstum wirkt sich in der Fischerei mehr durch verspätet eintretende Marktgröße aus. Infolge des somit länger anhaltenden natürlichen Abgranges erleidet die wirtschaftliche Ertragfähigkeit langsamwüchsiger Altersgruppen Einbußen, die trotz erhöhten Alters nicht durch größere Stückgewichte ausgeglichen werden.
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    Colloid & polymer science 125 (1952), S. 168-171 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, daß konzentrierte wässerige Harnstofflösung Paraffine an der Oberfläche langsam angreifend, dann zunehmend schneller in die Tiefe vordringend gänzlich umwandeln kann, wobei ein weißes Paraffin höheren Dispersitätsgrades entsteht. Dabei lassen sich Harnstoff-Additionsprodukte nicht feststellen. Das Verhalten des umgewandelten Paraffins hat größte Ähnlichkeit mit dem Produkt, das durch Aufgießen geschmolzenen Paraffins auf Wasser nach Devaux erhalten werden kann. Die Umwandlung wird deswegen ebenfalls als Quellung gedeutet.
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    Colloid & polymer science 125 (1952), S. 124-128 
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    Colloid & polymer science 125 (1952), S. 123-124 
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    Colloid & polymer science 125 (1952), S. I 
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    Colloid & polymer science 125 (1952), S. 131-138 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Dieph-Abhängigkeit der Eigenschaften von Fettsäure- und Harzsäuremonoschichten wurde mit Hilfe der Oberflächenwaage untersucht. Innerhalb eines mittlerenph-Gebiets bilden, wenn die Säure noch unvollständig ionisiert ist, die Fettsäuren extrem stabile Monoschichten, was vermutlich: auf das Vorkommen von Wassersfoffbindungen zwischen ionisierten und nichtionisierten Karboxylgruppen zurückzuführen ist. Die Monoschichten von Harzsäuren dagegen weisen keine solche extreme Stabilität auf, Wasserstoffbrücken können nämlich hier nicht ausgebildet werden, da die Karboxylgruppen auch. in kondensierten Filmen einander nicht genügend nahe kommen. Die Reaktion dieser Monoschjchten mit Aluminiumionen wurde mit derselben Methode eingehend untersucht. Die Bedingungen, unter welchen die Reaktion zuerst bemerkbar bzw. beendet wird, hängen von der Aluminiumkonzentration und demph-Wert des Substrats ab. Mit den Harzsäuremonoschichten läuft die Reaktion ohne Zwischenstadien zu ihrem Endpunkt, an dem die Monoschichtsubstanz aus Aluminiummonorosinat besteht. Bei der Reaktion mit Myristinsäure ist der Endpunkt der Reaktion auch Aluminiummonomyristat, Die Reaktion zwischen Aluminiumionen und Oberflächen von fester Fett- bzw. Harzsäure wurde mit Hilfe von Randwinkelmessungen studiert. Die Bedingungen bezüglich der Aluminiumkonzentration und desph-Wertes sind dieselben wie bei der Reaktion mit Monoschichten. Unsere Untersuchungen werfen Licht auf diejenigen Bedingungen, unter welchen man bei der Harzleimung des Papiers ein besonders stark wasserabsto ßendes Aluminiumrosinat auf den Zellulosefasern erhalten kann.
