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  • 1950-1954  (607)
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  • 1
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 52-59 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The five cold front types adopted by the author, with the vertical lapse rate of temperature in the frontal area as the essential characteristic, and stable und unstable warm frontal systems are distinguishable in the weather maps by specific weather phenomena connected with them. Based on the weather maps for Hamburg Germany, in 1950, the annual mean coefficient of vertical exchange at the 35-m level and the oxydation value of the surface air layer were determined for each of these frontal types. The results obtained are confirming as justified the adopted classification.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vom Verfasser aufgestellten fünf Typen von Kaltfronten, die als wesentliches Unterscheidungsmerkmal die vertikale Temperaturschichtung im Frontbereich benutzen, sowie stabile und labile Warmfronten zeichnen sich in den Wetterkarten durch typische Wettererscheinungen aus. Für jeden dieser Fronttypen, die nach diesen Erscheinungen aus den Wetterkarten des Jahres 1950 für Hamburg ausgesucht wurden, wurde das Jahresmittel des vertikalen Austauschkoeffizienten in 35 m Höhe und der Oxydationswert der Bodenluft bestimmt. Die Ergebjisse bestätigen die Berechtigung der gegebenen Frontenklassifikation.
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  • 2
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 60-74 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An investigation is made into the possibility of replacing the normal magnetic needle jewelled bearings by a torsion suspended needle. The needle is suspended between two wires (ribbons) under torsion. The object is to make practical use of the new magnetic material, with practical reference to permanently magnetic materials, in magnetic measuring instruments.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden systematisch die physikalischen Grundlagen untersucht, um die bisherigen gewöhnlichen Magnetnadeln mit Steinlagerung durch eine solche Torsionsmagnetnadel zu ersetzen, deren Torsionsaufhängung beiderseitig gespannt ist. Das Ziel ist, für magnetische Messinstrumente die neuen magnetischen Werkstoffe, hier vorerst die Dauermagnetwerkstoffe, nutzbar zu verwenden.
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  • 3
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 100-104 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 4
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 75-91 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It follows from the geophysical facts that in prospecting, especially for ore, an universal magnetic instrument with a relative measuring accuracy of 0.1 p. c. is completely adequate. The field components are compensated by means of bar magnets. A magnetic needle suspended under tension serves here as the zero indicator. The vertical component is determined by means of deflectors. Apart from research into their scientific basis, the new magnetic materials are being examined in respect of their most suitable practical application. The temperature coefficients of the magnetic moment of permanent bar magnets are measured. The theory of deflectors is given. The experimental research on various highly permeable newer alloys shows that the magnetic induction in deflectors composed of such materials is in actual fact dependent only on their geometrical proportions. In particular descriptions are given of prospecting apparatus with offset-scales (Ablenkungsschienen) and of the type known as Kohlrausch-variometers (Einstabvariometer). The desired accuracy of 0.1 p. c. inH andZ is already being achieved by direct indicator reading of the torsion needle.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus den geophysikalischen Gegebenheiten folgt, dass für die Prospektion, vornehmlich auf Erz, ein magnetisches Universalinstrument mit einer relativen Messgenauigkeit von 0.1 % völlig ausreicht. Die Feldkomponenten werden durch Stabmagnete kompensiert. Als Nullindikator dient dabei eine Spannbandmagnetnadel. Die Vertikalkomponente wird mittels Deflektorstäbe bestimmt. Neben den theoretischen Grundlagen werden die neuen magnetischen Werkstoffe auf ihre zweckentsprechende Verwendung hin untersucht. Die Temperaturkoeffizienten des magnetischen Moments von Stabdauermagneten werden magnetometrisch gemessen. Die Theorie der Deflektorstäbe wird gegeben. Die experimentellen Untersuchungen an verschiedenen neueren hochpermeablen Legierungen zeigen, dass die magnetische Induktion in kurzen Deflektorstäben aus solchen Materialien praktisch nur noch von dem geometrischen Dimensionsverhältnis abhängt. Im einzelnen werden Prospektorgeräte mit Ablenkungsschienen und als Einstabvariometer beschrieben. Die angestrebte Genauigkeit von 0.1 % inH unZ wird bereits mit Zeigerablesung der Spannbandmagnetnadel erreicht.
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  • 5
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 92-99 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In order to close the clefts in subsoil of dams, cement is pressed into them. A geoelectrical method of measuring is now described, with which the following data may be determined: the open volume of the clefts before injection of cement, the volume that has been filled with cement during injection and the still open volume after injection. Further we can state, whether cement has flows to distant spaces. The method was esamined by some hundred injections in Austria.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Um den Kluftraum im Baugrunde von Staumauern zu schliessen, presst man in diesen Zementmilch. Es wird nun ein geoelektrisches Verfahren beschrieben, mit dem folgende Angaben bestimmt werden können: Das offene Kluftvolumen vor der Injektion; das durch die Injektion gefüllte Kluftvolumen; die Menge von Injektionsmilch, die aus dem für die Injektion bestimmten Raume nach entfernten Räumen ausfloss. Das Verfahren wurde in Oesterreich an mehreren hundert Einzelinjektionen erprobt.
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  • 6
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 105-107 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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  • 7
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 108-108 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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  • 8
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 109-111 
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  • 9
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 111-116 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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  • 10
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 124-128 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Some simple relations between the formation of the mountains and the gravity are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Einige einfache Beziehungen zwischen den Schwere-Werten und der Formung der Gebirge werden gezeigt.
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  • 11
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 46-49 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The comparison of the geomagneticK-indices for Mogadiscio with the correspondingK p for the whole earth, during the 2.nd Intern. Polar Year 1932–33, allows to deduce some features of the equatorial geomagnetic activity. Furthermore, evidence is adduced indicating that the geomagnetic disturbance at Mogadiscio is normal inH andD, while it appears slightly abnormal inZ.
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  • 12
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 131-137 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Formal similarity of refraction indices for light and for ultrashort radio waves permits developing common viewpoints of light and of short wave propagation. Thus, anomalous refraction of radio waves, especially superrefraction, is easily explained. With the existing close relations to the structure of the appropriate ground layer, ground based ducts will be traced back to internal limiting layers immediately above the earth's surface, and elevated ducts to anomalous refraction within the peplopause of a Type A, B and/or C ground layer. Ground layers with more elevated peplopause (Types D and/or E) are out of the question for ducts.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus der formalen Aehnlichkeit des Brechungsquotienten (refraction index) für Licht und Ultrakurzwellen (short radio waves) lassen sich gemeinsame Gesichtspunkte für die Ausbreitung des Lichtes und der UK-Wellen (short waves propagation) entwickeln. Anomale Refraktion der Radiowellen insbesondere aussergewöhnliche Reichweite (superrefraction) lassen sich auf diese Weise leicht deuten. Es bestehen hierbei enge Beziehungen zum Aufbau der jeweiligen Grundschicht, wobei erdgebundene Führungen (ground based ducts) auf interne Grenzschichten dicht über der Erdoberfläche, abgehobene Führungen (elevated ducts) auf anomale Refraktion in der Peplopause einer Grundschicht vom Typ A, B oder C zurückzuführen sind. Grundschichten mit einer höher gelegenen Peplopause (Typ D oder E) kommen für eine Führung (duct) nicht mehr in Frage.
