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  • 1
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Um den Mechanismus der Katalyse der Polyvinylamin-Kupfer(II)-Chelate bei der Auslösung der Vinylpolymerisation zu klären, wurden die Stabilitätskonstanten dieser Chelate durch Anwendung einer modifizierten BJERRUMschen Methode gemessen, und die Konzentration der chemischen Spezies wurde auf Grund der Chelattheorie abgeschätzt. Anhand dieser Ergebnisse wurde die Aktivität der Polyvinylamin-Kupfer(II)-Chelate bei der Polymerisation von Acrylnitril und von Methylmethacrylat bei verschiedenen pH-Werten diskutiert.
    Notes: In order to clarify the mechanism of catalysis of polyvinylamine-copper(II) chelates on the initiation of vinyl polymerizations, stability constants of these chelates were measured by applying a modification of BJERRUM'S method, and each concentration of the chemical species was estimated on the basis of the chelate theory. From these results, the activity of the polyvinylamine-copper(II) chelates for the polymerization of acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate at different pH values was discussed.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Copolymerisation von 4(5)-Vinylimidazol mit γ-Vinyl-γ-butyrolacton wurde in Gegenwart von 2,2′-Azoisobutyronitril oder Benzoylperoxid durchgeführt. Die Initiatoren üben keinen Einfluß auf die Copolymerisationsparameter aus. Diese werden auch von Methanol als Lösungsmittel nicht beeinflußt. Die Copolymerisationsparameter wurden zu r1 = 20,0 ± 0,8 und r2 = 0,030 ± 0,002 bestimmt.Die katalytische Aktivität des Copolymers bei der Hydrolyse von p-Nitrophenylacetat (4) und von 3-Acetoxy-N,N,N-trimethylaniliniumjodid (5) bei pH = 8,0 war über doppelt so groß wie die eines statistischen Terpolymers mit Imidazol-, Carbonsäure- und Hydroxyl-Gruppen.
    Notes: Copolymerizations of 4(5)-vinylimidazole (1) and γ-vinyl-γ-butyrolactone (2) initiated by 2,2′-azoisobutyronitrile or benzoyl peroxide were carried out. The initiators did not affect the radical reactivity ratio (r). In addition, the reactivity ratio was not influenced by methanol as solvent. The following ratios were obtained r1 = 20,0 ± 0,8 and r2 = 0,030 ± 0,002.The catalytic activity of the copolymers in the hydrolyses of p-nitrophenyl acetate (4) and 3-acetoxy-N,N,N-trimethylanilinium iodide (5) at pH = 8,0 was found to be more than twice as high as that of a random terpolymer containing imidazole, carboxylic acid, and hydroxy moieties.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Kobalt(III)-Komplexe, die einen Polymer-Liganden enthalten, cis-[Co(en)2PVPCl]Cl2, cis-[Co(trien)PVPCl]Cl2, cis-[Co(en)2PVPBr]Br2, cis-[Co(en)2PVPN3]Cl2 und cis-[Co(en)2-QPVPCl]Cl2 (PVP = Polyvinylpyridin, QPVP = teilweise quaterniertes PVP), wurden dargestellt, und ihre Reduktion mit Ferrosulfat wurde untersucht. Es wurde gezeigt, daß die Komplexbildung mit QPVP durch sterische Faktoren beeinflußt wird, wie durch den Polymerisationsgrad des Polymer-Liganden und die Raumerfüllung der Quaternierungsmittel. Die Quaternierung des Polymer-Liganden selbst zeigte jedoch nur einen geringen sterischen Einfluß auf die Reduktionskinetik. Für die verschiedenen Brückenliganden (X) ergab sich folgende Reihe in bezug auf die Reduktionsgeschwindigkeit von cis-[Co(en)2PVPX]2+:N3 〉 Cl 〉 Br. Die Reduktionsgeschwindigkeit von cis-[Co(en)2PVPCl]2+ ist größer als die von cis-[Co(trien)PVPCl]2+. Die Einflüsse der Brücken- und Nichtbrückenliganden auf die Reduktion sind ähnlich für die Polymer-Komplexe und die monomeren Analoga.
    Notes: Cobalt(III)-complexes having a polymeric ligand, cis-[Co(en)2PVPCl]Cl2, cis-[Co(trien)-PVPCl]Cl2, cis-[Co(en)2PVPBr]Br2, cis-[Co(en)2PVPN3]Cl2 and cis-[Co(en)2QPVPCl]Cl2 (where PVP = poly(4-vinylpyridine) and QPVP = partially quarternized PVP) were prepared and their reduction with ferrous sulfate was studied. Complex formation with QPVP was shown to be affected by steric factors such as the degree of polymerization and the bulkiness of the quaternizing agents, but the quarternization showed only a small steric influence on the reduction kinetics. The order of the reduction rate of cis-[Co(en)2PVPX]2+ with respect to the bridging ligand X is N3 〉 Cl 〉 Br, and the reduction rate of cis-[Co(en)2PVPCl]2+ is higher than that of cis-[Co(trien)PVPCl]2+. The effects of bridging and non-bridging ligands in the reduction of polymer complexes were the same as those for the monomeric analogues.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die FLORYsche Theorie über das Prinzip der übereinstimmenden Zustände für Polymerlösungen wurde geprüft, indem die theoretisch berechneten Parameter mit experimentellen Ergebnissen verglichen wurden. Der osmotische Druck des Systems Polystyrol/Äthylmethylketon wurde für Polymerkonzentrationen zwischen 10 und 30% bei 10 bis 55°C gemessen. Unter Verwendung der Parameter X12 und Q12, die den erhaltenen Daten am besten entsprachen, wurden die berechneten Parameter mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen verglichen. Der Entropie-Parameter ψ1 sowie der Enthalpie-Parameter χH, 1 waren negativ und nahmen mit steigender Temperatur ab. Mit Hilfe der anpassungsfähigen Parameter X12 und Q12 gibt die FLORYsche Theorie die thermodynamischen Größen ziemlich gut wieder, obwohl eine geringe Abweichung von den experimentellen Ergebnissen zu bestehen scheint. Die SHULTZ-FLORYsche Methode zur Bestimmung der Theta;-Temperatur wurde auf der Grundlage dieser Theorie diskutiert.
    Notes: The polymer solution theory on the corresponding state principle developed by FLORY was examined by comparing the thermodynamic parameters calculated theoretically with experimental results. The osmotic pressure of the polystyrene/ethyl methyl ketone system was determined for solutions of polymer concentrations 10 to 30% at 10 to 55°C. Using X12 and Q12 parameters best fitting to these data, the calculated parameters were compared with experimental results. Both the entropy parameter ψ1 and enthalpy parameter χH, 1 were negative and decreased with increasing temperature. FLORY'S theory elucidates appreciably well the thermodynamic quantities with the use of the adjustable parameters X12 and Q12, but there seems to remain still some disagreement with experimental results. SHULTZ-FLORY'S method for determining the Θ-temperature was discussed based on this theory.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurde der Einfluß der sterischen Hinderung durch Polypeptid-Seitenketten auf den Wachstumsmechanismus von Polypeptidkristallen während der Polymerisation untersucht. Dabei wurden von uns Untersuchungen der Kinetik der heterogenen Polymerisation von L-Valin-LEUCHS-Anhydrid (NCA), L-Isoleucin-NCA und L-Leucin-NCA mit Butylamin als Initiator in Acetonitril und der Strukturen sowie der Morphologie der gebildeten Polymere durchgeführt. In den Anfangsstadien der Polymerisation bildeten sich Oligomere, die in dünnen, bandförmigen Kristallen mit antiparalleler β-Konformation kristallisierten. Die molekularen Anordnungen in den Kristallen wurden mit Hilfe der Elektronenbeugung untersucht. In den späteren Stadien der Polymerisation setzten die gewachsenen Poly(L-valin)- und Poly-(L-iso1eucin)-Ketten die β-Struktur weiter fort, und ihre aktiven Enden wurden in den gebildeten Kristallen eingeschlossen, was ein-Einpendeln des Umsatzes bei einem niedrigen Wert zur Folge hatte. Poly(L-leucin) andererseits schien Kristalle mit gestreckten Ketten zu bilden, die zu einem sehr hohen Umsatz führten. Dies kann nicht ohne die Annahme erklärt werden, daß sich auf den in den Anfangsstadien der Polymerisation gebildeten β-Skelettkristallen α-Helix-Ketten bilden, wie dies im Falle des Poly(L-alanins) bereits früher berichtet wurde.
    Notes: In order to examine the effect of the steric hindrance by the polypeptide side chains on the growth mechanism of polypeptide crystals in the course of polymerization, we studied kinetics of the heterogeneous polymerization of L-valine N-carboxy anhydride (NCA), L-isoleucine NCA, and L-leucine NCA initiated by butylamine in acetonitrile and the structures and morphologies of the resultant polymers. In the early stages of polymerization, oligomers formed crystallized into thin ribbon-like crystals with the antiparallel β-conformation. The molecular arrangements in the crystals were studied by electron diffractions. In the later stages, the grown chains of poly(L-valine) and poly(L-isoleucine) continued to take the β-structure and their active ends were occluded in the crystals formed, which resulted in the levelling off of the conversion at a low value. On the other hand, poly(L-leucine) seemed to give the extended chain crystal, which made the conversion very high. This can not be accounted for without assuming the formation of β-helical chains onto the β-skeleton crystals formed in the early stages of polymerization as in the case of poly(L-alanine) reported previously.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The kinetics and the mechanism of the mechanochemical polycondensation process of poly(oxyethyleneoxyterephthaloyl) [poly(ethylene terephthalate)] with aliphatic diamines (ethylene- and hexamethylenediamine) were studied. First order kinetics was found and in addition the fact that a very small thermal activation energy is needed and that the diamines can react as radical acceptors.
    Notes: Kinetik und Mechanismus des mechanochemischen Polykondensationsvorganges von Poly(oxyäthylenoxyterephthaloyl) (Polyäthylenterephthalat) mit aliphatischen Diaminen (äthylen- und Hexamethylendiamin) wurden untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, daß die Reaktion nach einer Kinetik erster Ordnung abläuft, daß eine äußerst geringe thermische Aktivierungsenergie benötigt wird und daß die Diamine als Radikalakzeptoren auftreten können.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zur Aufklärung des Mechanismus der Redox-Polymerisation von Methylmethacrylat, die die Redox-Startsysteme N-Halogendiäthylamin + Fe2+ und Triäthylamin + Halogen + Fe2+ in wäßrigem Medium unter Lichtausschluß bewirken, wurden die Endgruppen des Polymeren nach der Farbstoff-Verteilungsmethode untersucht. Im Falle von Chlor als Halogen kommt es mit beiden Startsystemen lediglich zum Einbau von Aminogruppen in das Polymere in einem Ausmaß von ca. 1 Endgruppe pro Polymermolekül. Bei Verwendung des Startsystems Triäthylamin + Halogen + Fe2+ liegen darüber hinaus die in das Polymer eingebauten Aminogruppen zu einem großen Teil in quaternärer Form vor. Mit Brom als Halogen findet bei beiden Anregungssystemen lediglich ein Bromeinbau, nicht jedoch ein Einbau von Aminogruppen in das Polymere statt. Die Chlor enthaltenden Startsysteme haben sich für die Herstellung von solchen Polymeren nützlich erwiesen, die eine Aminogruppe nur an einem der beiden Kettenenden besitzen sollen.
