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  • Articles  (203)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Motility of the 6 + 0 flagellum of lecudina tuzetae (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 369-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: motility ; flagella ; cilia ; microtubules ; Gregarines ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The male gametes of the parasitic protozoan, Lecudina tuzetae, have a motile flagellum with a “6 + O” ultrastructure ‘Schrével and Besse, 1975’. These gametes were isolated from the cysts in which they develop and were observed and photographed under a variety of conditions. The flagella beat continuously, without stopping and starting, with a beat period of about 2 sec. They can beat in solutions whose viscosities are greater than 0.5 Nsm-2 (l Nsm-2 = 103 cP). The waveform can be approximated by a series of helical arcs and interconnecting straight regions that travel from the base to the tip. The helical regions have a radius of curvature of 3.2 μm and subtend a final angle of 1.7 radians. The straight portions are 2.0 μm in length. There are two sets of opposing bends, but they do not originate in the same plane. The resulting waveform is an approximately helical coil, with a pitch of 9.8 μm, a pitch angle of 0.6 radian and a peak-to-peak amplitude of 2.3 μm. The sense of the coil is left handed. The axoneme twists during beating. The main differences between the movement of this flagellum and that of typical 9 + 2 flagella are a low beat frequency and three-dimensional bends that produce relatively little forward movement of the cell. Twisting is discussed as a means of discriminating between some types of models of flagellar motility.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020406
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microtubule capping structures at the tips of tracheal cilia: Evidence for their firm attachment during ciliary bend formation and the restriction of microtubule sliding (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 549-572 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: flagella ; cilia ; trachea ; microtubules ; crowns ; microtubule assembly ; caps ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The distal tips of the central pair and A-microtubules are capped in mammalian and avian tracheal cilia. The capping structures are similar to those found in protozoan cilia and flagella [Dentler, 1981], and consist of a central microtubule cap that links the central microtubules to the membrane or to the ciliary crown and A-microtubule plugs that insert into the lumen of each of the A-microtubule plugs is bound to the central microtubule cap by distal filaments. The ends of the central and outer doublet microtubules are tightly bound to the cap in both intact and in demembranated and reactivated tracheal cilia. Analysis of the displacement of the microtubule tips in cilia fixed at various bend angles revealed that the displacements of A-microtubules are only partially in agreement with those predicted by the sliding filament model [Satir, 1968]. These results are discussed with respect to the regulation of microtubule sliding in capped cilia and the role of the microtubule capping structures in microtubule assembly.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020605
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The intracellular movement of endocytic vesicles in cultured granulosa cells (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 583-597 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: endocytic vesicles ; microtubules ; 10-nm filaments ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ligand binding to cell surface receptors induces rapid internalization of ligandreceptor complexes by receptor mediated endocytosis. We have examined the intracellular movement of endocytic vesicles, induced by the lectin concanavalin A (Con A), in cultured rat ovarian granulosa cells using fluorescence and electron microscopy. Within 20 minutes of ligand treatment at 37°C, numerous Con A-containing endocytic vesicles form, which migrate to the cell center by 60 minutes. Double label fluorescence microscopy, using fluorescien-Con-A and rhodamine immunofluorescent staining of tubulin or vimentin, indicates that during vesicle migration microtubules and 10-nm filaments are altered in their organization. By 30 minutes, vesicles are associated with microtubule bundles, which subsequently collapse around the nucleus. Similarly, 10-nm filaments accumulate around the nucleus in conjunction with the perinuclear aggregation of endocytic vesicles. Electron microscopy of Con A-horseradish peroxidase-labeled cells demonstrates that endocytic vesicles fuse to form large receptosome-like structures during intracellular migration and these structures are associated with cytoplasmic microtubules and 10-nm filaments. Taxol, a drug that stabilizes microtubules, prevents endocytic vesicle translocation to the Golgi region. Nocodazole, which causes microtubule disassembly, results in the collapse of 10-nm filaments and the central aggregation of endocytic vesicles. The data indicate that the cytoskeleton participates in the directed intracellular movement of endocytic vesicles; the possible subcellular basis for this movement is discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020607
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Taxol binds differentially to flagellar outer doublets and their reassembled microtubules (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 123-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: taxol ; microtubules ; flagellar outer doublets ; tubulin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Taxol induces the in vitro assembly of calcium stable microtubules from flagellar tubulin solubilized from sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) sperm tail outer doublets by sonication. Assembly occurs in the presence or absence of exogenous GTP. The drug (10 μM) reduces the critical concentration of protein required for assembly to ≤0.04 mg/ml. 3H-Taxol binds specifically to both isolated flagellar outer doublets and to reassembled microtubules with calculated maximal binding ratios of 0.25 and 1.32 moles taxol/mole polymerized flagellar tubulin dimer, respectively. We suggest that the discrepancy in maximal binding ratios may result from the presence of an endogenous molecule(s) along the surface of outer doublet microtubules that restricts taxol binding to that structure.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030203
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cell motility and microtubules in cultured fibroblasts from patients with Kartagener syndrome (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 185-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: dynein ; microtubules ; cell motility ; fibroblasts ; in vitro ; phagokinetic tracks ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Patients with Kartagener syndrome (KS) show defects in ciliary and flagellar movement that are usually associated with the partial or total absence of dynein side arms from axonemal microtubules. Dynein is essential for such movements, but its involvement in other cellular (particularly microtubule-related) processes is unknown. It has recently been reported that neutrophils from KS patients show impaired motility including responses to chemotactic stimuli, suggesting that dynein-like proteins may be generally involved in motile processes. In support of this, we have now found that spontaneous motility of cultured skin fibroblasts from KS patients is also markedly impaired. Three cell lines derived from skin explants of KS patients with deficient dynein side arms in nasal cilia and eight cell lines derived from normal volunteers were studied. Fibroblasts were seeded into dishes containing colloidal gold-coated cover glasses [Albrecht-Buehler, 1977], incubated for 24 h at 37°C, and the area of cell “phagokinetic” tracks determined.Each cell line studied in this manner reproducibly displayed an amount of spontaneous motility characteristic for that cell line. The mean track area (± SE) for all control cells studied was 14.6 ± 0.5 × 103μm2 whereas for KS fibroblasts was 8.7 ± 0.4 × 103μm2 (P 〈 0.001). Immunofluorescence microscopy using antitubulin and antihuman 210 K MAP antibodies revealed no differences in the staining patterns between control and KS fibroblasts. Pinocytic rates were identical, and the complement of tubulin and major microtubule associated proteins as seen on one-dimensional SDS polyacrylamide gel autoradio-graphs appeared similar for control and KS cells. Thus, the observed motility defect is probably not the result of alterations in the occurrence or distribution of microtubules or in the occurrence or binding of the major microtubule-associated proteins. This defect in cellular motility may be related to the absence of dynein or may reflect another independent cellular defect.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030207
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Microtubule-dependent transport of secretory granules during stalk secretion in a peritrich ciliate (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 47-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microtubules ; transport ; secretion ; peritrich ciliate ; directional turnover ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The role of microtubules in secretory granule translocation was studied during stalk secretion in the peritrich ciliate, Zoothamnium arbuscula. In each cell, the release of stalk-forming secretory materials is restricted to a specialized region of the cytoplasm, the scopula. Many of the membrane-bound secretory granules that dominate the scopular cytoplasm appear to be aligned along cortical microtubules that converge on the scopular surface. This arrangement is consistent with the hypothesis that microtubules transport granules relative to the sites of exocytosis. To establish the role of microtubules in stalk secretion, telotrochs were exposed to agents with different disruptive effects on microtubule function. Exocytosis itself is not prevented by these drugs, and granules positioned for secretion prior to treatment are released. Maytansine and isopropyl-n-phenyl carbamate (IPC) completely inhibit stalk elongation. In maytansine-treated cells, microtubules are absent from the scopular cytoplasm, and granules are absent from the scopular surface. Microtubules are present in IPC-treated cells, but the granules are misdirected to the cytoplasm lateral to the scopula where no secretory sites exist. Even though the rate of stalk secretion is decreased by deuterium oxide (D2O), a control length stalk is eventually produced. In D2O-treated cells microtubules are present and in their normal orientation. The inhibition of secretion when microtubules are absent (maytansine) or misdirected (IPC) and the retardation of secretion when microtubule turnover is reduced (D2O) supports a mechanism of granule transport based on the directional turnover of microtubule subunits.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020105
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vitro nucleation of microtubules from microtubule-organizing center prepared from cellular slime mold (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 257-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cellular slime mold ; microtubule-organizing centers ; tubulin ; microtubules ; polymerization ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Nucleus associated bodies (NABs) were isolated from Dictyostelium discoideum or Dictyostelium mucoroides and their ability to nucleate microtubules in vitro was examined.NABs were localized at the tapered ends of the nuclei and released from lysed cells in complex with the nuclei. Microtubules radiating from the NAB could also be isolated with the complex under microtubule stabilizing conditions. The ultrastructure of the isolated NAB showed it to be composed of a core structure surrounded by an amorphous matrix.The ability of isolated NABs to nucleate microtubules in vitro was demonstrated by incubation with exogenous brain microtubule protein. Microtubule assembly was easily visualized by dark-field or immunofluorescence microscopy. Polymerization of microtubules seemed to be initiated not from the core structure but from the surrounding matrix.The number of microtubules polymerized from the NAB was directly counted in whole-mount preparations by electron microscopy, which provided a quantitative assay for the NAB activity. The nucleating activity of NAB was quite unstable and its half-life was calculated as about 5 hours. The activity was sensitive to protease digestion and was also temperature sensitive but could be stabilized by addition of glycerol or storage at - 80°C or in liquid nitrogen. These characteristics are analogous to those of the centrosomes in cultured mammalian cells and a possible explanation of their similarity is discussed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020306
