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  • Electron microscopy  (192)
  • Springer  (192)
  • 1990-1994
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  • 1990-1994
  • 1985-1989  (17)
  • 1980-1984  (55)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 26 (1987), S. 347-357 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Ribosome structure ; Electron microscopy ; Image analysis ; Evolutionary lineages
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Multivariate statistical analysis and classification techniques are powerful tools in sorting noisy electron micrographs of single particles according to their principal features, enabling one to form average images with an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio and a better reproducible resolution. We apply this methodology here to determining the characteristic views of the large (50S) ribosomal subunits from the eubacteriumEscherichia coli and the archaebacteriaMethanococcus vannielii, Sulfolobus solfataricus, andHalobacterium marismortui. Average images were obtained of the subunit in the common crown and kidney projections, but views of the particle in orientations intermediate between these two extremes were also elucidated for all species. These averages show reproducible detail of up to 2.0 nm resolution, thus enabling the visualization and interspecies comparison of many structural features as a first step toward comparing the actual three-dimensional structures. Our results disprove evolutionary lineages recently postulated on the basis of electron microscopical images of ribosomal subunits.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Replicative intermediates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Some physicochemical properties of the mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNA) from plants of flax, broad bean and mung bean, and from tissue culture cells of jimson weed, soybean, petunia and tobacco were determined. Circular molecules were observed in electron microscope preparations of each mtDNA. In soybean, petunia, broad bean and mung bean mtDNAs, the circular molecules had a continuous distribution of lengths (ranges between 1 to 36 kb, and 1 to 126 kb), heavily skewed toward smaller molecules. Eighty-six percent of the flax circular molecules were from 27 to 54 kb in size, and 78% of the jimson weed circular molecules were from 4 to 15 kb. Replicative forms of 1.2–1.6 kb circular molecules were observed in electron microscope preparations of broad bean mtDNA.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mammary gland ; Tissue culture ; Collagen gel ; Electron microscopy ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fragments of human breast epithelium, devoid of all stromal and basal lamina components, which maintain their in vivo topological organisation can be cultured for up to 28 days within a reconstituted rat-tail-derived collagen matrix. These organoids initially undergo a loss of structural and 3-dimensional organisation, typified by loss of lumina formed by epithelial cells, and myosin from myoepithelial cells. Their subsequent reorganisation is dependent on the presence of serum, insulin, hydrocortisone, and cholera toxin in tissue culture medium. After this preliminary phase, a reduction in the concentration of serum, insulin, hydrocortisone, and cholera toxin is necessary to allow the structural differentiation of epithelial and myoepithelial cells. The myoepithelial cells also regain their ability to produce the basal lamina component laminin. The use of bovine-dermal collagen as the matrix, rather than rat-tail-derived collagen is shown to result in more stable organisation and differentiation of the organoids. The successful use of single-cell pellets (derived by trypsinisation of the organoids) in place of organoids in such cultures illustrates that there is no requirement for pre-existing cell/ cell contact or topological organisation of cells prior to embedding within the collagen matrix.
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  • 4
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    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 457-459 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vomeronasal glands ; Autonomic innervation ; Electron microscopy ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological evidence for a direct autonomic innervation of the mouse vomeronasal glands is presented. Axonal varicosities containing a few densecore vesicles and numerous clear vesicles (36–60 nm in diameter) make synaptic contacts with the secretory cells at the base of the glandular acini. The axonal presynaptic membrane is associated with a distinct dense material and it is separated from the secretory cell by a synaptic cleft of about 12–14 nm. At the postsynaptical level, coated vesicles can be found. Additional postsynaptical specializations have not been observed.
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  • 5
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    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 49-54 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enterochromaffin cells ; Serotonin ; Duodenum ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Enterochromaffin cells of the rat duodenum have been studied immunocytochemically by use of a specific antiserum to serotonin. At the light-microscopic level serotonin immunoreactivity was observed in enterochromaffin cells located in the epithelium of the duodenal mucosa. Most of the serotonin-immunoreactive material was localized to the basal portion of the enterochromaffin cells, but small amounts of immunoreactive material were regularly observed in the apical portion. At the electron-microscopic level serotonin immunoreactivity in enterochromaffin cells was found to be concentrated over the dense cores of the cytoplasmic granules. The majority of these granules was located in the basal cytoplasm of the enterochromaffin cells, but serotonin-immunoreactive granules were also observed in the apical cytoplasm immediately beneath the microvilli. These observations indicate that duodenal enterochromaffin cells are bipolar and that they secrete serotonin both basally, to the circulation, and apically, to the gut lumen. Rat duodenal enterochromaffin cells thus appear to have an exocrine as well as an endocrine function.
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  • 6
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    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 675-682 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Molluscan muscles ; Innervation ; Chromatophores ; Cephalopods ; Electron microscopy ; Eledone cirrhosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cephalopod chromatophores are made of a central pigment cell surrounded by 10 to 20 radially arranged muscle fibres under direct nervous control. Innervation of these muscle fibres was studied with anterograde cobalt fills of peripheral nerve bundles and light and electron microscopy. Individual axons branch repeatedly to innervate the muscles of chromatophores scattered over several millimeters. Axons contained in several dermal nerves converge to innervate the same chromatophores. Among the chromaophores, axons were found running either singly or in small bundles, often accompanied by sheath cells. Single chromatophore muscles were innervated by at least one axon running across or along its length. Since nerves terminating on chromatophore muscles are very rare, neuromuscular contact seems to be made “en passant”. Varicosities of the axons apposed to the muscles are thought to be presynaptic sites. However, morphological differentiations of the pre-or post-synaptic membranes were not visible. Two types of innervating processes were found containing either electron-clear or a mixture of electron-clear and dark-core synaptic vesicles.
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  • 7
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    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 393-398 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenaline ; Phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Central nervous system ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of adrenergic axon terminals was examined in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PNT) and in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus-median eminence (ARC-ME) complex by use of phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PNMT) immunocytochemistry. In the PNT, immunoreactive terminals formed a dense and well-circumscribed plexus. In the ARC, labeled varicosities were less numerous and more evenly distributed. In the ME, they were scarce and confined to the inner zone. In all these areas, the diameter of immunoreactive varicosities ranged between 0.2 and 1.3 μm; in the ME and in the transitional zone between the ARC and the ME, a population of larger boutons (〉2 μm) was also visible. All immunoreactive varicosities exhibited densely packed small, clear vesicles associated with a few large granular vesicles. In the PNT and the ARC, but not in the ME, they formed synaptic contacts with dendritic elements and were occasionally apposed to neuronal cell bodies. These axo-somatic appositions showed no junctional specializations. In the ME and transitional zone, immunoreactive terminals were frequently juxtaposed to, and occasionally established differentiated synaptic contacts with, tanycytes. These data support a transmitter role for adrenaline in the diencephalon and suggest that adrenaline plays a role in hypothalamo-hypophysiotropic regulation through interactions with neural and glial elements.
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  • 8
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    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 169-180 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: M-band structure ; Fibre type ; Skeletal muscle ; Cryo ultramicrotomy ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the M-band in soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles in newborn and four-week-old rats was studied using electron-microscopic techniques. In newborn rats, all myotubes and fibres in both muscles had an identical myofibrillar appearance. A five-line M-band pattern was seen in longitudinal sections and distinct M-bridges in cross-sections. The Z-discs were of medium width. On the other hand, in four-week-old rats, different muscle fibre types were observed on the basis of their myofibrillar pattern. In SOL two fibre types were distinguished in longitudinal sections. One had a four-line M-band pattern and very broad Z-discs, whereas the other type had five lines in the M-band and broad Z-discs. In EDL, three different myofibrillar patterns were observed. The M-bands were composed of three, four or five lines. Fibres had either thin, broad or medium Z-disc widths, respectively. In cross-sections of the SOL muscle one group of fibres showed indistinct M-bridges, whereas distinct M-bridges were seen in the other fibres and in all observed EDL muscle fibres. We conclude that initially there seems to be a single intrinsic program for M-band genesis; this program becomes modified upon the induction of functionally differentiated fibres.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human growth hormone-releasing factor (hGRF) ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Synapses ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By means of a preembedding immuno-electronmicroscopic technique, a large number of nerve endings containing a substance related to human growth hormonereleasing factor (hGRF) have been demonstrated in the paraventricular nucleus of the guinea pig. They made synaptic contacts primarily with dendritic shafts: 80% of these contacts were symmetrical. The immunoprecipitate was located mainly in large granules and around small clear vesicles. These findings suggest that a peptide related to hGRF may play a role in neural communication in the paraventricular nucleus.
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  • 10
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    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 167-177 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arteriovenous anastomoses ; Autonomic innervation ; Synaptic vesicles ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Tongue ; Dog
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the arteriovenous anastomoses in the dog tongue has been investigated. At the lightmicroscopic level, the vessels were found to be densely supplied with adrenergic and AChE-positive nerve plexuses and less densely with the quinacrine-binding nerve plexus. At the electron-microscopic level, at least two apparently different types of axon profiles were identified: 1) Small vesicle-containing axons, characterized by many small granular vesicles, variable numbers of small clear vesicles and large granular vesicles. Storage of endogenous amines and uptake of exogenous amines into most small granular vesicles and many large granular vesicles was demonstrated. These axons stained only lightly with reaction products for AChE activity and thus seemed to be adrenergic in nature. Some axons contained numerous large granular vesicles, whose cores occasionally stained with uranyl ions; this suggests a co-localization of ATP or peptides as neurotransmitters. 2) Small granular vesicle-free axons, containing small clear vesicles and large granular vesicles in variable ratio. Most cores of these large granular vesicles were heavily stained with uranyl ions. No storage or uptake of amine into the synaptic vesicles was detected. Some axons appeared to be typically cholinergic, some, typically non-adrenergic, noncholinergic, and the rest, intermediate between the two. All axons stained heavily with reaction products for AChE activity, suggesting their cholinergic nature.
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  • 11
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    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 573-582 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Seminal vesicle ; Histology ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Physiology ; Clarias gariepinus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The seminal vesicle of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, consists of 36–44 fingerlike lobes built up of tubules in which a fluid is secreted containing acid polysaccharides, acid-, neutral- and basic proteins, and phospholipids. In this fluid sperm cells are stored. The seminal vesicle fluid immobilizes the sperm cells. After ejaculation, it prolongs the period of sperm activity. The seminal vesicle fluid is secreted by the epithelium lining the tubules. The tubules in the proximal part of the lobes are predominantly lined by a simple cylindrical and those of the distal part by a simple squamous epithelium. These epithelial cells contain enzymes involved in energy-liberating processes, the enzyme activites being proportional to the height of the cells. Interstitial cells between the tubules have enzyme-histochemical and ultrastructural features indicative of steroid biosynthesis. Similar characteristics are found in testicular interstitial cells. The most rostral seminal vesicle lobes and the most caudal testicular efferent tubules form a network of tubules that opens at the point where the paired parts of the sperm ducts fuse with each other. The tubules of most seminal vesicle lobes, however, form a complex system that fuses with the unpaired part of the sperm duct.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Microtubules ; Terminal web ; Small intestine ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The terminal web (TW) region of mature absorptive cells in the small intestine of the rat contains an elaborate cytoskeleton which supports the apical microvillus membrane. In studies regarding the structural organization of the cytoskeleton and associated proteins in the small intestine, microtubules have not been mentioned as components of the TW. By transmission electron microscopy of conventional resin-embedded sections of rat small intestine, we observe many microtubule profiles in the TW of mature absorptive cells. These microtubules are found in various orientations, although most course parallel to the long axis of the cell, and many microtubule profiles are seen in close association with smooth-surfaced vesicles.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Alpha-bungarotoxin ; Autoradiography ; Cholinergic receptors ; Electron microscopy ; Suprachiasmatic nucleus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of (125I) alpha bungarotoxin (α-BTX) binding sites in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the adult female rat was examined by electron-microscopic autoradiography. The ultrastructural distribution of silver grains was analysed by line source, direct point count, and 50% probability circle methods. Real grain distribution was significantly different from that of randomly generated hypothetical grains. Line source analysis demonstrated two populations of sources: one associated with membranes, and one inside neuronal structures. Probability circle analysis of shared grains indicated that membrane-bound-radioactive sources were mainly asssociated with axo-dendritic appositions. Only a small proportion of labeled neuronal interfaces exhibited synaptic differentiations in the plane of section. However, the compartment containing synaptic terminals was the most enriched when comparing real to hypothetical grains. Probability circle analysis of exclusive grains demonstrated that sources that were not associated with neuronal plasma membranes were likely to be within nerve cell bodies and dendrites. It is concluded that the majority of specifically labeled α-BTX binding sites in the SCN is membrane bound, and may be associated with axodendritic synaptic transmission. The presence of a significant proportion of the label in the soma and dendrites of suprachiasmatic neurons 24 h after ventricular infusion suggests that some of the labeled binding sites (junctional or nonjunctional) may be internalized within these two compartments.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cytoskeleton ; Contractile proteins ; Lowicryl ; LR White ; Polyvinylalcohol ; Immunogold staining ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Three embedding media have been compared with respect to post-embedding immunolabeling of contractile and cytoskeletal antigens in aldehyde-fixed smooth muscle tissue: the methacrylate derivates lowicryl K4M (cured at −35 or 60°C) and LR White (cured at 0 or 60°C) and the water soluble resin, polyvinylalcohol (dried at 60°C). Measurements of intensity of labeling of ultrathin sections in the fluorescence microscope showed that five antigens (actin, myosin light chain, tropomyosin, filamin and vinculin) reacted more or less equally with their respective antibodies in all the embedding media, including those cured at 60°C. One antibody (anti-light meromyosin) reacted well only with polyvinylalcohol-embedded tissue. In contrast to the relative invariance of antibody reactivity between media clear differences in the preservation of ultrastructural integrity were observed. Embedding in polyvinylalcohol (dried at 60°C) and in Lowicryl (cured at −35°C) resulted in superior preservation as compared to Lowicryl or LR White cured at 60°C. Examples of uitrastructural immunocytochemistry with the antibodies against filamin and myosin light chain, using the immunogold staining procedure are presented: the sites of localization by these antibodies were the same with all the media tried. The relative merits of the different methods are discussed.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cytopathology ; Rhabdovirus ; Development ; Electron microscopy ; Cuscuta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic examination ofCuscuta odorata, used for transmission trials, revealed mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO) as well as rhabdovirus-like particles, unknown toCuscuta. The virus infection is confined to certain phloem-parenchyma cells and a 1–2 cell thick layer of parenchyma cells with thickened walls surrounding the central cylinder. Virus particles, mostly bacilliform, could be detected mainly in the nucleus but also in the cytoplasm. They reach a length of 350–400 nm and a diameter of approximately 75 nm. Virus assembly takes place exclusively in the nucleus. Virus maturation occurs in membrane bound areas within the nucleus, which have no connection with the perinuclear space. Formation of nucleocapsids is always associated with a nuclear viroplasm. Envelopment of virus particles occurs in these membrane bound areas. Budding into the perinuclear space does not occur. Virus infection leads to degeneration and finally to death of the protoplast.