    Notes: The mechanism of the redox polymerization of methyl methacrylate in aqueous medium in the dark was studied for the redox initiator systems N-halodiethylamine + Fe(II) and triethylamine + halogen + Fe(II), by analysis of the polymer end groups using the dye partition method. In the case of chlorine, both these initiator systems incorporate only the amino group into the polymer to an extent of about one group per polymer molecule. The polymers are found to be free from chlorine. Furthermore, a large portion of the total amino groups introduced into the polymer, using the initiator system triethylamine + halogen + Fe(II) are quaternary in nature. In the case of bromine, both the initiator systems introduce only a bromine atom and no amino group into the polymer. The initiator systems containing chlorine prove to be useful for the preparation of polymers containing amino groups at the one end only.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die radikalische Polymerisation des Divinylketons in Aceton bei 50°C wurde untersucht und mit den Resultaten bereits bekannter radikalischer Polymerisationen anderer 1,4-Diene vergl+hen. Es wird gezeigt, daß Divinylketon einer bicyclischen Cyclopolymerisation unterliegt, die derjenigen des Divinyläthers und des Divinylsulfids ähnlich ist. Die Cyclisierungskonstanten werden ermittelt und die Zusammensetzung der Polymere (als lineare, monocyclische und bicyclische Struktureinheiten) als Funktion der Monomerkonzentration, bei welcher die Polymerisation durchgeführt wurde, berechnet.
    Notes: The free radical polymerization of divinyl ketone at 50°C in acetone solutions was investigated. The results are compared with those already reported for the free radical polymerization of other 1,4-dienes. It is shown that divinyl ketone undergoes bicyclic cyclopolymerization in a similar way as divinyl ether and divinyl sulfide. The cyclization ratios are computed and the polymer composition, in terms of linear, monocyclic and bicyclic structural units, is calculated as a function of the monomer concentration at which the polymerization was carried out.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 467-481 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The oxidation of molten foils (20μm) from high pressure polyethylene at 157°C and at 650 Torr (= 867 mbar) oxygen pressure was studied and kinetically analyzed for the period of maximum rate.The oxygen uptake, weight increase, and hydroperoxide formation start with a rate different from zero; the initial rate of carbonyl groups and volatile products is practically zero.The absorbed oxygen, except in the initial stage, shows a distribution of the ratio 1:1 between the polymer (predominantly as carbonyl groups) and volatile products (such as water). The average number of C-atoms in the volatile fragments was estimated from kinetic data to be 6 per O-atom.
    Notes: Die Oxidation von geschmolzenen Folien (20μm) aus Hochdruckpolyäthylen wurde bei 157°C und 650 Torr (= 867 mbar) Sauerstoffdruck untersucht und kinetisch in der Periode der maximalen Geschwindigkeit ausgewertet.Die Sauerstoffaufnahme, die Gewichtszunahme und die Hydroperoxidbildung beginnen mit einer von Null abweichenden Geschwindigkeit; die Anfangsgeschwindigkeit der Bildung von Carbonylgruppen und flüchtigen Produkten ist praktisch Null.Der absorbierte Sauerstoff verteilt sich außer im Anfangsverlauf im Verhältnis 1:1 zwischen dem Polymeren (vorwiegend als Carbonylgruppe) und den flüchtigen Produkten (in Form von Wasser). Die durchschnittliche Anzahl von C-Atomen in den flüchtigen Fragmenten wurde aus kinetischen Daten auf 6 pro O-Atom abgeschätzt.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 523-534 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Nicht-neutralisierte und neutralisierte, syndiotaktische Poly(methacrylsäure) wird mit Diazomethan partiell verestert. Umsatz und Triadenverteilung der entstenhenden cosyndiotaktischen Methylmethacrylat-Methacrylsäure-Copolymeren und deren Fraktionen werden durch 1H-NMR-Spektroskopie bestimmt. Nicht-neutralisierte Poly(methacrylsäure) ergibt Copolymere, die in bezug auf den Umsatz heterogen sind; ihre Fraktionen zeigen näherungsweise eine BERNOULLI-Verteilung der Triaden. Neutralisierte Poly(methacrylsäure) liefert hingegen homogene Copolymere mit einer innerhalb der Meßgenauigkeit liegenden BERNOULLI-Verteilung der Triaden. Ein kinetischer Nachbargruppeneffekt tritt daher bei der Veresterung mit Diazomethan nicht auf. So hergestellte Copolymere weisen eine einfache konfigurative und kompositive Statistik auf, wie sie durch Copolymerisation der Monomeren bislang nicht hergestellt werden kann. Der Polyelektrolytcharakter der Copolymeren kann durch anschließende, vollständige Veresterung mit einem zweiten Diazoalkan eliminiert werden; die Statistik der so entstehendenen Copolymeren ist mit der der ursprünglichen Copolymeren identisch.
    Notes: Syndiotactic poly(methacrylic acid) is partially esterified as such or in its neutralized form with diazomethane. The extent of reaction and the triad distribution of the resulting cosyndiotactic methyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid copolymers and their fractions are determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Unneutralized poly(methacrylic acid) yields copolymers which are heterogeneous with respect to conversion, the fractions of the copolymers possessing an approximate BERNOULLIan triad distribution. Neutralized poly(methacrylic acid) results in homogeneous copolymers whose triad distribution is BERNOULLIan within accuracy of measurement. A kinetic neighboring group effect is therefore not operative during the esterification with diazomethane. Copolymers may thus be prepared which are of simple configurational and compositional statistics, not obtainable at present by copolymerization of monomers. The polyelectrolyte character of the copolymers may be eliminated by consecutive, complete esterification with a second diazoalkane, the statistics of the derived copolymers being identical with that of the precursor copolymers.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Bildung von Polyionen-Komplexen in wäßrigem Medium zwischen Polykationen, die Ladungen in der Kette tragen, und Polycarbonsäuren, wie Polymethacrylsäure (PMAA), Polyacrylsäure (PAA) und Polyitaconsäure (PIA), wurde untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, daß die Polykationen stabilere Komplexe bilden als die entsprechenden niedermolekularen Kationen und daß neben der Kettenlänge die Dissoziationskonstanten und die Hydrophobie die Bildungsfähigkeit der Polyionen-Komplexe beeinflußte. Die Zusammensetzung der Komplexe zwischen Polykationen und Polycarbonsäuren wurde vor allem durch den Dissoziationsgrad (α′) der Polycarbonsäuren bestimmt.Aus diesen Ergebnissen ist zu schließen, daß die Komplexe durch die kooperativen Wechselwirkungen zwischen zwei Polymerketten, die entgegengesetzte Ladungen tragen, gebildet werden und daß die Polyionen-Komplexe reversibel Schleifen-, Leiter- und dazwischenliegende Strukturen ausbilden.
    Notes: The formation of polyion complexes in aqueous medium between polycations carrying charges in the chain backbone and poly(carboxylic acid)s, such as poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA), poly(carboxylic acid) (PAA), and poly(itaconic acid) (PIA), were studied. It was found that polycations formed more stable complexes than their corresponding low molecular weight cations and that in addition to the chain length, dissociation constants and the hydrophobicity dominated the ability of the formation of a polyion complex. The compositions of the complexes between polycation and polycarboxylic acid were defined mainly by the degree of dissociation (α′) of the poly(carboxylic acid).From these results it is concluded that the complexes are formed by the cooperative interactions between two polymer chains which have charges of opposite sign and the structures of polyion complexes can accept reversible states like loops, ladders, and their intermediate shapes.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 641-654 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wird gezeigt, daß die zur Zeit vorhandenen Kenntnisse über die Struktur von amorphen Blockpolymeren mit der Vorstellung von der Existenz eines beträchtlichen Anteils an Nahordnung der Kettensegmente übereinstimmen. Es wird vermutet, daß die starke Veränderung der Molekulargewichtsabhängigkeit der NEWTONschen Viskosität von Polymerenschmelzen beim Erreichen eines kritischen Molekulargewichts Mc für die Bildung von „Verhakungen“ hauptsächlich bedingt ist durch den übergang von Makromolekülen aus der gestreckten Konformation in eine solche mit statistischen Faltungen der Makromoleküle. Schließlich werden empirische Abhängigkeiten ermittelt, welche die Werte der Packungskoeffizienten eines Polymeren im kristallinen Zustand sowie die „besten“ numerischen Werte von Mc mit molekularen Parametern eines Polymeren verbinden.
    Notes: It is shown that the presently available information on the structure of bulk amorphous polymers is consistent with the concept of the existence of a substantial amount of short-range segmental order. It is suggested that the sharp change of molecular-weight dependence of NEWTONian viscosity of polymer melts with the approach to the critical “entanglement” molecular weight Mc is brought about mainly by the transition from the extended-chain conformation of the macromolecules into the statistically folded-chain conformation. Finally, empirical relationships are obtained which relate the values of polymer packing coefficients in the crystalline state as well as the “best” numerical values of Mc with molecular parameters of a polymer.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 1001-1005 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 1015-1015 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 1039-1064 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Funktion von Carbokationen bei der kationischen Polymerisation wird diskutiert, wobei unterschieden wird zwischen π- (d.h. Alkenen und Arenen), σ- (d.h. Alkanen) und n-Donator-Monomeren (d.h. Äthern, Sulfiden und Stickstoff-Verbindungen) als die reaktiven Nucleophile. Der Mechanismus der Initiierungsstufe bei der Alken-Polymerisation wird geprüft im Hinblick auf protische (d.h. einen Coinitiator enthaltende) und aprotische Systeme. So kann z. B. die durch Aluminiumbromid katalysierte Polymerisation von Isobutylen neben den konjugierten Protonsauren Zwischenprodukte der Bromalanat-Bildung im aprotischen Medium mit enthalten, die jedoch eine Eliminierung erleiden konnen unter Bildung von HBr im ursprunglich saurefreien System. Das Auftreten von Dialkylhalonium-Ionen in Halogenalkan-Lösungsmittelsystemen ist ebenfalls von wesentlichem Interesse und mag die in der Reihenfolge RJ〉RBr〉RCl zunehmende Desaktivierung erklären.Die oxidative Polykondensation von π-Donator-Arenen (wie Benzol) und σ-Donator-Alkanen (wie Methan) wird im Kontext des generellen Carbokation-Konzepts diskutiert unter Einbeziehung der trivalenten Carbeniumionen-Zwischenprodukte im ersten Fall und der pentakoordinierten Carboniumionen im letzteren Fall, da die reaktiven Alkylie-rungs-Agenzien für die ionischen Wachstumsreaktionen verantwortlich sind. n-Donator-Monomere wie Äther, Sulfide oder verschiedenartige Stickstoffverbindungen unterliegen der Polymerisation via nucleophilen Substitutionsreaktionen an carbokationischen Stellen intermediärer alkylierter oder protonierter Onium-Ionen.
    Notes: The rôle of carbocations in cationic polymerizations is discussed, differentiating σ- (i.e. alkene and arene), π- (i.e. alkane) and n-donor (i.e. ether, sulfide, nitrogen compound) monomers as the reactive nucleophiles. The mechanism of the initiation step in alkene polymerization is evaluated considering both protic (i.e. coinitiator containing) and aprotic systems. The aluminum bromide catalyzed polymerization of isobutylene, as an example, can involve besides the conjugate protic acid, bromoalanation intermediates in aprotic media, which, however, themselves rapidly can undergo elimination, forming HBr in the originally acid free system. The involvement of dialkylhalonium ions in alkyl halide solvent systems is also of substantial interest and may explain increasing deactivation in the order RI〉RBr〉RCl. Oxidative polycondensation of π-donor arenes (such as benzene) and σ-donor alkanes (such as methane) is discussed in the context of the general carbocation concept, involving trivalent carbenium ion intermediates in the former and pentacoordinated carbonium ions in the latter case, as the reactive alkylating agents responsible for the ionic propagation reactions. n-Donor monomers, such as ethers, sulfides or miscellaneous nitrogen compounds, undergo polymerization via nucleophilic displacement reactions on the polarized carbocationic sites of intermediate alkylated or protonated onium ions.