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Three-dimensional organization of microtubules and microfilaments of the basal body apparatus of ciliated respiratory epithelium (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 385-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: ciliated cell ; basal body apparatus ; microtubules ; microfilaments ; respiratory epithelium ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This is a descriptive study showing the three-dimensional interrelationship of cytoskeletal elements at the apex of ciliated cells of rat respiratory epithelium. Tissue specimens were serially thin sectioned in various planes and examined by transmission electron microscopy. Thicker sections were also cut at various angles and analyzed stereoscopically. Other specimens were cleared of soluble molecules by glycerination or Triton-X 100 treatment and sectioned as described above. It was found that C microtubules from the triplets of each basal body diverge from the A and B microtubules, run a short distance, and converge at the basal foot. These microtubules or other microtubules arising anew then dispersed deeper into the cytoplasm. The C fibers also interdigitated with other microtubules running perpendicular to them and parallel to the ciliated surface. Ten-nanometer intermediate filaments were organized in parallel sheets between adjacent basal bodies. Sixnanometer actin filaments were distributed throughout the apical cytoplasm. Neighboring basal bodies were linked to one another by microtubules and microfilaments. Basal bodies from each cell appear to be structured for stability, flexibility, and arranged to operate as a single unit.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020407
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of taxol on cytoskeletal components in cultured fibroblasts and epithelial cells (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 283-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: taxol ; microtubules ; intermediate filaments ; fibroblasts ; epithelial cells ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Taxol promotes microtubule (MT) assembly in vitro and induces the reorganization of the cytoskeleton into unusual MT arrays in cultured cells. The possibility that taxol also has an indirect effect on intermediate filaments (IF) was investigated. In baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) and human skin (ENSON) fibroblasts treated with 1-10 μM taxol for 1-24 h, the drug induces changes which are similar to those produced by colchicine. These include a loss of major cellular extensions, a redistribution of organelles to a perinuclear location, and an inhibition of locomotion. Saltatory particle movements are not inhibited, however. Ruffling and filopod formation continue, indicating that cells are viable up to 24 h.Polarized light microscopy of living fibroblasts treated with taxol reveals the presence of perinuclear birefringent material which has been examined by immunofluorescence. In control cells, IF and MT radiate from a juxtanuclear region and extend to the cell periphery. In taxol-treated cells, MT and IF are excluded from cell margins, forming large central bundles.In the epithelial cell lines PtK2 and PAM, the keratin system of IF does not become redistributed; in PtK2, however, a second fibroblastlike system of IF does become redistributed to a perinuclear position during taxol treatment.Ultrastructural analyses show that taxol-treated fibroblasts contain parallel arrays of cross-bridged MT-IF as well as bundles of MT exclusive of IF. Epithelial cells contain a predominance of IF-free MT bundles which are organized into hexagonally packed arrays. In these bundles MT frequently exhibit hooks or other incomplete MT profiles and are linked by filamentous material.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030402
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  • 10
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    Cytoplasmic transport in keratocytes: Direct visualization of particle translocation along microtubules (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cytoplasmic transport ; Saltation ; microtubules ; keratocytes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We report the first direct demonstration that the cytoplasmic transport of organelles and vesicles (collectively called particles) takes place along microtubules. Living keratocytes from the corneal stroma of the frog, Rana pipiens, were observed with Allen video-enhanced constrast, differential interference constrast (AVEC-DIC) microscopy [Allen et al, 1981]. In sufficiently thin regions of these cells a network of linear elements was visible. When particles were observed in motion, they always moved along these linear elements. The linear elements remained intact and in focus on the microscope when lysed in a cell lysis solution that stabilized microtubules. Preparations were then fixed in formaldehyde, washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), incubated with rabbit antitubulin, washed with PBS, stained with rhodamine-conjugated goat antirabbit, and washed with PBS. The extracted cells continued to remain in place and in focus on the microscope throughout these procedures. The same cells were then observed using epifluorescence optics and a silicon-intensified target (SIT) video camera. A network of fluorescent linear elements was seen to correspond in number, form, and position to the linear elements seen in the live AVEC-DIC image. Taken together, the AVEC-DIC and fluorescence microscopy observations prove that the linear elements along which particles move are microtubules (MTLEs). The observed particle speeds, pause times, and distances moved varied widely, even for the same particle on the same microtubule. Particles were also observed to switch from one microtubule to another as they were transported. The polarity of the microtubules did not seem to affect the particle direction, since particles were observed to move in both directions on the same MTLE. When not in motion these particles behaved as if anchored to the microtubules since they showed negligible Brownian motion. Finally, it was observed that an elongate particle could move onto two intersecting linear elements such that it was deformed into an inverted “Y” shape. This indicates that there may be more than a single site of attachment between the force generator and the particle.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030102
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  • 11
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    Nocodazole pretreatment in anaphase selectively reduces anaphase B in PtK1 cells (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 79-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: mitosis ; anaphase ; microtubules ; nocodazole ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: During early anaphase PtK1 cells were briefly treated with the rapidly reversible microtubule (MT) poison nocodazole. This treatment abruptly stopped chromosome motion and effected a large decrease in spindle birefringence. On removal of the drug, chromosome to pole motion (anaphase A) returned, though at a lesser rate but not extent than untreated cells. In most cases elongation of the pole-pole distance (anaphase B) also occured, at both a rate and to an extent less than in untreated cells. During the recovery period following drug arrest spindle birefringence did not return to pretreatment levels. Electron microscopic analysis of nocodazole arrested, or arrested and released, cells revealed extensive disassembly of the nonkinetochore class of MTs (nkMTs), particularly evident in the astral region. Microtubules seen in the interzone region were largely fragments of midbody precursors. Kinetochore MTs (kMTs) appeared to be unaffected by the brief drug treatment chosen for these experiments. Analysis of MT profiles seen in transverse sections of the interzone region indicated in treated and released cells approximately 60% fewer MTs. This may suggest that chromosome motion during anaphase is not dependent on interactions between kMTs and nkMTs and separation of the spindle poles can occur in the presence of disrupted interzonal MTs.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030107
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  • 12
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    Microtubule-containing detergent-extracted cytoskeletons in sea urchin eggs from fertilization through cell division: Antitubulin immunofluorescence microscopy (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 213-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microtubules ; fertilization ; cell division ; sea urchin ; cytoskeleton ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The microtubule-containing structures that appear in eggs during fertilization and cell division in the sea urchins Lytechinus variegatus and Arbacia punctulata were detected by antitubulin immunofluorescence microscopy of detergent extracted cytoskeletal preparations. The extraction buffer, which is composed of 0.55 mM MgCl2, 10 mM EGTA, 25 mM MES, 25% glycerol, 1% Nonidet P-40, and 25 μM PMSF, pH 6.7, allows for dramatically improved fluorescent images compared to those obtained using conventional staining procedures, with residual background staining being reduced to near zero.The immunofluorescent images obtained using this technique provide information on several motile events that occur during the first cell cycle. This technique demonstrates that all of the cytoplasmic microtubules are associated with the incorporated sperm's centrioles during female pronuclear migration. This changes during the centration of the male and female pronuclei at which time a monastral array of microtubules forms in the egg's cytoplasm. A large proportion of the monastral microtubules do not appear to be associated with the centrioles. At prophase and early metaphase, the centrioles are the dominant microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) consistent with mitotic theories that the kinetochore catches, but does not initiate, microtubules. Observations of intercentriolar distances show that there are three stages of pole separation during the first cell cycle. The initial separation occurs during pronuclear centration, the second during the streak stage, and the final one during the late stages of mitosis. At telophase, polar microtubules appear to extend into the cortex supporting the cell surface at all regions except the presumptive cleavage site.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030303
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  • 13
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    A study of the interface between a fibrous polyurethane arterial prosthesis and natural tissue (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 827-838 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Fibrous polyurethane samples were implanted in subcutaneous tissue, muscle, and as an arterial prosthesis for periods up to six months. The interface between the polymer and living tissue was studied using optical, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. A good correlation was found between the micromorphology of the polymer-tissue interface observed in three experimental methods used. Ingrowth of tissue occurs by cell penetration into the fibrous network of the polymer implant and eventual encapsulation by connective tissue. Full details of the distribution of collagen and the cell components around the individual polymer fibers and the structure of the connective tissue are given.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160608
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  • 14
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    Crystallinity, solubility, and dissolution rate behavior of fluoridated CO3 apatites (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 851-860 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: To study the effect of fluoride on the physicochemical properties of carbonate-containing apatites, two series of fluoridated CO3 apatites with various fluoride contents were synthesized at 80°C and pH 7.4. The a-axis dimensions of these apatites decreased with the increase of both fluoride and carbonate contents. The crystallinity of the apatites showed similar patterns of variation with the degree of fluoridation irrespective of carbonate content. These patterns appear analogous to the complex pattern of the fluoridated hydroxyapatites previously reported. In contrast to this unexpected crystallinity phenomena, the apparent solubility of fluoridated CO3 apatites in acetate buffer solutions at pH 4.0 and 6.0 and 37°C decreased monotonically with increasing degree of fluoridation and approached that of fluoridated hydroxyapatites at high fluoride content. Dissolution rate of fluoridated CO3 apatite pellets at pH 4.0 also showed a simple decrease with increasing degree of fluoridation and was extremely sensitive to acid at low fluoride content.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160610
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  • 15
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    Parameters affecting the stress distribution around LTI carbon and aluminum oxide dental implants (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 875-885 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Three-dimensional finite element stress analysis was used to study the effects that implant neck geometry and the tissue properties at the implant-bone interface have on the stress distribution around freestanding blade- and post-type LTI carbon and aluminum oxide dental implants. Implants having neck flares of 13° and 26° were studied. In addition, to simulate fibrous encapsulation of the implant as opposed to a direct bone apposition retention mechanism, a soft tissue interposing layer between implant and bone was also modeled. The results of the study indicate that a reduction in neck flare from 26° to 13° was a positive design change for blade- and post-type LTI carbon implants and blade-type aluminum oxide implant but not for post-type aluminum oxide implant. The results of the study indicate the presence of fibrous tissue surrounding the implants may be indicative of a failing system and may be the result of either hypophysiological stress (aluminum oxide implants) or hyperphysiological stress (LTI carbon implants).