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  • 16
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    Protoplasma 140 (1987), S. 100-109 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Actin ; Conifer ; Electron microscopy ; Picea glauca ; Somatic embryo ; Tissue culture ; Ultrastructure ; White spruce
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Somatic embryos in embryogenic callus cultures derived from Immature zygotic embryos ofPicea glauca (White spruce) were examined by light and electron microscopy. Somatic embryos consist of an embryonic region of small densely cytoplasmic cells subtended by a suspensor consisting of long highly vacuolated cells. Mitotic figures are frequent in the embryonic cells but are not observed in the suspensor. Cell divisions in the embryonic region apparently produce rows of cells which elongate to form the suspensor. The presence of abundant polysomes, coated membranes and dictyosomes in the cytoplasm of embryonic and upper suspensor cells suggests rapid growth of the embryo. In contrast the basipetal suspensor cells appear to be senescing. While only a few scattered microfilaments are present in the meristematic cells, the upper suspensor cells contain numerous bundles of longitudinally oriented microfilaments. These bundles correspond to actin cables observed in light microscope preparations stained with rhodamine labelled phalloidin and are oriented parallel to the direction of active streaming in these cells.
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  • 17
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    Colloid & polymer science 265 (1987), S. 855-859 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; polyethylenemelt ; fine structure ; artifact
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract There are still two opinions on the fine structure of polymer melts and glasses: (a) that the structure is similarly homogeneous to that in lower molecular weight materials and (b) that the structure shows larger short-range order regions (2–20 nm), which consist of bundeled segments of the chain molecules. Whereas opinion a relies more on indirect methods of investigation, opinion b is based mainly on fine granular structures which become visible in electron microscope investigations of surfaces of glassy solidified polymers. Such a fine structure can now be observed directly in a polyethylene melt. However, the structure is exposed as an artifact, so opinion a is supported.
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  • 18
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    Colloid & polymer science 261 (1983), S. 373-374 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; short-time staining ; nodular structure ; crystallization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Allomyces macrogynus ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Electron microscopy ; Restriction enzyme map
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mitochondrial (mt) DNA of the aquatic phycomycete Allomyces macrogynus is a circular molecule with a size of 56.1 kbp. The cleavage sites for the restriction enzymes SalI and PvuI were mapped by comparing the partial denaturation patterns of isolated restriction fragments with the pattern of the intact circle. The genes coding for the small and large ribosomal RNA (rRNA) were located on the restriction map by heteroduplex and R-loop analysis. The gene coding for the large rRNA contains an intervening sequence, app. 0.7 kbp in size, near the 3′-end of the gene. The two rRNA genes are encoded on the same strand of the mtDNA and separated by a region of 17–18 kbp. This rRNA gene organization is similar to that found with members of the Ascomycetes.
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  • 20
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    Archives of microbiology 135 (1983), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Photosynthetic membranes ; Electron microscopy ; Image processing ; Ectothiorhodospira halochloris ; Ectothiorhodospira abdelmalekii ; Rhodopseudomonas viridis ; Rhodopseudomonas sulfoviridis ; Thiocapsa pfennigii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The photosynthetic membranes of the five bchl b-containing bacteria Ectothiorhodospira halochloris, E. abdelmalekii, Rhodopseudomonas viridis, R. sulfoviridis and Thiocapsa pfennigii have been investigated by electron microscopy and digital image analysis. All five species have the photosynthetic complexes hexagonally arrayed in the membrane with lattice spacings close to 13 nm, except for R. sulfoviridis and T. pfennigii which display somewhat smaller (∼12.5 nm) lattice spacings. Correlation averaging which imposes less stringent requirements on the lattice perfection than conventional Fourier filtration techniques has been employed to elucidate the structure of the photosynthetic complexes. Their basic organization, i.e. a ring, probably containing the light-harvesting (LH) polypeptides, surrounding a core (the “reaction centre”) appears to be almost identical for all species under scrutiny. Despite a resolution of ∼1.6 nm, however, little further significant substructure can be deduced from the averages; possible reasons for the “blurred” appearance of the LH-ring and absence of any subdivision in the reaction centre are discussed along with strategies aimed at obtaining a more detailed model of the molecular architecture of the photosynthetic membranes.
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  • 21
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    Archives of microbiology 135 (1983), S. 25-29 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Euglena mutabilis ; Flagellate ; Photomovement ; Photoreceptor ; Phototaxis ; Single-cell analysis ; Videomicroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Due to the lack of an emergent flagellum the green flagellate Euglena mutabilis is restricted to gliding motility. During forward movement, the organisms orient positive phototactically in the presence of a suitable light stimulus. The cell contains both a stigma and a paraflagellar body which differ in shape and size from the organelles found in E. gracilis. The degree of orientation in white light follows an optimum curve with a maximum at about 100 lx. The spectral sensitivity shows a number of prominent peaks in the blue and green regions and extends well into the red region of the visible spectrum. Since the cell does not rotate during locomotion a periodic shading mechanism cannot account for phototactic orientation. Thus, phototaxis in the related species, E. gracilis and E. mutabilis differ in their photoreceptor molecules, their sensory transduction chains and their strategies of light direction detection.
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  • 22
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    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 469-496 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone marrow (human) ; Neutrophil granulocyte ; Granules ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bone marrow from hematologically healthy adults was exposed to a number of fixation procedures for investigation of the heterogeneity of the granule population in neutrophil granulocytes at the ultrastructural level. Four main cell stages were distinguished: early promyelocyte, late promyelocyte, myelocyte, and mature neutrophil granulocyte and described separately; metamyelocytes and band-form or stab cells are described together. The characteristic changes in the cytoplasm during myelopoiesis were analysed quantitatively. Special attention was given to the development of the granule population. Three types of granule arise in successive cell stages: granules which develop a sub-structure in the matrix (nucleated granules) are formed in early promyelocytes, granules with a homogeneous electron-dense matrix (azurophil granules) in late promyelocytes, and granules with a less electron-dense matrix (specific granules) in myelocytes. The three types of granule remain present during myelopoiesis. The best results in distinguishing the granule types were obtained by prefixation either in 0.1% glutaraldehyde or in 1.5% glutaraldehyde followed by washing in phosphate-buffered Ringer solution to which aminotriazole had been added. Granule counts revealed for the mature neutrophil a total number of granules of about 220 per ultrathin section. This population of granules is composed of about 12% nucleated, 11% azurophil, and 77% specific granules. When our previous findings are taken into account, the existence of three successively formed and morphologically distinguishable types of granule in heterophil (neutrophil) granulocytes has been demonstrated for three mammalian species: the guinea pig, the rat, and man. A separate term for the early promyelocyte stage is proposed: eomyelocyte.
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  • 23
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    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 579-593 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rods ; Cones ; Retina ; Bullfrog ; Synapse ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lumps of electron-dense material were observed in synaptic clefts associated with all types of photoreceptors, in the vicinity of the synaptic ribbons, in the retinae of dark-adapted frogs. Frogs were reared under a cyclic illumination (light on at 8:00; light off at 20:00) and then exposed to one of two courses of dark adaptation: one started from 11:00 in the morning, and the other started from 20:00 in the evening. The synaptic clefts of red rods became wider at some places where spherical or polygonal lumps of dense material were accumulated. The frequency and sectional area of the lumps increased faster for the first hour in the regime starting from 20:00 than in the regime starting from 11:00, then they reached the similar saturation levels of about 0.6 (per ribbon) and 1.6 to 1.8×104 (nm2) in both the regimes. In greenrod synapses, plate-shaped lumps of dense material were present in synaptic clefts and interspaces between the processes of second-order neurons. In cone synapses at the end of about 1 h darkness, the frequency and area of the lumps reached maximum values of about 0.12 (per ribbon) and 9×103 (nm2) in the regime starting from 11:00 and, about 0.08 (per ribbon) and 4 × 103 (nm2) in the regime starting from 20:00. On exposure to light, the dense material abruptly disappeared from all types of photoreceptor synaptic clefts. Large dense-core vesicles, occasionally observed in light-adapted rod photoreceptor terminals, seem to participate in exocytosis of the dense material. The number of dense-core vesicles per synaptic ribbon in a terminal was about 0.55 at the end of 3 h light in the morning and about 1.28 at the end of 12 h light in the evening. The increased number of dense-core vesicles during the daytime may contribute to the faster accumulation of dense material in the synaptic clefts. Although the chemical identification or the functional significance of the electron-dense material remains unknown, it is interesting that this material showed a rise and fall in response to darkness and illumination. Also the fact that this material is clearly visible will be helpful for future analysis of frog photoreceptor synapses.
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  • 24
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    Cell & tissue research 232 (1983), S. 593-600 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peritrophic membrane ; Insect ; Microvilli ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A double plasma membrane (DPM) surrounding intestinal microvilli of the migratory milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus, is described. Mutant and wild types of the phytophagous insect have been studied by conventional SEM and TEM procedures with the use of membrane-enhancing staining methods. Longitudinal and transverse sections revealed a DPM surrounding microvilli and continuing over the apical portions of the intestinal cell. The outer membrane of the DPM contributes to an intestinal lining or peritrophic membrane (PTM), which apparently accumulates in layers. SEM studies reveal a rugose intestinal surface and complete PTM in both starved and fed insects. Only rarely are exposed microvilli seen by SEM. SEM examinations also enable the observation of numerous blebs on the luminal side of the PTM apparently held in position by a neck-like attachment and apparently derived from the outer membrane of the DPM. Preliminary TEM studies of microvilli revealed unique microvesicle-like structures, lying just inside the inner membrane of the DPM, which may be of membrane origin based on their typical trilaminar appearance after en bloc staining with uranyl acetate. Highly ordered microfilaments were observed to occupy the most central aspect of the microvilli.
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  • 25
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    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 125-134 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vasopressin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vasopressin-containing neurons, identified by immunocytochemistry, are located predominantly in the posterior magnocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus. By electron microscopy, the immunoreaction product is seen within the cell bodies and neuronal processes. In the perikarya and dendritic processes, the immunoreactive material is associated primarily with neurosecretory granules. Axonal processes, identified by their content of microtubules and accumulation of neurosecretory granules, show the immunoreaction product in association with both of these organelles. Afferent axo-dendritic, axo-somatic and putative axo-axonic synapses with immunostained vasopressinergic neurons can be identified. The presynaptic profiles do not contain immunoreactive material. This study contributes to the ultrastructural characterization of vasopressinergic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus and of their afferent synaptic input.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dictyosome-like structures ; Golgi apparatus ; Phosphatidylcholine ; Laminated figures ; Electron microscopy ; Guinea pig
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dictyosome-like structures (DLS) of guinea pig spermatocytes, when prefixed in mixtures of glutaraldehyde and tannic acid, exhibited laminated figures with a repeating periodicity of about 4.5 nm in the spaces between DLS saccules or in association with the surfaces of the DLS saccules. These laminated figures were similar to those figures derived from saturated lipids in other tissues. Alternatively, spaces between saccules were collapsed leaving only thin, electron-dense material separating adjacent saccules. These changes were not observed when the DLS were prefixed in glutaraldehyde before exposure to tannic acid. The presence of laminated figures following fixation with tannic acid and osmium tetroxide suggests that saturated lipids are present in, or associated with, the intersaccular regions of the DLS. The distribution of laminated figures in other membrane structures was not affected by post fixation with tannic acid nor were laminated figures comparable to those of the DLS observed between cisternae of the Golgi apparatus. These results support previous conclusions that DLS are distinct from Golgi apparatus and are a unique component of the germ cell cytoplasm.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Digestion ; Membrane flow ; Electron microscopy ; Sarcodina ; Actinophrys sol
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The digestion of food in the heliozoonActinophrys sol is characterized by several distinct membrane events. Initially, extrusomes expand and fuse with each other and with the plasma membrane providing the membrane for the nascent food vacuole. During this process a—presumably lytic—material is secreted. After complete forming of the food vacuole a second type of vesicles fuses with it, whereupon usually lysis of the prey occurs. After denaturation and coagulation of the food, fluid is removed from the food vacuole. This process is accompanied by a high cytotic activity around the periphery of the food vacuole. Following this step, the perinuclear Golgi region shows an active appearance and numerous lysosomes fuse with the food vacuole. In consequence of this the food is degradated. The food vacuole shrinks continuously. Simultaneously vesicles filled with the digested material pinch off from the food vacuole, the content of which shows a more and more condensed mass of undigestible material. The undigestible residues are defecated eventually. The process of digestion is accompanied by an increase in volume and number of electron lucent cytoplasmic vacuoles. These vacuoles gradually become filled with a filamentous material starting with the vacuoles in the cell periphery. As the digestion continues, the vacuolar contents become condensed successively. Synchroneously the vacuoles move towards the cell center. After completion of the digestion, the cytoplasmic vacuoles decrease in volume and number and do not show any longer electron dense contents.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Anacystis nidulans ; Cyanobacterium ; Electron microscopy ; Freeze-fracmres ; Thylakoid degradation ; Ultrathin-sections
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Photooxidative bleaching of the CyanobacteriumAnacystis nidulans was studied by electron microscopic investigation of both freezefractured and thin-sectioned samples. During bleaching four consecutive phases in degradation of photosynthetic membranes (thylakoids) could be characterized: 1. No ultrastructural changes until photosystem II activity is lost. 2. Derangement of characteristic arrangement of thylakoids. 3. Thylakoids visible only in thin-sectioned but not in freeze-fractured samples. 4. Completely bleached cells, only traces in place of former thylakoids visible in thinsectioned samples. Bleaching did not cause lysis of the cells showing that the cytoplasmic membrane was not damaged. Polyhedral bodies also were still detectable in bleached cells.