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  • 13
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 138-156 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Verteilung der Kondensationskerne auf der Messplatte des kleinenScholz-Zählers untersucht. Die Ergebnisse sind die folgenden: 1) Mit zunehmender Expansionsgeschwindigkeit und Kerndichte verstärkt sich die Wirbelbildung im Rezipienten und führt zu einer ungleichmässigen Verteilung der Kerne auf der Messplatte. 2) Der Einfluss der Expansionsgeschwindigkeit kann dann vernachlässigt werden, wenn die Luftprobe so dosiert wird, dass etwa 5–8 Tropfen auf den Quadratmillimeter fallen. 3) Der Rührflügel ist notwendig. Er muss jedoch so angebracht werden, dass er keine zusätzliche Wirbelbildung verursacht.
    Abstract: Riassunto Nella presente ricerca si studia la distribuzione dei nuclei di condensazione sulla lastra di misura del piccolo contatoreScholz. I risultati sono i seguenti: 1) Con l'aumento della velocità di espansione e della densità dei nuclei, si rafforza la formazione di vortici nel recipiente e si ha una distribuzione irregolare dei nuclei sulla lastra di misura. 2) L'influenza della velocità di espansione può essere trascurata quando il provino d'aria vien dosato in modo che su un millimetro quadrato cadano pressapoco 5–8 gocce. 3) La paletta per rimescolare l'aria è necessaria. Deve però essere applicata in modo che non provochi una formazione supplementare di vortici.
    Notes: Summary In this paper results of researches which have been carried out on the distribution of the condensation nucleus on the ruled plate of the small counter-Scholz are presented. They are as follows: 1) The quicker the expansion and the greater the number of the nucleus, the stronger the vortex in the receiver. This vortex causes an irregular distribution of the nucleus on the ruled plate. 2) The influence of the velocity of expansion can be disregarded when the quantity of dust-laden air is chosen in such a manner, that no more than 5–8 droplets fall upon the ruled plate. 3) The stirrer is absolutely necessary, but its construction must not cause any new vortexes.
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  • 14
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 1-18 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The analysis of surface temperature variations of the moon is based on the equations of heat conduction and heat continuity in the interior of the moon andStefan's law. During a well-defined process, as exemplified by a lunar eclipse, the local heat budget equation establishes a boundary condition at the moon surface which must be satisfied by solutions of the thermal diffusion equation in the interior. Three simplified models of the general case are discussed. They are characterized by special assumptions regarding the depth and time dependency of the thermic qualities of the material underlying the moon's surface. In short, the thermal diffusivity is assumed to be constant in the first model, a linear depth function in the second and a time function in the third. A unique solution can be obtained for model No. I such that the absolute surface temperature is approximately inversely proportional to the 6th root of time during the phase of total eclipse.Epstein's conclusion that the average surface of the moon might consist of highly porous rocks or fine dust is confirmed by the order of magnitude of the heat conductivity which produces the best fit between the theoretical curves and a plot ofPettit's observational data during the lunar eclipse of 1939. Existing differences between the observed and theoretical curves during the totality phase of the eclipse can be reduced by the employment of the second model. A crude estimate shows that the average dust cover resting on more solid ground of lunar rocks might possibly have a thickness of approximately 0.5 meters.
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  • 15
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 19-32 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A short review of observations concerning the earth-current (E.C.), as carried out in Germany up to this day, is followed by a description of the corresponding installation set up in the Magnetic Observatory at Fürstenfeldbruck. The subsequent components of E.C. are recorded on colour-point-recorders: Magnetic East-West (distance of electrodes 176 yards), geographic E-W (165 yards) and geogr. South-North (165 yards). The Horizontal-Intensity is simultaneously recorded upon one of the two instruments by the use of differential-photoelements.—A remarkable point is the fact that the magnetic variations inH andD and the fluctuations of the perpendicular components of E.C. are congruent in the course of which different phases may be observed. The curves of the first derivation of the magnetic components coincide with those of the corresponding E.C.-components in its maximis and minimis whereby the magnetically produced part of said E.C. is proved to be the actual cause of induction. Another very striking fact is the difference of the amplitudes of the EW- and SN-Components in above mentioned E.C. showing a relation of 6∶1.—In applying the formulas of electric transformators to the currentsystems within the ionosphere and the earth one is likely to find a plausible explanation of those effects. To this very purpose the evident vector-diagrams for voltage-current in this earth physical phenomen are used.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach kurzer Betrachtung der seither in Deutschland durchgeführten Erdstrombeobachtungen wird die Anlage am Observatorium in Fürstenfeldbruck beschrieben. Folgende Erdstromkomponenten werden auf empfindlichen Farben-Punktschrieben. (Firma H & B) registriert: Magnetisch Ost-West (Elektrodenabstand 160 m), geographisch Ost-West (150 m) und geogr. Süd-Nord (150m). Gleichzeitig wird die Horizontalintensität über eine Differential-Photozelle auf einem der beiden Geräte mitgeschrieben.—Bemerkenswert ist die Uebereinstimmung der erdmagnetischen Variationen inH undD mit den Schwankungen der senkrecht dazu liegenden Erdstromkomponenten, wobei verschiedene Phasen zu beobachten sind. Die Kurven der ersten zeitlichen Ableitung der magnetischen Komponenten koinzidieren mit denen der entsprechenden Erdstromkomponenten in den Maximis und Minimis, was ein Beweis für die Induktionsursache des magnetisch bedingten Teils des Erdstroms ist. Auffallend ist der Unterschied der Amplituden der Ost-West- und Süd-Nord-Komponenten im Erdstrom (ES), die sich wie 6∶1 verhalten.—Die Beobachtungen über grosse Elektrodenentfernungen haben bei verschieden langen Variationsperioden in der Deutung zu Irrtümern Anlass gegeben. Durch Anwendung der Formeln der elektrischen Transformatoren auf die Stromsysteme in der Ionosphäre und in der Erde kann eine plausible Erklärung der Effekte gefunden werden. Zu diesem Zweck werden die anschaulichen Spannungs-Strom-Diagramme in Vektordarstellung für diese erdphysikalischen Erscheinungen angewandt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 44-46 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Supplying the resp. remark ofK. Wegener (this Review: XVI, 1950, p. 16) the different cases have been fixed, when the measured intensities of solar radiation should be reduced according to the mean solar distance, or when not. An international recommendation for the details of evaluation and publication on solar radiation seems desirable.