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160612
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  • 16
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    Masthead (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160601
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  • 17
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    Conversion in denture base polymers (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 741-754 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The purpose of this investigation was to determine residual monomers, the insoluble gel fraction, and singly reacted dimethacrylate monomers in heat-polymerized, auto-polymerized conventional and pourtype denture base materials. Residual monomers were determined by HPLC analysis of tetrahydrofuran extracts of denture base polymers. The gel fraction was determined by gravimetric analysis of the nonextractable portion. The pendant methacrylate groups in the gel fraction were determined by quantitative IR (infrared) spectrometry. It was demonstrated that the heat-polymerized materials had the lowest content of residual monomers. Generally, the content of pendant methacrylate groups in the gel was dependent on the initial quantity of crosslinking agent in the monomer liquids. The gel fractions of the heat-polymerized materials were larger than the quantity of reacted monomers and were also dependent on the quantity of crosslinking agent. These findings showed that some of the linear prepolymer, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), had been incorporated into the crosslinked polymer system. The gel fraction of the auto-polymerized pour-type materials corresponded to the quantity of reacted monomers, whereas the conventional auto-polymerized materials took an intermediate position between pour type materials and heat-polymerized materials in this respect.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160520
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    Correlation between strength of bonding to enamel and mechanical properties of dental composites (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 775-783 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The strength of bonding of dental composites to enamel was measured in shear. The compressive strength, proportional limit, elastic modulus, and tensile strength of the composites were measured for correlation with the bond strength. Conventional and microfilled composites with a range of filler concentrations were studied. The densities of the composites and their fillers and the concentrations of the fillers were determined. The mechanical properties that were most highly correlated with bond strength to enamel were proportional limit and elastic modulus. Tensile strength and filler concentration had lower correlation coefficients, and compressive strength was not correlated with bond strength. Using unfilled resins as bonding agents between the composites and enamel resulted in increased bond strength with half of the composites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160604
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    Corrosion of a new copper—gold or copper—platinum intrauterine device (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 785-798 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: It has been shown previously that supplementing plastic intrauterine devices (IUDs) with copper wire enhances the antifertility effect of the device. The use of copper intrauterine contraceptive devices, however, is currently limited to two to three years, mainly because of wire fragmentation, which was observed as early as after eight months of use. In the resulting search for a long-lasting device, two new systems of duplex wire, with gold and platinum cores electrolytically coated with copper, were devised and studied. Initially, duplex wires and controls were exposed to physiological solution. Copper dissolution rate and corrosion morphology were studied by weight-loss measurements and optical metallography. Similar systems were then surgically implanted in rat uteri for varying periods of up to 26 weeks. Electron micro-analysis of corrosion products, in addition to weight-loss measurements and metallography, was performed. The results showed that a uniform and ductile copper coating is obtainable by electroplating on gold and platinum wires. Rate of copper dissolution is similar to that of solid copper wire. No dissolution of gold and platinum in the controls or coated wires was detected by weight loss, metallography, or atomic absorption measurements. Microanalysis of the deposits and corrosion products on the wires in the uteri environment showed sulfur, chlorine, and calcium, in addition to copper. The results of this study suggest that supplementing IUDs with copper-coated gold or platinum wires may result in significant prolongation of the life span of the device by preventing uncontrolled loss of copper caused by wire fragmentation.
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    Susceptibility of surgical cobalt-base alloy to pitting corrosion (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 799-810 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo susceptibilities of a surgical cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy to localized corrosion. In vitro cyclic anodic polarization curves were generated for the cobalt alloy under various surface and electrolyte conditions. Surfaces of the test specimens were examined before and after each polarization experiment. In vivo analyses involved macroscopic and microscopic examinations of cobalt alloy surfaces on retrieved total hip prostheses. The electrolyte selected for the in vitro polarization study was 0.9% saline at a pH of 7.00 ± 0.05 and temperature of 37 ± 1°C in both aerated and deaerated conditions. Surface conditions for the cobalt alloys included nonpassivated and passivated treatments. Hysteresis behavior was exhibited by the passivated alloy but not by the nonpassivated alloy. According to the protection potential theory, hysteresis behavior indicates a material should be susceptible to pitting corrosion. Therefore, based on polarization curves and theory, the results of the present study indicated the cobalt alloy was susceptible to pitting corrosion when in the passivated condition but not when in the nonpassivated condition. Examination of the surfaces before and after each polarization curve revealed no evidence of pitting corrosion. Also, the examination of nonwear cobalt surfaces of total hip prostheses with implantation times up to 6 years revealed no features uniquely identified as the result of pitting corrosion. Therefore, it was hypothesized that certain conditions inherent in the electrochemical phase of this study had caused the development of hysteresis behavior for the passivated alloy, and this hysteresis behavior should not be associated with pitting corrosion as is normally taken to be the case by application of the protection potential theory. Instead, it is postulated that the hysteresis behavior exhibited by the passivated alloy is due to processes involving a breakdown of the pre-established passive film followed by a repassivation characteristic of the saline electrolyte.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160606
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    Electrically enhanced osteogenesis at various metal cathodes (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 861-873 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Electode-induced bone formation was studied at six different metallic cathode materials in the rabbit medullary canal. Direct cathodic currents of 0.02 and 0.2 μA/mm2 were applied for 21 days. Quantitative differences in new bone growth were found. Platinum, cobalt-chrome (F-90) and silver had more bone relative to controls at the lower geometric current density, while stainless steel (316L) and titanium cathodes were more effective at the higher current. On average, there was a significant increase (46-48%) in new bone formation at active versus control implants for either current level. No corresponding difference in the number of vascular channels were observed in the 21 day specimens. Metal-specific differences in bone formation at control implants were also found, with platinum being most stimulatory. These observations are consistent with an interfacial electrochemical mechanism for electrode stimulated osteogenesis, which perhaps acts in concert with purely electrical and mechanical forces.
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    Microleakage of conventional and microfilled composite restorative resins (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 901-910 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Microfilled composite resins have been introduced in clinical dentistry because of the difficulty in finishing conventional composite resins satisfactorily. Owing to the difference in coefficients of thermal expansion of the two resin systems, the objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate microleakage of a conventional and a microfilled composite resin. Class V cavities with butt cavosurface margins were prepared in the middle third of the facial surfaces of the crowns of 80 noncarious human premolar teeth; they were acid etched within the preparations only. Forty preparations were restored with Concise composite and forty with Silar microfilled resin. Ten teeth from each group were subjected to cyclic temperature changes between 5 and 55°C for 1000, 2500, or 5000 cycles, respectively, and ten teeth from each group were not cycled (controls). After suitable preparation, the teeth were immersed in 45Ca solution for 18 h and contact radiographs were prepared. Microleakage was scored 0-3 at both the cervical and occulusal margins of the restorations. Microleakage was significantly greater at the cervical margins than at the occlusal margins. Differences within occlusal and cervical microleakages among the two resins were not significant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160614
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    A clinical comparison of LTI carbon, alumina, and carbon-coated alumina blade-type implants in baboons (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 887-899 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The clinical performance of LTI carbon, carbon-coated aluminum oxide, and uncoated aluminum oxide blade-type dental implants was studied in baboons. The objective of the study was to determine the effect that implant material elastic modulus and surface composition have on implant performance. Clinical parameters of mobility, sulcus depth, soft tissue characteristics, and radiographic appearance were used in the evaluation. The implants were placed in healed extraction sites in adult female baboons and were used as a distal abutment for a three-unit fixed gold prosthesis. The restorations were allowed to assume normal occlusal function and were left in situ for a period of two years. The radiographic and sulcus depth measurements appeared inferior for the LTI carbon implants and best for the carbon-coated aluminum oxide implants. No differences in mobility or soft tissue characteristics were noted for the three implant systems. Two implants both in the same animal - one LTI carbon and one uncoated aluminum oxide - were definite clinical failures. The results of the study indicate that an elastic modulus mismatch between implant and bone is not an a priori cause of implant failure and that the implant surface composition had little apparent effect on the clinical and radiographic performance of these implant materials.
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    Masthead (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170101
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    Detecting margin leakage of dental composite restorations (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 37-43 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The degree of microleakage between a restoration and the cavity wall is difficult to quantify objectively. A silver-staining method is used and compared to the radioisotope method with results that indicate a superior definition and more accurate evaluation of microleakage. In addition to the accuracy, two advantages are presented: (1) scoring of the leakage can be refined and divided into more precise numbers, and (2) teeth can be observed directly in a microscope without resorting to the indirect interpretation of film or photograph.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170104
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    Fracture of porous polyethylene-bone composite (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 59-70 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Porous high-density polyethylene specimens were implanted in the femurs of mongrel canines. At the end of the residency period (3 or 6 months), the animals were sacrificed and the implants were retrieved. The work-of-fracture of the implant specimens was then determined using the technique of Tattersall and Tappin. The work required to fracture a specimen in three-point bending by controlled crack propagation through a triangular cross section was obtained directly from the load-deflection curve. The area of the resulting fracture surface was measured by macro-photographic techniques, and the work-of-fracture was calculated as work per unit area. The implants were subsequently sectioned and examined microradiographically to determine the extent of bone ingrowth. Bone specimens adjacent to the implants and porous high-density polyethylene controls (no ingrowth) were also tested to determine their work-of-fracture. The results showed that bone adjacent to the implant specimens had a higher work-of-fracture than normal medial, canine femoral bone and was not appreciably different from the composite. The work-of-fracture of porous high-density polyethylene was not significantly increased by an increase in bone infiltration, and this anomalous behavior was attributed to a degradation of the polyethylene during implant residence. Control studies supported this hypothesis.
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    Preparation of a biocompatible albumin-coated ion exchange resin for bilirubin removal from the blood of jaundiced newbornsThis paper won a student award at the annual meeting of the Society for Biomaterials at Troy, NY, May 1981. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 91-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Removal of bilirubin by hemoperfusion with ion exchange resin particles is suggested to replace exchange transfusion of blood of jaundiced infants in some cases of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. The hemoperfusion system developed here consists of a packed bed of a macroreticular resin which is made biocompatible by a coating of a monomolecular layer of albumin. The choice of the appropriate ionic form of the resin and the proper albumin coating and crosslinking procedure assures a high bilirubin adsorption capacity and excellent blood compatibility of the resin. The albumin coated resin removes in vitro 80-90% of the bilirubin initially present in the plasma. The results encourage in vivo clinical studies.