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  • 17
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 1507-1511 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Mit Hilfe der Abtast-Kalorimetrie (DSC) wurden der Verlauf und die Kinetik der isothermen Polymerisation des Vinylacetates in Masse studiert. Als Initiator wurde 2,2′-Azoisobutyronitril verwendet. Die Polymerisation wurde bei Temperaturen zwischen 55 und 70°C mit konstanter Initiatormenge, 5,0.10-2 mol/l, ausgeführt. Die Polymerisationswärme beträgt bei 60°C - 19,5 kcal/mol und nimmt mit steigender Temperatur ab. Es wurden auch Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der Polymerisation im stationären Zustand und aus ihnen die Bruttoaktivierungsenergie zu 21,6 kcal/mol bestimmt. Eine andere Reihe von Experimenten wurde bei 60°C mit verschiedenen Initiatormengen durchgeführt. Die Bruttogeschwindigkeit der Polymerisation bei kleinen Umsätzen ist der Wurzel der Initiatormenge proportional, was dem angenommenen kinetischen Schema entspricht.
    Notes: The course and kinetics of the isothermal bulk polymerization of vinyl acetate were studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The initiator used was 2,2′-azoisobutyronitrile. The polymerization was investigated at temperatures between 55 and 70°C at constant initiator concentration, 5,0.10-2 mol/l. The heat of polymerization at 60°C is - 19,5 kcal/mol and decreases with increasing temperature. Initial rate constants for the polymerization were also determined and from them the overall activation energy, 21,6 kcal/mol. Another series of polymerization experiments were performed at 60°C with variable amounts of the initiator. The overall rate of polymerization at low degrees of conversion depends on the square root of the initiator concentration which is in agreement with the assumed kinetic scheme.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 1513-1529 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Polymerisation von Propylensulfid (1) unter dem Einfluß von Triäthyloxoniumtetrafluoroborat (TEFB) in Methylenchlorid wurde untersucht. Die Zeit-Umsatz-Kurven zeigen, daß die Polymerisation in zwei Phasen verläuft: anfangs eine sehr schnelle nicht stationäre Phase A, die bei begrenzter Ausbeute aufhört, und daran anschließend eine viel langsamere Phase B, die zu einem quantitativen Umsatz führt Die Abbruchreaktion der Phase A ist erster Ordnung in bezug auf den Initiator und ist unabhängig von der Monomerkonzentration. Als Mechanismus der Abbruchreaktion wird die Bildung eines haupt-sächlich zwölf-gliedrigen zyklischen Sulfoniumsalzes am Ende der Polymerkette vorgeschlagen. Das Verhaltnis der Geschwindigkeitskonstanten fur die Wachstums- und Abbruchreaktionen bei 0°C in CH2CL2, ist 9 dm3 mol-1. Aus der Kinetik wird geschlossen, daß die Phase B durch die langsame Bildung eines drei-gliedrigen zyklischen Sulfonium-salzes durch einen intramolekularen nukleophilen Angriff der letzten Sulfidgruppe der Polymerkette am α-Kohlenstoff neben dem Sulfoniumsalz ausgelöst wird. Ein weiterer Beweis für diese Art der Re-initiierung wird aus der Beobachtung erhalten, daß einfache Trialkylsulfoniumsalze die Polymerisation nicht starten können, während unter identischen Bedingungen 2-Thia-alkylsulfoniumsalze Polymerisationen ohne eine Phase A ergeben, die ähnlich wie die Phase B von mit TEFB gestarteten Reaktionen verlaufen. Eine “Back-biting”-Reaktion, ähnlich der Abbruchreaktion, ist für den Abbau des Polymeren (hauptsächlich) in zyklische Tetramere verantwortlich.Die Molekulargewichte der Polymeren wurden mit Hilfe der Gelpermeationschromato-graphie gemessen und stimmen mit dem vorgeschlagenen Mechanismus gut überein.
    Notes: Time-conversion curves show that the polymerization of propylene sulfide (1) by triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (TEFB) in methylene chloride consists of an initial very fast, non-stationary stage A and a much slower subsequent stage B which leads to quantitative conversion. The termination reaction of stage A is of first order with respect to initiator concentration and is independent of monomer concentration. The proposed mechanism for this termination is the formation of a (mainly) 12-membered cyclic sulfonium salt at the end of the polymer chain. The ratio of the rate constant of propagation to the rate constant of termination at 0°C in CH2Cl2 is 9 dm3 mol-1. From the kinetics, it is concluded that stage B is initiated by slow formation of a three-membered cyclic sulfonium salt by an intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the last sulfide function of the polymer chain on the α-carbon next to the sulfonium salt. Further evidence for this kind of re-initiation is obtained from the observation that simple trialkylsulfonium salts are very poor initiators or completely incapable of initiating the polymerization, whereas under identical conditions 2-thia-alkylsulfonium salts give polymerizations without stage A which are similar to the stage B of the TEFB-initiated reactions. A backbiting reaction, similar to the termination reaction, is responsible for the degradation of polymer (mainly) into cyclic tetramer. The molecular weights of the polymers, measured by gel permeation chromatography, are in reasonable agreement with the proposed mechanism.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Copolymers from vinylchloride (VC) und propene (P) were investigated by high resolution proton magnetic resonance at 100 MHz. The methyl resonance of P units and the methine resonance of VC units in the decoupled spectra were assigned to configurational triads by the aid of a graphical separation method.A plot was developed to determine the cotacticity parameters Σs and Σp; in addition, the “ultimate model” has been checked by this method. Using the dependence of the cotacticity parameters on polymerization temperature the activation enthalpies of tactic propagation steps have been determined.
    Notes: Copolymere aus Vinylchlorid (VC) und Propen (P) wurden durch hochauflösende magnetische Protonenresonanz bei 100 MHz untersucht. Die Methylresonanz der P-Einheiten und die entkoppelte Methinresonanz der VC-Einheiten konnten anhand eines graphischen Trennverfahrens konfigurativen Triaden zugeordnet werden.Es wurde eine graphische Darstellung entwickelt, die sowohl die Werte der Cotaxieparameter Σs und Σp liefert als auch ein Test für das “ultimate model” ist. Aus der Abhängigkeit der Cotaxieparameter von der Polymerisationstemperatur konnten die Aktivierungsenthalpien der taktischen Wachstumsschritte ermittelt werden.
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  • 20
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 1627-1640 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Untersuchung von 13C-NMR-Spektren von ungesättigten Homopolymeren (Polyalkenylenen und Polypentadienen) hat gezeigt, daß man zwischen 1,2- und 1,4-Strukturen und zwischen einer cis- und trans-Konfiguration der Doppelbindungen entlang der Kette unterscheiden kann. Durch Anwendung dieser Technik ist es möglich geworden, Klarheit über die Struktur und die relative Orientierung der Monomerinheiten in alternierenden Copolymeren des Isoprens mit Acrylnitril oder Propen zu erhalten. Mit derselben Methode wurden auch Copolymere des Butadiens mit den beiden letzteren Comonomeren geprüft.
    Notes: The examination of 13C-NMR spectra of some unsaturated homopolymers (polyalkenylenes and polypentadienes) has shown that it is possible to distinguish beween 1,2-and 1,4-structures and between cis- and trans-configuration of the double bonds along the chain. By using this technique, it has been possible to obtain evidences on the structure and the relative orientation of monomeric units in alternating copolymers of isoprene with acrylonitrile or propene. Copolymers of butadiene with these two latter comonomers were also examined by this method.
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  • 21
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 833-841 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: N-Alkylmaleimide vom N-Methyl-bis zum N-Octadecyl-Derivat wurden durch γ-Strahlung im festen Zustand polymerisiert. Die Polymerisation weist während der Bestrahlung im allgemeinen eine S-förmige Umsatzkurve auf, mit hohen Geschwindigkeiten und quantitativem Umsatz bei Temperaturen von 10°C unterhalb des Schmelzpunktes. Die Geschwindigkeiten waren nach der Bestrahlung niedriger und zeigten eine typische Annäherung an einen Grenzumsatz. Die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeiten nahmen mit der Temperatur und der Bestrahlungsdosis sowie mit der Länge der Alkylkette zu. N-Methylmaleimid zeigte eine hohe Geschwindigkeit bei der Polymerisation in Substanz, die der Flüchtigkeit des Monomers zugeschrieben wurde.
    Notes: N-alkylmaleimides from the N-methyl to the N-octadecyl derivative were polymerized in the solid state by γ-radiation. Polymerization during irradiation generally showed sigmoidal conversion curves with high rates and complete conversion 10°C below the melting point. Post-irradiation rates were lower and showed the typical approach to a “limiting” conversion. The polymerization rates increased with temperature and radiation dose and with the length of the alkyl chain. N-methylmaleimide had a high rate of in-source polymerization which was attributed to the volatility of the monomer.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The kinetics of the initiated copolymerization in the presence of zinc chloride or diethylaluminumchloride was studied. For the system styrene/methyl methacrylate/zinc chloride (initiator: benzoylperoxide) it was found that (besides the copolymer) polystyrene was formed. This was explained by a cationic polymerization in competition with the radical process.A scheme was proposed which describes the copolymerization of the two polar monomers with the non-polar one together with an equation of the composition of the ternary copolymers obtained in the presence of one of the complex forming compounds.
    Notes: Die Kinetik der initiierten Copolymerisation in Anwesenheit von Zinkchlorid oder Diäthylaluminiumchlorid wurde untersucht. Für das System Styrol/Methylmethacrylat/Zinkchlorid (Initiator Benzoylperoxid) wurde die Bildung von Polystyrol festgestellt (neben der Bildung von Copolymeren), die auf eine neben der radikalischen Polymerisation verlaufende kationische Polymerisation zurückgeführt wurde.Es wurde ein Schema der Stadien des Kettenwachstums der Copolymerisation zweier polarer Monomere mit einem nicht polaren Monomer vorgeschlagen sowie eine Gleichung der Zusammensetzung ternärer Copolymere, die im Beisein eines Komplexbildners erhalten wurden.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Various poly(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2,5-ylenevinylenearylenevinylene)s (5a-c) and their oligomers (3a-e) were prepared via the Knoevenagel condensation of 2,5-dimethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole (1) with mono- and dialdehydes of the benzene and thiophene series. The structure of the obtained oligomers and polymers was confirmed by their elemental analysis as well as by their IR-, electronic, and mass spectra. Soluble compounds were also applied to NMR spectroscopy. The electrical conductivity and thermostability of the polymers were investigated.
    Notes: Bei der Knoevenagel-Kondensation von 2,5-Dimethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol (1) mit Mono- und Dialdehyden der Benzol- und Thiophenreihe wurden einige Poly(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2,5-ylenvinylenarylenvinylene) (5a-c) und einige ihrer Oligomere (3a-e) erhalten. Die Struktur der erhaltenen Substanzen wurde durch Elementaranalyse, IR-Spektren, Elektronenspektren, Massenspektren und - soweit die Löslichkeit der Verbindungen es zuließ - auch durch 1H-NMR-Spektren bestätigt. Ferner wurde die elektrische Leitfähigkeit und die Thermostabilität der Substanzen untersucht.
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  • 24
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 1395-1409 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The homologous series of cyclooctene oligomers was prepared by means of the metathesis reaction. The oligomers were separated and purified by gel permeation chromatography. Boiling points and indices of refraction were determined and the spectroscopic behavior was investigated. In particular the mass spectra of the oligomers are discussed in comparison with those of cyclododecene oligomers, of 1,5-cyclooctadiene oligomers, and of acyclic oligobutadienes. The results confirm the cyclic structure of oligomers prepared by ring-opening polymerisation of cycloolefins. Further, under suitable conditions the mass spectra can be a means to distinguish between cyclic and acyclic hydrocarbons.