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  • 17
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 33-38 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary From 1941 to 1942 at Cologne ionospheric interferences have been observed, which showed a specially favoured flow from NNE in the E-layer. In the F-layer such favoured flow were not to recognize. If one interpret the movement of these ionospheric interferences as a motion of material particles, this direction distribution is incompatible with the direction distribution ofHoffmeister's «Leuchtstreifen» (glowing stripes) at 120 km. Of course it is to concede, that the «Leuchtstreifen» were observed at night, while the ionospheric interferences are day observations. An explanation of these differences and an unobjectionable interpretation of the mechanism of the ionospheric interferences are so much the more necessary as the synoptic meteorology is more and more interested in the ionosphere.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Köln wurden in den Jahren 1941 bis 1942 Ionosphärenstörungen beobachtet, die in der E-Schicht eine bevorzugte Zugrichtung aus NNE aufwiesen. In der F-Schicht liess sich eine solche Bevorzugung einer Zugrichtung nicht erkennen. Wenn man die Wanderung dieser Ionosphärenstörungen als Bewegung materieller Teile deutet, so steht die Richtungsverteilung in einem klaffenden Widerspruch zur Richtungsverteilung der vonHoffmeister beobachteten Leuchtstreifen in rund 120 km Höhe. Es muss allerdings eingeräumt werden, dass es sich bei Leuchtstreifen um Nacht-, bei den Ionosphärenstörungen um Tagesbeobachtungen handelt. Eine Aufklärung dieser Unterschiede und eine einwandfreie Deutung des Mechanismus dieser Ionosphärenstörungen ist umso notwendiger, als die Ionosphäre steigendes Interesse auch für die synoptische Meteorologie gewinnt.
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  • 18
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 39-43 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary One may represent a spatial curve Γ on a plane by bending a metal thread along the curve and then photographing it, but in this way much time is wasted. In the present paper the A. suggests an optical device which, replaced to the pencil of the out-put table ofBush's machine, traces on film a curve Γ′ that should look like the photographic image of the thread. In this study were taken into account only the cases in which the light source lighting Γ′, is at the infinite or in the coordinate origin, while the point of view is always at the infinite.
    Notes: Riassunto Per rappresentare una curva spaziale Γ su un piano si può piegare un filo metallico secondo la curva e fotografarlo, operazione che però richiede molto tempo. Nel presente articolo l'A. illustra un dispositivo ottico che, sostituito alla matita della tavola di egresso della macchina diBush, è atto a descrivere su pellicola una curva Γ′ simile all'immagine fotografica del filo. In questo studio si sono considerati soltanto i casi in cui la sorgente di luce che illumina la Γ′ è all'infinito o nella origine delle coordinate, mentre il punto di vista à sempre all'infinito.
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  • 19
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 47-51 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The index of similarity calculated between one alpine locality, Sion in Wallis, and some other places situated on each side of the Alps shows the dissimilarity of the rain systems of both sides. In North, the nearly normal indices reflect the homogeneous distribution of rain in large areas; in South, too small indices betray the irregularity of rain zones and their geographic dispersion. Wallis belongs to the north region.
    Notes: Résumé L'indice de similitude calculé entre une station alpine, Sion en Valais, et quelques localités situées de part et d'autre des Alpes met en évidence la dissemblance des régimes pluviaux des deux versants. Au Nord, les indices quasi normaux reflètent la distribution homogène des pluies en plages de grandes dimensions; au Sud, les indices trop faibles trahissent l'irrégularité des zones pluvieuses et leur dispersion géographique. La Valais appartient à la région nord.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 15-23 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It is shown, that some terrestrial volcanic craters are known, the morphological structure of which is practically identical with the typical shapes of lunar craters. The importance of this relation for the problem of the origin of lunar craters is pointed out. It may be expected, that some more examples of this kind might be found.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, dass wir einige irdische Vulkankrater kennen, deren morphologischer Aufbau nahezu identisch ist mit den typischen Formen der Mondkrater. Auf die Wichtigkeit dieses Befundes für das Problem der Entstehung der Mondkrater wird hingewiesen. Es ist zu vermuten, dass sich auf der Erde noch weitere Beispiele dieser Art werden finden lassen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 24-26 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On rencontre souvent des problèmes où divers oscillateurs dé périodes propres différentesT 0j et de même coefficient d'amortissement ε, sont attaqués par un phénomène sinusoïdal de périodeT. Les courbes classiques qui donnent l'amplitude et la phase du mouvement forcé en fonction du rapportT/T 0 pour différentes valeurs du paramètreh=εT 0/2π, ne peuvent alors être utilisées. Nous donnons ici les courbes correspondant à des valeurs différentes du paramètreh(=ε/n)=ε T/2π.