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    Surface modification and evaluation of some commonly used catheter materials. I. Surface propertiesSubmitted by P. T. in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.S. Degree in Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 129-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Double catheter systems consisting of a stiff outer catheter and a flexible, buoyant, flow-directed, inner catheter which is often balloon-tipped have been employed with increasing frequency recently in both therapeutic and diagnostic procedures. Their use, however, has been restricted because of the excessive friction generated between the two catheters. In an attempt to decrease friction between polymers commonly used as catheter materials, oxidation of polyethylene, fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer, poly(vinyl chloride), silicone rubber, and polystyrene surfaces was induced by exposing the polymers to radio frequency glow discharge (RFGD) in a helium environment. All polymers were surface characterized utilizing x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and contact angle measurements before and after oxidation. This article describes the materials and methods used to fabricate and characterize the polymer surfaces and the results of the characterization. The results indicate that increases in oxygen concentration at the surface of the polymers and decreases in air-water contact angles occur with increased RFGD exposure time. Plateau values were usually obtained after 5-30 s exposure time, yet no apparent changes in surface topography were noted by scanning electron microscopy. The hydrophilic surfaces produced were stable for up to three months storage time in air.
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    Structural evidences of the microfilled composites (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 249-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The new composite concept of microfilled composites has certain advantages, such as polishability, permanent smoothness, and high abrasion resistance. In the mouth, however, these new materials are not perfect and they often fail in stress-bearing restorations. In the present study, the weak links and imperfections of these materials are determined by means of direct and indirect SEM techniques. The chemical adhesion between polymer blocks and polymer matrix is questionable; fractures occur most often at the filler-matrix interface. In vivo, there is still a certain preferential wear of the resin matrix. In Estic Microfill, rear weak zones with starlike condensations are observed, which could be related to a certain incompatibility of its composing resins and/or to incomplete and inhomogeneous polymerization. In a fractured Isopast restoration, the polymer blocks are clearly revealed, scattered in a three-dimensional polymerized matrix network.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170204
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    Effect of surface texture on the soft tissue response to polymer implants (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 205-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Ion beam etching has provided a system which can produce a controllable surface morphology in the micron range without altering surface chemistry or surface energy. PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) develops a surface texture having conical projections with average dimensions: height = 12 μm, base width = 4 μm, tip radius = 0.1 μm. Smooth and textured PTFE disks (1 cm diam. × 250 μm thick) were implanted subcutaneously into the dorsum of Sprague-Dawley rats for time periods of 1 and 3 days and 1,2,3,4, and 8 weeks. Smooth control samples consisted of untreated surfaces and surfaces that were exposed to an ion beam environment producing a smooth surface. All smooth surfaces behaved identically by both histochemical and histological methods. Consequently, the ion beam environment had no effect on the soft tissue response. Textured surfaces, however, demonstrated increased cell adhesion and increased succinic dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase staining in the interfacial cells. Interfacial cells consisted of foreign body giant cells and macrophages. These macrophages possessed increases in the cytoplasmic-to-nuclear ratio, number and interdigitation of filopodia, and vacuolization as demonstrated by TEM. The textured surfaces also influence the kinetics of fibrous capsule formation. At 8 weeks, capsules associated with textured interfaces were reduced in thickness by 30% when compared to smooth surfaces. The results of this investigation demonstrate that the surface texture of an implant is a critical variable in determining the soft tissue response to a material.
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    Properties of a heparin-poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel coating (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 359-373 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Some physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of a heparin-PVA hydrogel potentially useful as a thromboresistant coating for the preparation of small-diameter vascular prostheses and blood-sampling catheters have been determined. The molecular weight between crosslinks in the acetal crosslinked gel was approximately 8000, permitting proteins the size of albumin to enter the interior of the gel. The release rate of heparin from a gel containing 7 mg/g gel was 10-2 μg/g min which was significantly lower than the reported minimum required for thromboresistance of ionically heparinized materials. Nevertheless, in vitro biological activity was observed in both thrombin time and plasma recalcification time assays, which could not be attributed to the release of heparin into the incubated plasma. Correlation of final heparin contents with the amount of terminal amino acid residues in three samples of heparin suggests that the heparin is bound to the PVA in the gel through the amino acid terminus; this provides a plausible explanation for the retention of biological activity by the immobilized heparin.
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    The dilemma of patient exposure to ubiquitous foreign particles (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 389-391 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170215
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    In vivo and in vitro aging of orthopedic aluminas (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 395-410 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The flexural strength, microstructure and relative Ca and Si concentration at the surface of two commercial orthopedic aluminas were studied before and after aging up to 52 weeks in simulated body fluids or in subcutaneous implantation in rodents. There was no significant reduction in flexural strength after aging, but there was evidence of Ca and Si dissolution from the external grain boundary surfaces, particularly for specimens aged in demineralized water. No change occurred in the Ca and Si concentrations within the specimen's bulk during either in vivo or in vitro aging.
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    Biochemical features of pseudomembrane at the bone-cement interface of loosened total hip prostheses (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 669-678 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Biochemical features of pseudomembrane formed at the bone-cement interface of 13 failed total hip replacements were studied and histological examination of the pseudomembrane was conducted. The results of biochemical analyses revealed on average hydroxyproline, 86 μg/mg; water content, 57%; hexosamine, 12 μg/mg; glucosamine/galactosamine, 1.4%; and calcium, 2.1%. Approximately 78% of collagen was extracted with pepsin, whereas only 8 and 0.3% collagen were extracted with acetic acid and neutral salt, respectively. On further differential salting out of the extracted collagen, about 77% was type I collagen, 19% type III, and 2.6% type V. Unlike pseudoarthrosis of fracture, no type II collagen was identified. Overall biochemical features in the light of the histological appearance suggested that pseudomembrane resembles granulation tissue. Bone healing mechanisms at the bone-cement interface appear to differ from that of fracture healing.
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    Gel route preparation of low fusing dental porcelain frit (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 691-713 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Dental porcelain frits have been prepared by the gel route, a procedure involving solubilization of alkalies, boron, rare earth, and other compounds in an alumina-silica sol. Using this procedure, porcelain frits suitable for metal-ceramic application have been prepared that fire to maturity at temperatures lower than current commercial porcelains. Solubilities, translucencies, thermal expansion coefficients, dilatometric softening temperatures, and flexure strengths are within the ranges of current commercial porcelains. The high degree of dispersion of pigments and phosphors made possible by gel route technology and the technology's ability to disperse crystalline phases to strengthen porcelain offers many processing advantages. Gel route technology also offers a great degree of freedom in modifying porcelain properties.
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    Interaction of fibroblasts and polymer surfaces: relationship between surface free energy and fibroblast spreading (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 807-817 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Cell spreading and cell division rates of a transformed line of mouse lung fibroblasts were studied on various polymer surfaces in the presence of serum proteins. The bare polymer surfaces, as well as the protein-coated surfaces, were characterized by their polar (γsp) and dispersion (γsd) surface free energies. Cell spreading appeared to be dependent on the polar surface free energy. Cell spreading is low when the γsp of the bare surface is lower than 5 erg cm-2; marked spreading occurs when γsp is higher than 15 erg cm-2. A similar relationship was found between cell spreading and polarity of the protein-coated surfaces, although less pronounced than for the bare surfaces. Cell spreading appeared independent of the dispersion surface free energy. Cell division rate was the same on all surfaces tested.
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    Cement strain measurement surrounding loose and well-fixed femoral component stems (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 819-828 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Strain measurement within the cement surrounding stemmed total hip femoral components was accomplished using PMMA encapsulated and embedded strain gauges. Cement strain measurement associated with a well-bonded stem-cement interface and an unbonded stem-cement interface (i.e., loose prosthesis) was performed. The presence of a stem-cement bond was found to reduce proximal cement strain magnitudes while having little effect on distal cement strain magnitudes. The assurance of a stem-cement bond on only the proximal third of the interface was found to have an effect similar to that of a complete stem-cement bond. The results of this experimental investigation confirm the theoretical prediction that the stem-cement bond is important in maintaining the integrity of the cement mantle surrounding a stemmed femoral component.
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    Macroporous hydrogel membranes for a hybrid artificial pancreas. I. Synthesis and chamber fabrication (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 855-864 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We report development of special macroporous semipermeable membranes and diffusion chambers made of polymerized 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (pHEMA), synthesized specifically to enclose living insulin-producing pancreatic islet cells for the treatment of diabetes. This material was selected to minimize the fibrotic encapsulation which has limited hybrid artificial pancreas efforts with other membranes, including Millipore and Nuclepore filters. The pore density and pore size distribution were dependent on the ratio of water to HEMA monomer and also on the crosslinker (EGDMA) concentration. A macroporous membrane resulted only when the ratio of water/HEMA monomer was greater than 50%. 125I-insulin permeability was studied in vitro. A technique is also described to fuse the membranes to form diffusion chambers used for implantation into diabetic rats.
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    Clinical applications of biomaterials, A. J. C. Lee, T. Albrektsson, and P. I. Branemark, Advances in biomaterials, Vol. 4, Wiley, Chichester, 1982, 335 pp. with index (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 899-899 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170516
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    Announcement (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 903-903 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170518
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    Corrosion product formation sequence on Cu-rich amalgams in various solutionsPortions of this work were presented at the 60th General Session of IADR, New Orleans, Louisiana, March 1982. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 913-920 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A single particle and four blended Cu-rich amalgam systems were immersed in 37 °C solutions for 1-20 months in order to determine the characterization and sequence of corrosion product formation. X-ray diffraction and SEM/EDS were used to characterize the products. The same sequence of formation occurred in all systems in Ringer's and 0.1% Ringer's solutions. The times at which each product formed varied with the brand of the amalgam and the concentration of the solution. The initial products were ZnSn(OH)6 in Zn-containing systems and SnO2 in most other systems. Cu2O formed next, followed by CuCl2·3Cu(OH)2. Immersion in 1% Na2S yielded only HgS on all brands. A combination of 1% Na2S and Ringer's solution yielded CaSn(OH)6 after 2 months and Cu2O at later periods. Artificial saliva resulted in a retardation of corrosion product formation and only limited amounts of a Sn-rich product could be found after 20 months. Interactions of the various components appear to alter the nature and rate of corrosion product formation on these systems and additional systematic investigations are necessary to understand the influence of these interactions on corrosion.