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  • 29
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    Protoplasma 116 (1983), S. 198-200 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Chromosome isolation ; Electron microscopy ; Vicia faba ; Vicia narbonensis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using a formalin fixation technique whole chromosomes from root tips ofVicia species were isolated into a buffer solution. Combining this technique with the use of a set of reciprocal translocations available for this species—Vicia faba— allowed each member of the karyotype to be isolated and identified. Such isolated chromosomes can be used for optical microscopy or for either transmission or scanning electron microscopy where critical point drying clearly reveals chromatin fibre.
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  • 30
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    Protoplasma 116 (1983), S. 209-212 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Parapharyngeal mass ; Electron microscopy ; Cytochemistry ; Electron microprobe X-ray analysis ; Ciliate ; Homalozoon vermiculare
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The structure and elemental composition of the granules which make up the parapharyngeal mass of the ciliateHomalozoon vermiculare are analyzed. The mass is made up of two kinds of granules. One is not membrane-bounded and is composed of paraglycogen. The second type is comprised of concentric lamellae. It is rich in magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium. These results do not support the contention that the granules are directly involved in the process of food vacuole formation. The role of the parapharyngeal mass remains obscure.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cell walls ; Electron microscopy ; Moisture ; Plastic embedding ; Seeds
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Aqueous fixatives caused dry seed tissues to swell; mashed peanuts, crushed to remove oil, swelled even more. Use of anhydrous, organic solvents as vehicles for fixatives enabled maintenance of dimensional stability during fixation of dry seed tissues; even crushed seed tissue did not swell significantly when processed anhydrously. However, anhydrously processed specimens proved difficult to section. The difficulty was due to imperfect permeation of plastic into the seed tissues during embedding. An explanation of why anhydrously processed dry seed tissues are so difficult to embed in plastic is offered.
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  • 32
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    Cell & tissue research 228 (1983), S. 139-148 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Pineal photoreceptors ; Opsin immunoreactivity ; Electron microscopy ; Elasmobranch (Raja clavata)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pineal organ of Raja clavata was studied by light and electron microscopy, including the immunocytochemical antiopsin reaction. The pineal organ of the ray consists of three portions: (i) a large proximal pineal, (ii) a long tube-like connecting stalk, and (iii) a short distal terminal enlargement. This latter end-vesicle lies in the deep connective tissue layers of the braincase. All portions of the pineal are composed of pinealocytes, intrinsic neurons, ependymal/glial cells, and bundles of nerve fibers embedded in thin neuropil formations. The inner segments of the pinealocytes protrude into the lumen in all parts of the organ and usually contain basal bodies and numerous mitochondria. Often, two outer segments were found to arise from the basal bodies of a single inner segment. By means of light-microscopic immunocytochemistry the outer segments showed a strong antiopsin reaction. The axons of the pinealocytes form ribbon-containing synapses on dendritelike profiles, which appear to belong to the intrinsic pineal neurons. There are other axo-dendritic synapses established by presynaptic terminals lacking ribbons and containing granular and synaptic vesicles. Pineal neurons may contain granular vesicles approximately 60–100 nm in diameter; their processes contribute to the bundles of unmyelinated axons. The fine structural organization of the pineal organ and the opsin immunoreactivity of the outer segments of the pinealocytes indicate a photoreceptive capacity of the organ. The double outer segments represent a peculiar multiplication of the photoreceptor structures.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Innervation ; Decentralisation ; Hypogastric nerve ; Pharmacology ; Electron microscopy ; Vas deferens ; Guinea-pig
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The physiological, pharmacological and morphological characteristics of guinea-pig vas deferens supplied by hypogastric nerves rendered inactive by decentralisation were compared with those of vas deferens in which the nerve supply had been chronically stimulated for 3–9 days using implanted electrodes. No change was seen in decentralised preparations prior to 7 days, but from 8–15 days, increased sensitivity to application of noradrenaline in vitro was observed, which was shown to be related to reduced transmitter uptake by nerve terminals as well as to an increase in postjunctional sensitivity; there was also increased fatigability 7–14 days following decentralisation. Continuous stimulation of hypogastric nerves at 2 Hz for 4–8 h daily for 4–8 days resulted in enhanced transmitter uptake and reduced responses to noradrenaline; this was associated with a slight increase in noradrenaline content and a faster adrenergic neuromuscular response with a shorter latency. No appreciable changes in nerve or muscle structure studied by electron microscopy were observed following decentralisation, but there was an increase of between 12.5 and 29.6% in the number of close (〈 100 nm) neuromuscular junctions following chronic stimulation for 8 days.
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    Cell & tissue research 228 (1983), S. 433-449 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone marrow (rat) ; Heterophil granulocyte ; Granules ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of the heterophil granulocyte in the bone marrow of the rat is described, and an electron-microscopical analysis of the changes in the cytoplasm as well as in the granule population in several stages of maturation is reported. Three types of granule originate in consecutive stages of heterophil maturation. Granules with an internal fine structure (nucleated granules) are the first to be formed, i.e., in early promyelocytes; azurophil granules are formed in late promyelocytes; and specific granules appear in myelocytes. Quantitative analysis showed that the granule population in mature cells, i.e., about 160 granules per electron micrograph, is composed of roughly 14% nucleated granules, 10% azurophil granules, and 76% specific granules. Three cell stages were observed in mitosis: the early promyelocyte, the late promyelocyte, and the myelocyte. Granule counts in non-dividing cells confirmed the occurrence of mitosis in the late promyelocyte and myelocyte.
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  • 35
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    Cell & tissue research 228 (1983), S. 489-496 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart ; Tissue culture ; Electron microscopy ; Myocyte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cardiac muscle cells from 3-day-old rat neonates were cultured for periods of 2 to 56 days. In order to facilitate ultrastructural studies on the organization of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the cells were prepared for transmission electron microscopy according to a regimen including postfixation in reduced osmium ferrocyanide. The nonjunctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (NJSR) was organized as a loose, fenestrated sleeve around the exterior of bundles of myofilaments and was particularly prominent at the level of the Z line. The only recognizable junctional elements of the sarcoplasmic reticulum were in a peripheral location. Reduced osmium ferrocyanide was also useful in distinguishing intermediate (10nm) filaments, since it understained Z substance, which often obscured these structures. Intermediate filaments were arranged both at the Z line and the intercalated disc, in parallel strands, approximately at right angles to the myofilaments.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: CRF ; immunolabelling ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Median eminence ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-synthesizing perikarya and neural processes were detected at ultrastructural level in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and in the median eminence of control and colchicine-pretreated rats. The unlabelled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) immunohistochemical method was used in a pre-embedding manner, on thick, non-frozen sections. In CRF-perikarya, neurosecretory granules (80–120 nm in diameter), free ribosomes, and the rough endoplasmic reticulum were labelled. Unlabelled axon terminals formed asymmetric synapses on CRF-containing perikarya and dendrites. Immunolabelled axons terminated in the palisadic zone of the median eminence.
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  • 37
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    Cell & tissue research 232 (1983), S. 379-397 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Pelvic ganglia ; Autonomic nervous system ; Synapses ; Neurones ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A semi-quantitative electron-microscopic study of neuronal cell bodies, nerve profiles and synapses in the anterior pelvic ganglia of the guinea-pig has been carried out following in vivo labelling of adrenergic nerve endings with 5-hydroxydopamine. Ganglion cells of three main types have been distinguished: 1) the majority (about 70%) not containing granular vesicles, probably cholinergic elements; 2) those containing large granular vesicles of uniform size (80–110 nm), with granules of medium density and prominent halos; and 3) those containing vesicles of variable size (60–150 nm), with very dense eccentrically placed granular cores. Some non-neuronal ‘granule-containing’ cells were present, mainly near small blood vessels. Some 95% of the total axon profiles within the ganglia were cholinergic, the remaining 5% were adrenergic. However, 99% of synapses (i.e. axons within 50 nm of nerve cell membrane with pre-and post-synaptic specialisations) were cholinergic, and 1 % were adrenergic. Only three examples of nerve cell bodies exhibiting both cholinergic and adrenergic synapses were observed. Unlike the para-and prevertebral ganglia, the pelvic ganglia contained large numbers of axo-somatic synapses. As many as 20% of the nucleated neuronal cell profiles displayed two distinct nuclei.
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  • 38
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    Cell & tissue research 232 (1983), S. 399-411 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pelvic ganglion ; Reinnervation ; Decentralisation ; Autonomie nervous system ; Electron microscopy ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron-microscopic study has been made of adrenergic and cholinergic nerve fibres and synapses in the pelvic ganglion of the guinea-pig at intervals of up to 60 days following section of the hypogastric and pelvic nerves. Transection of the hypogastric nerves led to degeneration of 80–90% of the cholinergic nerve profiles and synapses in the ganglion. The small number of adrenergic nerves and synapses did not change, but 30–60 days after section, this number increased 8–10 times. Transection of the pelvic nerves led to degeneration of about 15% of the cholinergic nerve terminals, but no change in adrenergic terminals. After transection of both hypogastric and pelvic nerves, only about 1% of cholinergic nerves survived, but after 30–60 days, the number of adrenergic nerves increased 8–10 times. It is concluded that following cholinergic nerve degeneration in the ganglion, adrenergic nerves, probably originating as collateral sprouts from postganglionic neurones and granule-containing cells, can replace them to some extent.
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  • 39
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    Cell & tissue research 228 (1983), S. 85-98 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Basement-membrane production ; Mouse embryos ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mouse embryos (strain NMRI) of days 9 + 2h, 9 + 12h, 10 + 2h, 10 + 12h, 11 + 2h, 12 + 2h, 13 + 2h, and 14 + 2h were fixed (i) in 3% glutaraldehyde +3% paraformaldehyde, (ii) in 1% glutaraldehyde +1% tannic acid, or (iii) in 1% glutaraldehyde +1.5% ruthenium red. The electronmicroscopic picture of the basement membrane (BM) changed depending on the fixative used. Addition of tannic acid led to a higher staining intensity of glycoproteins, whereas after ruthenium red proteoglycans were more heavily stained. The BM around the neural tube and around the epithelial tubules in the lung anlage were investigated electron microscopically. After fusion, the BM in the dorsal regions of the neural tube is missing; on days 9–10 it is, however, reformed. Between days 11 and 13 wide gaps in the BM of the lung anlage occur at the growth buds of the epithelial tubes, which are bridged on late day 13. In the basal parts of these two epithelial types membrane-bordered granules of different density occur singly or in groups. It is postulated that these structures contain BM-material and represent secretion granules. After secretion, BM-material is first bound to the cell membrane. This process is important for the initiation of the formation of the BM. Further growth, however, proceeds via lateral aggregation (self-assembly). Thus, intercellular gaps are bridged independent of the cell membrane. The process of lateral aggregation may also explain deviations from the normal course of the BM.
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  • 40
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    Cell & tissue research 230 (1983), S. 639-648 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic autonomic nerves ; Quinacrine ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Anococcygeus muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological changes induced in the autonomic nerves of the rat anococcygeus muscle after the injection of quinacrine (QC, 100 or 200 mg/kg) were examined by electron microscopy in order to clarify the nature of QC-binding nerves seen at the fluorescence-microscopic level. A correspondence between granular QC fluorescence and many lysosomal dense bodies is observed both in the cytoplasm of muscle cells and in non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) axons during the first few days following injection. A number of brilliantly fluorescent fibres is observed 1 week after injection. At the ultrastructural level, these fibres seem to correlate with NANC axons which are crowded with many dense bodies and large granular vesicles. Notably, some lysosomal dense bodies contain many large granular vesicles. The effects of QC injection on the ultrastructure of adrenergic axons have also been observed, but are not so marked as in the NANC axons. The administration of QC did not cause complete degeneration of the NANC nerves, though degenerating axons were sometimes observed. The present data indicate that most, if not all, QC-binding nerves observed at the fluorescence-microscopic level correspond to NANC nerves at the electron-microscopic level. Furthermore, NANC axons appear to contain a considerable amount of ATP concentrated in the large granular vesicles.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone marrow (mouse) ; Monocytes ; Neutrophil granulocytes ; Granules ; Electron microscopy ; Peroxidase
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The differentiation and maturation of monocytes and neutrophil granulocytes were studied in bone marrow of normal mice by electron microscopy and cytochemical assessment of peroxidatic activity. The granule populations of the mature cells of bone marrow were identified and investigated to obtain a basis for the analysis of the earlier stages of maturation. Mature monocytes and neutrophils showed primary and secondary granules, and mature neutrophils had more of both kinds. The size, shape, and number of primary granules proved to offer the most reliable criteria for distinguishing promonocytes and promyelocytes. The primary granules of monocytes were smaller than those of mature neutrophils and were either spherical (smallest diameter 50–200 nm) or elongate (100×400 nm). Both granules had a homogeneous matrix. The granules of the granulocytes were either spherical (smallest diameter 200–300 nm) or elongate (150–200×300–500 nm), and some of them had a crystalline inclusion.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle ; Anura ; Stomach ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The young of the aquatic Australian frog, Rheobatrachus silus (Leptodactylidae) develop from eggs to juvenile frogs in the mother's stomach. During brooding the stomach expands greatly and becomes very thin walled. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the distension of the stomach was accompanied by a severe disruption of the smooth muscle layers. Many of the smooth muscle cells seemed to be highly contracted and resembled smooth muscle cells contracted in the absence of an intact connective tissue matrix. Eight days after the birth of the juveniles through the mouth of the female, the stomach muscle cells had returned to a normal appearance. It is suggested that during gastric incubation of the young, smooth muscle cells become at least partially dissociated from their surrounding connective tissue matrix, allowing maximal distension of the stomach wall.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 231 (1983), S. 551-563 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Visual mutants ; Anterior optic tract ; Independent gene actions ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy shows that in wild-type Drosophila melanogaster the anterior optic tract (AOT) is formed by about 1260 fibers in males and slightly fewer in females. Golgi staining suggests that most AOT fibers connect the lobula with different regions of the central brain. In the sine oculis (so) and small optic lobes (sol) mutants the number of axons is drastically reduced, by 58% in sol and by 35% in so. In the double mutant sol:so there is a loss of up to 83% of the fibers in the AOT. Approximately half of the remaining 220 fibers form a well defined subbundle of very thin axons which is identifiable in wild type as well as in both single mutants. The fibers of this subbundle neither originate nor terminate in the visual ganglia: instead, they connect two different central brain regions. It is concluded that the combined action of the sol and so mutations abolishes more than 90% of the fibers of visual origin or destination in the AOT. Quantitative analysis of electron micrographs shows that the so and sol mutations act independently on nearly exclusive subsets of axons in the AOT.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Satellite cells ; Skeletal muscle ; Snake-venom toxin ; Muscle regeneration ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Satellite cells were studied in the undamaged part of the rat soleus muscle rendered partially necrotic by a subcutaneous injection of notexin, the myotoxic toxin purified from the venom of the Australian snake Notechis scutatus scutatus. Nuclei of satellite cells were twice as numerous as in the controls, with a decreasing gradient in the number of satellite cells with distance from the necrotic area. The cells were in an activated state with an increased cytoplasmic volume and prominent organelles. Occasionally, mitosis of some satellite cells was observed. Between the satellite cell and the muscle fibre, an unusually wide space was frequently seen, within which a “new” basal lamina was often visible. It is suggested that the role of the satellite cells of undamaged muscle fibres in the regeneration of necrotic muscle is worthy of more detailed investigation.