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    Colloid & polymer science 125 (1952), S. 174-175 
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    Colloid & polymer science 125 (1952), S. 176-176 
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    Colloid & polymer science 125 (1952), S. 14-21 
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    Colloid & polymer science 125 (1952), S. 43-44 
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    Colloid & polymer science 125 (1952), S. 57-60 
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    Acta biotheoretica 10 (1952), S. 57-86 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans cette étude nous avons soumis à un examen l'idée d'individu, telle qu'elle est d'un usage courant en biologie. Nous avons cherché à fonder la théorie du contenu de cette idée. Pour en donner une définition plus exacte, nous ne pouvons pas prendre pour point de départ le sens étymologique d'„indivisible”, puisque les individus biologiques ne le sont pas toujours. En essayant d'abord d'établir la vraie méthode de notre recherche, nous avons expliqué que celle-ci est une branche de la biologie théorique, par conséquent de la science positive, bien qu'il y ait des rapports avec la philosophie et avec la simple pensée spontanée. Il nous faudra donc procéder d'après la méthode qui est surtout demandée par les sciences exactes, à savoir la méthode inductive. Chez les grands représentants des différents courants de la pensée en biologie, notamment chezHaeckel, von Bertalanffy, Driesch etBergson, nous rencontrons dans leurs conceptions sur l'individu et sur l'individualité des correspondances tellement frappantes que nous sommes autorisé à y voir, d'après les lois mêmes de l'induction, les éléments essentiels de l'idée d'individu biologique. Ces éléments s'accordent d'ailleurs avec le contenu de l'idée que nous nous en formons spontanément. Ces éléments sont les suivants: subsistance, unité et totalité, tendance à devenir un système clos, et enfin l'impossibilité d'une définition adéquate. Nous en avons fait la critique dans cet ordre. En suite nous avons proposé les définitions biologiques suivantes (qui ne sont pas d'un caractère statique mais dynamique, notons-le bien): l'individualité consiste en la tendance que possède un organisme naturellement isolé à devenir une totalité subsistante et non-divisée. On aura donc un individu dans la mesure que cette tendance a été réalisée. Enfin, nous avons illustré l'application de cette notion par quelques exemples empruntés au système et à l'ontogénie.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Dieser Aufsatz ist eine Besinnung auf den Begriff Individuum, wie dieser in der Biologie gebraucht wird, und er beabsichtigt, den Inhalt dieses Begriffes theoretisch zu begründen. Es ist aber unmöglich für die nähere Bestimmung des Begriffes Individuum von der etymologischen Bedeutung „unteilbar” auszugehen, weil die biologischen Individuen nicht immer unteilbar sind. Beim Suchen nach einem richtigen Untersuchungsverfahren wird zunächst dargelegt, wie diese Untersuchung wesentlich ein Teil der theoretischen Biologie, also der Wissenschaft, ist, wenn man auch von deutlichen Zusammenhängen mit der Philosophie und dem spontanen Denken sprechen kann. Deshalb wird die Methode, nach der wir vorangehen müssen, die induktive Methode sein, weil diese in der Wissenschaft mit Recht hoch eingeschätzt wird. Bei den grossen Vertretern der verschiedenen Richtungen in der Biologie, beiHaeckel, von Bertalanffy, Driesch undBergson, werden in ihre Auffassungen über Individuum und Individualität derartige Übereinstimmungen festgestellt, dass darin nach den Gesetzen der Induktion die wesentlichen Momente des biologischen Individuumbegriffes erkannt werden können. Ausserdem stimmen diese Momente mit dem Inhalt des Begriffs zusammen, wie der sich aus dem spontanen Denken ergibt. Diese Momente sind: Subsistenz, Einheit und Totalität, Tendenz nach einem geschlossenen System und schliesslich die Unmöglichkeit einer erschöpfenden Definition. In dieser Reihenfolge werden sie kritisch erörtert, und daraufhin werden folgende biologische Begriffsbestimmungen vorgeschlagen (die nicht statischer, sondern dynamischer Art sind): Individualität ist die Tendenz des einzelnen Organismus nach ungeteilter subsistenter Totalität. Etwas ist Individuum in dem Masse, wo diese Tendenz verwirklicht ist. Durch einige Beispiele aus dem System und der Ontogenie wird die Anwendung dieses dynamischen Begriffes erläutert.