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    Acrylate and methacrylate esters: Relationship of hemolytic activity and in vivo toxicity (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 945-957 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Quantitative hemolysis assays of acrylate and methacrylate esters provided estimates of the intrinsic hemolytic activity (Hi the slope of the concentration-response curve) and the concentrations effecting 5% (H5) and 50% (H50) hemolysis. The dependence of hemolytic activity and LD50 (mice) on physical properties (lipophilicity, molar refraction, and molecular volume) of the esters was determined by multiple regression analysis. The observed correlations were: Hi, R2 = 0.94; H5, R2 = 0.95; H50, R2 = 0.94; and LD50, R2 (all compounds) = 0.80, R2 (all compounds less the methyl esters) = 0.94. The difference of the methyl esters was associated with the smaller steric volume of the methyl ester substituent and the presence (methacrylates) or absence (acrylates) of the branched methyl group. Associative steric contributions of the branched methyl group and the ester substituents were probably responsible for greater variability in the methyacrylate series. The results were consistent with the conclusion that the mechanism of the action of the esters is membrane mediated and relatively nonspecific and that in vivo biotransformation was not a significant factor. Also, long-term toxic liability of the esters may be more closely related to intrinsic toxicity than acute toxicity.
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    Grafted synthetic sorbents for enhanced removal of toxic chemical agents from plasma (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 993-1002 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A series of porous polymeric sorbents and activated carbon were used to remove di-isopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) from human plasma and normal saline. The sorptive capacities of the commercially available sorbents Amberlite XAD-4, XAD-2, XN1010, and XE348, and Calgon 400 were determined. Butyl- and palmityl-grafted XAD-4 were prepared with graft efficiencies of 32 and 6%, respectively, and tested for sorptive capacities. DIMP removal efficiencies were compared to dialysis with a 1.8 m2 Cordis-Dow hollow fiber artificial kidney (HFAK). Butyl-grafted XAD-4 and active carbon outperformed the other sorbents in removing DIMP from both saline and plasma. An order of magnitude reduction in removal ability was noted for all the adsorbents when the mobile media was plasma. Pronounced plasma precipitation was elicited by activated carbon, an effect not observed with any of the polymeric resins tested. The removal efficiencies on a 18.0 g basis of XAD-4, butyl-grafted XAD-4, and active carbon were comparable to that of the HFAK used in this study. These sorbents, however, possess a macroscopic surface area of approximately 0.1 m2, an order of magnitude lower than that of the HFAK. This reduction in contact area is believed to reduce substantially the possibility of undesirable molecular and cellular effects.
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    Strain-rate dependence of the compressive properties of normal and carbon-fiber-reinforced bone cementPresented in part at the 7th Annual Meeting of the Society of Biomaterials (in conjunction with the 13th International Biomaterials Symposium), held at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, and on May 28-31, 1981. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 1041-1047 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Normal and carbon-fiber-reinforced (1 wt. %) bone cement samples were tested in compression at various strain rates. Both the compressive strength and proportional limit increased in general with increasing strain rate. Similar strain-rate sensitivity was also shown by the carbon-fiber-reinforced bone cement. The mechanical properties, namely the modulus of elasticity, the proportional limit, and the compressive strength of the carbon-fiber-reinforced bone cement showed highly significant positive correlations with the strain rate.
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    A model of dissolution-controlled solute release from porous drug delivery polymeric systems (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 1079-1087 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Irradiation crosslinking of the polytetrapeptide of elastin and compounding to dacron to produce a potential prosthetic material with elasticity and strength (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 11-16 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The poly(tetra peptide), H- (L·Val1-L·Pro2-Gly3-Gly4)n-L·Val-OMe, which is a recurring sequence in tropoelastin the precursor protein of the elastic fiber, has been irradiation crosslinked to produce an elastomeric material with limited strength. When a material such as a Dacron fabric is impregnated by the coacervate phase of the poly(tetra peptide) prior to irradiation crosslinking at 50 Mrad, the crosslinked product exhibits stress-strain curves with good elastomeric properties and high strength. In addition to the stress-strain curves, the material is characterized by scanning electron microscopy.
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    Evaluation of a chemical technique for determining the oxygen permeability of synthetic membranes (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 31-38 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The biocompatibility and high gas transfer characteristics of gas-permeable membranes have led to their use for total and supportive cardiopulmonary bypass. The gas transfer rates, particularly of oxygen, have previously been measured with sophisticated apparatus and this has restricted accurate measurements to a few laboratories. A simple chemical technique for measuring the oxygen permeability of synthetic membranes is described, in which sodium hydrosulfite is used to provide the highest possible oxygen gradient and the volume of oxygen crossing the membrane is measured volumetrically. Results agreed with those obtained with orthodox apparatus and replacement of the reducing agent with blood gave much lower oxygen transfer rates demonstrating the rheological influences of the blood upon oxygen transfer.
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    Permeability of heparinized hydrophilic polymer (H-RSD): Application to semipermeable membrane for microencapsulation of activated charcoal (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 17-30 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A series of heparinized hydrophilic polymers (H-RSD) composed of a hydrophobic element, a nonionic hydrophilic element, a cationic element and ionically bound heparin was synthesized. The permeability of the H-RSD polymers with various chemical compositions and water contents was investigated. From the studies on the permeability, it has been found that in order to maintain good permeability after heparinization, the nonionic hydrophilic element is necessary. In addition, the microencapsulation of activated charcoal granules using a H-RSD polymer with a similar permeability to that of Cuprophan was examined. In vitro adsorption studies and in vivo direct hemoperfusion studies on the activated charcoal microencapsulated with the H-RSD polymer, show that the H-RSD coating prevents clot formation without loss of the absorption power of the activated charcoal.
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    NMR spectroscopy of dental materials. I. 31P studies on phosphate-bonded cement liquids (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 39-49 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of phosphoric acid solutions containing zinc and aluminium indicates that zinc forms simple salts in solution, whereas aluminium forms a number of complexes, some of which are polymeric. The formation of the aluminophosphoric acid complexes controls the gelation and strengthening of the dental silicate cement and prevents the formation of crystalline zinc phosphate in the zinc phosphate cement.
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    Hemostatic and healing studies of sodium amylose succinate (IP760) (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 51-61 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Acute and chronic studies were performed in the canine model to evaluate a new topical hemostatic agent in terms of initial hemostatic capability and tissue/material interaction during the healing process. IP760, a porous amylose succinate material, was applied to large spenic surface wounds in six acute and twelve chronic animals. Microfibrillar collagen (Avitene) was used in twelve chronic animals for comparison. While the hemostatic capabilities of the two agents were comparable, marked differences were noted in the healing response. In the IP760-treated wound sites the acute inflammatory response, granulation tissue infiltration with fibrosis and healing occurred earlier and in a more homogeneous manner than in the Avitene-treated wound sites. Healing of the IP760-treated wounds occurred concomitantly with the development of granulation tissue and fibrosis and the rapid resorption of the IP760.
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    Notes. A model for the production of large volume exudate from the implant-tissue interface (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 87-91 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Phase identification and incipient melting in a cast Co-Cr surgical implant alloy (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 63-79 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Phase relationships in cast Co—Cr surgical implant alloys, heat treated at temperatures from 1180 to 1300°C, are reported. Interdendritic material was identified by selected area diffraction as a quaternary near eutectic mixture between sigma phase, M23C6, M7C3, and fcc Co. Incipient melting and subsequent resolidification of this near-eutectic mixture accounts for observations of behavior at temperatures above 1235°C. At temperatures just below its melting point the interdendritic material initially breaks down to M23C6, which subsequently dissolves in the Co matrix.
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    Cu2O and CuCl2·3Cu(OH)2 corrosion products on copper rich dental amalgamsBased in part on a presentation at the 1980 General Session of the American Association for Dental Research, Los Angeles, CA, March, 1980. (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 81-85 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In addition to Sn-rich corrosion products found in conventional amalgams, Cu-rich amalgams also form Cu-containing corrosion products. The nature of these Cu-rich products was investigated by immersion of samples of 13 Cu-rich amalgam systems in Ringer's solution for prolonged periods. SEM/EDS and x-ray diffraction studies were used to identify the compounds formed and their morphology. Two products were identified: Cu2O, a red product, and CuCl2·3Cu(OH)2, a green product.
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    Announcements (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 93-94 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160112
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    Masthead (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160201
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    The biocompatibility of polypyrrolidone in test implantation (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 95-104 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The biological compatibility of polypyrrolidone was investigated using subcutaneous implantation in rats. Acute (10 days) and chronic (360 days after implantation) tissue reaction was characterized numerically and compared with poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), used in the Drug Control Research Institute in Prague as a standard in the evaluation of polymers, for which good tolerance in the clinical practice has been demonstrated. Surface changes in the polymer were evaluated by using a scanning electron microscope.
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    A fabric pouch for maintaining transducer and catheter terminations (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 105-115 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Management of the chronically instrumented animal is improved by enclosing the terminations of catheters and transducer wires in a subcutaneous nylon velour pouch. Six or more days after implantation, an opening is made into the pouch by removing a portion of the overlying skin; subsequent healing processes provide a satisfactory bond. Thereafter the leads can be extracted and replaced without need for anesthesia or dissection. Results in 35 animals (26 dogs and 9 monkeys) for intervals up to four months showed fibrous encapsulation was complete in 28 and partial in 7, with no mortality or significant morbidity attributable solely to the presence of the pouch. Gross and microscopic tissue examination indicated a localized foreign body reaction in response to the nylon fibers. The technique is especially useful in experimental protocols for which continuous restraint is undesirable, such as the chronically instrumented primate periodically exposed to environmental stress.
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    The effects of proteins on metallic corrosion (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 125-134 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The corrosion of the pure metals aluminium, cobalt, copper, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, and titanium and of a cobalt-chromium molybdenum casting alloy has been studied in buffered saline with and without the presence of the proteins serum albumin and fibrinogen. The corrosion of aluminium and titanium was unaffected by the protein. The corrosion rates of chromium and nickel showed a slight increase, while cobalt and copper dissolved to a very much greater extent in the presence of protein. However, with molybdenum the corrosion was inhibited by protein.