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 233 (1983), S. 209-213 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hamsters ; Harderian glands ; Short photoperiod ; Sexual dimorphism ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A sexual dimorphism of the hamster Harderian gland at the ultrastructural level, has been reported. Castration of males and the administration of testosterone to females are known to alter the male type gland to the female type and vice versa. In this paper we present data that exposure to a short photoperiod (1L:23D) can induce similar structural alterations between the 4th and 10th week of exposure. Changes in the male included reduction in the number of tubular clusters and large vacuoles, while in the female the number of membrane formations decreased with an accompanying appearance of tubular clusters.
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  • 46
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    Colloid & polymer science 260 (1982), S. 564-569 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: lin. Polyethylene ; Single crystals ; Heat of Fusion ; DSC ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Recently published results for solution crystallized PE single crystals have shown, that the experimental heat of fusionΔH * is higher, if the solvent is exchanged to silicon oil (oil suspension samples) as compared with dried mats. This has been interpreted by the collapse of the original hollow pyramids during drying, inducing lateral defects within the lamellae. The present investigation does not confirm this unexpected result.ΔH * of dried mats (T c 66 to 91 °C) and of the corresponding oil suspension samples agree within the rather small limits of experimental error. The crystallinities as derived fromΔH *, density or WAXS are in excellent agreement. SEM micrographs of cold fractured dried mats show their spongy macromorphology, but TEM micrographs of stained ultra-thin sections reveal the lamellar morphology of the walls, consisting of curved lamellae and stacked hollow pyramides. If a dried mat is sintered at room temperature, a dense transparent film is obtained with a rather regular stacked morphology of large flat lamellae.ΔH * of these films agrees with that of the original mat.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 205-207 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Chitin inhibition ; Nikkomycin ; Cuticle ; Electron microscopy ; Epilachna varivestis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleoside antibiotic nikkomycin has proved to be an effective inhibitor of chitin synthesis in the Mexican bean beetleEpilachna varivestis. Ultrastructural investigations show defects in the procuticular area after nikkomycin application which suggest the complete absence of chitin. A cuticle like this is inflexible and too brittle to satisfy its normal function as an exoskeleton. The individuals are not able to free themselves from the exuvia and finally die. Therefore nikkomycin seems to be a potential insecticide with high specifity.
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    Archives of microbiology 132 (1982), S. 10-13 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Calcofluor White ; Cell wall structure ; Chlorella ; Electron microscopy ; Protoplast ; Ruthenium Red
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Among 12 strains ofChlorella ellipsoidea, C. vulgaris, andC. saccharophila tested, 4 strains (1,C. ellpsoidea; 2,C. vulgaris; 1,C. saccharophila) formed osmotically labile protoplasts after treatment with mixtures of polysaccharide degrading enzymes. The relationship between enzymatical digestibility and structure or composition ofChlorella cell walls were studied by electron microscopy and staining techniques with some specific dyes. The cell wall structures of the 12Chlorella strains were grouped into three types: (1) with a trilaminar outer layer, (2) with a thin outer monolayer, and (3) without an outer layer. Protoplasts were formed only from the strains with a cell wall of Type 2. In the strains with a cell wall of Type 1, the outer layer protected the inner major microfibrillar layer against enzymatic digestion. The cell wall of Type 3 was totally resistant to the enzymes; the chemical composition of the cell wall would be somewhat different from that of other types.
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  • 49
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    Archives of microbiology 133 (1982), S. 97-99 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Thylakoid centers ; Photosynthetic membranes/thylakoids ; Membranes ; Membrane biogenesis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An ultrastructural study of four cyanobacteria (Anabaena cylindrica, Dermocarpa violaceae, Gleocapsa alpicola, Pleurocapsa minor) indicates the presence of previously undescribed thylakoid centers from which photosynthetic membranes (thylakoids) radiate. These peripherally located thylakoid centers are cylinders 30 nm wide by 320 nm long, consisting of globular subunits oriented in nonparallel stacked arrays. Thylakoids are attached to the outer surface of the cylinder along its longitudinal axis. Thylakoid centers appear to be functionally significant due to their structure, location and thylakoid association.
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    Archives of microbiology 131 (1982), S. 116-123 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cell wall ; Wall degradation ; Lysozyme ; Autolysines ; Electron microscopy ; Staphylococcus aureus
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In contrast to former findings lysozyme was able to attack the cell walls ofStaphylococcus aureus under acid conditions. However, experiments with14C-labelled cell walls and ribonuclease indicated that, under these conditions, lysozyme acted less as an muralytic enzyme but more as an activator of pre-existing autolytic wall enzymes. Electron microscopic studies showed that under these acid conditions the cell walls were degraded by a new mechanism (i.e. “attack from the inside”). This attack on the cell wall started asymmetrically within the region of the cross wall and induced the formation of periodically arranged lytic sites between the cytoplasmic membrane and the cell wall proper. Subsequently, a gap between the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane resulted and large cell wall segments became detached and suspended in the medium. The sequence of lytic events corresponded to processes known to take place during wall regeneration and wall formation. In the final stage of lysozyme action at pH 5 no cell debris but “stabilized protoplasts” were to be seen without detectable alterations of the primary shape of the cells. At the same time long extended ribbon-like structures appeared outside the bacteria. The origin as well as the chemical nature of this material is discussed. Furthermore, immunological implications are considered.
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    Protoplasma 111 (1982), S. 206-214 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Bark beetle ; Sensilla ; Chemoreceptors ; Mechanoreceptors ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The antennal sensilla inI. typographus are almost exclusively confined to the flattened terminal flagellar segment. The sensillar types have distinct distribution patterns in the three areas where they are found. Judging from the ultrastructural characteristics the following functions can be assigned to the sensillar types: chemoreception, single-walled and double-walled sensilla; chemoreception/mechanoreception, terminal-pore sensillum. Moreover there are two types of mechanoreceptors, one of which is connected to a bristle, whereas the other terminates within the cuticle of the flagellar segment.
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    Cell & tissue research 226 (1982), S. 589-608 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney (frog) ; Glomerulus ; Nephron ; Tight junctions ; Freeze-fracturing ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By the use of thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas the glomerular and tubular structures of the kidney of the frog (Rana esculenta) were studied with special reference to intercellular junctions. In the glomerulus the filtration barrier is of very variable thickness, and frequent tight and gap junctional contacts occur between podocyte processes. Although structurally less elaborate, the proximal tubule resembles its mammalian counterpart. In the initial part the tight junctions are relatively shallow but become very broad in the mid and distal portions of the proximal tubule. The proximal tubular cells are extensively linked by gap junctions. In some animals the shapes of the cells in the proximal and distal portions of the proximal tubule were markedly different. The distal tubule consists of two segments which differ mainly in the pattern of interdigitations and the structure of the zonulae occludentes. Similarities with the tight junctional morphology of the mammalian distal tubule are striking. In the first part of the distal tubule (diluting segment) a narrow band of parallel tight junctions is found closely resembling that found in the mammalian straight distal tubule; in the more distal part of the distal tubule, however, a broad band of anastomosing tight junctional strands exists, like the zonula occludens of the mammalian convoluted distal tubule. The connecting tubule displays cellular dimorphism: its wall contains a mixture of light and dark (flask) cells. The luminal and basolateral membranes of the flask cells are covered with numerous rod-shaped particles. The tight junctions of the connecting tubule are broad and increase in depth and number of strands along its length; they are typical of a very tight epithelium. In spite of several dissimilarities with phylogenetically younger kidneys our findings suggest that many structural principles of the mammalian kidney are also represented in the kidneys of amphibians. The structural-functional relationships are discussed.
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  • 53
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    Keywords: Stomach (Teleost) ; Endocrine cells ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary In the gastric mucosa of two teleost species, the perch (Perca fluviatilis) and the catfish (Ameiurus nebulosus) three endocrine cell types were found, located predominantly between the mucoid cells of the gastric mucosa. A fourth cell type is present in the gastric glands of catfish. Each cell type was defined by its characteristic secretory granules. Type-I cells were predominant in both fish. These cells contained round or oval granules with a pleomorphic core. The average diameter of granules was 400 nm for the perch and 270 nm for the catfish. Type-II cells of both species displayed small, highly osmiophilic granules about 100 nm in diameter. The secretory granules of type-III cells (260 nm in the perch and 190 nm in the catfish) were round or slightly oval in shape and were filled with a finely particulate electron-dense material. Type-IV cells of the catfish were found in the gastric glands only. Their cytoplasm was filled with homogeneous, moderately electron-dense granules averaging 340 nm in diameter. The physiological significance of these different morphological types of gastric endocrine cells requires further investigation.
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    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 409-415 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Crustacean compound eye ; Eighth retinular cell ; Crystalline tract ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The base of the crystalline tract, the distal part of the eighth retinular cell and its rhabdomer constitute a structural unit in the apical region of the retinula of Astacus fluviatilis and A. leptodactylus, shielded from the blood by a special covering cell.
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    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 637-645 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cell surface antigen ; Neurons ; Glia ; Electron microscopy ; Immunoperoxidase ; Monoclonal antibody
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    Notes: Summary Immuno-electron microscopy was performed on live, cultured, early postnatal cerebellar and retinal cells of the mouse to identify A2B5 antigenbearing elements. In cerebellar cultures, granule cells, some immature oligodendroglia, and astroblasts express A2B5 antigen on their cell surfaces. The typical features of astroblasts include large cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and a mixed population of intermediate-sized filaments and microtubules. Immature oligodendroglia cells express the antigen on their cell bodies and on procecesses filled with cytoplasm. Cytoplasm-free membranous whorls, however, are devoid of A2B5 antigen, but not of 0 or NS-1 antigens. In retinal cultures, A2B5 antigen is observed on differentiating neurons with the exception of photoreceptor cells as identified by ribbon synapses.
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    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 673-683 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pacinian corpuscles, rat ; Denervation ; Sensory terminals ; Nerve degeneration ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of Pacinian corpuscles located on the crural interosseous membrane was studied in adult rats 6 h to 10 months after transection of the right sciatic nerve. Axon terminals degenerated one day after transection and were engulfed and resorbed by cells of the inner core within one week. The axial space left after removal of the axonal debris was closed by the lamellae of the inner core. The main structural features of the inner core and capsule remained preserved after denervation throughout the period of study. The denervated inner cores, however, became atrophic 10 months after neurotomy, their mean diameter being reduced by 17.5% compared with that of contralateral control corpuscles. The number of capsular lamellae was unaltered, and perineurial pathways of the peripheral nerve stump remained preserved. Schwann cells proliferated and formed Büngner bands during the first month after denervation, but retracted their processes and became atrophic at later stages after neurotomy. Survival of Pacinian corpuscles after long-term denervation in adult rats is in contrast to their rapid degeneration within several days after nerve section in neonates.
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  • 57
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    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Junctions ; Smooth muscle ; Echinodermata ; Holothuria, Aspidochirotida
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    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy reveals that sarcolemmata of adjacent muscle cells form pentalaminar junctions by fusion of apposed trilaminar double leaflet membranes. These junctions appear to be candidates for low resistance pathways between muscle fibers. The muscles depolarize slowly when bathed in solutions containing elevated concentrations of KCl, and the sucrose gap method can then be used to measure the potential difference between polarized and depolarized regions. Thus the junctions which we have observed may provide the structural basis for electrical transmission through the sucrose gap.
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  • 58
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    Keywords: Peritrophic membrane ; Tick ; Babesia ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary A peritrophic membrane (PM) has been demonstrated in the gut of feeding larvae, nymphs, and adults of the tick Ixodes dammini. This is the first report of a PM in ticks. This temporary structure divides the lumen of the gut into two compartments, an endoperitrophic space, the lumen proper, and an ectoperitrophic space located between the PM and the epithelial cells of the gut wall. The PM is a mechanical barrier and even such small particles as ribosomes derived from ingested reticulocytes are retained in the lumen proper; they are never found in the ectoperitrophic compartment. In Ixodes dammini fed on hamsters infected with Babesia microti some of the parasites are found in the ectoperitrophic space. This passage is accomplished by a highly specialized organelle, the arrowhead, which develops in some Babesia during their metamorphosis in the gut of the vector. The arrowhead, while passing through the PM, changes its fine structure and loses its internal organization as if releasing some of its contents. Its disintegration continues and it disappears shortly after the Babesia have entered the epithelial cells. Only Babesia equipped with the arrowhead structure are able to cross the PM. This is the first documented case of a parasite traversing a solidified PM.