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    Acta biotheoretica 10 (1952), S. 23-56 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le travail ci-dessus est la continuation des analyses deThompson des cycles parasitaires chez les insectes, qui l'ont à la conclusion absurde qu'en acceptant certaines suppositions — que nous avons acceptées dans la présente analyse — chaque parasite exterminerait son hôte et par conséquent soi-même. Nous avons étudié l'influence de certains phénomènes catastrophiques récurrents provenant du milieu comme par exemple celle d'un temps défavorable. Ces phénomènes, pourvu qu'ils ne se présentent pas à des intervalles trop grands, suffisent amplement pour expliquer l'interruption de la parasitation accumulative dans les cycles. La sensibilité plus grande des parasites qui est démontrée dans toutes les observations et analyses ne provient pas de causes physiologiques, mais écologiques. La méthodologie a donné comme résultat intéressant le fait que l'analyse des populations animales peut se faire sans l'application des intégrales. Les résultats démontrant la grande importance des ennemis quand les hôtes sont nombreux, mais par contre une activité minimale des ennemis quand les hôtes sont rares, ont été obtenus indépendamment d'une augmentation spéciale des ennemis qui, en général, constitue un facteur important, ce qui renforce encore les tendances que nous avons trouvées. L'influence des superparasites devient minime sous l'action des catastrophes récurrentes dus au milieu. Finalement, au moyen de quelques gradations bien observées, nous avons démontré que notre analyse est conforme aux faits.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit ist eine Fortsetzung derThompson'schen Analysen des Parasitenzyklus bei Insekten, die mit der irrealen Folgerung endeten, dass unter gewissen Voraussetzungen — die wir in der gegenwärtigen Analyse akzeptiert haben —jeder Parasit in relativ kurzer Generationenfolge seinen Wirt, und damit sich selbst, zur Ausrottung bringen muss. Der Einfluss von wiederkehrenden Umwelt-katastrophen wie sie z.B. durch ungünstiges Wetter sehr häufig bedingt sind, wurde untersucht mit dem Ergebnis, dass solche Katastrophen, wenn sie in nicht allzugrossen Intervallen auftreten, völlig genügen, um die Unterbrechung der akkumulativen Parasitierung im Zyklus zu erklären. Die grössere Empfindlichkeit der Parasiten, welche aus allen Beobachtungen und Analysen sich ergibt, ist nicht physiologisch, sondern ökologisch bedingt. Methodisch hat sich gezeigt, dass die Analyse tierischer Populationen weitgehend ohne Anwendung von Integralen möglich ist. Die Ergebnisse, welche die hohe Bedeutung der Feinde bei grosser Wirtsdichte, und ihre minimale Wirksamkeit, wenn letztere niedrig ist, zeigen, sind unabhängig von einem besonderen Dichtefaktor der Feindvermehrung — wie er im allgemeinen besteht und die aufgezeigten Tendenzen noch verstärkt — gewonnen. Der Einfluss des Superparasiten wird unter dem Einfluss wiederkehrender Umwelt-katastrophen minimal. Am Modell einiger beobachteter Gradationen wird die Übereinstimmung mit unserer Analvse demonstriert.
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    Acta biotheoretica 10 (1952), S. 1-10 
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    Acta biotheoretica 10 (1952), S. 11-22 
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    Acta biotheoretica 10 (1952), S. 87-104 
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    The European physical journal 133 (1952), S. 499-503 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Kontakte zwischen Kontaktgliedern des Supraleiters Tantal mit einer isolierenden Fremdschicht aus TiO2 oder CeO2 bekannter Dicke werden supraleitend. Die Abhängigkeit der Übergangskurve von der Dicke der Schicht und der Belastungsstromstärke wird untersucht.
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    The European physical journal 133 (1952), S. 485-498 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden Wirkungsquerschnitte für unelastische Streuung von Elektronen über 20 MeV an Atomkernen unter Anregung von Dipolschwingungen berechnet. Die Streuung ist stark richtungsabhängig und die angeregte Kernschwingung in hohem Grade normal zur Einfallsrichtung der Elektronen orientiert.
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    The European physical journal 133 (1952), S. 471-484 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Massenspektrometer beschrieben, bei dem einem Magnetfeld, das mit dem Radius abfällt, ein elektrisches Zylinderfeld überlagert ist. Das Spektrometer besitzt radiale und axiale Richtungsfokussierung sowie Geschwindigkeitsfokussierung. Unter Verwendung einer Ionenquelle nach Art derGoldmannschen „Protonendüse“ wurden die Fokussierungseigenschaften, das Auflösungsvermögen und die Intensitätsverhältnisse dieses Spektrometers ermittelt und mit denen anderer Spektrometertypen verglichen. Für diese Messungen ist die Ablenkkammer so konstruiert, daß das Spektrometer mit einer beliebigen Kombination aus homogenem oder abfallendem Magnetfeld mit oder ohne elektrischem Zylinderfeld betrieben werden kann. Den verschiedenen Fokussierungswinkeln, die dabei auftreten, wird durch Ansatzstücke an die Kammer Rechnung getragen.