    Notes: Die homologe Reihe der Oligomeren des Cyclooctens wurde mit Hilfe der Metathese-Reaktion dargestellt; die Oligomeren wurden gelchromatographisch getrennt und gereinigt. Ihre Siedepunkte und Brechungsindices wurden bestimmt, und ihr spektroskopisches Verhalten wurde untersucht. Insbesondere werden die Massenspektren der Oligomeren im Vergleich zu denen der Oligomeren des Cyclododecens, des 1,5-Cyclooctadiens und acyclischer Oligobutadiene diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die cyclische Struktur der durch ringöffnende Polymerisation von Cycloolefinen erhaltenen Oligomeren. Darüberhinaus wird gezeigt, daß die Massenspektrometrie unter geeigneten Bedingungen herangezogen werden kann, um zwischen cyclischen und acyclischen Kohlenwasserstoffen zu unterscheiden.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Photopolymerisation von Vinylmonomeren kann durch 1,4-Bis(pentamethylen)-2-tetrazen (1) sensibilisiert werden. Die Kinetik der Photopolymerisation wurde im Falle des Styrols (St) untersucht. Die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit ist proportional der halben Potenz der Konzentration von 1 und proportional der ersten Potenz der St-Konzentration. Der versuchsweise für die Gesamtreaktion vorgeschlagene Mechanismus wird anhand der Versuchsergebnisse diskutiert.
    Notes: The photopolymerization of vinyl monomers can be sensitized by 1,4-bis(pentamethylene)-2-tetrazene (1). The kinetics of the photopolymerization was investigated in the case of styrene (St). The rate of polymerization was found to be proportional to the one half power of the concentration of 1 and to the first power of the concentration of St. A plausible mechanism proposed for the overall reaction is discussed in the light of the experimental results.
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  • 26
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 1535-1542 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Eigenschaften der aus Phragmites communis und Arundo donax erhaltenen Hemicellulosen wurden untersucht. Aus den experimentellen Daten folgt, daß die Molekulargewichtsverteilung der Hemicellulosen vom untersuchten Produkt abhängig ist. Die parallele Existenz der chemischen Inhomogenität und der Molekulargewichtsverteilung bestimmt die bimodale Art der durch Fraktionierung erhaltenen differentiellen Verteilungskurven.
    Notes: The solution properties of the hemicelluloses obtained from Phragmites communis and Arundo donax were investigated. The presented experimental data led to the conclusion that the molecular weight distribution of hemicelluloses depends on the studied product. The parallel existence of the chemical inhomogeneity and the molecular weight distribution determine the bimodal aspect of differential distribution curves obtained by fractionation.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Copolymers from vinylchloride (VC) and propene (P) were investigated by high resolution proton magnetic resonance at 100 MHz. By comparison with the spectra of the homopolymers the resonances of the copolymers spectra have been assigned, the overall composition determined and the reactivity ratios derived.Using the spin decoupling technique the methine resonance of the VC units splits into five peaks. Their assignment to compositional and configurational triads has been successful by applying a graphical separation method. The validity of the copolymerization model used for the determination of the reactivity ratios has been checked by means of the measured triad frequencies.
    Notes: Copolymere aus Vinylchlorid (VC) und Propen (P) wurden durch hochauflösende magnetische Protonenresonanz bei 100 MHz untersucht. Aus dem Vergleich mit den Homopolymerspektren konnten die Resonanzkomplexe der Copolymerspektren zugeordnet, die Bruttozusammensetzung der Copolymeren ermittelt und die Copolymerisationsparameter berechnet werden.Der Methinresonanzkomplex der VC-Einheiten ließ sich durch Spinentkopplung in fünf Peaks aufspalten. Ihre Zuordnung zu kompositiven und konfigurativen Triaden erfolgte anhand eines graphischen Trennverfahrens. Das zur Ermittlung der Copolymerisationsparameter verwendete Wachstumsmodell wurde mit den gemessenen Triadenhäufigkeiten auf seine Gültigkeit hin geprüft.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The dynamic mechanical properties of chlorinated polyethylenes with well determined microstructures are studied at low frequency and a temperature range between -140°C and +240°C. An interpretation of the mechanical behaviour of these products as a function of the chemical constitution of their chains is proposed.
    Notes: Les propriétés mécaniques dynamiques de polyéthylènes chlorés de microstructures bien déterminées sont étudiées en basse fréquence dans un domaine de température compris entre -140°C et + 240°C. Une interprétation du comportement mécanique de ces produits en fonction de la constitution chimique de leurs chaǐnes est proposée.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Um den Initiierungsmechanismus der Polymerisation von Acrylamid durch Cer(IV)-Salz zu klären, wurde die Komplexverbindung von Cer(IV)-Salz mit Acrylamid und seinen methylierten Derivaten mittels IR- und NMR-Spektrometrie untersucht. Der Zerfall des Komplexes wurde durch Messung der Geschwindigkeit des Verbrauchs von Cer(IV)-Ionen verfolgt. Aus den Versuchsergebnissen kann geschlossen werden, daß der Sauerstoff des Acrylamids zur Komplexierung mit Cer-Ionen koordiniert und daß ein Radikal durch Abspaltung eines Wasserstoffatoms der Amidgruppe des Komplexes entsteht und so die Polymerisation initiert wird.
    Notes: In order to elucidate the initiation mechanism of the polymerization of acrylamide by ceric salt, the complexation of ceric salt with acrylamide and its methylated derivatives was investigated by IR and NMR spectrometry. The decomposition of the complex was also studied by determining the rate of ceric salt consumption. From the results it was concluded that the oxygen of acrylamide coordinates with the ceric ion to form the complex and that a radical is produced by abstraction of a hydrogen atom from the amide group of the molecule to initiate the polymerization.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Reduktion des cis-[Co(en)2PVPCl]2+-Komplexes (1) (PVP = Polyvinylpyridin) mit Ferroionen oder Ferrochelat-Ionen wurde untersucht. Die Reduktion mit Fe2+ verläuft wegen elektrostatischer Abstoßung langsamer als die des monomeren Analogons, cis-Chlorobis-(ethylendiamin)-pyridin-kobalt(2+) (cis-[Co(en)2PyCl]2+). Dagegen ist die Reduktion mit [Fe-(edta)]2- um das Zwanzigfache beschleunigt. Mit zunehmendem Koordinationsgrad steigt der Beschleunigungsfaktor, und mit zunehmender Ionenstärke nimmt der Faktor ab. Es wurde gefunden, daß die Beschleunigung auf die elektrostatische Anziehung zwischen dem Polymer-Komplex als einem Polykation und dem Reduktionsmittel zurückzuführen ist. Die elektrostatische Wirkung wird im Vergleich zu den mit Polyelektrolyten katalysierten ionischen Reaktionen diskutiert.
    Notes: Reductions of cis-[Co(en)2PVPCl]2+ (1) [PVP = poly(4-vinylpyridine)] by ferrous aquoions and ferrous chelate ions were studied. The rate of reduction by Fe2+ is small compared to that of the monomeric analogue, cis-chlorobis(ethylenediamine)pyridine cobalt(2+) (cis-[Co(en)2PyCl]2+) due to the electrostatic repulsion. On the other hand, the reduction by [Fe-(edta)]2- is accelerated by a factor of 20. With increasing degree of coordination the acceleration factor increases, and with increasing ionic strength the factor decreases. The acceleration was found to be due to the electrostatic attraction of the reductant by the polymer as a polycation. The electrostatic effect is discussed in comparison with the catalysis of polyelectrolytes in ionic reactions.
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  • 31
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 209-216 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Verdünnungswärme und die Volumenänderung des Systems Polystyrol/Äthylacetat wurden gemessen. Es wurde gezeigt, daß die positiven Werte der enthalpischen Wechselwirkungsparameter und diejenigen des Exzeß-Volumens bei ungefähr derselben Molmasse des Polymers in negative übergehen. Dies wird erklärt mit einer drastischen Änderung der Konformation der Polymermoleküle beim Erreichen einer bestimmten Molmasse.
    Notes: The heats of dilution and the volume change for the system polystyrene/ethyl acetate were measured. It was shown that the values of the interaction heat parameter as well as those of the excess volume change their positive sign to a negative one at about the same molar mass of the polymer. This is explained in terms of drastic changes of the conformation of the polymer molecules as soon as a certain molar mass is attained.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die protonenentkoppelten 13C-Kernresonanzspektren (natürliche Isotopenhäufigkeit) des äquibinären (cis-1,4 - 1,2)-Polybutadiens wurden gemessen. Alle Resonanzen im aliphatischen Bereich wurden zugeordnet; hierbei wurden geschätzte Korrekturterme für die chemischen Verschiebungen im vorliegenden System zusammen mit den GRANTschen Parametern verwendet. Für jeden Peak wurde außerdem angegeben, ob er zu einer Diade oder Triade von cis-1,4- und 1,2-Einheiten gehört. Die gemessenen relativen Intensitäten der Peaks stimmten mit den berechneten Intensitäten überein; der Rechnung wurde eine regellose Verteilung der cis-1,4- und der 1,2-Einheiten zugrunde gelegt. Die gaschromatographische Analyse der Ozonolyseprodukte der Polymere zeigte ebenfalls eine regellose Verteilung der beiden Einheiten an.
    Notes: The proton decoupled natural abundant 13C-NMR spectra of equibinary (cis-1,4 - 1,2)-polybutadiene were measured. Assignments of spectra were made for all peaks of the aliphatic range using chemical shift corrective terms estimated for the present system together with GRANT's parameters. Each peak was interpreted in terms of the diad or triad of cis-1,4 and 1,2 units. The relative intensities of the peaks were in good agreement with the calculated ones from the random assumption with respect to the distribution of cis-1,4 and 1,2 units. The gas-chromatographic analysis of the ozonolysis product of the polymers also showed that the sequence distribution of cis-1,4 and 1,2 units was random.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Kristallisation von Polyvinylalkohol (PVA) wurde in wäßriger Lösung bei stationärer Strömung untersucht. Die fibrillären Kristalle erscheinen kurz unter der Oberfläche der Lösung nach einigen Sekunden Rühren und wachsen allmählich auf. Die fibrillären Kristalle erscheinen sogar aus einer 0,05 proz. Lösung. Der Verlauf der Kristallisation von PVA in einer stationären Strömung wird in sieben Typen eingeteilt. Die Geschwindigkeit der Fällung nimmt mit abnehmendem Abstand zwischen der Oberfläche des Rührers und der Wand des Reagenzglases oder mit dem Durchmesser des Rührers zu.
    Notes: The crystallization of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) from an aqueous solution was carried out under a steady-state flow. The fibrillar crystals occur just under the surface of the solution after a few seconds of stirring and they grow gradually. The fibrillar crystals are produced even from a 0,05% solution. The process of crystallization of PVA under steady-state flow was classified in seven types. The rate of precipitation increases with decreasing distance between the surface of a cylindrical stirrer and the wall of a test tube or with the diameter of the stirrer.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Wachstumsmechanismus von Polypeptiden, die das Heteroatom S am β- oder γ-Kohlenstoff enthalten und die in der beta;-Konformation bzw. der α-Helix-Konformation auftreten, wurde während des Verlaufs einer heterogenen Polymerisation untersucht. Dabei wurden von uns Untersuchungen der Kinetik der heterogenen Polymerisation von S-Methyl-L-cystein-LEUCHS-Anhydrid (NCA), S-Benzyloxycarbonyl-L-cystein-NCA und L-Methionin-NCA mit Butylamin als Initiator in Acetonitril und der Morphologie der gebildeten Polymere durchgeführt. Wie zu erwarten war, konnte bestätigt werden, daß polymere S-substituierte L-Cysteine, die nur die β-Struktur als Ordnungsform annehmen, Kristalle mit Kettenfaltung ergaben. In allen untersuchten Fällen bildeten sich in den Anfangsstadien der Polymerisation lange, bändchenförmige Kristalle, die mit fortschreitender Polymerisation sich zu runden, stäbchenförmigen Fasern verdickten. Für den Wachstumsmechanismus dieser Polymerkristalle wird ein mögliches Modell vorgeschlagen, wobei die unregelmäßige β-Struktur zugrunde gelegt wurde. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß Poly(L-Methionin) mit α-Helixstruktur Kristalle mit gestreckten Ketten ergibt.