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    The effect of pH on the in vitro degradation of poly(glycolide lactide) copolymer absorbable sutures (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 117-124 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The pH effect on the hydrolytic degradation of Polyglactin 910 copolymer was studied in terms of the tensile properties of the suture specimens. The use of a cord/yarn grip, newly designed specifically for fibrous materials, eliminated the grip-induced failure. Different degrees of hydrolytic degradation of this copolymer at 3 different pH levels were observed. The suture specimens exhibited the best retentions of breaking strength at the physiological pH of 7.44, while the specimens at pH = 10.09 showed the fastest loss of breaking strength. Thus, a maximum retention of tensile properties occurred around the pH level of 7.0, whereas smaller percentages of retention of tensile properties were observed at both acidic and strong alkaline solutions. This synthetic absorbable suture material exhibits the basic characteristic of hydrolysis which is catalyzed by both acid and base.
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    A study of the volumetric setting shrinkage of some dental materials (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 135-144 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The setting reaction of six dental materials has been studied by using a water dilatometer at 25° and 37°C. Where there is no water absorption during the test, the method gives reproducible values of the setting shrinkage and at the same time shows a clear physical picture of the entire setting process. This method is suitable for adaptation as a specification test for setting shrinkage and has good potential for being used as a supplementary or substitute test for initial and final set times.
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    The effect of oxidation of copoly(L-alanine, L-methionine) membranes on oxygen permeability and tensile properties (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 181-194 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This study pertains to the development of poly(α-amino acid) membranes which have potential as biomaterials. Copoly(L-alanine, L-methionine) membranes have been subjected to oxidation which produced a hydrophilic structure allowing the improvement of oxygen permeability. L-Methionine residues in the copolymers were converted to methionine sulfoxide and/or sulfone groups by action of hydrogen peroxide in various reaction compositions. Water absorption, permeability to oxygen dissolved in water, and tensile strength of the modified membranes were changed with the extent of oxidation. The water absorption was found to increase with oxidation time from 10 to 300%. The oxidation time dependency on the oxygen permeability coincided with the increase in the water absorption. The permeability coefficients of oxidized membranes were of the order of 10-9 cm3 (STP) cm/cm2 s cm Hg, while those of unoxidized membranes were approximately 10-11. As expected, the tensile strengths of oxidized membranes were smaller than those of unoxidized ones. In addition, the effect of L-alanine and L-methionine residue composition on the membrane properties is discussed.
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    The influence of heparinized polymers on the retention of platelets aggregability during storage (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 209-218 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The change in aggregability of the platelets stored in the storage tube fabricated from a newly developed heparinized hydrophilic polymer (H-RSD) has been studied in comparison with plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) which is widely used for blood bags. Rabbit blood was directly withdrawn into the storage tube containing an anticoagulant from the carotid. Then the tube was mechanically sealed with screw cocks and centrifugated to prepare platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the tube and again mechanically clamped to separate the PRP from the residual precipitate. The PRP was stored in situ in the storage tube at room temperature under agitation. During storage, the change in the aggregability of the PRP induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was studied and the morphological change in the platelets adhered onto the inner surface of the storage tube was observed by scanning electron microscopy. In the H-RSD tube, the aggregability was maintained during two-day storage, while in the PVC tube, the aggregability was completely lost after one-day storage. The scanning electron microscopic studies demonstrated that the reduction in the aggregability of the stored platelets is closely correlated with the morphological deformation of the platelets adhered onto the surface of the storage tube.
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    Effect of fibronectin on the adhesion of an established cell line to a surface reactive biomaterial (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 195-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We have demonstrated that an established hamster cell line (NIL 8 M-2) will adhere to the bioceramic bioglass. The rate at which the NIL 8 M-2 cells assume a spread morphology on bioglass is density dependent and the morphology displayed by NIL 8 M-2 cells attached to bioglass is much more elongated than that displayed by NIL 8 M-2 cells attached to nonreactive glass. Precoating the bioglass with the plasma form of human fibronectin significantly reduces the density dependent nature of cell spreading. Coating the bioglass with fibronectin also reduces the time required for cell spreading and changes the morphology of the attached cells from an elongated to an extremely flattened shape. Our work raises the possibility that bone-implant adhesion might be improved by introducing molecules relevant to cell-substrate attachment into the biomaterial prior to implantation.
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    Effect of pore size on the peel strength of attachment of fibrous tissue to porous-surfaced implants (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 571-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Twenty-four rectangular metal plates were fabricated with surface regions in three different pore size ranges (5-20 μm, 20-50 μm, 50-200 μm). The plates were implanted into the dorsal subcutaneous tissue of 12 adult mongrel dogs for periods of 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks. After animal sacrifice, the fibrous tissue which adhered to the porous-surfaced regions of each plate was mechanically peeled off to give an indication of the strength of tissue attachment. The tissue was examined by both transmitted light and scanning electron microscopy. At each time period, the tissue that contacted the porous regions was found to be collagenized fibroconnective tissue. The mechanical tests indicated an increasing strength of tissue attachment with increasing implantation time and pore size range. The largest pore size range of approximately 50-200 μm produced a mean peel strength of attachment of 27.5 g/mm at the 16-week period.
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    Durability of pyrolytic carbon-containing heart valve prosthesesA portion of this work was presented at the Conference on Implant Retrieval: Material and Biological Analysis, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD, May 1-2, 1980. (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 559-570 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: To assess abrasive wear of mechanical valve prostheses containing pyrolytic carbon components, we recovered at necropsy or surgery and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and surface profilometry eight prostheses. Seven were implanted for 30-85 (mean 50 months). Valves included DeBakey aortic (2), DeBakey mitral (1), Beall mitral (2), Bjork-Shiley aortic (1), Cooley-Cutter mitral (1), and Lillehei-Kaster (L-K) tricuspid (1). All carbon occluders had undetectable wear. Carbon cage struts had a superficial burnish. Metallic struts had insignificant wear marks. In contrast, a Teflon Beall Model 104 valve implanted for 34 days and similarly analyzed had considerable material loss from the cage struts. This study suggests that clinically important abrasive wear will not be a late complication of cardiac valve replacement with pyrolytic carbon prostheses.
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    Controlled release rate of a lipophilic drug (BCNU) from a refillable silicone rubber device (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 669-677 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The release rates of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), an anticancer drug, from various kinds of silicone and silicone-nylon implantable and refillable devices were investigated in vitro. The devices were made with different surface areas and wall thicknesses. The relation of the release rate at steady state to the surface area and the relation of the release rate per unit surface area to the wall thickness were determined. The relationship among the release rate, the surface area, and the wall thickness was analyzed using the multiple regression method, and is represented on a three-dimensional graph. The multiple regression equation predicts the release rate from the surface area and the wall thickness; the release rate can also be read from a nomogram that is presented.
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    Special report: Biomedical materials research in Japan (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 721-733 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160518
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    Enzymatic removal of formalin-fixed tissues from polyester arteries, and its effect on physical properties of fibersAn oral presentationof the resultts of this article was made before the Medical Plastics Division of the Society of Plastic Engineers, 39th Annual Technical Conference, Boston, MA, May 4, 1981. (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 659-668 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A method is presented that can be utilized for the removal of formalin-fixed tissues from arterial grafts without. Affecting fiber material properties. Such a method could prove highly useful for studying the changes in the structure and properties of graft fiber as functions of important clinical variables. Information on what actually happens to the arterial graft material in situ with passage of time is greatly lacking in the current graft literature. The method proposed involves treatment of the formalin fixed fiber-tissue complex with an enzymatic preparation containing enzymes derived from the porcine pancreas (pancreatin) in solution with tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane buffer at pH 7.6. Studies with two different grafts - a Microknit Dacron Bifurcation from a clinical patient 10¼ years after implantation and stored in formalin for 11 months, and a Sauvage Filamentous Velour of Dacron from an animal 24 h after implantation and stored in formalin for nine months - showed that the treatment was highly effective in completely removing the tissues at concentrations of pancreatin as low as 2.5%. The same treatment given to the virgin yarns of grafts revealed no significant effects on tensile, dimensional, and morphological properties.
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    Failure of ceramic hip endoprostheses by slow crack growth  -  lifetime predictionThis paper was presented to the meeting of the European Society of Biomaterials, Brussels, May 22-24, 1978, and was supplemented by new references in 1981. (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 705-713 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The slow crack propagation velocity v, which depends on the stress intensity factor K, has been measured for three different high-density aluminas. Assuming a load history for the prosthesis which approximates conditions during walking, the lifetimes of the components of a total hip endoprothesis were calculated as a function of the initial flaw size. Different geometries for the preexisting cracks, as well as varying physiological parameters, were considered. It is shown that the lifetime is very dependent on the quality of the material and that it is reduced by increased body weight, walking speed, and varus positioning. Comparison of failure behavior in different parts of the femoral component showed that flaws in the stem must be one order of magnitude smaller than those in the neck to achieve comparable lifetimes.
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    On the characterization of porosity in PTFE-carbon composite implant materials by mercury porosimetry (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 715-719 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Questions have been raised about the use of mercury intrusion porosimetry to measure interconnecting pore sizes and void volumes in relatively soft and flexible materials such as porous implant composites of PTFE and carbon fibers. We have studied the effect of precompression of one such commercial composite on the mercury intrusion curves which cover all pore diameters greater than about 16 μm, the range of interest for tissue ingrowth applications. Prior compression by a pressure 20% greater than that encountered by the material during a mercury intrusion experiment did not change the ensuing pore size distribution curve, as compared with a noncompressed sample. Deformation of the material at higher pressures sufficient to decrease the sample volume inelastically by 17, 33, and 67% changed the shape of the mercury intrusion curves significantly, indicating that this technique can be used to detect prior deformation of an “unknown” sample. In the undeformed material, less than 15% of the total void as measured by mercury porosimetry consists of interconnecting pores 〉 100 μm in diameter and more than 50% of the void volume is composed of pores 〈40 μm in diameter.