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    The European physical journal 133 (1952), S. 532-536 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Anschluß an eine Untersuchung von W.Elenbaas wird für den Druckbereich 1 bis 140 mTorr (entsprechend Sattdampftemperaturen von 17 bis 100° C) die Abhängigkeit des Gradienten einer Quecksilberdampf-Bogenentladung von der Entladungsstromstärkei und dem RohrdurchmesserD durch die GleichungG=cD−a·i−b dargestellt: Die Druckabhängigkeit der drei Kenngrößena, b, c wird graphisch festgelegt, wobei c die Bedeutung eines „Normgradienten“ (beiD=1 cm undi=1 Amp) besitzt. Im Temperaturbereich 50 bis 70° C kann der Gradient in guter Annäherung durch die GleichungG=1,15·D−0,71·i−0,085 beschrieben werden.
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    The European physical journal 133 (1952), S. 541-557 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein horizontaler Primärstrahl aus Kalium wird an Restgas im Vakuumgefäß bei verschiedenen Drucken, weiter an einem senkrechten, von unten kommenden Sekundärstrahl aus Quecksilber bzw. schweren organischen Molekülen (Apiezonöl F, M=340 und Siliconöl) gestreut. Die Intensitätsverteilung im Strahl wird durch die Ionisation von Kaliumatomen an einem glühenden Wolframfaden nach Verstärkung des Ionenstroms mit Elektrometerröhren gemessen. Charakteristisch für alle Streuversuche sowohl am Restgas als auch an verschiedenen zum Primärstrahl gekreuzten Molekularstrahlen ist der starke Einfluß der Streuung unter kleinen Winkeln nach vorwärts und gleichzeitig ein Streuquerschnitt, der wesentlich größer ist als der gaskinetische. Die Streuung von Kalium an Quecksilber ergab Streukurven, bei denen die Intensität im Maximum geschwächt ist und bei denen an den Flanken der Kurven die Intensität größer ist als im Primärstrahl. Die Streuung von Kalium an Apiezonöl ergab Streukurven von ähnlichem Charakter, jedoch mit Andeutung von Extrema im Verlauf der Kurven. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigten die Streukurven von Kalium an Siliconöl einen ganz anderen Verlauf. Hier zeigten die Intensitätskurven für die gestreuten Strahlen eine allgemeine Schwächung gegenüber dem Primärstrahl. Ihre Intensität war auch an den Flanken kleiner als im Primärstrahl. Sie zeigten außerdem keine Andeutungen von Extrema.
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    The European physical journal 133 (1952), S. 576-588 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch Anwendung einer elementaren wellenoptischen überlegung auf bekannte Formeln der dynamischen Theorie der Elektronen- bzw. Röntgeninterferenzen an Kristallen wird gezeigt, da\Debye-Scherrer-Ringe infolge Interferenzdoppelbrechung nur dann aufspalten, wenn die Lineardimensionen der Kristalle zwischen einer unteren und oberen Grenze,L u und¯L 0, liegen.L u ist mit derjenigen Grenze identisch, oberhalb derer diedynamische Theorie an die Stelle dergeometrischen Theorie der Elektronenbzw. Röntgeninterferenzen treten mu\.¯L 0ergibt sich aus der Forderung, da\ keineFresnelsche, sondernFraunhofersche Beugung vorliegt. Bei Kathodenstrahlender Energie E=40 kV ist numerischL u ≈ 8·10−6cm, ¯L o ≈4·10−5 cm. Für Röntgenstrahlen ist bei einem PlattenabstandR=30 cm jedoch Lu〉¯L0. Deshalb spalten hier dieDebye-Scherrer-Ringe nicht auf; es sei denn, da\ man zu experimentell schwer realisierbaren wesentlich grö\eren PlattenabständenR überginge.
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    The European physical journal 133 (1952), S. 615-628 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit einer Differentialanordnung konnte ein Einflu\ des Para-H2-Gehaltes auf die Zähigkeit von Wasserstoff nachgewiesen und im Temperaturbereich von 15 bis 90
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    The European physical journal 133 (1952), S. 647-660 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In früheren zwei Veröffentlichungen hat der Verfasser zwei Zustandsgleichungen bekanntgegeben, die durch richtige Auswertung des sog. „Korrespondenzprinzips“, was zu dessen Ersetzung durch ein „ähnlichkeitsprinzip“ bei realen Gasen führt, gefunden wurden. Diese zwei Zustandsgleichungen waren bereits allen bisherig bekanntgewordenen Zustandsgleichungen nicht unerheblich überlegen. Die konsequente Weiterführung des in 1,2 veröffentlichten Gedankengutes führt zu einer allgemeinsten thermischen Zustandsgleichung, die in dieser Arbeit abgeleitet wird. Diese allgemeinste thermische Zustandsgleichung wird mit Me\werten zwischen kleinsten und höchsten Drucken verglichen und vollständige übereinstimmung zwischen Messung und Rechnung gefunden.