    Notes: In order to examine the growth mechanisms of polypeptides with a heteroatom, S, on the β- and γ-carbons which give the α-conformation and the α-helical conformation, resp., in the course of a heterogeneous polymerization, we have studied kinetics of the heterogeneous polymerization of S-methyl-L-cysteine N-carboxy anhydride (NCA), S-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-cysteine NCA and L-methionine NCA initiated by butylamine in acetonitrile and the morphologies of the resultant polymers. As was anticipated, it has been verified that poly-(S-substituted-L-cysteines), which take only the β-structure as the ordered form, gave the chain-folded crystals. In all the cases studied, long lath-like crystals formed in the early stages of polymerization thickened into round rod-like fibers as the polymerization proceeded. A possible model was proposed for the growth mechanism of these polymer crystals, taking into account the cross-β-structure. It has been revealed that poly(L-methionine) with the α-helical structure gave the extended chain crystals.
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 2821-2836 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Verschiedene Ketenacetale (1a-d) wurden dargestellt, und ihre homogene und heterogene kationische Polymerisation in Substanz und in Lösung im Temperaturbereich von ca. 100 bis -100°C wurde untersucht.Die Mehrzahl der in Lösung gebildeten Produkte waren zähflüssige, hellgelbe Flüssigkeiten oder klebrige, rote Festkörper. Die Polymerisation in Substanz mit kristallinen, wenig löslichen Initiatoren ergab weiße, wachsartige oder pulvrige Polymere. Von allen Systemen, bei denen die Löslichkeit der Polymere eine PG-Bestimmung ermöglichte, ergab die Polymerisation in Substanz mit kristallinem CdCl2 den höchsten PG (ca. 20). In Versuchen mit den verschiedensten löslichen Initiatoren in verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln und über einen weiten Temperaturbereich fanden wir, daß ein PG von mehr als ca. 8 nur ganz ausnahmsweise erzielt werden konnte.Das wachsende Dialkoxycarbeniumion, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm R}\hbox{---} {\rm CH}_2 \mathop {\rm C}\limits^ \oplus \left( {{\rm OR}} \right)_2, $\end{document} kann an mindestens fünf verschiedenen Kettenabbruchreaktionen teilnehmen. und unsere Befunde erklären, wieso die Geschwindigkeit der Abbruchreaktionen so vie1 größer ist als bei anderen Olefinen.Die saure Hydrolyse der Polymere ergibt die entsprechenden Poly(1-oxoäthylene) (Poly-(1,3-diketone)) (4a, b), von deren Keto- und Enol-Formen verschiedene Derivate hergestellt wurden.
    Notes: Various ketene acetals (1a-d) were prepared and their cationic polymerization under homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions, in bulk and in solution between ca. 100 and -100°C were investigated.Most of the reaction products formed in solution were viscous pale yellow fluids or sticky red solids, whereas those formed in bulk with solid, sparsely soluble initiators were white waxes or powders. For all systems for which solubility of product permitted DP determinations, the highest DPs (ca. 20) were found from bulk polymerization with solid CdCl2. With a wide range of soluble initiators in different solvents over a wide range of concentrations, DPs greater than about 8 were exceptional.It is suggested that there are at least five chain-breaking reactions involving the growing dialkoxycarbenium ion \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm R}\hbox{---} {\rm CH}_2 \hbox{---} \mathop {\rm C}\limits^ \oplus \left( {{\rm OR}} \right)_2 $\end{document} and evidence is presented which accounts for the high rate of chain-breaking compared with that for other olefinic monomers.Acid hydrolysis of the polymers yielded the corresponding poly(1-oxoethylenes) (poly-(1,3-diketone)) (4a, b), and various derivatives of both the keto and enol forms of these were prepared.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The reaction of chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (1) with alkenes permits to consider the preparation of lactames and N-chlorosulfonated amides as synthetic intermediates.With the goal to obtain functional macromolecular compounds the use of this reaction was considered for the chemical modification of polyisoprenes having a predominant 1,4- or 3,4-microstructure. With the intention to define the modifications of the microstructures caused by the action of 1 on these polymers, the reaction was studied with models.In this way it was possible to determine the percentages of the formation of lactame and N-chlorosulfonated microstructures for each type of chain arrangement in polyisoprene. On the other hand, the transformations of the N-chlorosulfonated lactames into free lactames, amino acid hydrochlorides, and unsaturated nitriles was studied.This work permits to define the spectral references of the microstructures which may be formed applying the reactions to the polymers. In addition it makes it possible to select the type of chain arrangement in polyisoprene which will lead to functional macromolecular compounds with the highest yields and the best selectivity for special applications.
    Notes: La réaction de l'isocyanate de chlorosulfonyle (1) avec les alcènes permet d'envisager la réalisation de lactames et d'amides N-chlorosulfonées qui constituent des intermédiaires de synthèse.Dans le but d'obtenir des composés macromoléculaires fonctionnels, nous avons envisagé l'utilisation de cette réaction pour la modification chimique de polyisoprènes de microstructures-1,4 ou 3,4 prédominantes. Afin de définir les modifications de microstructures provoquées par action de ce réactif, sur ces polymères, nous avons étudié la réaction envisagée sur leurs molécules modèles.Ainsi, il nous a été possible de déterminer les pourcentages de formation de microstructures lactames et amides N-chlorosulfonées pour chaque type d'enchaînements polyisopréniques. D'autre part, nous avons étudié les transformations des lactames N-chlorosulfonées en lactames libres, en hydrochlorures d'amino-acide et en nitriles insaturés.Ce travail permet de définir les références spectrales des microstructures susceptibles de se former lors de l'application aux polymères. Il nous autorise en outre à sélectionner le type d'enchaînement polyisoprénique qu'il conviendra de choisir pour conduire avec plus hauts rendements et la meilleure sélectivité aux composés macromoléculaires fonctionnels recherchés pour des applications spécifiques.
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  • 37
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 2895-2902 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: For kinetic studies of cellulose degradation by molecular oxygen it is necessary to establish new [η]-M-relationships, since the treatment of cellulose by concentrated alkali solutions changes the intrinsic viscosity [η] without changing the molecular weight M. Two series of degradated celluloses treated for different times with sodium hydroxide solutions were prepared, and the constants of the Kuhn-Mark-Houwink equation were determined for cellulose nitrates in acetone and for celluloses in Cuoxam (Cu(NH3)4(OH)2) by comparison of intrinsic viscosity with light scattering data.
    Notes: Um die Kinetik des oxidativen Abbaus nativer Cellulose viskosimetrisch verfolgen zu können, müssen neue [η]-M-Eichbeziehungen aufgestellt werden, da die Behandlung der Cellulose mit konzentriertem Alkali den Staudingerindex [η] erniedrigt, ohne das Molekulargewicht M zu verändern. Es wurden zwei Reihen oxidativ abgebauter, verschieden lange mit Alkali vorbehandelter Cellulosen hergestellt und an diesen die Konstanten der Kuhn-Mark-Houwink-Gleichung für die Cellulosenitrate in Aceton und die Cellulosen in Cuoxam (Cu(NH3)4(OH)2) durch Vergleich mit Lichtstreuungsmessungen bestimmt.
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 2903-2912 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten des Wachstums und des Abbruchs für die Polymerisation von Butylmethacrylat wurden bei 30°C über einen Druckbereich von 1 bis 1000 bar bei 250 bar Druckintervallen gemessen. Durch Bestimmung des Druckeinflusses auf die Elementarreaktionen der Polymerisation wurden die Aktivierungsvolumina des Wachstums und des Abbruchs zu -23,2 cm3/mol bzw. 17,8 cm3/mol erhalten. Das Aktivierungsvolumen der Gesamtreaktion war -17,4 cm3/mol.Der Einfluß des Drucks auf die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der Elementarreaktionen bei der Butylmethacrylat-Polymerisation wurde mit den Ergebnissen der Polymerisation von Methylmethacrylat verglichen. Der Vergleich zeigt, daß die größere Estergruppe eine Verminderung des Werts für das Aktivierungsvolumen mit sich bringt und daß der Einfluß des Drucks auf die Abbruchsreaktion etwas kleiner als bei der Polymerisation des Methylmethacrylats war.
    Notes: The propagation and termination rate constants for butyl methacrylate polymerization were measured at 30°C over a pressure range of 1 to 1 000 bar at a 250 bar pressure interval. By determining the effect of pressure on the individual reactions of polymerization, the activation volumes for the propagation and the termination were obtained as -23,2 cm3/mol and 17,8 cm3/mol, respectively. The overall activation volume was -17,4 cm3/mol.The effect of pressure on the individual rate constants for butyl methacrylate polymerization was compared with the results for methyl methacrylate polymerization. The comparison shows that, for the propagation reaction, the increase in the size of the ester group brings about a diminution in the value of the activation volume, and that the effect of pressure on the termination reaction was somewhat smaller than that for methyl methacrylate polymerization.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 40
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 739-748 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Epoxy resins based on 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (bisphenol A) and 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane (epichlorohydrin) reacted at their secondary hydroxy groups with diketene without changing their epoxy groups. Thus, products containing epoxy groups and acetoacetate groups were obtained. The reactivity of these groups could be used in simultaneous or subsequent reactions. The reaction of the acetoacetate groups with amines leading to β-aminocrotonic acid esters, served as an example for simultaneous reactions, whereas the epoxide groups were reacted in a conventional manner. As an example for subsequent reactions the chelation of the acetoacetate groups in a first step and the subsequent reaction of the epoxide groups with amines in a second step was described.
    Notes: Epoxidharze auf der Basis von 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan (Bisphenol A) und 1-Chlor-2,3-epoxypropan (Epichlorhydrin) ließen sich an ihren sekundären OH-Gruppen ohne Beeinträchtigung der Epoxidgruppen mit Diketen umsetzen. Dadurch wurden Produkte erhalten, die Epoxidgruppen und Acetoacetatgruppen aufweisen. Von der Reaktionsfähigkeit dieser Gruppen konnte gleichzeitig und nacheinander Gebrauch gemacht werden. Als Beispiel für gleichzeitige Reaktionen diente die Umsetzung mit Aminen, die mit Acetoacetatgruppen zu β-Aminocrotonsäureestern führte, während Epoxidgruppen auf bekannte Weise reagierten. Als Beispiel für aufeinanderfolgende Reaktionen wurden die zuerst ablaufende Chelatbildung der Acetessigestergruppen und die darauf folgende Reaktion der Epoxidgruppen mit Aminen beschrieben.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: (±), (+), and (-) poly[N-(sec-butyl)-N-methyl-acrylamides] (1) are obtained by radical polymerization of (±), (-), and (+) N-(sec-butyl)-N-methyl-acrylamides (AAM). By gradual hydrolysis in CH3COOH-HCl a series of copolymers was obtained (2); they are constituted by statistically distributed hydrophobic units derived from AAM and hydrophilic units derived from acrylic acid (AA) in different ratios as a function of the hydrolysis reaction time. Viscosity, optical rotation in methanol, solubility in various solvents, IR spectra from films and optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) have been studied as a function of the degree of conversion (τ). In order to explain the dependence of ORD and IR spectra on τ, the amid-acid hydrogen bonds were removed by methylation of COOH with diazomethane. During the neutralization of the different copolymers 2 by KOH, the increase in the ratio hydrophobic units/hydrophilic units strongly modifies the ionization behaviour of the COOH groups carried by the acrylic acid units.