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    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 25-40 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paddle cilia ; Discocilia ; Pleurobranchaea ; Chemoreceptors ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy of various regions of the body of the marine gastropod Pleurobranchaea californica (McFarland) has revealed a characteristic cell type that bears cilia with dilated discoid-shaped tips. The tips of the cilia consist of an expansion of the ciliary membrane around a looped distal extension of the axoneme. These kinocilia have been observed in numerous other marine invertebrates and are generally referred to as paddle cilia (Tamarin et al. 1974) or discocilia (Heimler 1978). Although many functions have been proposed for paddle cilia, little empirical evidence supports any of the proposals. In Pleurobranchaea we have found that the distribution of this ciliated cell type corresponds exactly to areas of the body known from behavioral studies (Lee et al. 1974; Davis and Matera 1981) to mediate chemoreception. Transmission electron microscopy of the epithelium lining the rhinophores and tentacles of Pleurobranchaea revealed details of the ultrastructure of these ciliated cells and showed that they are primary receptors. These ciliated receptors lie in a yellow-brown pseudostratified columnar epithelium that superficially resembles the olfactory mucosa of vertebrates.
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    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 167-175 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pigment granules ; Chromatophores ; Granulogenesis ; Palaemonid shrimp ; Macrobrachium ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The possible biogenesis of two pigment granule types present in the monochromatic, brown chromatosomes enveloping the ventral nerve chord of the freshwater palaemonid shrimps Macrobrachium acanthurus, M. heterochirus and M. olfersii is examined by transmission electron microscopy in thin section and freeze fracture replicas. Prominent, membrane limited granules are suggested to have their origin in a complex, juxtanuclear, smooth endoplasmic reticulum labyrinth, continuous with the nuclear envelope. Amembranous, lipocarotenoid granules possibly derive from the external surface of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Nuclear envelope and SER membranes contain numerous 11 nm diameter intramembranous particles while pigment granule membranes exhibit fewer particles. A dictyosomal origin for the lipocarotenoid granules is discounted. Granulogenesis is suggested to be a continuous process in crustacean chromatophores.
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    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 261-267 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Fiber types ; Electron microscopy ; Stereology ; Chicken
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    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural and stereological assessment of the mature avian anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscle showed that it contains two kinds of extrafusal fibers. This fine structural dichotomy of fiber types in the ALD correlated well with their previously reported histochemical duality. Distinct differences occur in sarcomere banding, myofibrillar area, sarcotubular and mitochondrial density, and in morphology of motor-nerve terminals. Both myofiber types in this muscle were interpreted as representing varieties of “slow” or tonic muscle fibers. Both fibers contain myofibrils that, despite differences in cross-sectional area, were large, irregular, and ribbon-shaped, typical of the “Felderstruktur” appearance of true “slow” fibers. Whereas the majority of fibers (type-1) are devoid of well-defined M-bands, the minor fiber population (type-2) exhibit prominent M-bands in the center of each sarcomere. In addition, type-1 tonic fibers contain a significantly lower mitochondrial and sarcotubular volume than the tonic fibers of type-2. While both fiber types exhibit motor-nerve terminals that are small, smooth and punctate in appearance, those on the type2 fibers often had a number of shallow postjunctional folds. Whether or not these two classes of extrafusal fiber in this muscle represent two separate and distinct types of motor units remains to be determined functionally.
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    Cell & tissue research 223 (1982), S. 87-99 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle cells ; In vitro-growth ; Whole blood serum ; Plasma-derived serum ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Normal diploid cells require serum to proliferate in culture. Platelet-derived growth factor has been identified as the main serum component responsible for this effect. Here, smooth muscle cells were isolated enzymatically from the aorta of 5-day-old rats and cultured in the presence of 10% whole blood serum (WBS) or plasma-derived serum (PDS), i.e. with or without platelet factor, and studied by transmission electron microscopy. The cells proliferated actively in WBS-medium but remained quiescent in PDS-medium. Fine structurally, cells from WBS-cultures demonstrated numerous mitochondria, an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), a large Golgi complex, a few lysosomes, and microfilaments arranged in parallel bundles. After transfer to PDS-medium, the RER- and Golgi cisternae were markedly dilated and the number of membrane-associated ribosomes decreased. Segregation of fragments of cytoplasm within autophagosomes was frequently observed and the number of lysosomes increased. Lipid droplets were more abundant and often gathered in the Golgi area. Moreover, the cells had become more irregular in shape and showed many bleb-like processes at their surface. Microfilament bundles had also become more prominent and crossed each other in different directions. These observations show that the removal of platelet factor from the medium clearly modifies the fine structure of cultured smooth muscle cells. The findings are in good agreement with the concept that platelet factor not only supports the proliferation of cultured cells but also stimulates their secretory activity.
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    Cell & tissue research 223 (1982), S. 267-280 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina (Astacus) ; Rhabdom ; Osmolarity ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Alterations of the retinula cells in the retina of the light-adapted crayfish in response to hyper- and hypoosmotic van Harreveld solutions was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Increased osmolarity of the bathing medium to twice that of the physiological value leads to shrinkage of the retinula-cell somata. Microvilli, on the other hand, do not undergo shrinkage. Some other characteristic irreversible changes do, however, take place, including detachment of microvilli from the soma, showing a two- or threefold increase in diameter, and a concomitant decrease in number, probably due to fusion of microvilli. Prolonged incubation or higher osmolarities (5 isosmol) cause alteration of the microvillar membranes to whorls. Structural changes are often restricted to microvillar stacks evaginating from certain individual retinular cells. The number of affected stacks increases depending on the duration of incubation or the osmotic pressure. Hypoosmotic solution (0.5 isosmol) also induces an increase of microvillar diameters and a concomitant reduction in number of microvilli per stack. Exposure to a 20% solution of glycerol causes destruction of the rhabdom structure and the formation of whorls from microvillar membranes. The present findings suggest that the structure of the microvilli is stabilized by an axial cytoskeleton.
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    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 291-301 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus (rat) irradiation ; Electron microscopy ; Interdigitating cells ; Macrophages ; Phagocytosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Phagocytic activity and population development of medullary interdigitating cells (IDC) and cortical macrophages have been studied in the rat thymus after irradiation-induced thymocyte necrosis. IDC clearly demonstrate phagocytic activity, particularly in the 16h stage after irradiation. At this stage the number of necrotic thymocytes is maximal and the total number of phagocytic cells is insufficient to phagocytize all necrotic material. IDC increase in number slightly and are predominantly phagocytizing in the corticomedullary region (CMR), where they appear to develop from macrophage-like cells. The results indicate that medullary IDC can be phagocytic but have a different developmental pathway than cortical macrophages. Cortical macrophages greatly increase in number and acquire the appearance of tingible body macrophages by phagocytizing many necrotic thymocytes. They seem to develop from monocytes that normally enter the thymus at the CMR. During the acute involution macrophages probably also enter the cortex via the connective tissue capsule. It is suggested that thymus medullary IDC probably belong to the mononuclear phagocytes, as do the cortical macrophages. In the specific medullary environment IDC gradually develop their characteristic ultrastructure for an apparently other than phagocytic function. The similarities between IDC and epidermal Langerhans cells are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 349-359 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovarian follicle ; Ovulation ; Ultrastructural change ; Fowl ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary No structural changes could be observed in the stigma until 2 h before ovulation. Within a few minutes of ovulation, the stratum granulosum and theca interna disappear completely in the middle part of the stigma. By 30 min before ovulation, the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the fibroblasts of the theca externa develops conspicuously. Then a few minutes before ovulation, the theca externa becomes much thinner with a conspicuous disintegration of the collagenous fibers into individual fibrils. These structural changes may contribute to the fragility of the stigma tissue and induce rupture of the follicle.
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    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 383-395 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mouse ovary ; Junctions ; Freeze-fracture ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Intercellular junctions in the young mouse ovary were examined by electron microscopy utilizing freeze-fracture and thin-sectioning techniques. Projections from the granulosa cells adjacent to the oocyte (GI) traverse the zona pellucida and form small gap junctions on the oocyte surface. On the P-face of these cells, the junctional aggregations are occasionally associated with linear strands of particles. In contrast, large gap junctional areas are frequently observed between the more peripherally located granulosa cells (GE) and are also present in the theca interna (TI) cell layer surrounding the follicles. Three types of tight junctional strands are discernible on the P-face of theca externa cells (TE): angularly zigzag strands consisting of intermittently distributed intramembranous particles on wide ridges, intermediate zigzag strands consisting of more continuously distributed particles, and wavy strands consisting of rather fused particles. Tight junctional strands are also present in the middle of grooves on the E-face of endothelial cells of blood vessels. In the germinal epithelial cell layer, tight junctional strands appear to be discrete and form a less anastomosing network.
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    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 369-381 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Pars intermedia ; Electron microscopy ; Fetal sheep ; Lamb
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    Notes: Summary Using light and electron microscopy, the morphogenesis of the pars intermedia of the sheep pituitary gland was examined in developing lambs between 26 days of gestation and the newborn stage. Following the establishment of contact between the anterior and posterior lobe primordia seen at 26 days, the connection with the pharyngeal roof disappeared by 31 days. The lumen of Rathke's pouch, which was a prominent cavity at the earlier stages, became inconspicuous by 40 days but progressively increased in size during gestation and, in some newborn animals, contained colloid material. At 40 days, the pars intermedia consisted of a uniform population of undifferentiated cells. Cells with cytoplasmic granules were first identified at 50 days. The cytological appearance of granular cells at 70 days indicated increased synthetic activity and by 80 days they closely resembled adult glandular cells. At 100 days, membrane activity suggestive of exocytosis was first observed in granular cells; fenestrated capillaries were present, and early follicle formation between adjacent non-granular cells was seen. This apparent exocytotic release of granules was observed much more frequently between 100 days of gestation and the newborn stage than in adult pars intermedia cells. These findings indicate that glandular cells of the developing pars intermedia are actively engaged in synthesis, storage and secretion from an early stage.
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    Cell & tissue research 225 (1982), S. 355-364 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Implantation ; Blastocyst ; Pontamine ; blue reaction ; Decidualization ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The early uterine response to transplanted, delayed and estrogenactivated blastocysts was studied ultrastructurally and compared with that induced by intrauterine instillations of deciduogenic agents (arachis oil, air). The uterine responses to delayed and activated blastocysts showed no ultrastructural or temporal differences. Already within 4 h after transfer to a sensitized uterus, the delayed blastocysts exhibited signs of activation, and both types of blastocysts had started to attach onto an undamaged epithelial lining. Signs of stromal cell differentiation into decidual cells were also seen as early as 4 h after transfer, while the Pontamine-blue reaction did not appear until after 8 h. The results therefore indicate that the transplanted blastocysts induced decidualization atraumatically and that the delayed blastocysts were either deciduogenic already before transfer or rapidly acquired deciduogenic properties after transfer. Artificial decidual induction with oil and air led to damage or death of a large number of cells in the uterine luminal epithelium. Within only 15 min after instillation pronounced signs of cell damage were seen, and later numerous cells were extruded from the epithelial lining. In the stroma ultrastructural signs of decidual cell differentiation and a Pontamine-blue reaction were observed as early as 4 h after induction. It is therefore suggested that oil and air induce decidualization via the epithelium by means of trauma.
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    Cell & tissue research 225 (1982), S. 443-448 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Frog cerebellum ; Ependymal surface ; Cilia ; Supraependymal cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies of the ventricular surface of the frog cerebellum showed regional differences. In the midline region of the adult cerebellum was found a band of profusely ciliated squamous ependymal cells. In the rest of the cerebellum the ependymal cells were columnar and each had a single cilium. In the cerebellum of the premetamorphic tadpole, the squamous ependymal cells of the midline region also were monociliated. During metamorphosis they gradually became multiciliated. Additionally, supraependymal cells and synaptic elements were present on the ventricular surface of the cerebellum of adult frogs as well as in late metamorphic tadpoles. In contrast, supraependymal cells were rarely observed in premetamorphic tadpoles, and it was concluded that the supraependymal system develops during metamorphosis. It is postulated that the band of cilia may be associated with the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid, and supraependymal synaptic elements function in neuroendocrine regulation.
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    Cell & tissue research 225 (1982), S. 663-671 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chaetognatha ; Intestine ; Pleated septate junction ; Electron microscopy ; Freeze-fracture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The intramembrane structures of the pleated septate junction which occur in the junctional complex of the intestine of the chaetognath Sagitta setosa have been investigated. The pleated septate junction is made up of linear rows of irregularly shaped and sized particles, often fused into short rods, and pits which can be fused into furrows. The distribution of these structures on E and P faces depends upon the preparative methods used. Many of the morphological characteristics are the same as those of the “lower invertebrate pleated septate junction type” defined by Green (1981a). The physiological significance of this junction is obscure. On the basis of the presence of septate junctions (both of the paired septate junction and pleated septate junction types) which have mainly morphological characteristics of the “lower invertebrate pleated septate junction” we can add to the hypothesis that chaetognaths are not related to the molluscs and arthropods.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enteroendocrine cells ; Pancreatic endocrine cells ; Gastroenteropancreatic hormones ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Four immunoreactive endocrine cell types can be distinguished in the pancreatic islets of B. conchonius: insulin-producing B cells, somatostatin-producing A1 (= D) cells, glucagon-producing A2 cells and pancreatic poly-peptide-producing PP cells. The principal islet of this species contains only a few PP cells, while many PP cells are present in the smaller islets. Except for the B cell all pancreatic endocrine cell types are also present in the pancreatic duct. At least six enteroendocrine cell types are present in the gut of B. conchonius: 1. a cell type (I) with small secretory granules, present throughout the intestine, and possibly involved in the regulation of gut motility; 2. a C-terminal gastrin immunoreactive cell, probably producing a caerulein-like peptide; these cells are located at the upper parts of the folds, especially in the proximal part of the intestinal bulb; 3. a met-enkephalin-immunoreactive cell, present throughout the first segment; 4. a glucagon-immunoreactive cell, which is rare in the first segment; 5. a PP-immunoreactive cell, mainly present in the first half of the first segment; 6. an immunoreactive cell, which cannot at present be specified, located in the intestinal bulb. The latter four cell types are mostly located in the basal parts of the folds, although some PP-immunoreactive cells can also be found in the upper parts. Most if not all enteroendocrine cells are of the open type. The possible functions of all enteroendocrine cell types are discussed.