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    The European physical journal 134 (1952), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden absolute Eichmessungen mit dem 4π-Zählrohr an den radioaktiven Isotopen Na24, P32, K42 und Pr142 beschrieben. Auf die besonderen Vorteile dieses Meßverfahrens, Unabhängigkeit vom Zerfallsschema, vorausgesetzt, daß wenigstens einβ +-oderβ −-Teilchen pro Zerfall emittiert wird, und Unabhängigkeit von der Streuung der emittiertenβ-Teilchen wird näher eingegangen. Die einzige wirkliche Fehlerquelle, die Absorption derβ- Strahlung im Präparat selbst, ist hier ohne Einfluß, da nur energiereicheβ- Strahler untersucht wurden. Ein Vergleich mit den Messungen des A. E. R. E. Harwell (England) zeigt gute Übereinstimmung.
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    The European physical journal 134 (1952), S. 21-41 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Temperatur eines wasserstabilisierten Lichtbogens wird aus absoluten und relativen Messungen der Intensität derBalmer-Linien einschließlich des Grenzkontinuums bestimmt. Innerhalb der Meßgenauigkeit ergeben alle Methoden denselben Temperaturwert. Die Linienprofile derBalmer-Linien entsprechen den theoretisch aus derHoltsmarkschen Theorie berechneten. Die daraus abgeleitete Elektronendichte im Plasma beträgt 8,4∓0,3 1016 cm−3. Dieser Wert entspricht nach derSaha-Gleichung der gemessenen Temperatur von 12650∓100° K.
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    The European physical journal 134 (1952), S. 66-77 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei Wechselstrommessungen entsteht im Gleichrichter eine thermisch bedingte Phasenverschiebung zwischen Strom und Spannung, die zu der durch die Kapazität hervorgerufenen Phasenverschiebung hinzutritt und mitgemessen wird. Beschreibt man den Gleichrichter durch ein Ersatzschaltbild, bestehend aus einemOhmschen WiderstandR w mit parallelgeschalteter KapazitätC w , so äußert sich diese zusätzliche Phasenverschiebung als negative Zusatzkapazität. Dadurch kann der von S.Poganski und A.Hoffmann bei höheren Sperrspannungen beobachtete anormale Abfall der KapazitätC w erklärt werden.
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    The European physical journal 134 (1952), S. 78-94 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die in der unitären Theorie auftretenden „Operatoren nullter Näherung“ werden diskutiert und eine für diese Theorie anwendbare allgemeine Methode zur Berechnung von Streuquerschnitten angegeben. Die Einbeziehung des Absorbers macht keine Schwierigkeiten. Es werden nach dieser Methode (ohne Löchertheorie) dieMøllersche und dieRutherfordsche Streuung, derCompton-Effekt und die Bremsstrahlung berechnet und die bekannten Ergebnisse erhalten. An Stelle der Löchertheorie tritt eine Umdefinition der Messung in der Quantentheorie; diese liefert für Paarerzeuguhg und -vernichtung ebenfalls nichts Neues. Bei Mehrelektronenproblemen (im Sinne dieser Messungsdefinition) treten Abweichungen auf.
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    The European physical journal 134 (1952), S. 106-116 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es konnte experimentell gezeigt werden, daß in Silberhalogeniden beim Einbau des Silbersulfids die Schwefelionen die Bromionen ersetzen und das überschüssige Silber auf dem Zwischengitterplatz untergebracht wird; oder es wird der normale Gitterplatz besetzt und dafür eine Bromionlücke (aus Neutralitätsgründen) erzeugt. — Bei diesen Voraussetzungen kann man ein Modell für den photochemischen Reaktionsmechanismus entwickeln. Experimentell werden durch Einstrahlung des Lichtes mehrere Banden im sichtbaren Gebiet, die sich ineinander umwandeln, nachgewiesen. Die Banden konnten verschiedenen Komplexen, die während der Bestrahlung entstehen, zugeordnet werden. Nunmehr wird ihre Entstehung in Abhängigkeit von der Bestrahlungsstärke diskutiert.