    Notes: On hydrolyse progressivement en milieu acide (CH3COOH + HCl) les (±), (+) et (-) poly-[N-(sec-butyl)-N-méthylacrylamide] (1) obtenus par polymérisation radicalaire des (±), (-) et (+) N-(sec-butyl)-N-méthylacrylamides (AAM). On obtient une série de copolymeères (2) consititués de motifs hydrophobes dérivés de AAM et de motifs hydrophiles dérivés de l'acide acrylique (AA) répartis statistiquement et en proportion variable selon le temps d'hydrolyse. La viscosité, le pouvoir rotatoire dans le méthanol, la solubilité dans divers solvants, les spectres IR à l'état solide et la dispersion de la rotation optique (ORD) sont étudiés en fonction du taux d'hydrolyse. Pour interpréter l'évolution de l'ORD et des spectres IR on a supprimé les interactions H entre groupes amide et acide par méthylation de ces derniers au diazométhane. Au cours de la neutralisation des différents copolymères 2 par KOH, on constate que l'augmentation de la proportion des parties hydrophobes par rapport aux parties hydrophiles modifie fortement l'ionisation des groupes COOH des motifs monomères dérivés de l'acide acrylique.
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  • 43
    Electronic Resource
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 843-860 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The ring-opening polymerization of 2-Imino-1,3-oxazolidines to poly(ureylenethylene)s (polyethyleneureas) was investigated. 3-Phenyl-2-phenylimino-1,3-oxazolidine (1) and acidic compounds form crystalline complexes, which initiate the polymerization of 1 only in the case of coordination of the acidic compounds with the Imino group of 1.The results of the kinetic experiments give evidence of a polymerization reaction starting without an induction period and obeying pseudo first-order kinetics. They permit also the conclusion that the rate determining reaction step is bimolecular.The results are in accordance with those found for the ring-opening reaction of iminooxazolidines with organic acids in the low molecular range.
    Notes: Es wurde die ringöffnende, zu Poly(ureylenäthylen)en (Polyäthylenharnstoffen) führende Polymerisation der 2-Imino-1,3-oxazolidine untersucht.Aus 3-Phenyl-2-phenylimino-1,3-oxazolidin (1) und sauren Verbindungen ließen sich kristalline Addukte isolieren, die aber nur dann als Initiatoren für die Polymerisation von 1 wirksam waren, wenn die saure Komponente mit dem Iminostickstoff koordiniert war.Die kinetische Untersuchung der Polymerisationsreaktion ergab, daß keine Induktionsperiode auftritt und die Reaktion nach einem Zeitgesetz pseudo 1. Ordnung verläft, was für eine bimolekulare Reaktion des geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Schritts der Polymerisationsreaktion spricht.Diese Ergebnisse ließen sich mit denen in Einklang bringen, die für die Ringöffnungsreaktion der Iminooxazolidine mit organischen Säuren im niedermolekularen Bereich gefunden wurden.
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  • 44
    Electronic Resource
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 2255-2274 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Fries rearrangement of the acetates 2a-c, 3b, 4b, and 4d of six hydroxybenzylphenol derivatives was investigated between 40 and 70°C using AlCl3 as catalyst and nitrobenzene as solvent. Besides the expected main products of the Fries rearrangement also intermediates and products formed by side reactions were isolated by column chromatography, showing the partial saponification of ester bonds to be a probable side reaction. The migration of an acetyl group to the neighbouring phenolic unit of the same molecule could not be observed. All the compounds, including the starting substances, were characterized by their IR- and 1H-NMR-spectra.
    Notes: An den Acetaten 2a-c, 3b, 4b und 4d von sechs Hydroxybenzylphenol-Derivaten wurde die Friessche Verschiebung mit AlCl3 als Katalysator in Nitrobenzol bei Temperaturen zwischen 40 und 70°C durchgeführt. Neben den zu erwartenden Hauptprodukten der Friesschen Verschiebung konnte durch Säulenchromatographie eine Reihe von Zwischen- und Nebenprodukten isoliert werden. Daraus ging hervor, daß wahrscheinlich eine teilweise Verseifung der Acetate als Nebenreaktion stattfindet. Eine Wanderung der Acetylgruppe an den benachbarten Phenolbaustein des gleichen Moleküls konnte nicht beobachtet werden. Sämtliche Verbindungen, einschließlich der Ausgangsprodukte, wurden durch ihre IR- und 1H-NMR-Spektren charakterisiert.
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  • 45
    Electronic Resource
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 57-65 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Poly(N-vinylcarbazol) und das entsprechende Monomer, N-Äthylcarbazol, reagieren als Donatoren bei Charge-Transfer-Komplex-Bildungen mit Elektronen-Akzeptoren wie 2,3,5,6-Tetracyano-1,4-dimethylen-2,5-cyclohexadien-1,4-diyliden, Tetracyanoäthylen und 2,4,5,7-Tetranitro-9-fluorenon. Die Bildungskonstanten der Charge-Transfer-Komplexe von N-Äthylcarbazol mit Elektronendonatoren besitzen höhere Werte als die des Poly(N-vinylcarbazols) mit denselben Elektronenakzeptoren. Um den Polymereffekt auf diese Bildungskonstanten aufzuklären, wurden Poly(N-vinylcarbazole), die nach zwei Polymerisationstypen dargestellt wurden, mit Hilfe der Gelpermeationschromatographie fraktioniert und die fraktionierten Polymere für die Messungen der Bildungskonstanten von Charge-Transfer-Komplexen mit verschiedenen Arten von Elektronenakzeptoren verwendet. Die Beziehung zwischen Charge-Transfer-Komplexbildung und Molekulargewicht des Polymers wird anhand der Bildungskonstante und der thermodynamischen Parameter diskutiert.
    Notes: Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) and its monomeric analog, i.e., N-ethylcarbazole, act as donors in charge-transfer complex formations with such electron acceptors as 2,3,5,6-tetracyano-1,4-dimethylene-2,5-cyclohexadien-1,4-diylidene, tetracyanoethylene and 2,4,5,7-tetranitro-9-fluorenone. The formation constants of the charge-transfer complex of N-ethylcarbazole with the electron acceptors are higher than those of poly(N-vinylcarbazole) with the same electron acceptors. In order to clarify the polymer effect on these formation constants, poly(N-vinyl carbazole)s, prepared by two types of polymerizations, are fractionated using a gel permeation chromatography technique, and the fractionated polymers are used for the measurements of the formation constants of the charge-transfer complexes with various sorts of electron acceptors. The relation between charge-transfer complex formation and molecular weight of the polymer is discussed in terms of the formation constant and the thermodynamic parameters.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Das Hydrochlorid des Phenylalanin-S-dodecylesters (2b) reagiert im Pyridin/Wasser bei Raumtemperatur unter Bildung von 3,6-Dibenzyl-2,5-piperazindion (3) in guten Ausbeuten. Phenylalanin-S-äthylester-hydrochlorid (2a) liefert dagegen nur geringe Ausbeuten an 3 unter denselben Bedingungen. Dieser Effekt wird mit der Annahme einer Matrix-Reaktion an der Mizellen-Oberfläche erklärt. Im Gegensatz zum S-Äthylester führt die Reaktion des S-Dodecylesters zu einem Gemisch von 2 isomeren Dioxopiperazinen.
    Notes: The hydrochloride of phenylalanine S-dodecyl ester (2b) reacts in pyridine/water at room temperature to afford 3,6-dibenzyl-2,5-piperazinedione (3) in good yields. Phenylalanine S-ethyl ester hydrochloride (2a), however, gives only small yields of 3 under the same conditions. This effect is explained with the assumption of a matrix reaction on the micelle surface. In contrast to the S-ethyl ester the reaction of the S-dodecyl ester leads to a mixture of two isomeric dioxopiperazines.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Einige polymere Ketone mit der Carbonylgruppe in der Hauptkette (Äthylen-Kohlenmonoxid-Copolymere) wurden mittels C-Nitrosierung der Methylengruppe und Oximierung der Carbonylgruppen in Polyoxime übergeführt. Es wird angenommen, daß das Polyoxim hauptsachlich aus 1,2-Bis(hydroxyimino)trimethylen-Einheiten aufgebaut ist. Aus den Polyoximen und bivalenten Fe-, Co-, oder Ni-Salzen wurden polymere Metallkomplexe dargestellt, die zu einer umkehrbaren Aufnahme und Abgabe von molekularem Sauerstoff be fähigt sind. Insbesondere der Fe-Komplex kann auch Kohlenmonoxid aufnehmen und abgeben.
    Notes: Polyketones with carbonyl groups in the polymer backbone (ethylene-carbon monoxide copolymer) have been converted into a novel polyoxime by means of C-nitrosation of the methylene groups and oximation of the carbonyl groups. The polyoxime is considered to be composed largely of 1,2-bis(hydroxyimino)trimethylene units. From the polyoxime and divalent Fe-, Co-, or Ni-salts, polymeric metal chelate complexes were prepared which are capable of combining reversibly with molecular oxygen and, especially the Fe-complex, also with carbon monoxide.
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  • 48
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 179-185 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die mittlere Wachstumsdauer der Polymerradikale in der Substanzpolymerisation des Methylmethacrylats wurde mit der Drehscheibenmethode im Druckbereich von 1 bis 1000 kg cm - 2 bestimmt. In demselben Bereich wurde auch die Anregungsgeschwindigkeit durch Messung des Verbrauchs an N′,N′-Diphenyl-N-pikrylhydrazyl als Inhibierungsmittel bestimmt. Aus diesen beiden Messungen wurde der Druckeffekt auf die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der Elementarreaktionen bestimmt sowie die Aktivierungsvolumina der Fortpflanzungsreaktion ( - 19,0 cm3/mol) und der Abbruchsreaktion (25,0 cm3/mol). Diese Werte wurden mit den bekannten Werten für die Polymerisation des Styrols verglichen.
    Notes: By use of rotating sector technique at high pressure, the average life times of the growing polymer radical in the bulk polymerization of methyl methacrylate was measured over the pressure range of 1 - 1000 kg/cm2 at 250 kg/cm2 pressure interval. The rates of initiation at the same pressure interval was also determined by the measurement of consumption of the inhibitor using N′,N′-diphenyl-N-picrylhydrazyl as radical scavenger. The effect of pressure on the individual rate constants for the methyl methacrylate polymerization was evaluated from both experimental results and the activation volumes of the propagation and the termination was obtained as -19,0 and 25,0 cm3/mol, respectively. Their values have been compared with those of styrene polymerization.
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  • 49
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 3495-3502 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The kinetically effective radical efficiency is chemically and diffusion controlled. The proportion of each control mechanism characterizes the polymerizing system. The chemical control can be deduced from the chain initiation reaction, the diffusion control from the recombination reaction of the primary radicals. The model which is developed describes these competing reactions. The mean length of the diffusion path of the primary radicals is estimated.
    Notes: Die kinetisch wirksame Radikalausbeute ist eine chemisch und diffusionskontrollierte Größe. Der Grad der jeweiligen Kontrolle ist systemspezifisch. Die chemische Kontrolle geht hauptsächlich von der Kettenstartreaktion, die Diffusionskontrolle von der Primärradikalrekombination aus. Die entwickelte Modellvorstellung erfaßt diese konkurrierenden Einflüsse. Mittlere Diffusionswege der Primärradikale bis zu ihrer Rekombination werden abgeschätzt.
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  • 50
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 3523-3529 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: ABS resins formed by copolymerization of styrene (S) and acrylonitrile (AN) in the presence of polybutadiene, consist of a mixture of SAN graft copolymer on polybutadiene and of ungrafted SAN copolymer. After separation and analysis, the AN contents of the grafted and ungrafted SAN are compared. The change of the AN contents as a function of the conversion and the concentration of polybutadiene is studied.As a consequence of the preferential solvation of polybutadiene by styrene and the initiator, the grafted SAN has a lower AN content than the non grafted SAN.At low conversions, where preferential solvation is maximum, it is also possible to show the presence of non grafted SAN which is formed in the polybutadiene coil or polybutadiene medium (“internal free SAN”). The characteristics of this “internal free SAN” are similar to those of the grafted SAN and especially its AN content is lower than that of SAN copolymer prepared under azeotropic conditions in the absence of polybutadiene.