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  • 72
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    Cell & tissue research 226 (1982), S. 327-335 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Xenopus ; Spleen ; B-lymphocyte ; Immunofluorescence ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An indirect immunofluorescence study of the frozen sections of the spleen of an anuran amphibian, Xenopus laevis, showed that lymphocytes bearing a small amount of immunoglobulin (Ig) were localized mostly in the white pulp of non-immunized toads. There were fewer fluorescent cells in the red pulp. In the toads hyperimmunized with human gamma globulin (HGG), cells with strong cytoplasmic fluorescence increased significantly in the outer part of the white pulp. Electron microscopy of spleens from these toads showed that plasma cells at different stages of maturation were abundant in the white pulp, whereas in the red pulp, a smaller number of maturer plasma cells were observed. These results indicate that, in contrast with its mammalian counterpart, the splenic white pulp of this anuran is the site where thymusin-dependent lymphocytes commence blast formation and transformation into plasma cells.
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    Cell & tissue research 123 (1972), S. 47-54 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Neurohypophysis ; Exocytosis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an der Neurohypophyse von Ratte und Forelle ergeben, daß sich eine Exocytose von Elementargranula an den Endigungen der neurosekretorischen Fasern nur selten abspielt. Es wird daher angenommen, daß die Abgabe von Hormonen in der Neurohypophyse in der Regel nach dem Muster des „membrane-release“ abläuft. 2. Die Exocytose wird nicht durch eine unmittelbare tangentiale Fusion der Membran des Elementargranulums mit dem Plasmalemm der Nervenendigung (Axolemm) eingeleitet. Vor allem bei Anwendung eines Goniometertisches wird erkennbar, daß vor der Exocytose zwischen Axolemm und Membran des Granulums eine Verbindung in Gestalt eines Stieles entsteht. Die Länge dieses Verbindungsstückes entspricht etwa 2 Axolemmdicken. An der Basis des Stiels im Axolemm tritt das Stoma auf, durch das der Inhalt des Granulums bzw. dieses selbst das Axonende verläßt. 3. Die Herkunft kleiner membrannaher Vesikel (Durchmesser 500 Å) in den Endigungen neurosekretorischer Nervenfasern in der Neurohypophyse konnte nicht geklärt werden. Anzeichen einer kompensatorischen Endocytose im Sinne von Nagasawa, Douglas und Schulz (1970) wurden nicht beobachtet.
    Notes: Summary 1. Electron microscopical investigations of the neurohypophysis in rat and trout reveal that exocytosis of neurosecretory elementary granules from the nerve endings occurs only rarely. The authors are of the opinion that hormone release in the neural lobe follows mainly the “membrane-release” pattern. 2. Exocytosis is not performed by tangential fusion of the elementary granule membrane and the plasmalemma of the nerve ending (axolemma). Administering the goniometer technique one can observe the appearance of a stalk-like structure connecting the two membranes. The basis of the stalk in the axolemma corresponds to the site of the stoma through which the core of the vesicle leaves the nerve ending. 3. The mechanism of the origin of small clear vesicles (diameter 500 Å approx.) near the axolemma of the neurosecretory terminal has not been elucidated. The authors did not observe equivalents of a compensatory endocytosis in the vicinity of granules released by exocytosis.
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  • 74
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    Keywords: Neurones ; Lumbricus ; Monoamines ; Neurosecretion ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The cerebral ganglion and the ventral nerve cord of Lumbricus terrestris have been studied with the electron microscope. The results are as follows: In the neuropile small granular vesicles (300 to 500 Å) occur in some varicose nerve fibres after fixation with potassium permanganate. This indicates the presence of noradrenaline. Sometimes only a few of the vesicles produce a positive reaction. After incubation with α-methyl-noradrenaline the numbers of nerve terminals with small granular vesicles greatly increase, indicating the presence of dopamine and/or 5-hydroxytryptamine. In this case the reaction is now complete. The number of small granular vesicles is largest in the terminal swellings. These findings are consistent with histofluorescence, chemical, and microspectrofluorometric analyses, which have demonstrated noradrenaline, dopamine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine in neurones in the central nervous system. Large granular vesicles (600 to 900 Å) are to be found in some perikarya, not identical with neurosecretory cell bodies. In this case the granular vesicles in the axon are smaller and fewer. This indicates a simultaneous proximo-distal transport and gradual decrease in size of the granular vesicles. The intraneuronal distribution of the vesicles is in agreement with the distribution of the fluorophores in the fluorescent neurones. Neurosecretory neurones are found most likely not to contain monoamines.
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  • 75
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 431-436 
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    Keywords: Golgi apparatus ; Granular endoplasmic reticulum ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Numerous morphological continuities between the cisternae of the convex face of the Golgi apparatus and the granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER) were observed in post-division amebae that had divided following enucleation and renucleation. Electron microscopic radioautography with the use of 3H-uridine as a tracer indicated that perhaps the Golgi apparatus is derived from the GER. The possibility of the connections between GER and Golgi apparatus facilitating transport of materials between the two is also discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 466-482 
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    Keywords: Macrophages ; Microtubules ; Enamel organ ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the enamel organ of rat incisors macrophages are present in the zone of matrix formation, the transitional zone, the enamel maturation and pigmentation zone. The macrophages accumulate adjacent to redifferentiating amelocytes in the transitional zone. The macrophages phagocytize fragments of disintegrating amelocytes. In addition to the well known complement of organelles the macrophages present an elaborated microtubular system, scattered, thick filaments, a cortical feltwork of thin filaments, and spherical nuclear bodies. The microtubules emanate from “attached” and free pericentriolar satellites and radiate aster-like towards the cell surface or into pseudopods or curve along the nuclear surface for long distances, often related to nuclear constrictions. It is suggested that the microtubular system plays a prominent role in directional movement of the macrophages. The cortical filaments, if contractile, may create the cytoplasmic flow necessary for the cell motility.
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 116-126 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cell junctions ; Nexus ; Osmotic effects ; Fixatives ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Speicheldrüsen von Mückenlarven (Chironomus Thummi) haben eine ausgedehnte interzelluläre Kommunikation. In elektronenmikroskopischen Bildern der Speicheldrüsen wurden zwei Arten von interzellulären Verbindungen gefunden, die für die Zellkopplung verantwortlich sein könnten: septate junctions und close membrane junctions. Da die räumliche Ausdehnung der septate junctions viel größer zu sein scheint als die der close junctions, wurden erstere als wahrscheinliche Kopplungsstrukturen angesehen. Es gibt jedoch Hinweise, daß die Strukturen, welche die Zellkopplung bewirken, sehr labil sind. Unter den Faktoren, die zu einer Unterbrechung der zellulären Kommunikationen führen können, sind auch osmotische Effekte. Um mögliche Einflüsse dieser Art auf die Ultrastruktur zu verhindern, wurden die Drüsen für die mikroskopische Inspektion in isoosmotischen Lösungen fixiert. Unter diesen Bedingungen lassen sich ausgedehnte Membrankontakte vom nexus-Typ zwischen den Drüsenzellen erkennen. Ihre Ausdehnung scheint ebenso groß zu sein wie die der septate junctions. Es besteht nach diesen Befunden die Möglichkeit, daß wie in anderen kommunizierenden Zellsystemen, so auch in Speicheldrüsen die interzelluläre Kommunikation durch nexus bewirkt wird.
    Notes: Summary Cells ofChironomus salivary glands communicate through intercellular connections of high permeability. Electron micrographs of salivary glands show two kinds of junctions between the membranes of adjacent cells, which may be responsible for cell coupling: septate junctions and close membrane junctions. A large fraction of lateral cell surfaces is occupied by septate junctions, while the area of close membrane junctions appears to be very small. Consequently septate junctions have been considered as likely sites for intercellular coupling. There are however some indications that intercellular communication is provided by structures which seem to be unstable. As osmotic effects are among the factors which can disrupt cellular communications, we have tried to eliminate possible effects of the fixing solutions on the ultrastructure of intercellular connections by using isoosmotic fixatives. Under these conditions large regions of close membrane junctions of the nexus kind have been observed to occur between gland cells. They are of similar size as septate junctions. It seems to be possible that as in other communicating cell systems nexus could be the sites for intercellular coupling of salivary gland cells.
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  • 78
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    Keywords: Synapses ; Crustacea ; Abdominal Ganglia ; Lateral glant fibers ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The abdominal ganglia of the crayfish Astacus pallipes contain numerous vertebrate-like synapses which are characterized by presynaptic vesicles, darkened pre- and post-synaptic membranes, cleft material, and post-synaptic “fuzz”. Such synapses occur throughout the ganglia but are most easily found dorsally, where the neuropile is relatively coarse. The neuropile is far from homogeneous. Regional variations in fiber size, in degree of profile tortuosity, and in kind, magnitude, and distribution of vesicular content result in conspicuous textural variations. The structural polarity of synapses between the lateral giant fibers and other neurons is consistent with known physiological polarity and, hence, validates our criteria for recognition of synapses within the ganglion.
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    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 42-57 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Microglia ; Pericytes ; Cerebral cortex (cat) ; Transformation ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Capillaries, pericytes and microglial cells in layer I of the cerebral cortex of normal adult cats have been studied with electron microscopy. The data obtained in this study show that pericytes are cells which are able to transform themselves into microglial cells by virtue of an activation process in which the astrocytic neuroglia appears to play a decisive role. By virtue of its structure, its mesodermic origin and its function the microglia has to be distinguished clearly from the astrocytic neuroglia and the oligodendroglia.
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    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 100-114 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Connective tissue ; Gastropoda ; Globular cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Blasenzellen stellen ein typisches Zellelement im Bindegewebe der Gastropoden dar. Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Cepaea nemoralis haben gezeigt, daß der größte Teil einer Blasenzelle mit einer veränderlichen Glykogenmenge angefüllt ist. Diese zentrale Glykogenansammlung verdrängt das Zytoplasma mit seinen Organellen auf den peripheren Bereich der Zelle einschließlich der Zellausläufer und einen schmalen Saum um den Zellkern. Das wichtigste Identifizierungs-merkmal der Blasenzelle ist eine sehr spezialisierte — hier als Spaltenapparat bezeichnete — Oberflächendifferenzierung. Die Auswertung von Serienschnitten hat gezeigt, daß diese Oberflächenstruktur durch eine zum Teil verzweigte Invagination des extrazellulären Raumes gebildet wird, die wiederum von der Blasenzelle durch eine mäanderförmig unterbrochene Platte abgedeckt ist. Zwischen dem Spaltenapparat der Blasenzellen und dem Reusenapparat der Podozyten der Niere scheint eine Ähnlichkeit zu bestehen.
    Notes: Summary The globular cells are typical elements of the connective tissue of Gastropods. Light- and electronmicroscopic investigations of Cepaea nemoralis have shown, that these cells are filled with variable contents of glycogen, accumulated in the centre of the cell. This crowds the cytoplasm and the cell organelles into the peripheral area, including the cell processes and a narrow band surrounding the nucleus. The typical element of the globular cell is a special differentiation of the cell surface, the so-called “Spaltenapparat”. The three-dimensional organisation of the “Spaltenapparat” has been analysed by serial ultrathin sections. The reconstruction shows, that the “Spaltenapparat” consists of numerous branched invaginations of the extracellular space covered by very small, winding cell processes; there are tiny clefts between them. There appears to be some similarity between the “Spaltenapparat” of the globular cells and the pedicels of the podocytes of the renal glomerulus.
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    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 135-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Mouse ; Myelinated neuronal soma ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Thorakalmark (Hinterhornbereich) einer Wildmaus wurde ein kleines Nervenzellperikaryon beobachtet, das vollständig von einer Markscheide umhüllt war. Die Zahl der Markscheidenlamellen variierte zwischen 7 und 12. An einer Stelle konnte ein sogenanntes inneres Mesoperikaryon nachgewiesen werden. Die Bedeutung dieses zufällig erhobenen Befundes ist vorerst noch offen.
    Notes: Summary In the thoracic cord (posterior horn region) of a wild mouse, we have observed a small nerve cell soma completely enveloped by a myelin sheath. The number of myelin lamellae varied between 7 and 12. In one place, the existence of an inner ‘mesoperikaryon’ could also be shown. The significance of this fortuitous finding has not yet been explained.
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 53-74 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Rhesus monkey ; Meiotic chromosomes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ovaries of foetal and neonatal rhesus monkeys have been examined with the electron microscope. The fine structure of the germ cells (oogonia; oocytes at the preleptotene, leptotene, zygotene, pachytene and diplotene stages of meiotic prophase) closely resembles that of corresponding human cells. Stages in spontaneous atresia are also described. Cytoplasmic organelles in oogonia are sparse and are grouped mainly at one pole of the nucleus, but become dispersed and more abundant as oogenesis proceeds. The nuclei of oogonia contain a random fibrillar matrix which becomes organized into threads at pre-leptotene. At leptotene these chromosomal threads each contain a dense axial “core”; during zygotene they become loosely paired in a “bouquet” arrangement and at pachytene the bivalents contain synaptinemal complexes. “Single” cores reappear at diplotene, surrounded by a complex fibrillar sheath organized into lateral projections and loops with associated granules: such chromosomes resemble those in human primordial oocytes although they are more diffuse. These findings support the view that at the diplotene stage mammalian oocytes contain chromosomes of the lampbrush type. Observations on the monkey are compared with those on other species, and the ways in which chromosomal organization may influence the radiosensitivity of oocytes is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatogonia ; Fish ; Annulate lamellae ; Chromatoid bodies ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Observations on annulate lamellae and chromatoid bodies in spermatogonia of the cyprinid fish Pimephales notatus have revealed several commonly occurring features heretofore unreported: These include (a) the presence of annulate lamellae in close association with chromatoid bodies; (b) the existence of a chromatoid “band” or “shell” between the nuclear envelope and some chromatoid bodies with connections among them; (c) the presence of annulate pore complexes in the absence of well developed membrane envelopes as well as in association with such envelopes; (d) the presence of material just outside the nucleus and contiguous with nuclear pores which is of a similar density and texture to that of the chromatoid bands and chromatoid bodies; (e) filamentous material between the cytoplasmic sides of nuclear pores and the chromatoid “band”, bridging a distance of approximately 1000 Å and similar threads extending a like distance between chromatoid bodies (and bands) and annulate lamellae associated with them; and (f) mitochondria closely arranged about some chromatoid bodies.