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    Academic focus: The biomaterials program at the university of Washington (Seattle) (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 735-740 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Announcements (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 755-755 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160521
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    Dissolution of amalgam in saline solution (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 767-774 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The experiment was designed to investigate the in vitro corrosion of several modern dental amalgams in saline solution over a six-month period by measuring changes in the soluble corrosion products. Based on the change of the electrical conductivity of the solution, the dissolution rate seemed to decrease gradually for the first three to four months. Then a rapid increase was observed, indicating a reactivated corrosion process. Larger dissolutions of copper and mercury were observed, especially for the high copper alloys, in these later stages. Zinc and indium, if present, were preferentially released at the earlier stages. Silver and tin could not be detected. Evidence exists that the corrosion of tin results in insoluble deposits of corrosion products.
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    Wetting characteristics and blood clotting on surfaces of acylated chitins (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 757-766 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Various acylated chitins, including formyl, acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, caproyl, capryl, lauroyl, and benzoylchitin, were evaluated as materials for blood contact surfaces by means of contact angle and blood-clotting time measurements. Critical surface tensions of acylated chitins varied within the range of 20-30 dyn cm-1 and were dependent on the length of the acyl side chains. Furthermore, the dispersion and nondispersion components of the surface tension show remarkable differences which are dependent on the type of acyl group attached to chitin. The chitin derivative with 2.0 acetyl groups per N-acetylglucosamine residue gave values of the dispersive and nondispersive components of the surface tension that are very close to those obtained for glutaraldehyde-treated umbilical cord vessels. All of the acylated chitin surfaces show longer clotting times than the original chitin surface.
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    Stress analysis of porcine bioprosthetic heart valves in vivo (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 811-826 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: During the normal functioning of aortic porcine bioprosthetic valves, the leaflets undergo complex configurational changes which can produce stresses large enough to damage the leaflets. Stress analyses of these valves in vivo have not been performed before. We investigated the behavior of aortic bioprostheses in vivo in calves by placing radiopaque markers on the valves and observing them under x-ray. Based upon the behavior of the leaflets, a method of stress analysis is proposed. Membrane stresses were associated with a pressure gradient across the leaflet and bending stresses with a change in the leaflet curvature. Total stresses were obtained by summation of the two stresses. A model of leaflet deformation at its attachment is proposed and the stresses determined. In diastole, the total stresses in the leaflet were tensile. In systole, the total stresses at the leaflet attachment were large and compressive on the aortic surface. Since the leaflet is unable to sustain compressive stresses, it is concluded that large compressive stresses cause structural damage at the leaflet attachment. This may explain the clinical observation that bioprosthetic leaflets detach or calcify in this region.
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    Fatigue properties of implant materials in hip prosthesis form: A standardized test (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 45-57 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The determination of the fatigue properties on small specimens is not accurate. It does not take into account the considerable scatter in fatigue properties which may arise in the implants. Therefore, testing of the properties on the actual implant is needed. The working hypothesis of the present article is that four-point bending fatigue tests allow determination of the fatigue limit of the femoral component material in total hip prostheses. It eliminates the disadvantages of the previously proposed load on head test because (1) the reproducibility of the stress pattern is easy; (2) the fatigue testing is over the whole critical part of the stem; and (3) the stresses do not change during the test. Testing of a series of hip prostheses shows that (1) the measured fatigue limit is typical for the material tested; (2) the location of the fatigue fractures is over the critical medial third of the stem; and (3) the fractographic aspects correspond to those of in vivo failed prostheses. The four-point bending procedure is proposed as a standard method.
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    Preliminary report on the osteogenic potential of a biodegradable copolymer of polyactide (PLA) and polyglycolide (PGA) (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 71-82 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A biodegradable copolymer of 50 polylactide:50 polyglycolide was prepared for implantation into experimentally created osseous defects in the tibias of 25 rats. Similarly prepared defects were made in the humeri of the same rats and these defects did not receive copolymer implants. Upon sacrifice, both the implant treated and untreated sites of the experimentally produced osseous defects were evaluated by gross appearance and by histomorphometric examination using a Zeiss Videoplan Image Analysis System with Osteoplan (version 4.1). The animals were evaluated in groups of five at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 42 days. When compared with bony defects that were not treated with the biocompatible, biodegradable copolymer implant, the implant sites displayed an accelerated rate of healing at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days (p 〈 0.001). A similar healing response rate, however, was observed at 42 days (p 〈 0.25-0.1). No adverse host tissue responses were observed histologically.
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    Isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate as an osseous adhesive in the repair of osteochondral fractures (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 167-177 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An in vivo evaluation of isobuty 2-cyanoacrylate as an osseous adhesive was done in an effort to answer two questions: Used in limited amounts, can this monomer maintain the reduction of an unstable intra-articular osteochondral fracture while allowing for fracture healing around the sites of adhesive placement? Used in limited amounts, in this monomer toxic to adjacent viable bone? Osteochondral fractures were created in 32 dog knees. In 16 knees, the fracture reduction was secured with three small drops of adhesive placed around the periphery of the fracture surface. In 16 control knees no adhesive was used. Eighty-one percent of the fractures in the adhesive-treated group united compared to 56% of the control group. Although the difference in number of fractures that healed in the two groups is not definitely statistically significant and no conclusion was drawn as to effectiveness of the adhesive, osseous healing was noted to proceed around the sites of adhesive placement and the monomer appeared nontoxic to adjacent bone.
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    Polymer analogs of 3-chloro-4-benzyloxyphenylacetic acid and their pharmacological activity (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 179-184 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Polymer analogs of 3-chloro-4-benzyloxyphenylacetic acid (BPh) were prepared, representing esters of BPh with three polymer alcohols: poly(vinyl alcohol) (P-I), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (P-II), and poly(2,3-dihydroxypropyl methacrylate) (P-III). Their anti-inflammatory activity was determined by testing their inhibitory effect on the growth of edema in the hind legs of rats. The relative activities of the esters P-I-BPh and P-II-BPh with respect to that of BPh are 0.06 and 0.10, respectively. In the case of P-III-BPh the activity is stronger (0.37), probably owing to the easier release of BPh from P-III-BPh due to hydrolysis. No prolonged effect of BPh polymeric esters could be achieved.
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    Ultrastructural observations of cells at the interface of a biodegradable polymer: Polyglactin 910 (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 185-197 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Transmission electron microscopy was used to study the ultrastructure of cells at the interface with an implanted biodegradable polymer, Polyglactin 910. Various stages of implantation were observed from 1 day to 63 days, when absorption of the polymer was essentially complete. Events occurring at the interface include initial adhesion of macrophages on the implant surface; phagocytosis of wound debris; and subsequent erosion, invasion, and phagocytosis of the polymer by macrophages and giant cells. A vascular perfusion technique for fixation of the polymer sites implanted in soft tissue is also described.
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    A novel process for the manufacturing of porous grafts: Process description and product evaluation (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 229-247 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A novel process has been developed for the manufacture of porous vascular grafts from solutions or melts of polymers. It allows the manufacture of grafts with controllable porosity, pore size, and mechanical properties. In this process, the polymer melt or polymer solution is extruded through fine orifices; the fibers are then fibers are then stretched and wound on a rotating mandril. Fiber-fiber bonding takes place, resulting in the formation of stable porous tubes. The effects of the process variables on the physical properties of the resulting graft have been studied and preliminary in vivo evaluation in dogs has demonstrated graft patency with a thin, stable neointima in both small (4 mm) and large (10 mm) caliber configurations.
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    Analysis of deposits on high water content contact lenses (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 261-274 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Deposits on soft contact lenses of high water content were investigated morphologically and chemically and compared with those on conventional soft contact lenses of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). The material of the lenses examined in this investigation was the crosslinked copolymer of methyl methacrylate and N-vinylpyrrolidone with a water content higher than 70%. Morphologically, the deposits on the lenses with high water content were found to have no characteristics distinguishable from those on conventional lenses. By the electron microscopic observation of the cross section of a lens that had become opaque, it was confirmed that the deposit was on the lens surface and that no deposit was within the lens. Some spots on the lenses were recognized as colonies of microorganisms, but the majority of the spots had no involvement by microorganisms. Surface analysis with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) confirmed that the main component of the filmy deposit was protein. Protein was detected in most of the deposits. The amino acid compositions of the proteins were found to be close to that of lysozyme. From the elemental analysis of several spots, silicon, aluminum, iron, and some other elements were detected. The structural analysis of some spots by a laser Raman microprobe (MOLE) revealed the existence of lipids. In several cases, the deposits were found to have grown around a defect of the lens surface. A mechanism for the formation of deposits is suggested.
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    Strength testing of dental stone: A comparison of compressive, tensile, transverse, and shear strength tests (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 293-299 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The strength of two dental stones under three standard test regimens and two novel testing modes is reported. It was found under all test regimens that the water/powder ratio significantly affected the strength of the two gypsum products in a similar manner. It was established that the new central fulcrum loading mode gave strength data directly relatable to that determined in the conventional transverse strength test which requires larger test specimens.