    Notes: Summary Frequency characteristics of a linear oscillator or a seismometer, whose equation of free oscillation is $$\ddot x + 2\varepsilon \dot x$$ +n 2 x=0, are usually represented by takingh(=ε/n) as parameters. In this case, however, the independent variable is the frequency of impressed force or displacement from outside on the oscillator. But, we often encounter those cases, where the frequencies from outside are constant, and the frequency of the oscillator or pick-up is to be changed, or the several oscillators with various frequencies are to be used. Then, of course,h cannot be taken as parameters, as they vary with the oscillator's frequencyn. The author here calculated the amplitude- and phase-characteristics for the latter case, taking $$\bar h$$ (=ε/n) as parameters and represented them in thick lines in the figures together with the ordinary ones in thin lines.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the past, spectral analysis of oscillations was based upon the Fourier transform almost exclusively. This spectral decomposition is shown to be merely a special case of a more general type of decomposition which is based upon the concept of exhaustion largely used in periodographic analysis. The exhaustion principle is extended to continuous variable shift periods, the result being an integral transform similar to the Fourier transform, with the exception that the cosine function is replaced by a series of equidistantDirac functions. A periodograph is described which permits continuous exhaustion analysis of oscillogram patterns by means of an optical projection device.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Spektralanalyse von Schwingungsvorgängen basierte bisher ausschliesslich auf der Fourierschen Funktionaltransformation. Es wird gezeigt, dass diese Art der spektralen Zerlegung nur ein Sonderfall einer allgemeinen Zerlegungsart ist, die auf dem in der periodographischen Analyse vielbenutzten Exhaustionsprinzip beruht. Dieses Prinzip wird auf kontinuierlich variable Verschiebungsweiten ausgedehnt und führt dann zu einer Integraltransformation, die der Fourier-Transformation analog gebildet ist, aber an Stelle der Cosinusfunktion eine Summe von gleichabständigenDirac-Funktionen enthält. Es wird ein Periodograph beschrieben, der eine kontinuierliche Exhaustionsanalyse von Oszillogrammschablonen nach dem optischen Projektionsverfahren ermöglicht.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 27-30 
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    Notes: Summary Following on the examination of the frequencies of S. Cs. and S. Is. given in a recent paper (1), the diurnal variation of theH-amplitudes at the six stations Cheltenham, Tucson, San Juan, Honolulu, Huancayo and Watheroo during the period 1926–46 is investigated, and in this S. Cs. and S. Is. do not appear to differ greatly in their behaviour. Except in the case of Huancayo, the greatest amplitudes occur near 0h. local time, after which there is a fall to the lowest values about 7h. The S. Is. amplitudes may have a secondary minimum near 18h., but this is not certain.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 50-55 
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    Notes: Summary Tangential and normal equations of horizontal motion along and normal to the characteristic lines (for example: stream lines, isobars, isotherms, etc.) are derived in general form. Then the later section of this paper is devoted to applications to natural coordinates and the coordinates chosen to lie parallel and normal to the isobars.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 203-205 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 87-130 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden tägliche Gänge des Austauschkoeffizienten an zwei Stationen, Leafield (England) und Ismaila (Aegypten), die jeweils einen bestimmten Klimatyp repräsentieren, mit und ohne Berücksichtigung des Turbulenzcharakters berechnet. Die Berücksichtigung des Turbulenzcharakters (in erster Näherung in Abhängigkeit von Strahlung und Wind) führt zur charakteristischen Auswahl, z. B. zum Konvektionstyp, Stratustyp, die Nichtberücksichtigung zur klimatologischen Auswahl. Beide Auswahlen werden miteinander verglichen und Kriterien über ihre Anwendung festgelegt. Zusätzlich werden die jährliche Variation betrachtet und die Gänge in empirisch- analytische Funktionen zerlegt. Als Grundlage zur Berechnung dienen die Temperatur- bzw. Temperaturgradientregistrierungen vonN. K. Johnson undG. S. P. Heywood (7) über 5 Jahre in 5 Niveaus (1.2, 2.4, 30.4, 57.4, 87.7 m, Leafield) und die vonW. D. Flower (8) über ein Jahr in 4 Niveaus (1.1, 16.2, 46.4, 61.0 m, Ismaila). Es wird gezeigt, dass der lineare Höhenansatz für den Austauschkoeffizienten, der für eine adiabatische Atmosphäre gilt, nicht auf eine wirkliche Atmosphäre angewandt werden darf; als ein günstiger Ansatz wurde im Höhenintervall von 10–100 m dasGauss'sche Fehlerintegral gefunden, der durch die Berechnung der Austauschkoeffizienten in zwei Messtufen für Leafield geprüft werden kann; die bisherigen Berechnungen beschränkten sich auf eine Meßstufe und ergaben keine Möglichkeit, den Ansatz zu prüfen. Dieser Höhenansatz ergibt einen stetigen Uebergang von der Boden- zur Oberschicht, oder anders ausgedrückt, von der Schicht mit höhenabhängigem Austausch zu der mit höhenkonstantem, so erhält man die vonC. G. Rossby (9) eingeführte Restturbulenz (residual turbulence). Es werden tägliche Gange des Austauschkoeffizienten im einzelnen diskutiert; besonders der Spezialfall der klaren Junitage von Leafield (Konvektionstyp der gemässigten Breiten), für den eine Modellvorstellung entworfen wird, bei der die Wechselwirkung von Strahlung, Schichtung, Temperatur und Austausch gleichzeitig betrachtet wird. Ausgehend von der zweiten Diffusionsgleichung des atmosphärischen Austauschs wird gezeigt, dass sowohl für den Austausch als auch für das Integral der Diffusionsgleichung die Trennung der Variablen möglich ist mit der Einschränkung, dass bei Tagen bzw. Auswahlen von Tagen mit ausgesprochenem täglichen Gang für Tag und Nacht verschiedene höhenfunktionen erforderlich sind. Die beiden separaten (gewöhnlichen) Differentialgleichungen, die nach der Trennung der Variablen erhalten wurden, werden vorerst getrennt integriert und die Konstanten jeweils voneinander unabhängig berechnet; damit erhält man einerseits die Möglichkeit, die durch Integration der Zeitabhängigkeit des Austauschkoeffizienten erhaltene neue Zeitfunktion mit der der gegebenen potentiellen Temperatur zu vergleichen, andererseits den Höhenansatz ein zweitesmal zu prüfen. Die numerische Prüfung der Zeitabhängigkeit wurde für die Auswahl «Alle Junitage Leafield», die der Höhenabhängigkcit für die Auswahl «Bedeckte Dezembertage Leafield» durchgeführt. Abschliessend werden die beiden Gleichungen zusammen betrachtet, die Integration vorgenommen, eine numerische Auswertung jedoch nicht ausgeführt.
    Notes: Summary The daily variation of the «Austauschkoeffizient», i. e. eddydiffusivity, has been computed for two stations, Leafield (England) and Ismaila (Egypt), representing each other a special type of climate. On the side one attention has been given to the character of turbulence as mainly influenced by insolation and wind leading to a characteristic selection, for instance a «convection-type»; on the other side normal monthly values have led to a climatologic selection. Both selections have been compared and criterions for their use determined. Additionally the daily variations have been analysed in known functions, their annual variations regarded. The foundations for this analysis were the registrations of temperature or temperature-gradient ofN. K. Johnson andG. S. P. Heywood for 5 years at 5 levels (1.2, 12.4, 30.5, 57.4, 87.7 m, Leafield) andW. D. Flower for 1 year at 4 levels (1.1, 16.2, 46.4, 61.0 m, Ismaila). A main result is that the linear function with height of the «Austauschkoeffizient», confirmed for an adiabatic atmosphere, cannot be applied to a real atmosphere; the error-function integral has been found a good approximation in the interval between 10 and 100 m, which can be tested by computing the daily variation of the «Austausch-koeffizient» at two levels; previous results were limited to a single level without this possibility of testing. This variation with height gives a steady transition from the layer with variable «Austauschkoeffizient» to the one with constant «Austauschkoeffizient» thus getting the residual turbulence ofC. G. Rossby. Special types of the daily variation of the «Austauschkoeffizient» have been discussed, especcially the convectiontype of middle latitudes (Leafield, clair days), for which a model has been given, regarding the mutual effects of insolation, gradient, temperature and «Austausch». Basing on the second partial differential equation of atmospheric diffusivity it has been shown that both for the «Austauschkoeffizient» and the integral of this equation the separation of the two variables (t=time,z=altitude) is possible with the limitation that for days respectively selections of days with great daily variation different functions with height for day and night are necessary. This resulted in getting two ordinary differential equations, which at first have been integrated separately, and so determined their constants. Now it was possible to compare the daily variation of the integral with that of the given potential-temperature, additionally to prove the function with height for a second time. A numerical proof for the daily variation has been made for the selection «all days of june, Leafield», for the function with height for the selection of «covered days of december, Leafield». Finally both differential equations have been considered together, a numerical example has not been given for special reasons.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 197-202 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zunächst wird, mit einigen Erweiterungen, die Theorie des Barovariographen dargelegt, deren Ableitungen auch experimentell bestätigt wurden. Dann folgt eine kurze Erläuterung der verschiedenen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten des Instrumentes für die Registrierung gewisser aerologischer Erscheinungen über einem Ort.