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  • 84
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 127-148 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nuclear envelope ; Amphibian oocytes ; Nuclear pore complex ; Chemical nature ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to investigate the chemical composition of the nuclear pore complexes isolated nuclei from matureXenopus laevis oocytes were manually fractioned into nucleoplasmic aggregates and the nuclear envelopes. The whole isolation procedure takes no more than 60–90 sec, and the pore complexes of the isolated envelopes are well preserved as demonstrated by electron microscopy. Minor nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic contaminations associated with the isolated nuclear envelopes were determined with electron microscopic morphometry and were found to be quantitatively negligible as far as their mass and nucleic acid content is concerned. The RNA content of the fractions was determined by direct phosphorus analysis after differential alkaline hydrolysis. Approximately 9% of the total nuclear RNA of the matureXenopus egg was found to be attached to the nuclear envelope. The nonmembranous elements of one pore complex contain 0.41×10−16 g RNA. This value agrees well with the content estimated from morphometric data. The RNA package density in the pore complexes (270×10−15 g/μ3) is compared with the nucleolar, nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic RNA concentration and is discussed in context with the importance of the pore complexes for the nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of RNA-containing macromolecules. Additionally, the results of the chemical analyses as well as of the3H-actinomycin D autoradiography and of the nucleoprotein staining method of Bernhard (1969) speak against the occurence of considerable amounts of DNA in the nuclear pore complex structures.
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 50-86 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salivary glands ; Drosophila, larval ; Differentiation ; Involution ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Entwicklung bzw. Differenzierung der larvalen Speicheldrüse vonDrosophila melanogaster wurde an genau datierten Altersstadien aus dem III. Larvenstadium, der Vorpuppe und der Puppe mit lichtmikroskopischen und elektronenmikroskopischen Methoden untersucht. Zur Vermeidung großer Streuung im physiologischen Alter der Tiere wurde eine Kulturmethode entwickelt, die es erlaubt, die Häutungen zu beobachten und zur Altersbestimmung heranzuziehen. Folgende Ergebnisse wurden erzielt: 1. Die Speicheldrüse besteht bis zur Mitte des III. Larvenstadiums morphologisch aus einem einheitlichen Zelltypus, der sehr kleine Sekretgrana (∅ 0,3 μm) bildet. Diese sammeln sich am Zellapex. Die Vermutung liegt nahe, daß es sich um ein Verdauungssekret handelt.In der 2. Hälfte des III. Larvenstadiums differenzieren sich drei Zelltypen, die hier Corpuszellen, Übergangszellen und Halszellen genannt werden. Dabei ist ein Differenzierungsgradient von distal nach proximal zu beobachten. Die distal gelegenenCorpuszellen stellen die Bildung des Verdauungssekretes in der 2. Hälfte des III. Larvenstadiums ein und bilden stattdessen ein Klebesekret. Dieses Sekret wird in Form großer Grana (∅ bis zu 10 μm) zunächst in den Zellen gespeichert und kurz vor der Pupariumbildung ins Lumen der Drüse abgegeben. Kurz nach der Pupariumbildung wird das Klebesekret aus dem Körper entlassen und dient dazu, die Tönnchenpuppe an einem trockenen Substrat anzuheften. Das Klebesekret ist PAS-positiv. Wahrscheinlich handelt es sich um ein Mucoproteid. Während des Vorpuppenstadiums bilden sich in den Corpuszellen große Vakuolen, die auf Grund der elektronenmikroskopischen Befunde als Ausdruck einer weiteren Sekretionsphase und nicht als beginnende Degeneration gedeutet werden. Die mögliche Bedeutung dieses Sekretes wird diskutiert. DieÜbergangszellen liegen zwischen den Corpuszellen und den Halszellen. Sie bilden ebenfalls Klebesekret, jedoch mit zeitlicher Verzögerung. Kurz vor der Pupariumbildung sind sie wie die Corpuszellen mit ausgereiften Klebesekretgrana beladen und von diesen nicht mehr zu unterscheiden. Die proximal gelegenenHalszellen bilden kein Klebesekret, sondern setzen die Bildung des Verdauungssekretes in der 2. Hälfte des III. Larvenstadiums fort. Während des Vorpuppenstadiums bilden sich in den Halszellen nicht die großen Vakuolen wie in den Corpuszellen. 2. Die Involution der larvalen Speicheldrüse erfolgt nach der Puppenhäutung durch Autolyseprozesse, die am distalen Ende der Drüse beginnen und innerhalb 1 Std alle Zellen mit Ausnahme der Imaginalanlage erfassen. 3. Die in dieser Untersuchung erhobenen entwicklungsgeschichtlichen Befunde anDrosophila melanogaster werden mit Beobachtungen anDrosophila virilis, D. robusta undD. hydei verglichen. Dabei wird aufgezeigt, daß die Entwicklung der larvalen Speicheldrüsen von verschiedenenDrosophila-Arten enge Parallelen aufweist. Die bisher bekannten Zusammenhänge zwischen Stoffwechselaktivitäten im Zytoplasma und Genaktivitäten (Puffmuster) an den Riesenchromosomen dieser Zellen werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The development and differentiation of the larval salivary glands ofDrosophila melanogaster have been investigated with light and electron microscopical methods. The organ has been dissected out of exactly dated stages of the III. instar larva, the prepupa and the early pupa. In order to avoid great variations in the physiological age of the animals a culture method has been developed, enabling the larval molts to be observed and used for identification of the age. The results are as follows: 1. The salivary gland of the early larva up to the middle of the III. instar period is a homogenous sack consisting of one sort of cells, in which very small secretion granules (∅ 0,3 μm) are synthesized. These secretion granules concentrate near the cellular apex. They are supposed to contain digestion enzymes. 2. In the second half of the III. larval instar period three cell types are differentiated, which are called corpus cells, transitional cells and collum cells. A gradient of differentiation from distal to proximal can be observed. 3. Thecorpus cells, located at the distal part of the gland, stop the production of digestion enzymes in the second half of the III. larval instar period and begin to synthesize a cement substance. This cement first is stored in grana (∅ up to 10 μm) inside the corpus cells. Shortly before puparium formation it is extruded into the lumen of the gland. Shortly after puparium formation it is expectorated out of the mouth, runs along the body wall and affixes the puparium to the substrate. The cement is PAS-positive, probably being a mucoproteid. In the corpus cells large vacuoles are formed during the prepupal instar period. On the basis of these electron microscopical results the vacuoles are interpreted to represent another form of a secretory product and not an equivalent of beginning degeneration. The possible function of this substance is discussed. 4. Thetransitional cells are located between the corpus cells and the collum cells. They also synthesize cement at a delayed rate, through shortly before puparium formation they are filled with cement like the corpus cells and cannot be distinguished from the latter. Thecollum cells form the most proximal part of the salivary gland. They do not produce cement but continue to synthesize digestion enzyme granules in the second half of the III. instar period. The large secretion vacuoles, found in the corpus cells during the prepupal instar period, are not synthesized in the collum cells. 5. The involution of the larval salivary gland begins after pupation and is indicated by autolytic processes, which begin at the distal end of the gland. One hour later all cells exept the imaginalanlage show signs of degeneration. 6. The course of development of the salivary glands investigated in the present study inDrosophila melanogaster is compared with similar investigations onDrosophila virilis, robusta andhydei. It is pointed out that the development of the larval salivary gland in different species ofDrosophila shows close parallels. The relationships between metabolic activities in the cytoplasm and gene physiological activities (pattern of puffs) on the giant chromosomes, as known so far, are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 70-92 
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    Keywords: Oocytes ; Different types ; Dinophilus gyrociliatus ; Cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Dinophilus gyrociliatus bildet zwei Oocytentypen, einen größeren, aus dem ♀♀ hervorgehen (♀-Oocyte) und einen kleineren, der sich zu ♂♂ entwickelt (♂-Oocyte). Diese beiden Oocytentypen sind von frühen Stadien der Vitellogenese an durch ihr unterschiedliches Größenwachstum zu unterscheiden. Da bei Oogonien und prävitellogenen Oocyten keine zwei unterschiedlichen Zelltypen festzustellen sind, muß man annehmen, daß die Differenzierung in ♂- und ♀-Oocyten in einem zwischen der Prävitellogenese- und der Vitellogenesephase gelegenen Übergangsstadium beginnt. Während der Prävitellogenesephase finden Zellverschmelzungen statt, aber es konnten keine Beziehungen zwischen der Fusion von Oocyten und der späteren Differenzierung nachgewiesen werden. Die ♂-Oocyte beginnt schon auf einem frühen Stadium der Vitellogenese mit der Produktion von Mucopolysaccharid-Granula, die ♀-Oocyte erst später. Diese Granula bilden nach der Ablage der Eier die Ei- oder die Kokonhülle. Die ♀-Oocyte bildet größere Proteindottergranula als die kleinere ♂-Oocyte. Eine Trennung zweier Zellsorten nach Granulagrößen läßt sich schon auf dem Übergangsstadium durchführen. Der absolute RNS-Gehalt der reifen ♀-Oocyte liegt wesentlich über dem der ♂-Oocyte; dagegen ist die Konzentration der RNS in der ♂-Oocyte höher. Die RNS-Synthese verläuft in beiden Oocytentypen parallel zur Volumenzunahme und dauert bis zum Ende der Vitellogenesephase.
    Notes: Summary Dinophilus gyrociliatus produces two types of oocytes, a big, female producing “♀-oocyte”, and a smaller, male-producing “♂-oocyte”. They may be distinguished by their different volume from the beginning of the vitellogenic phase. Neither oogonia nor previtellogenic oocytes show two types of cells, and the beginning of differentiation in ♀-oocytes and ♂-oocytes has to be located in a connecting stage after the previtellogenic and before the vitellogenic phase. On previtellogenic stages the cells fuse and form bigger ones, but there is no connection to be found with the differentiation of the egg cells. The ♂-oocyte starts the production of mucopolysaccharid granules at an early vitellogenic stage; the ♀-oocyte does so only at later stages. These granules form the egg capsule after the eggs have been laid. The ♀-oocyte contains bigger protein yolk granules than the smaller ♂-oocyte. Already on the connecting stage it is possible to distinguish two groups of cells by the size of their granules. The ribonucleic acid content in the ♀-oocyte exceeds greatly that of the ♂-oocyte. The RNA-concentration, however, is higher in the latter one. During the vitellogenic stages the rate of RNA-synthesis in either type of oocytes parallels the increase in cell volume, the synthesis lasting up to the end of the vitellogenic phase.
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  • 87
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    Cell & tissue research 131 (1972), S. 417-427 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymphatic vessels ; Lung ; Centrioles ; Filaments ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic study of the pulmonary lymphatic collecting channels and their valves in the rabbit revealed that the endothelial cells generally contain two centrioles which are almost invariably associated with one to several striated bundles of filaments. The structure of the centrioles corresponds well with that in other cell types. The filaments however were present only in endothelial cells and not in the perilymphatic connective tissue cells. The bundles consist of 2 to 6 filaments of about 40 Å diamenter and show a cross banding with a periodicity of 600 to 900 Å. They are attached at both ends or in the middle of the centriole. Their function is unknown, but they might be vestigial rootlets of rudimentary cilia of lymphatic endothelial cells.
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  • 88
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    Cell & tissue research 132 (1972), S. 365-380 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Golgi apparatus ; Membranes ; Cross-bridges ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron opaque cross-bridge structures span the inter- and intracisternal spaces and provide membrane-to-membrane connections between adjacent cisternae of dictyosomes of pollen tubes ofClivia andLilium. Additionally, the classic intercisternal rods, characteristic of intercisternal regions near the maturing face of dictyosomes, are connected with the adjacent membranes through similar cross-bridge elements. We suggest that these structural links are responsible for maintaining the flattened appearance of the central parts of Golgi apparatus cisternac as well as for the coherence of cisternae within the stack. Observations on other plant (e.g. microsporocytes ofCanna) and animal cells (e.g. rodent liver and hepatoma cells, newt spermatocytes) show that such an array of membrane cross-links is a universal feature of Golgi apparatus architecture. The cross-bridges appear as part of the complex “zone of exclusion” which surrounds dictyosomes, entire Golgi apparatus and Golgi apparatus equivalents in a variety of cell types.
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  • 89
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    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 243-248 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Blood vessels ; Chicken embryo ; Multivesicular structures ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In verschiedenen Arten von Gefäß- und Mesenchymzellen in Allantois und Dottersack des Hühnchens wurden regelmäßig sog. „multivesicular structures“ beobachtet, die aus intrazellulären Aggregaten von Vesikeln (Durchmesser ca.: 800 Å) und/oder Vakuolen (Durchmesser bis 5000 Å) bestehen. Ähnliche Befunde anderer Autoren und die eigenen Ergebnisse sprechen dafür, daß es sich um das Substrat einer weitverbreiteten Zellreaktion handelt, die u.a. das morphologische Äquivalent der Sequestrierung eines z.B. im Zuge der Zelldifferenzierung überflüssig gewordenen Zytoplasmaanteils darstellt.