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    Surface modification and characterization of some commonly used catheter materials. II. Friction characterizationSubmitted by P. T. in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.S. degree in Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 149-165 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The effects of the modification of polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), silicone rubber (SR), and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) copolymer by radio frequency glow discharge in a helium environment were presented in part I. The hydrated polymer surfaces were characterized by XPS, SEM, visual microscopy, and by contact angle measurements. In general, exposure of the polymers to RFGD produced an oxidized hydrophilic surface, yet the roughness of the surface was unaltered by the relatively mild plasma conditions used. In this article, the frictional behavior of oxidized and unoxidized SR, PE, and FEP in distilled water, isotonic saline, and blood plasma environments is examined experimentally. The results are discussed in relation to the properties generally believed to affect frictional phenomena and to the surface properties as determined in part I. Results indicate that RFGD-treated SR generates less friction than untreated SR when dragged across all untreated and treated polymer surfaces, whether the medium is distilled water or an isotonic saline solution. Friction is consistently lower in a blood plasma medium between all surfaces investigated, most probably because of the presence of adsorbed proteins at the polymer interfaces.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170112
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    Relationship between release rate and surface concentration for heparinized materials (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 509-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Mathematical models are used to predict surface concentrations that result from the release of heparin into flowing blood and stagnant or well-mixed plasma. Two release rates - 4 × 10-2 and 3 × 10-5 μg/cm2 min-are considered, which describe elution from an ionically heparinized material and from an immobilized heparin-PVA hydrogel, respectively. When heparin is released at the higher rate into blood flowing in cylindrical tubes with dimensions characteristic of the vasculature, or annular tubes representative of catheter experiments, a minium surface concentration of 0.5 μg/mL is attained virtually at the tube inlet. Release at the lower rate requires tube lengths of several thousand meters to attain the same critical value. Similarly, heparin released from a suspension of beads at the higher rate leads to critical surface concentrations of 0.2 μg/mL within a fraction of a second in stagnant plasma, or ca. 5 s in a well-mixed environment. At the lower release rate, 45 or 100 min must elapse before the same level is achieved. These results support the validity of 4 × 10-2 μg/cm2 min as a reasonable minimum release rate to produce a heparin microenvironment sufficient to prevent thrombosis. The lower rate is shown to be insufficient to generate a critical concentration, thus supporting the argument that heparin-PVA does not owe its biological activity to a heparin microenvironment. The model equations can be applied to the release of any material to determine surface concentrations.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170310
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    Announcement (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 559-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170314
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    Mass transfer rates in hemodialyzers-An empirical correlation (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 561-570 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: From the experimental data on the rates of urea transfer from blood to dialysate in a test hemodialyzer, a practical equation for the effect of the hematocrit on the blood-phase urea transfer coefficient is proposed. With this equation, the overall mass transfer coefficient that takes into account the properties of the blood can be estimated for the commercially available disposable flat membrane-type and hollow fiber-type hemodialyzers from the data for a relatively simple dialysate-dialysate system.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170402
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  • 88
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    A newly prepared surface-treated oxystarch for removal of urea (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 597-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: There is an urgent need to develop an efficient technique to remove urea from the blood or gastrointestinal tract of uremic patients. Activated charcoals have a low sorption capacity for urea although they effectively remove other uremic toxic substances. To provide an urea-reactive adsorbent, a chemically modified oxystarch with albumin or gelatin has been prepared. Elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic analysis demonstrate that the reaction of a small amount of protein (albumin or gelatin) with oxystarch has taken place possibly by chemical combination. The influence of the dialdehyde content of the oxystarch on urea sorption, its sorption isotherm, and the adsorption rates have been investigated. It was found that the swelling factor of the oxystarch is closely related to the sorption activity under physiological conditions (pH 7.2-7.4 at 37°C). Adsorption studies have shown that sorption capacity is increased by surface treatment and can reach 6-8.2 g urea/kg-dried adsorbent (initial urea concentration was 70 mg/dL). The oxystarch had 49.2% of glucose unit oxidized and was surface treated with albumin. These results suggest that the newly prepared surface-treated oxystarch would be utilized as an effective chemisorbent for urea removal under physiological conditions.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170405
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    Comments on the origin of platelet deposition1 and on cell adhesion to biomaterial surfaces2 (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 375-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170213
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    Announcement (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 393-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170217
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  • 91
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    Creep rupture behavior of polypropylene suture material and its applications as a time-release mechanismPresented in part at the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Society for Biomaterials in conjunction with the Thirteenth Annual International Biomaterials Symposium, Troy, NY, May 28-31, 1981. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 411-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The controlled failure of polypropylene (PP) sutures is studied via creep rupture tests. From plots of log time (tB) vs. stress (σ), linear relationships are generated over the failure times of 1-1000 h. Results show that as a function of stress, the time dependence varies with irradiation dose (15, 20, 25, and 50 Mrad), irradiation atmosphere (air and vacuum), suture diameter (7-0, 6-0, 5-0, and 4-0), and test temperature (26 and 37°C). For a given stress, the time to failure is least for the greatest dose in the presence of air and at the highest temperature. When suture loops are wrapped around a small wire sheave, however, failure occurs in the largest suture as much as two decades sooner than the smallest suture studied. Within the limitations stated herein, they are independent of test method, loop diameter, aging, and humidity. Consequently, after irradiation in vacuum and postirradiation heat treatment, the processed material may be stored at room temperature for at least 1 month. Such materials are advocated when the time release of a dental or medical device is required, for example, in the self-activating cleft palate appliance.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170303
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    In vivo and in vitro studies of the stress-corrosion cracking behavior of surgical implant alloys (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 467-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Behavior of implant alloys exposed simultaneously to tensile stresses and corrosion environments has been examined. In the in vivo studies, a stainless steel and a titanium alloy exhibited cracklike freatures when loaded to the yield stress σy and implanted for 16 weeks. A cobalt-chromium alloy stressed beyond σy exhibited them in plastically deformed areas. A cobalt-chromium-nickel-molybdenum alloy appeared to be immune. In vitro samples loaded to various stress levels were immersed in Ringer's solution at 37°C. Half of them were subjected to applied anodic potentials; the remaining control group was not. The applied potentials were dc potentials of magnitude similar to those generated by bioelectric effects. No attempt was made to duplicate time dependence or wave forms. Cracklike features were observed in the stainless steel and in the titanium alloy loaded to or beyond σy and polarized for 38 weeks. None were observed below σy. For the controls, no cracklike features were observed at any stress level after 53 1/2 weeks. Polarization measurements and potential versus time measurements were performed to study possible mechanisms for crack propagation. These investigations suggest that the in vivo corrosion environment is more severe than a 37°C Ringer's solution because of the influence of both bioelectric effects and organic constituents. The implications of these studies for the performance of prosthetic devices is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170307
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    Dispersion and polar surface free energies of human enamel (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 637-641 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In this study, the dispersion (γsd) and polar (γsp) surface free energies of human enamel with and without an acquired enamel pellicle and of crystalline hydroxyapatite were determined from contact angle measurements. The results show that γsp is strongly influenced by the presence of a pellicle; the total surface free energy (γs) is considerably smaller for enamel with an acquired pellicle than for enamel without an acquired pellicle. Enamel without an acquired enamel pellicle shows surface free energies comparable with those of crystalline hydroxyapatite.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170408
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    Self-sanitizing soft denture liners: Paradoxical results (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 731-734 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170415
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    Biodegradation behavior of various calcium phosphate materials in bone tissue (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 769-784 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In order to study the biodegradation behavior of calcium phosphate materials, cylinders of standard size were implanted in the tibiae of rabbits. Material parameters were stoichiometry (hydroxyapatite with a Ca/P ratio of 1.67 versus tricalcium phosphate with a Ca/P ratio of 1.50), crystallographic structure (apatite versus β-whitlockite), microporosity, and macroporosity. The extent of biodegradation was evaluated by radiography, light and fluorescence microscopy, microradiography, and porosity measurements. All calcium phosphate materials were biocompatible in bone tissue. Hydroxyapatite ceramics had a higher osteogenic potential than β-whitlockite materials. Depending on their porosities, sintered tricalciumphosphate (β-whitlockite) materials were more or less biodegradable, in contrast to sintered hydroxyapatite materials, which showed no detectable resorption over a period of 9 months of implantation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170505
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    Osteoinduction within porous polysulfone implants at extraosseous sites using demineralized allogeneic bone matrix (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 793-806 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The objective of this study was to determine if bone induction could occur in implants of porous polysulfone (PPSF) impregnated with particles of demineralized allogeneic bone matrix (DABM). DABM-PPSF composites were fabricated by inserting DABM particles into PPSF specimens. The porous implants were produced by sintering polysulfone particles (850-1180 μm in diameter). DABM particles were prepared by demineralizing rat cortical bone in 0.6N HCl at 4°C for 18-24 h. A composite DABM-PPSF specimen and three “controls” were implanted subcutaneously at abdominal sites in 30 adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The three controls were whole DABM (4 × 4 × 1 mm), particulate DABM (1 × 1 × 1 mm), and porous polysulfone (5 × 5 × 1 mm). Microradiographic and histological evaluation of DABM-PPSF composites revealed chondrogenesis within the pores of the specimens at 10 days, followed by ossification and fatty marrow production at 21 and 43 days. This histological sequence was similar to that seen with DABM controls. The tissue response to porous polysulfone did not prevent the osteoinductive process. These results suggest that an osteoinductive material such as DABM may be useful in augmenting the implantation of porous implants at osseous sites in which the potential for bone regeneration is limited.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170507
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    Retrieval analysis of total knee prostheses: A method and its application to 48 total condylar prosthesesRead in part at the 27th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 829-842 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A technique for the classification and quantification of damage in retrieved total knee prostheses is presented and applied to the examination of 48 removed total condylar-type knee replacements. The technique involves inspection of all metallic and polyethylene components for evidence of gross deformation, fracture, and damage to articulating surfaces. A grading system was developed to quantitate surface damage on polyethylene components. Results of the examinations are combined with patient variables (weight, activity level, radiographic findings, time of implantation, and results of histology performed on surrounding tissue) to determine correlations between clinical variables and the mechanical damage experienced by the prostheses. For the 48 total condylar-type prostheses, significant positive correlations were found for the surface damage correlated with the patient's weight and the time the prosthesis was implanted.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170510
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    Macroporous hydrogel membranes for a hybrid artificial pancreas. II. Biocompatibility (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 865-871 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A histological evaluation of the biocompatibility of a new porous hydrogel membrane made of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2-HEMA) was performed. Isolated membranes and diffusion chambers made of this material and filled with rabbit pancreas were implanted in diabetic rats for periods of up to 8 1/2 months. Histologic evaluation showed that this polymer elicits minimal tissue reaction within the first 7 weeks but some increase in granulation tissue and fibrosis thereafter. A component of this tissue reaction is neovascularization, and many blood vessels were noted immediately adjacent to the membrane's surface. Calcification of the membrane was also progressive but could be minimized by formulations resulting in the incorporation of acid groups throughout the hydrogel and on its surface. Diffusion chambers made of this new material show promise for use in a “hybrid” artificial pancreas for the treatment of diabetes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170513
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    The development of modified denture base materials (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 885-898 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This work has been undertaken in an attempt to develop improved materials for the construction of dentures. In particular, a material was sought that would combine radiopacity with high impact resistance. Eight particulate radiopaque glasses were prepared and incorporated into poly(methyl methacrylate) denture base material, and the properties of the resultant composites were measured. Experiments were also carried out with glass fiber fillers, which were found to increase impact strength. It was shown that the incorporation of both a particulate radiopaque glass and glass fiber, 20% of each, yielded composites with improved properties.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170515
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    Masthead (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170601
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