    Abstract: Riasunto Dapprima viene esposta con alcuni perfezionamenti la teoria del barovariografo, le cui deduzioni sono state confermate anche sperimentalmente. Segue una illustrazione succinta delle varie possibilità applicative dello strumento per la rilevazione dei fenomeni aerologici sovrastanti una località determinata.
    Notes: Summary First, the theory of the barovariograph, the deductions from which have also been confirmed by experiments, is presented with some improvements. Then there follows a concise illustration of the various possibilities of applying the instrument for the disclosure of aerological phenomena existing over a given locality.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 206-208 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 209-211 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 212-214 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 186-196 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei Versuchen über die Wirksamkeit von Frostschutzschirmen aus Stroh und Pergament ergaben sich auffallende Unterschiede im Wachstum der bedeckten Reben. Deshalb wurde das Mikroklima innerhalb und ausserhalb solchen Frostschutzschirmen genauer untersucht. Dabei zeigte sich, dass unter Strohschirmen nachts eine höhere, tagsüber eine tiefere Temperatur herrscht als in der freien Umgebung; Bei Pergamentschirmen tritt gerade das Umgekehrte ein. Diese Temperatur-unterschiede sind dem Vorzeichen nach bei jedem Bewölkungsgrad gleich, dem Betrage nach am grössten bei heiterem Himmel. Ein Pergamentschrim hat also auf die Pflanze einen ähnlichen Einfluss wie ein Gewächshaus, in welchen Reben austreiben ohne Holz zu bilden. Bei Frost sind pergamentgedeckte Pflanzen wegen der starken Ausstrahlung des Pergaments noch stärker gefährdet als ungedeckte.
    Abstract: Summary Experiments carried out to examine the efficiency of frostprotecting screens of straw and parchment showed striking differences in the development of the protected plants. This brought the author to investigate the microclimate inside and outside such screens. At night the temperature proved to be higher inside strawscreens than outside, whereas, at day-time the surrounding air was warmer than the air below the screen. The reverse was true in the case fo parchment-screens. These differencies of temperature showed always the same sign independently of the nebulosity but they were greatest under clear sky. Thus it is seen that parchment-screens have very much the same influence on the plants as glass-houses under wich the vineplant shoots forth without forming wood. In the case of frost plants protected by parchment are even more exposed to damage than unprotected ones because of the strong radiative power of the parchment.
    Notes: Résumé Lors d'essais sur l'efficacité de coiffes en paille ct en parchemin l'auteur a été frappé de la différence de développement entre les ceps protégés par l'une ou l'autre méthode. Cette constatation l'a amené à rechercher les modifications du climat dans lequel vivaient les plants d'avec l'air ambiant. Il a constaté que sous une coiffe de paille la température était plus haute la nuit mais plus basse le jour qu'à l'air libre. Sous le parchemin c'est l'inverse qui se produit. Ces modifications sont valables quelle que soit la nébulosité, elles ne sont qu'accentuées par ciel clair. Le climat intérieur d'une coiffe de parchemin a la même influence qu'une serre sur le développement des ceps qui sont poussés mais dont les sarments ne sont pas lignifiés. Enfin en cas de gelée printanière le risque de dégats est encore augmenté par suite du fort rayonnement du parchemin.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 214-216 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 117-123 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le déclinaison gravitationelle apparaît ici comme analogue à la déclinaison magnétique. Le théodolite photographique enrégistreur utilisé avec des signaux horaires radiotélégraphiques spéciaux permet par une méthode de simultanéité, appliquée à deux stations de campagne, sa détermination et son élimination rélativement à des directions géodésiques. La méthode est basée sur des équations linéaires et ne demande que des mesures horizontales par rapport à un système simple d'étoiles sans avoir recours aux pendules transportables. Elle fournit probablement une exactitude bien améliorée et une vitesse plusieurs fois plus grande comparées à l'état actuel.
    Notes: Summary The gravitational declination appears here as the analogue of the wellknown magnetic declination. The photographic recording theodolit in connection with a high frequency impulse transmitter allows, by a method of simultaneousness on two fieldstations, its direct and connected measurement and its elimination with regard to geodetic directions. The method has been based on linear equations, with the only request of horizontal angle measurements to a plain system of stars, abstracting from any transportable clocks. The method promises a higher accuracy and a multiple as great working velocity, comparatively to the state at present.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 144-150 
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    Notes: Summary By substituting in an allowed manner the actual waves with plane waves and considering that any segments of the trajectories between the same wave fronts are isochronic ways for the vibrations: on derives the well known travel-time formulas quite plainly without the tiresome geometrical calculations applied hitherto.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 129-143 
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    Notes: Summary Methods for the elimination of the regional effect from gravity data are discussed in this paper. A historical review of the average gradient method used in torsion balance data is given. The connection between the averaging, or grid method, used on the gravity meter data and the average gradient method is pointed out and a criticism of these methods is given. Due to the ambiguity of the interpretation of gravity data no unique determination of the regional effect is possible and no mechanical method for its removal can be found. The determination of a regional gravity effect is an interpretation problem and for this reason it is unavoidably the subject of geological consideration and of the personal judgement of the interpreter. The method of smoothing the isogams and gravity curves is also discussed. A few suggestions are made for breaking the gravity data into two components (regional and residual) by the analysis of the gravity data. Finally the application of the second derivative methods for the elimination of the regional effect is discussed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 151-158 
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    Notes: Summary Evidence is adduced indicating that geomagnetic disturbance at Huancayo isnormal, that is, comparable with that shown elsewhere in similar latitudes —as contrasted with the remarkable Huancayoabnormality, in the horizontal magnetic force, of the quiet-day solar and lunar daily variations, and in theS q augmentation (solar flare effect). the normality of magnetic disturbance at Huancayo is manifested by the disturbance daily variationS D, and by the storm-effectD st and its associated changes of daily mean (D m) and the non-cyclic variation; it is not stated whether or not the irregular part,D i, is normal. The normality ofD st seems natural according to theChapman-Ferraro theory of magnetic storms, but the normality ofS D is less easy to explain.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 170-172 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The true solar constant 2.4 is proved.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Solarkonstante 2.4 wird begründet.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 159-166 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this paper, energy equations of balance are established in any type of frame moving with an arbitrary, variable velocity with respect to space aud time. The equation of balance of mechanical energy can be deduced from the eqnations of motion of the air with respect to the moving frame. The equation of balance showing the conservation of total energy will be obtained by transposing in the moving frame, the expression of the first principle of thermodynamics given for the absolute frame.