    Notes: Summary In the endothelial, the media and mesenchymal cells of the vessels in the chicken's allantoic and vitelline membranes “multivesicular structure” regularly occur. They consist of aggregated vesicles and/or vacuoles (diameters ranging from 800 Å to 5000 Å) and seem to present a rather common and widespread cellular reaction, that might serve as a mechanism to sequester those parts of the cytoplasm which became superfluous e.g. during cell differentiation.
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  • 90
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    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 338-350 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Salmon ; Gonad maturation ; Cell types ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the various hormone-producing cell types (with the exclusion of the prolactin cells) in the pituitary gland (pars distalis) of migratory sockeye salmon is described. All fish were in an advanced stage of sexual maturation. In the proximal pars distalis five cell types were distinguished: growth hormone cells, ACTH cells, gonadotrops, “vesicular cells”, and “chromophobe cells”. Gonadotrops were also found throughout the rostral pars distalis. A conspicuous feature of the gonadotrops was the presence of two kinds of secretory inclusions: small electron-dense granules (200–375 mμ) and large, relatively electron-translucent globules (400–2 000 mμ). The large vesicular cells, so called because of their conspicuous vesicular endoplasmic reticulum, were numerous and often appeared to contain some small granules. It is argued that they may represent a second type of gonadotropic cell, which, in earlier stages of gonad development, contains many granules but becomes largely degranulated near the time of reproduction when the other gonadotrops (“globular gonadotrops”) abound. The chromophobes, which were smaller and far less abundant than the vesicular cells, also appeared to contain small granules (120–280 mμ). They are probably thyrotrops.
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  • 91
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    Cell & tissue research 131 (1972), S. 347-370 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoon ; Pleurodeles ; Acrosome ; Differentiation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'origine et la morphogenèse des différents éléments de l'acrosome du spermatozoīde dePleurodeles waltlii ont été suivies et décrites depuis le tout début de la spermiogenèse. La formation de la vésicule acrosomienne et son évolution en une coiffe acrosomienne se fait selon le schéma classique. Son extrémité apicale se différencie tardivement en un bouton terminal et un crochet. Les trois parties de la coiffe diffèrent dans leur composition et leur structure fine. Les volumineux et complexes éléments situés sous la coiffe acrosomienne: axe, baguette puis manchon périphérique et manchon moyen, sont dépourvus de polysaccharides. Leur origine est envisagées. Ils sont comparés aux éléments situés dans l'espace sous-acrosomien des spermatozoīdes des autres vertébrés.
    Notes: Summary The origin and the morphogenesis of the acrosome different parts ofPleurodeles spermatozoon, have been investigated and described from the early beginning spermiogenesis process. The acrosomal vesicle and acrosomal cap formation take place according to the classical scheme. The acrosomal anterior tip cap late differentiate in a blunt terminal knob and a hook. The three cap parts differ in their composition and fine structure. The large and complicated structure stretching under the acrosomal cap: axis, peripheral muff and middle muff, are devoided of polysaccharides; their origin is discussed. They are compared with the subacrosomal components lying in the other vertebrates spermatozoon subacrosomal space.
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  • 92
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    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 211-228 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osteoclasts ; Rats ; Bone resorption ; Lysosomes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Osteoclasts in metaphyses from young rats were systematically sectioned at different levels. Two types of osteoclasts were recognized. One type had no ruffled border while the other, and predominant type contained a ruffled border in a part of its length; some of the latter contained two ruffled borders. The closest contact between osteoclast and bone occurred at the level of the ruffled border and this bone under the border showed characteristic changes indicative of resorption. In some osteoclasts the ruffled border consisted of numerous slender cytoplasmic projections separated by very narrow spaces or channels while in other osteoclasts it was more open. The ruffled border was commonly surrounded by a transitional zone containing numerous thin filaments. The osteoclast usually had its greatest dimension at the level of the ruffled border and the cytoplasm here contained many bodies and vacuoles but a sparse endoplasmic reticulum. Away from the level of the ruffled border the cytoplasmic vacuoles and bodies were fewer while the endoplasmic reticulum was often more pronounced. Parts of the osteoclasts were usually situated close to a vessel. It is suggested that there is a correlation between the development of the ruffled border and the degree of bone resorption and that osteoclasts without a ruffled border are, at least temporarily, inactive with respect to bone resorption. The numerous cytoplasmic bodies, interpreted as lysosomes, are presumed to be important in the resorption process. The closely adjacent positioning of osteoclasts and vessels may facilitate the transport of resorption products to the blood.
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  • 93
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    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 82-102 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Echinoidea ; Colour change ; Chromatophores ; Amoeboid movement ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für den physiologischen Farbwechsel bei Vertebraten und Evertebraten gilt die Vorstellung, daß eine Pigmentbewegung innerhalb einer formkonstanten Zelle stattfindet. Am Seeigel Centrostephanus longispinus wird nun der Nachweis einer amoeboiden Bewegung von Pigmentzellen geführt: Die Epidermis von Centrostephanus enthält große braune Chromatophoren, die bei Belichtung eine Pigmentdispersion, bei Verdunkelung eine Konzentration des Pigments zeigen. Die Chromatophoren sind außerordentlich stark verzweigte Zellen, deren Arme dicht mit Pigmentgrana erfüllt sind. Im geballten Zustand ist die allgemeine Zellform mehr oder weniger ovoid, wobei die Zellarme eingezogen und dicht um die Zellmitte angeordnet sind. Dispersion des Pigments wird hervorgerufen durch Ausstrecken der pigmentierten Zellarme in den Interzellularraum des umgebenden Gewebes. Innerhalb der Zelle werden filamentöse Elemente nachgewiesen, die vermutlich für die Zellbeweglichkeit verantwortlich sind. — Ferner wird der zelluläre Aufbau des Integuments beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary Rapid colour changes in vertebrate and invertebrate species are considered to be due to movement of pigment granules within pigment cells of constant shape. Evidence is presented in this study to show that an amoeboid movement of chromatophores occurs in the epidermis of the Echinoderm Centrostephanus longispinus. The epidermis in this species contains large brown chromatophores, which display a dispersion of pigment on illumination and its concentration on darkening. The chromatophores are extensively branched cells, and their branches are densely packed with pigment granules. In the state of pigment concentration, the shape of the cell is more or less ovoid, and the cell branches are drawn in and closely arranged around the cell centre. Dispersion is attained by a stretching out of the pigmented cell branches into the intercellular spaces of the surrounding tissue. Within the cell, filamentous elements, which may be functional in the motility of the pigment cell, can be demonstrated.—Additionally the cellular composition of the integument is described.
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  • 94
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    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 439-448 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuromuscular junction ; Triturus ; Colchicine ; Axoplasmic flow ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Repeated injections of colchicine into the forearms of normal adult newts led to the disappearance of microtubules within some nerves and a concomitant loss of specialized morphological features at the neuromuscular junction. Within 2 weeks, the postsynaptic folds decreased in height and number, became flattened and eventually disappeared. In addition, nerve terminals in drug-treated animals became separated from the muscle surface and were highly congested with masses of synaptic vesicles. The present findings show that colchicine has an effect on the structural integrity of the neuromuscular junction. These effects could be direct; secondary to retraction of the nerve from the muscle surface; or the result of interference with the proper transport and/or release of neurotrophic substances.
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  • 95
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    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 449-459 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect brain ; Neurons ; Glia ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the neural sheath, glial cells and nerve cells in the brain of adult male houseflies is described. The neural sheath is composed of neural lamella and perineurium. The neural lamella consists of an external lamina and collagen-like fibrils which are embedded in an amorphous matrix. The perineurial cells form a continuous layer around the brain. On their inner surface, perineurial cells form junctional complexes with glial cell processes. A cortical cellular layer composed of neurons and glial cells surrounds the centrally located neuropil. Three types of glial cells are identified. Glial cells differ in size and in relative development and distribution of organelles. Thin processes of glioplasm completely surround the cell bodies of the neurons. Five types of neurons are described. Most of the neurons are monopolar, a few are bipolar.
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  • 96
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    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 461-471 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Centriole assembly ; Basal bodies ; Ciliogenesis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy of 16 to 18 day old chick tracheas revealed that procentrioles are present near the basal ends of the recently matured centrioles and basal bodies of both ciliating and ciliated cells. Cylinders 0.1 μ in outside diameter in which densely staining walls and a central axial filament can often be detected, are present between the mature centrioles and these procentrioles. These cylinders although somewhat shorter are morphologically similar to those found earlier in the same cells in the center of procentriole clusters. So far, only one procentriole has been found in association with each cylinder and only one cylinder in association with each mature centriole or basal body. Procentrioles up to 0.18 μ in length including some with singlet microtubules in their walls have been detected. Serial sectioning indicated that in some cells up to 8% of the mature centrioles and basal bodies were associated with a cylinder and a distinct procentriole. If these procentrioles were to mature they could provide additional basal bodies for cilia after the initial wave of centriole assembly and maturation has been completed.
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 88-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Bufo bufo ; Cell differentiation ; Larval growth ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cinq types de cellules granulées se différencient au cours de la métamorphose dans la pars distalis de l'hypophyse du têtard de Crapaud. A la prémétamorphose apparaissent les deux types de cellules protidiques, les cellules glycoprotidiques de type II et des cellules glycoprotidiques d'un type intermédiaire. Cette dernière catégorie cellulaire disparaît au climax. A la prométamorphose se différencient les cellules glycoprotidiques de type IV. Au climax s'observent les cellules glycoprotidiques de type III. Les cellules glycoprotidiques de type II sont vraisemblablement responsables de la sécrétion de l'hormone thyréotrope (TSH). Il n'est pas encore possible de préciser la fonction des autres types cellulaires. Des fibres nerveuses ont pu être observées dans la pars distalis entre les cellules granulées.
    Notes: Summary Five granulated cell types can be distinguished in the Toad's pars distalis during larval growth. During premetamorphosis the two types of protidic cells appear, the glycoprotein containing cells of type II and an intermediary cell type which disappears during the climax. During prometamorphosis the glycoprotein cells of type IV are apparent. During the climax the glycoprotein cells of type III can be observed. The glycoprotein containing cells of type II probably produce the thyroid-stimulating-hormone (TSH). The function of the other cell types can not be specified for the moment. Nervous fibers have been observed in the pars distalis between granulated cells.
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  • 98
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 289-294 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Accessory optic system ; Rat ; Blood vessels ; Extracellular space ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two types of capillaries were found in the medial terminal nucleus of the rat accessory optic system. Type one capillaries are surrounded by glial processes and lack a perivascular space, whereas the type two capillaries and arterioles show a distinct extracellular perivascular space often filled with collagen fibrils. An internal as well as an external basal lamina lines these spaces. No fenestration of the endothelium was observed.
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 415-431 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Rat ; Cerebral cortex ; Glutaraldehyde/E-PTA ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synaptic junctions in intact rat cerebral cortex have been examined following glutaraldehyde fixation and phosphotungstic acid (PTA) staining. In the presynaptic ending the network has a hexagonal arrangement, while the dense projections are regularly placed along the presynaptic membrane. Cleft densities occupy the intracleft region. The postsynaptic thickening extends uninterrupted along the length of the junction. Qualitatively, the majority of junctions fall into the ‘discontinuous-continuous’ category, in which the internal coat of the presynaptic membrane together with its associated dense projections is discontinuous along the length of the junction, whereas the postsynaptic thickening is continuous. By contrast, a small number of junctions are ‘continuous-continuous’. In an attempt to analyze the junctions quantitatively, nine indices were measured. Histograms of the size distributions of seven of these appear to be bimodal, and from this it is concluded that two junction populations may be distinguishable on quantitative grounds. It is also shown that the distance separating dense projections at the presynaptic membrane is of the order of 10–15 nm. This surprisingly low value has consequences for current ideas on the relationship between synaptic vesicles and dense projections, and these are discussed at length.
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 404-414 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Renal medulla ; Rat ; Interstitial ground substance ; Fixation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Interstitium des inneren Nierenmarkes von Ratten wurde nach Anwendung verschiedener Fixierungsarten und Versuchsanordnungen elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Neben Bindegewebszellen und kollagenen Fibrillen enthält der interstitielle Raum bandförmige, basalmembranartige Strukturen, in deren weiträumigen Maschen zwei weitere Komponenten, nämlich ein feingranuläres und feinfilamentäres Material sowie kontrastreiche, globuläre Partikel liegen. Diese beiden Formelemente stellen sich bei den verschiedenen Fixierungsarten und Versuchsanordnungen unterschiedlich dar. Bei der feingranulären und feinfilamentären Komponente handelt es sich wahrscheinlich um interstitielles Blutplasma. Diese Deutung wird gestützt durch die morphologische Ähnlichkeit mit dem Blutplasma der Blutgefäße, die unterschiedliche Darstellbarkeit nach Glutardialdehyd-und Formalinfixierung sowie durch die Befunde nach Gefäßperfusion und Nierenvenenstauung. Das Verhalten der globulären Partikel nach OsO4-Einwirkung steht in Einklang mit der schon früher gegebenen Interpretation als präzipitierte saure Mukopolysaccharide. Ihr elektronenoptisches Bild wird im Vergleich zur bekannten makromolekularen Struktur der Mukopolysaccharid-Protein-Moleküle diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The interstitial ground substance in the inner medulla of the rat kidney is examined electron microscopically after fixation with various fixation agents and under different experimental conditions. The papillary interstitium contains besides interstitial cells and few collagen fibrils basement membrane like material and two other components, fine granular-fibrillar elements and globular particles with heavy contrast. The appearance of the two latter interstitial components varies according to the different fixation agents used and to the experimental conditions. The fine granular and fine fibrillar material surrounds the globular particles numerously after glutardialdehyde-fixation but scarcely after formaldehyde-fixation. It increases after renal vein occlusion, but is diminished or absent, if the kidney is rinsed bloodfree. These results allow to conclude that this material represents interstitial bloodplasma. The behaviour of the globular particles after OsO4-fixation agrees well with the earlier interpretation according to which they represent precipitated acid mucopolysaccharides. Their electron microscopic appearance is discussed in comparison with the known macromolecular structure of the acid mucopolysaccharides.
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