    Notes: Par copolymérisation du styrène (S) et de l'acrylonitrile (AN) en présence de polybutadiène, conduisant aux résines ABS, il se forme du copolymère greffé et du SAN libre. Après séparation et analyse du copolymère greffé, on compare la teneur en AN du SAN greffé et du SAN libre.On étudie l'évolution de ces teneurs en fonction du taux de conversion et pour différentes concentrations en polybutadiène.En raison de la solvatation préférentielle du polybutadiène par le styrène et le promoteur, le SAN greffé a une teneur en AN inférieure à celle du SAN libre.Aux faibles taux de conversion, lorsque la solvatation préférentielle est maximum, on peut également mettre en évidence du «SAN libre interne», se formant dans le milieu polybutadiène, et dont les caractéristiques sont similaires à celles du SAN greffé. Ce «SAN libre interne» présente notamment un taux en AN plus faible que les copolymères SAN préparés dans des conditions azéotropes en absence de polybutadiène.
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  • 51
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 3597-3602 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 52
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 3023-3028 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 53
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 3045-3045 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 54
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The present investigation was undertaken to study further the synthesis of networks with viscoelastic properties. This involves two stages: synthesis of functional polymers with reactive chain ends and selective condensation reaction with polyfunctional crosslinking agents. In order to determine the conditions of crosslinking reaction, a preliminary study was realised on the branched star polymer synthesis. These polymers are obtained by reaction of ω-functional polymer with tri-, tetra-, and pentaisocyanates. Polymers used in this work were polyisoprene, polybutadiene, polystyrene, block copolymers from diene and styrene with hydroxylic end groups. The reaction of the liquid polymer having hydroxylic end groups with isocyanates leads to a branched star polymer with formation of an urethane group, the average branching depending on the functionality of the polyisocyanates. Structures of this star polymer are confirmed by NMR analysis and by determination of the rel. mol. mass.
    Notes: La présente étude a pour but la réalisation de réseaux macromoléculaires possédant des propriétés viscoélastiques. La synthèse de ces réseaux implique deux étapes: synthèse de polymères fonctionnels possédant des extrémités actives et réaction de condensation sur des agents polyfonctionnels. Afin de déterminer les conditions de ces réactions de condensation, une étude préalable a été réalisée sur des polymères ramifiés en étoile. Ces polymères sont obtenus par réaction d'un polymère ω-fonctionnel avec un tri-, tétra- ou pentaisocyanate. Les polymères utilisés dans cette étude sont des polyisoprène, polybutadiène, polystyrène, copolymères séquencés diène-styrène possédant tous une extrémité hydroxyle. La réaction de polymère liquide ω-monohydroxylé avec des isocyanates conduit, par formation d'uréthanes, à des polymères ramifiés en étoile. La structure de ces polymères étoiles est confirmée par spectrographie de NMR et par détermination des masses moléculaires.
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  • 55
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 1101-1115 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die kationische Copolymerisation von Isobuten und β-Pinen (2(10)-Pinen) liefert statistische Copolymere, die interessante physikalische Eigenschaften zeigen. Hochmolekulare Copolymere mit Isobuten/β-Pinen-Gehalten von 90/10 und 97/3 stellen z.B. mit Schwefel vulkanisierbare, gegen Ozon resistente Elastomere dar. Die Copolymersynthese wurde mit Friedel-Crafts Halogeniden, z.B. C2H5AlCl2, BF3 etc. und Äthylchlorid als Losungsmittel bei tiefen Temperaturen durchgeführt. Die Struktur der Copolymere wurde mit Hilfe der NMR-Spektroskopie ermittelt. Die Copolymerisationsparameter von Isobuten und β-Pinen werden stark durch die Temperatur beeinflußt, sprechen aber auf eine bestimmte verwendete Lewis-Säure vie1 weniger an. Es ist interessant, daß die einzelnen Copolymerisationsparameter mit C2H5AlCl2 unterhalb von ca. -100°C gleich eins werden, d. h., die Copolymerisation wird azeotrop.Der Mechanismus von kationischen, durch verschiedene Alkylaluminium-Verbindungen ausgelosten Olefinpolymerisationen ist mit Hilfe von Modellreaktionen untersucht worden. Die Geschwindigkeit der Reaktion wird stark durch die Art des (CH3)3CX und des Lösungsmittels CH3X beeinflußt (X = Cl, Br, J). Unerwarteterweise wurde für die Geschwindigkeiten dieser Reaktion die Reihenfolge (CH3)3CCl〉(CH3)3CBr〉(CH3)3CJ gefunden. Weiter ergab eine intensive Untersuchung des Modellsystems 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-penten/(CH3)3Al/(CH3)3CCl eine Reihe von wichtigen mechanistischen Einsichten. Z. B., wenn eine Alkylaluminiumverbindung mit einem β-Wasserstoff in bezug auf Aluminium, z. B. (C2H5)3Al, [(CH3)2CHCH2]3Al etc., als Coinitiator verwendet wird, erfolgt durch rasche Hydridübertragung ein Abbruch der Reaktion gemäß: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \ldots {\rm R}^ \oplus + \left( {{\rm C}_2 {\rm H}_5 } \right)_3 {\rm AlCl}^ \odot \to \ldots - {\rm RH} + \left( {{\rm C}_2 {\rm H}_5 } \right)_2 {\rm AlCl} + {\rm C}_2 {\rm H}_4 $$\end{document}
    Notes: The cationic copolymerization of isobutylene and β-pinene (2(10)-pinene) yields random copolymers which exhibit interesting physical properties. E.g., high molecular weight copolymers containing isobutylene/β-pinene in the ratio of 90/10 and 97/3 are sulfur-vulcanizable ozone-resistant elastomers. Copolymer synthesis was accomplished with Friedel-Crafts halides e.g., C2H5AlCl2, BF3, etc. using ethyl chloride diluent at low temperatures. The structure of the copolymers was determined by NMR spectroscopy. The reactivity ratios of isobutylene and β-pinene are stongly affected by temperature, however, are much less sensitive to the particular Lewis acid used. Interestingly, with C2H5AlCl2, the individual reactivity ratios become equal to unity below ca. -100°C, i.e., the copolymerization becomes azeotropic.The mechanism of cationic olefin polymerizations induced by various alkylaluminum compounds has been investigated by model reactions. The rate of the reactions. The rate of the reaction is strongly affected by the nature of the (CH3)3CX and the CH3X solvent (X=Cl, Br. I). Unexpectedly, the sequence of rates of this reaction was found to be (CH3)3CCl〉(CH3)3CBr〉(CH3)3Cl. Further, an intensive study of the 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene/(CH3)3Al/(CH3)3CCl model system gave a series of important mechanistic insights. E.g., if an alkylaluminum compound having a β-hydrogen in respect to aluminum is used as the coinitiator e.g., (C2H5)3Al, [(CH3)2CHCH2]3Al, etc., rapid hydridation terminates the reaction: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \ldots - {\rm R}^ \oplus + \left( {{\rm C}_2 {\rm H}_5 } \right)_3 {\rm AlCl}^ \odot \to \ldots - {\rm RH} + \left( {{\rm C}_2 {\rm H}_5 } \right)_2 {\rm AlCl} + {\rm C}_2 {\rm H}_4 $$\end{document}
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  • 56
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 1199-1216 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Bei kationischen Polymerisationen einiger cyclischer Iminoäther unter Verwendung von Methyljodid als Initiator wurde gefunden, daß das Wachstum über kovalente Spezies von der Art eines Alkyljodids stattfindet. Der Wachstumsmechanismus der Polymerisation wurde durch direkte Beobachtung des Reaktionssystems mit Hilfe der NMR-Spektroskopie und durch indirekte kinetische Analyse geprüft. Es wurden sechs Monomere untersucht, von denen 2-Oxazolin (1), 2-Phenyl-2-oxazolin (2) und 2-Phenyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazin (3) mit CH3J als Initiator über eine kovalente wachsende Spezies polymerisiert werden, während die Polymerisationen von 2-Methyl-2-oxazolin (4) und 5,6-Dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazin (5) mit CH3J über ionische wachsende Spezies verlaufen. Für die Polymerisation von 5-Methyl-2-oxazolin (6) mit CH3J wird ein Wachstumsmechanismus über ein Gleichgewichtsgemisch aus ionischen und kovalenten wachsenden Spezies (22 bzw. 21) aufgezeigt. Bei Polymerisationen dieser sechs Monomere mit p-Toluolsulfonsäure-methylester als Initiator wurden in allen Fällen ionische wachsende Spezies gebildet mit Strukturen der entsprechenden cyclischen Onium-p-toluolsulfonate.
    Notes: Cationic polymerizations of some cyclic imino ethers using methyl iodide as initiator were found to propagate via covalent growing species of alkyl iodide nature. The propagation mechanism of the polymerization was examined by direct observation of the reaction system by means of NMR spectroscopy and by indirect kinetic analysis. Among six monomers, 2-oxazoline (1), 2-phenyl-2-oxazoline (2), and 2-phenyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazine (3) were found to be polymerized with CH3I via covalent growing species. On the other hand, 2-methyl-2-oxazoline (4) and 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazine (5) were polymerized with CH3I via ionic growing species. For the polymerization of 5-methyl-2-oxazoline (6) initiated by CH3I, a mechanism of propagation via an equilibrium mixture of ionic and covalent propagating species (22 and 21, respectively) was presented. In all cases of the polymerizations of these six monomers by methyl p-toluenesulfonate as initiator, the growing species were ionic ones having structures of the corresponding cyclic onium p-toluenesulfonates.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The anionic polymerization of acrylonitrile with triethylphosphine as initiator in dimethylformamide was studied at different temperatures and various monomer/initiator ratios.1H-NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography as well as emission spectra analysis of phosphorus were employed on both the crude polymer and the polymer samples obtained by reprecipitation and by gel permeation chromatography. In addition, the number of polymer anions was determined by spectroscopic end group analysis. Thus, it was possible to show the occurrence of a polymerization via macrozwitterions besides the dominant transfer mechanism and also the necessity of minimum values of the polymerization temperature as well as the monomer/initiator ratio for the formation of macrozwitterions, . If these conditions are not realized, a transfer reaction to the monomer through proton abstraction takes place by means of the zwitterion , which is formed by the interaction of triethylphosphine and acrylonitrile, and the resulting anion, , initiates the polymerization chain.As a result ofthe increase ofthe initiator concentration as well as that of the temperature, more side-reactions in the polymerization occur, as can be noted by IR- or UV-spectroscopical analysis of the polymer.
    Notes: Die anionische Polymerisation von Acrylnitril mit Triäthylphosphin als Initiator in Dimethylformamid wurde bei verschiedenen Temperaturen und unterschiedlichem Verhältnis der Monomer/Initiator-Konzentrationen untersucht.Ergänzt durch spektroskopische Endgruppenbestimmung der Polymeranionen konnte mittels 1H-NMR-Spektroskopie und Gelchromatographie (GPC) sowie emissionsspektralanalytischer Phosphorbestimmung an den rohen und den durch Umfällungen bzw. GPC fraktionierten Polymerproben gezeigt werden, daß hier neben einer übertragung teilweise eine Polymerisation Über Makrozwitterionen auftritt. Für die Bildung von Makrozwitterionen, , sind jedoch Mindestwerte des Monomer/Initiator-Verhältnisses sowie der Polymerisationstemperatur erforderlich; sind diese Voraussetzungen nicht erfüllt, findet durch das Zwitterion , gebildet aus Triäthylphosphin und Acrylnitril, unter Protonenabstraktion eine Übertragungsreaktion auf das Monomere statt. So entstandene Anionen, , lösen dann Polymerisationsketten aus.Die durch Erhöhung der Initiatorkonzentration sowie der Temperatur vermehrt auftretenden Nebenreaktionen lassen sich durch IR- bzw. UV-spektroskopische Untersuchungen der Polymeren erfassen.