    Notes: Résumé L'objet de cet article est d'établir les bilans énergétiques dans un référentiel quelconque, animé d'un mouvement variable d'un point à un autre et d'un instant à un autre. Le bilan de l'énergie mécanique se déduit, grâce au théorème des forces vives, des équations du mouvement de l'air par rapport au référentiel mobile. Le bilan qui exprime la conservation de l'énergie totale s'obtient en transposant, dans le référentiel mobile, l'expression du premier principe de la thermodynamique, énoncé dans le référentiel galiléen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 167-169 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für eine reibende Flüssigkeit verliert derErtelsche Wirbelsatz in der üblichen lokalen Form seine Gültigkeit. Durch rein kinematische Schlussweise zeigt man trotzdem, dass derErtelsche Satz im Sinne des arithmetischen Mittels über einem Volumen, auf dessen Rande der Beschleunigungsvektor normal steht, für ein etwaiges Kontinuum noch gilt.
    Notes: Summary TheErtel vorticity theorem in its usual local form is not valid for viscous fluids. By a purely kinematical analysis it is shown, however, that the theorem continues to hold in mean over any volume on whose bounding surface the acceleration is wholly normal, for an arbitrary continuous medium.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 173-175 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Wellenform von atmosphärischen Störungen, die man in einer Entfernung von einigen hundert km vom Blitz registriert, kann erklärt werden, wenn man den Einfluss des Ausbreitungsmechanismus unter Ausschluss der Ionosphäre betrachtet. Die atmosphärische Störung verdankt ihre Form der frequenzabhängigen Ausbreitung entlang der Erdoberfläche, wobei die Dämpfung für hohe Frequenzen grösser ist als für niedere.
    Notes: Summary The wave form of atmospherics recorded at a distance of some hundred km from the lightning stroke may be explained if the influence of propagation mechanism, excluding ionospheric reflection, is considered. The wave form results from the damping of higher frequencies, if propagation occurs about ground.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 179-185 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Researches have been undertaken on the influence of the Föhn in the italian Alps, regarding the runoff-variations. The Föhn causes as a rule a decrease of the runoff, which, in absence of precipitation, can reach or exceed 10%. It can be explained by the strong evaporation during the Föhn.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Anhand einiger Föhnfälle in den italienischen Alpen wurde der Einfluss des Föhns auf die Aenderungen der Abflussmenge untersucht. Wenn empfindliche Niederschläge oder andere Faktoren nicht vorkommen, verursacht in der Regel der Föhn eine Abnahme der Abflussmenge, die 10% erreichen oder sogar überschreiten kann. Die Erklärung ist in der starken Verdunstung während des Föhns zu suchen.
    Notes: Riassunto Per alcuni casi diFöhn delle Alpi Italiane, interessanti il Piemonte e la Lombardia, sono state esaminate le variazioni dei deflussi nei giorni in cui soffiava tale vento nonchè in quelli adiacenti, trovando che di regola, quando non intervengono precipitazioni od altri fattori, ilFöhn provoca una diminuzione netta delle portate, che può raggiungere e superare il 10% e che si esplica con relativa prontezza. Si spiega tale riduzione con la forte evaporazione causata dalFöhn.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 176-178 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The charge of an airplane flying through thunderclouds has been measured. It was stated that icing caused a heavy negative charging of the plane, whilst after deicing a weak positive charge remained. The maximum amount of the potential was found to be about 35 KV/m, limited by spray discharging. The sign of the charge agrees with the tests, made byWorkman in laboratory.
    Abstract: Résumé On a remarqué qu'un avion était chargé négativement lors de son entrée dans une nuage orageuse et cela par suite de la formation de glace. Après que la glace ait disparu on peut noter encore une petite charge positive. Le signe de la charge produite s'accorde avec les observations faites en laboratoire parWorkman.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Aufladung eines Flugzeuges beim Flug durch Quellwolken gemessen. Es ergab sich, dass beim Einflug in die Wolke und bei einsetzender Vereisung das Flugzeug stark negativ aufgeladen wurde, nach dem Abtauen blieb eine kleine positive Restladung zurück. Das maximale Potential des Flugzeugs betrug ca. 35 KV/m. Das Vorzeichen der Aufladung steht im Einklang mit den vonWorkman im Laboratorium ermittelten Werten.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 186-219 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The bora is a by geographical conditions locally very varied cold air invasion, who shows similar characteristics as a cold air invasion in West and Central Europe, but much more excessive. It stamps typically continental traits on the climate of the Adriatic especially that of the east coast.—The forecast of the bora requires relativ to the beginning and the duration a consideration of air-mass transformations over a large area, and of tracks and development of cyclones and anticyclones, relativ to the expected violence of the bora an intensive analysis and observation of the development of the temperature- and pressure-gradients within the dalmatian district, at which the forecast of the beginning and the end of the bora may find a further support in the daily course of the bora frequency.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Bora ist ein durch geographische Gegebenheiten lokal extremisierter Kaltlufteinbruch, der ähnliche Merkmale wie ein Kaltlufteinbruch über West- oder Mitteleuropa zeigt, jedoch in wesentlich excessiverer Form. Sie prägt dem Klima der Adria—insbesondere demjenigen der adriatischen Ostküste—typisch kontinentale Züge auf. Die Boraprognose erfordert bezüglich des Beginns und der Dauer eine grossräumige Betrachtung der Luftmassenverteilung und-bewegung, sowie der Wanderung und Entwicklung der Druckfall- und-steiggebiete, bezüglich der zu erwartenden Borastärke eine eingehende Untersuchung und Beachtung der aus der Luftmassenbewegung folgenden Entwicklung des Temperatur- und Druckgradienten im dalmatinischen Raum, wobei die Prognose des Borabeginns und-endes in dem Tagesgang der Borahäufigkeit eine zusätzliche Stütze finden kann.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 231-232 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 220-226 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf der Magadinoebene (Südschweiz) wurden ein Jahr lang Niederschlagsmessungen mit drei Pluviometern in verschiedenen Aufstellungen vorgenommen; 1. Normale, windgeschützte Aufstellung auf 1.50 m hohem Pfosten, 2. Aufstellung auf 1.50 m hohen Pfosten ohne Windschutz, 3. Niederschlagsmesser im Boden versenkt. Obwohl die Windgeschwindigkeiten auf der Magadinoehene klein sind, zeigt sich doch schon der Einfluss des Windes auf die Messergebnisse ganz eindeutig. Der im Boden versenkte Niederschlagsmesser gab die grösste Menge, dann folgte der windgeschützte, während der ohne Windschutz die kleinste Menge aufwies. Diese Ergebnisse stehen in Uebereinstimmung mit denen vonKoschmieder.