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    The European physical journal 131 (1952), S. 470-480 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die an anderer Stelle axiomatisch begründete Analogie zwischen klassischer und Quantenmechanik wird erweitert. Dies geschieht unter Ausnutzung üblicher Rechenmethoden (Separation der Variablen). Eine von S. Lie entwickelte Methode zur Bestimmung von IntegralenHamiltonscher Differentialgleichungssysteme erlaubt, diese praktischen Methoden in die Theorie einzuordnen.
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    The European physical journal 132 (1952), S. 1-22 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode zur Entwicklung der Thermodynamik einesFermi-Gases mit Wechselwirkung angegeben, die anschließend auf dieFröhlichsche Theorie der Supraleitung angewandt wird: Die vonFröhlich fürT=0 gefundenen Ergebnisse bestätigen sich dabei im wesentlichen; es zeigt sich jedoch, daß die bekannten Anomalien der spezifischen Wärme bei Supraleitern durch dieFröhlichsche Theorie in ihrer jetzigen Form keine Erklärung finden.
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    The European physical journal 132 (1952), S. 23-29 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Differentialgleichung der elektrodenstabilisierten Eogenentladung wird in zwei Fällen integriert. Die Lösungen werden mit der integrierten Differentialgleichung für die wandstabilisierte Bogenentladung verglichen. Die Beobachtungen, dieSteenbeck am Lichtbogen im schwerefreien Raum machte (Wachsen des Bogendurchmessers mit der Stromstärke und Absinken der Brennspannung) lassen sich hierbei deuten und herleiten. Insbesondere wird gezeigt, daß ein Lichtbogen mit geringem Leistungsumsatz immer Säulenform besitzt.
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    The European physical journal 131 (1952), S. 629-662 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden für die von G.Ludwig vorgeschlagene Quantisierung derWheeler-Feynman schen Elektrodynamik an Hand eines einfachen Absorbermodells dieEinsteinschen Koeffizienten berechnet und als mit den üblichen Werten übereinstimmend gefunden. Zu diesem Zwecke wurde das vom Absorber ausgehende Strahlungsfeld bestimmt, und zwar in erster Näherung derDiracschen Störungsrechnung. Ferner werden diejenigen Elektronenzustände angegeben, in denen mit Sicherheit bestimmte „Lichtquanten“ vorhanden sind.
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    The European physical journal 132 (1952), S. 44-53 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine invariante kanonische Formulierung der klassischen Relativitätsmechanik angegeben. Die korrespondenzmäßige Übertragung in die Quantenmechanik liefert eine Theorie, welche in ihrem physikalischen Inhalt von den bisherigen Theorien abweicht. Das Problem der Elementarteilchen erscheint als zwangsläufige Folge der Theorie.
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    The European physical journal 132 (1952), S. 497-507 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit der Anwendung von dünnen Schichten wird bei Silberhalogeniden der optisch zugängliche Spektralbereich nach kurzen Wellen erweitert. In einer Voruntersuchung wird gezeigt, daß die bei der Kondensation der Schichten entstehendenunbesetzten Störzentren die Absorptionskante beeinflussen. Bei tiefer Kondensationstemperatur wird infolge hoher Fehlordnung der Ausläufer nach längeren Wellen verschoben. Mit Elektronenbesetzte Störzentren müssen zum optischen Nachweis in dünnen Schichten in relativ hoher Konzentration erzeugt werden. Dafür werden die Silberhalogenide gleichzeitig mit Silber bei verschiedenen Temperaturen T0 kondensiert. Bei T0 = 20° K oder T0=90° K zeigt das Absorptionsspektrum für AgCl+Ag neue Banden bei 375 und 530 mμ. Die breite Bande bei 375 mμ läßt sich durch Einstrahlung abbauen. Für AgBr+Ag ergeben sich entsprechende Banden bei 400 und 570 mμ. Bei Erwärmen der Schichten auf 300° K erscheint das bekannte Ag-Kolloid. Dieses wird sofort erhalten, wenn die gleichzeitige Kondensation bei T0=300° K erfolgt. Für die bei tiefer Temperatur gefundene kurzwellige Bande wird die Möglichkeit eines atomdispersen Ag-Einbaus oder einer Oberflächenadsorption diskutiert. Dazu werden auch Untersuchungen mit Kupfer und Gold als Zusatzmetall angegeben.
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