    Abstract: Riassunto Sul Piano di Magadino (Svizzera meridionale) si eseguirono per un anno intero misure delle preciptazioni usando tre pluviometri in posizioni diverse: 1) posizione normale, protetta dal vento, su un palo alto m 1.50, 2) posizione su un palo alto m 1.50 senza protezione peril vento, 3) Pluviometro affondato nel terreno. Sebbene le velocità del vento sul Piano di Magadino siano piccole, l'influsso di esso sui risultati delle misure è notevole. Il pluviometro nel terreno dà la maggiore quantità, segue poi quello protetto dal vento, mentre quello senza protezione presenta la minor quantità. Questi risultati concordano con quelli diKoschmieder.
    Notes: Summary Measuring tests on precipitations were carried out during one year on the Plain of Magadino (Southern Switzerland) by means of three pluviometers in different positions: 1) normal windprotected position on posts 1.50 meters high, 2) position on posts 1.50 meters high without protection, 3) rain-gauge sunk into the soil. Although windvelocities on the Plain of Magadino are low, the influence of the wind on measuring results is distinctly noticeable. The sunken rain-gauge produced the greatest amount, then followed the one protected from the wind, wheareas the one without wind protection showed the smallest amount. These results are in accordance with those ofKoschmieder.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 232-236 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 227-230 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 62-66 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary From a drawing one finds the size and dip of a screen to protect a pyranometer against the sun.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus einer einfachen Zeichnung ergibt sich die Grösse und optimale Neigung eines Schirmes zum Abblenden der Sonne von einem Pyranometer.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 31-45 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wenn man die magnetische Vertikalintensität in einem Gebiet kennt, ist es unter gewissen Bedingungen, die oft erfüllt sind, möglich in willkürlich gewählten Punkten des Gebietes — mit Ausnahme des Randgebietes — die Abweichungen ΔH und ΔD der HorizontalintensitätH und der DeklinationD von konstanten Werten zu berechnen. Weiter unten sind Einzelheiten der praktischen Ausführung anhand eines Beispiels mitgeteilt. Die mathematische Grundlage der Berechnungen ist in der Einleitung skizziert; doch können die folgenden Abschnitte auch unabhängig von ihn verstanden werden. Für die Berechnungen wurde ein, Integrationsgitter (Abb. 1) verwendet, und die Methode selber ist unter «2. Procedure» beschrieben. In Abb. 2 und 3 zeigen die Zahlen bei den Kreuze die in dieser Weise berechneten Werte vonH undD, angegeben in Gammawerten und Bogenminuten; (die isomagnetischen Linien in Abb. 2 sind auf Grund vonbeobachteten H-Werten gezeichnet worden; in Abb. 3 sind die beobachtetenD-Werte in kleiner Typen gedruckt). In den Abschnitten 3 und 4 werden die Genauigkeit und die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Methode diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract If the magnetic vertical intensityZ is known over a certain area, it is possible, under more precisely defined conditions which are often complied with, at arbitrary points of the same area—though with the exception of the marginal area—to calculate the deviations of the horizontal intensityH and the magnetic declinationD, ΔH and ΔD, from constant values. Below some details of the calculation in practice are given, i. a. by means of an example, the mathematic basis for the calculations being outlined in the introduction (the succeeding text may, however, be read independently thereof). A graticule, as seen in Fig. 1, was used in the calculations, and the method itself is described under «2. Procedure». In Figs. 2 and 3, the figures at the crosses denote the values ofH andD computed in this way, indicated in gammas and arc-minutes, respectively; (the isomagneticH-lines in Fig. 2 are drawn on the basis ofobserved H-values; in Fig. 3 the observedD0values themselves are given in figures in small type). The accuracy of and the possibilities for application of the method are discussed in the later sections.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 56-61 
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    Notes: Summary Many writers treated on the problem of dynamic instability of westerly flow due to the excessive horizontal shear, and the present author discusses the corresponding dynamic instability due to the vertical shear. The critical vertical shear in indifferent stratification is given by the condition — the meridional component of absolute vorticity vanishes, — and is an approximate negative valueof 10−4 sec −1 in middle latitude. However the critical vertical shear in normal stable stratification is a fairly large negative value of 2 sec−1. It might be emphasized that the problem of this study differs fromRichardson's criterion of turbulence, for the present author discusses the condition under which the zonal flow is dynamically stable, whileRichardson expressed the condition under which the turbulence will decrease.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 77-84 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The new pyrheliometric principle of Prof.K. Wegener has been analyzed. Although some disadvantages of existing radiation meters have been avoided, the measurement of the caloric intensity of solar radiation inabsolute units seems dubious.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der neuartige pyrheliometrische Messvorgang nach Prof.K. Wegener wird analysiert. Bei ihm sind gewisse Fehlerquellen anderer Strahlungsmesser vermieden. Jedoch bestehen Bedenken, ob das neue Verfahren die kalorische Sonnenenergie inabsolutem Masse liefern kann.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 86-86 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 85-85 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 67-76 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The conditions for the measurement of the intensity of the solar and sky radiation and the sunshine by the Department of Radiation at Uccle are given. A study of the radiation climate is presented. In connection with a determination of the sunshine, a comparison of observationnal results is made with that calculated from new formulas. The intensity of direct solar radiation and of total solar and sky radiation on a horizontal surface is known by a computation. The limitations of the classical formulas are given.
    Notes: Résumé Après avoir précisé les conditions dans lesquelles les mesures de la radiation solaire directe, de la radiation globale, de la radiation du ciel et de la durée d'insolation sont effectuées au Service du Rayonnement, à Uccle, une étude du climat solaire est présentée. On montre sous quelle forme on peut calculer l'énergie du rayonnement solaire direct à partir de la durée d'insolation. On détermine ensuite la radiation globale pour toutes les conditions d'insolation. Les nouvelles formules proposées permettent de fixer les limites de validité des formules classiques.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 157-176 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A simple apparatus is described for measuring and recording the following data: 1) Vertical atmospheric current; 2) Atmospheric potential gradient (using a «half-static» method); 3) Frequency und shape of fast changes of the atmospheric potential gradient (at times of electric discharges in the atmosphere). The apparatus consists of a specially divised tube-voltmeter, combining current supply and reading instrument in one housing. Various error limits of the method are discussed. Potential gradients may be measured up to ±1500 volts per meter. Special investigations showed the wind velocity to have no influence on the measurements. 10 days' comparative records of this apparatus and theBenndorf-elektrometer of the Fürstenfeldbruck Geomagnetic Observatory showed complete identity of curves. Several examples of results obtained with the new intrument are given. Simultaneous records of atmospheric potential gradients at various places showed good agreement of curves obtained under similar meteorological conditions. Graphs of average daily variations during the months of 1949 and 1950 are also given.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein einfaches Gerät für luftelektrische Untersuchungen beschrieben, das folgende Messungen bzw. Registrierungen auszuführen gestattet: 1) Registrierung des luftelektrischen Antennenstromes (Vertikalstrom); 2) Registrierung des luftelektrischen Feldes nach einer «halbstatischen» Methode; 3) Registrierung bzw. Zählung rascher zeitlicher Aenderungen des statischen Feldes (Feldsprünge bei el. Entladungen in der Atmosphäre). Die Anordnung besteht aus einem besonders konstruierten Röhrenvoltmeter, dessen Gehäuse Anzeigegerät und Stromversorgungen vercinigt. Die verschiedenen Fehlergrenzen der Messmethode werden eingehend dis kutiert. Das Gerät eignet sich zur Messung der Feldstärke bis ± 1500 V/m. Ein Einfluss der Windegeschwindigkeit auf die Feldanzeige besteht nach eingehenden Untersuchungen nicht. Zehntägige Anschlussregistrierungen im Erdmagnetischen Observatorium in Fürstenfeldbruck mit demBenndorf- Elektrometer erbrachten völlige Kurvengleichkeit der beiden Geräte. Einige Messbeispiele führen die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten des Gerätes vor Augen. Die gleichzeitige Registrierung des luftelektrischen Feldes an mehreren Stationen erbrachte sehr gute Uebercinstimmung im Kurvenverlauf, der durch die jcweiligen meteorologischen Verhältnisse bedingt war. Die Darstellung der mittleren Tagesgänge der Monate von 1949 und 1950 schliesst sich an.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 181-182 
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    Notes: Summary The electric atmospheric discharges in different places of North Italy have been recorded with ceraunometers of theGane & Schonland's type: some preliminar results are given.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 177-180 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The potential-gradient in thunderclouds is — due to the experiences up to now — generally much lower than expected. As an explanation for this limitation of the potential-gradient may be assumed that the elements of the clouds and the precipitation are sparkling («sprühen»). This would stabilize the voltage because it works as an automatically regulated load for the thunderstorm-generator. When this regulation suspends it will be replaced by the lightning as the last possibility of compensation. The fact that thunderclouds can be radared may be taken as a confirmation of the fact that a sparkling-effect exists in these clouds.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach bisherigen Erfahrungen ist die elektrische Feldstärke in den Gewitterwolken im allgemeinen wesentlich geringer als man erwarten sollte. Eine Erklärung für diese Feldstärkebegrenzung kann man in dem an den Wolken- und Niederschlagselementen anzunehmenden Sprühen sehen. Dieses wirkt als eine sich automatisch regutierende Belastung der Gewittermaschine, also spannungsstabilisierend. Setzt diese Regelung aus, so tritt an ihre Stelle gewissermassen als letzte Ausgleichsmöglichkeit der Blitz. Die Ortungsmöglichkeit von Gewitterwolken mittels Radar kann als Bestätigung des Sprühens in Gewitterwolken gelten.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 183-185 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Description of two ordinary globular lightnings (Nr. 1 and 2), one multiple globular lightning (Nr. 5) and two other phenomena (Nr. 3 and 4) similar to a globular lightning.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zwei einfache Kugelblitze (Nr. 1 und 2), ein mehrfacher Kugelblitz (Nr. 5) und zwei weitere kugelblitzähnliche Erscheinungen (Nr.3 und 4) werden beschrieben.
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 95-98 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 216-221 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 99-113 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 114-119 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 119-121 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 122-131 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 131-136 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 136-139 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 139-141 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 141-142 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 143-143 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 143-147 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 147-149 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 149-151 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 152-176 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 196-212 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 212-216 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 221-234 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 234-237 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 177-195 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Interpretationsmethode der Sedimentgesteine wird dargestellt. Mittels Kurven warden die zeitlichen und räumlichen Variationen der wichtigsten mineralogischen und organischen Charaktere ausgedrückt. Die durch diese Kurven gelieferten Angaben werden unter sich in logischer Weise kombiniert und erlauben eine paläogeographische Klassifikation der verschiedenen lithologischen Einheiten. Hiermit ist es möglich, die Verbindungen zwischen der Sedimentation und den verschiedenen Faktoren, welche die letztere beeinflussen, herzustellen: Tiefe, Entfernung von der Küste, Richtung und Stärke der Strömungen, physikalisch-chemische Bedingungen, Tektonik usw. Es werden verschiedene Beispiele aus der helvetischen Kreide dargelegt. Die bathymetrische Interpretation ihrer lithologischen Fazies entspricht den neuesten Arbeiten der Ozeanographie, worin ähnliche aktuelle Bedingungen beschrieben sind.
    Notes: Abstract A new method of sedimentary rocks investigation is proposed. It illustrates by means of curves the variations in both time and space of the main mineral and organic features. By combining them together in a logical way, it is possible to decipher the relations between sedimentation and the different factors governing it: depth, distance to shoreline, direction and strength of marine currents, biological and chemical conditions, tectonics and so on. Finally a paleogeographic classification of lithological facies is obtained. Some examples taken in the Cretaceous of the Swiss High Calcareous Alps are presented. The bathymetrical interpretation of their facies is in close agreement with the results of modern oceanographic investigations which have described in some cases very similar conditions.
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 237-239 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 239-247 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 247-249 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 250-254 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 255-273 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 273-284 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 292-295 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 284-292 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 295-299 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 303-304 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 304-313 
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    International journal of earth sciences 39 (1951), S. 300-303 
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    Notes: Résumé Le Permien inférieur de la Sarre renferme un horizon de schistes bitumineux dont la Constance et l'étendue sont remarquables. Les schistes finement varvés correspondent à une sédimentation cyclique en eau calme et peu profonde. La schistosité semble liée à la présence de lits calcaires d'origine en partie organique. L'origine des carbures peut être recherchée dans les débris de poissons très abondants les schistes. Mais l'aspect varvé de la répartition des carbures conduit à admettre l'influence cyclique des phénomènes qui ont provoqué la formation des schistes et à attribuer un rôle important au plankton.
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