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: It could be shown by a detailed 1H-NMR-study of suitable model compounds that also in the isolated dissolved molecule of N-phenylphthalimide the nitrogen atom is subject of a stationary sp2-hybridization with strong planar geometry of the three σ-bonds. From this molecular structure it can be concluded, that the polyimide of pyromellitic acid, poly(pyromellitdiimido-4,4′-biphenylylene) (4), must have a strictly linear rod-like structure of the whole macromolecule.
    Notes: Anhand geeigneter Modellverbindungen konnte 1H-NMR-spektroskopisch nachgewiesen werden, daß sich auch am isolierten, gelösten Molekül des N-Phenylphthalimids eine zeitlich stationäre sp2-Hybridisierung mit ebener Anordnung der drei vom Stickstoff ausgehenden σ-Bindungen einstellt. Diese Bindungsverhältnisse haben für das Polyimid der Pyromellithsäure, Poly(pyromellithdiimido-4,4′-biphenylylen) (4), eine streng lineare, stäbchenförmige Struktur des Makromoleküls zur Folge.
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  • 59
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 1427-1437 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ionische Polyester mit ziemlich niedrigen Molekulargewichten wurden dargestellt durch Polyumesterung von 1,1′-Bis(carbäthoxy)kobalticiniumhexafluorphosphat (1a) und den Diolen 1,10-Decandiol bzw. 1,4-Bis(hydroxymethyl)benzol in der Schmelze. Versuche Polyamide durch Schmelzkondensation aus Alkylendiammonium-Salzen des 1,1′-Bis(carboxy)kobalticiniumhexafluorphosphats darzustellen, führten zu weitgehender Zersetzung. Die Polyester wurden durch Analysen, IR-Spektroskopie, Gelchromatographie und Differentialkalorimetrie charakterisiert.
    Notes: Ionic polyesters of fairly low molecular weights were prepared by melt phase polytransesterification of 1,1′-bis(carbethoxy)cobalticinium hexafluorophosphate (1a) and diols such as 1,10-decanediol and 1,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)benzene. Attempts to prepare polyamides by melt condensation from alkylene diammonium salts of 1,1′-bis(carboxy)cobalticinium hexafluorophosphate 5a-d resulted in extensive decomposition, and pure polyamides could not be obtained. The polyesters were characterized by analyses, IR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry.
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  • 60
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 3383-3399 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: N-Acyl-N-alkyl-diaminoacids, which form 1,3-dipolar mesoionic dioxazolones by reaction with acetic anhydride, were reacted with diethynyl compounds. The resulting polymers contain pyrrole units in the chain. Their structure has been affirmed by comparing their IR-spectra with those of corresponding model compounds. In one case the direction of the addition could be determined by means of NMR-spectroscopy.
    Notes: N-Acyl-N-alkyl-diaminosäuren, die mit Acetanhydrid zu 1,3-dipolaren mesoionischen Dioxazolonen reagieren, wurden mit Diäthinylverbindungen umgesetzt. Die entstandenen Polymeren enthalten Pyrrolkerne in der Kette. Ihre Struktur wurde durch Vergleich ihrer IR-Spektren mit denen entsprechender Modellverbindungen gesichert. Die Additionsrichtung konnte in einem Fall mit Hilfe der NMR-Spektroskopie aufgeklärt werden.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis of 4-formyl-3-hydroxy-5-methacryloylaminomethyl-2-methylpyridine (7a) and 4-formyl-3-hydroxy-5-(N-methacryloyl-N-methyl)aminomethyl-2-methylpyridine (7b) is reported. The intermediate products 5-aminomethyl-2,2,8-trimethyl-2H,4H-[1,3]-dioxino[4,5-c]-pyridine hydrochloride (3a), 2,2,8-trimethyl-5-methylaminomethyl-2H,4H-[1,3]-dioxino[4,5-c]-pyridine hydrochloride (3b), 5-methacryloylaminomethyl-2,2,8-trimethyl-2H,4H-[1,3]-dioxino-[4,5-c]pyridine hydrochloride (5a), 5-(N-methacryloyl-N-methyl)aminomethyl-2,2,8-trimethyl-2H,4H-[1,3]-dioxino-[4,5-c]pyridine hydrochloride (5b), 3-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-5-metha-cryloylaminomethyl-2-methylpyridine (6a) and 3-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-5-(N-methacryloyl-N-methyl)aminomethyl-2-methylpyridine (6b) were isolated and identified.
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 41-57 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The anionic polymerization of 2-pyrrolidone (3) initiated with its potassium salt (1) (2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinylpotassium) and carbon dioxide was studied under optimal conditions. On the basis of a detailed experimental analysis, it is suggested to consider the investigated polymerization in the presence of gaseous CO2 as an accelerated non-activated polymerization. Alkali 2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine carboxylate, which is formed in the system by reaction of CO2 with 1, probably does not take part directly in the polymerization process and excerts only a controlling role.
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 71-76 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 5-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-6-octyl(and 8-octyl)-4-chromanones (2a and 2b) were synthesized via 5,7 dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-6-octyl (and 8-octyl)-4-chromanones (1a and 1b) from phloroglucinol as a starting material. Cyclohexane solutions of 1a, 1b, 2a, and 2b were irradiated. The photostability of 2a and 2b was found to be better than that of 1a and 1b. Poly(vinyl chloride) film containing 6, 7 wt.-% of 2b was found to be most stable against photooxidation.
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 165-173 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Poly(A + U), the 1:1 complex of poly(riboadenylic acid), poly A, and poly(ribouridylic acid), poly U, at pH 8 and self-complexed poly A at pH 4 exist as double helices in dilute aqueous solution. These complexes exhibit a similar behavior as native calf thymus DNA upon irradiation with 16 MeV electron pulses. Thus time resolved Rayleight light scattering measurements showed that crosslinking and double strand breakage can be clearly separated, the former proceeding faster than the latter. The extent to which the two processes occur depends on the ionic strength of the solution. At ionic strenghts exceeding 10 -1 mol/l crosslinking is the dominant process indicating that hcrit, the critical length between two single strand breaks for the accomplishment of double strand breaks, is strongly reduced. The investigation of complexes of poly A and Mg2+ ions revealed that the destruction of salt bridges is the rate determining process for the decrease of the light scattering intensity due to mainchain scission. This implies that life-times of salt bridges can be determined.
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  • 65
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 193-206 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of the high-pressure ethylene polymerization initiated by di-tert-butyl peroxide were measured via quantitative near-infrared spectroscopy at temperatures between 130°C and 165°C to a maximum pressure of 3 kbar. The overall polymerization rate was found to be first order in ethylene concentration and of the order 0,5 in peroxide concentration. The overall activation energy and the overall activation volume were determined to be E0 = 107,2 ± 7,5 kJ · mol-1 and Δ V0≠ = - 17,5 ± 5,0 cm3 · mol-1, respectively. From the overall quantities and from the decomposition rate of di-tert-butyl peroxide determined in independent spectroscopic high-pressure high-temperature experiments, kp · kt-1/2 (kp and kt are the propagation and termination rate constants, respectively) and the corresponding activation parameters, Ep - 1/2 Et and Δ vp≠ - 1/2 Δvt≠, were derived for the high-pressure ethylene polymerization. These data enable the overall polymerization rate to be determined also for high-pressure ethylene polymerizations initiated in any different way, provided the initiation rate law is known. The procedure is illustrated for the ethylene polymerization initiated by tert-butyl peroxypivalate.
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  • 66
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polymers with different fractions of azobenzene residues were prepared by radical copolymerization of methacrylic acid with 4′-phenylazomethacrylanilid. The triplet excitation energy transfer from methylene blue (1) to the azobenzene residues in the polymers was investigated by using the 1-photosensitized cis → trans isomerization of the azobenzene residue. The efficiency of the triplet excitation energy transfer from 1 to 4-(4′-phenylazoanilinocarbonyl)butanoic acid (4) as a monomer model compound. The number of azobenzene residues per polymer molecule and the molecular weight of the polymer were important factors for the efficient triplet excitation energy transfer. On addition of NaCl the energy transfer efficiency was lowered, suggesting that the binding of 1 to the polymer by electrostatic forces plays an important role. Binding of 1 to the polymers was investigated spectrophotometrically. Correlation with the binding of 1 to the polymers and the efficiency of triplet excitation energy transfer between 1 and azobenzene residues in the polymers is discussed.
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  • 67
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 207-216 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In order to calculate the average molecular weight, the molecular weight distribution or the branching of low density polyethylene, the individual values of the rate constants of the different reactions involved in the free radical polymerization are required. The method of rotating sector was applied to determine the rate constants of chain propagation and chain termination in a wide range of temperatures and pressures. This first part of the work reports the influence of the pressure. It was found that the rate constant kp of the chain propagation increases with rising pressure whereas the rate constant kt of chain termination decreases. The effect of the pressure on kp can be explained in terms of the activation volume. The decrease of kt with pressure is caused by a diffusion controlled termination reaction.
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  • 68
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 217-223 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The mechanism of “flow process” defined as drawing by which neither crystallization nor molecular orientation takes place was clarified on the basis of its direct experimental evidences on drawing of “amorphous” poly(ethylene terephthalate) films. In a certain temperature range above Tg, the polymer molecules are deformed and oriented on drawing, “inter-molecular secondary linkage” playing an important role in the transmission of the applied force. When this intermolecular linkage breaks down above a certain critical temperature, the polymer molecules may slip past each other and flow independently, resulting in a large deformation without inducing any molecular orientation and crystallization. At higher temperatures crystallization occurs inducing the orientation as well.
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  • 69
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 263-276 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Sulfuryl chloride was used as chlorination agent of poly(dimethylsiloxane)s (1) in order to obtain poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-chloromethylmethylsiloxane) and it was found to be more specific than molecular chlorine. Identification of chlorinated and chlorosulfonated units was shown to be possible by comparison of the results of 1H NMR spectroscopy with those obtained by GLC analysis of the mixtures obtained from octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (2). After having shown that the distribution of the various types of methyl groups in 1 and 2, modified in this way, fits correctly a binomial law and that chlorosulfonated units can be hydrolysed, copolymers containing 20 to 25% of chloromethylated units and less than 2% of unwanted dichloromethylated units are accessible by use of this chlorination agent.
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  • 70
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 253-262 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis and the phase behaviour of liquid crystalline main chain polymers are described. In these poly- and copolyesters the mesogenic units are linked by highly flexible oligodimethylsiloxane spacers. The comparison of their phase behaviour with that of polyesters known from the literature shows that dimethylsiloxane spacers as a replacement for alkyl spacers are leading to a drastic decrease of the transition temperatures. Depending on the length of the spacer glass transitions as low as -111°C can be achieved. The widths of the liquid crystalline phases thereby are retained up to a spacerlength of 13 oxydimethylsilanediyl (dimethylsiloxane) units. The homopolyesters mainly show smectic phases. In contrast to this nematic phases are found for copolyesters in which either the spacerlength or the mesogenic unit was varied. In one case a nematic phase was found over a temperature range of 311°C.
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  • 71
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kind of molecular weight average MVPO resulting from vapour pressure osmometry (VPO) measurements on solutions of paucimolecular polymer mixtures of different compositions is studied with a Hewlett Packard Model 302 B. Recent theoretical calculations which predicted that MVPO 〉 Mn are confirmed. The experimentally found quotient MVPOMn is between 1,04 and 1,26, being the greater, the greater is the polydispersity of the mixture, which is agreement with the former mathematical derivations.
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  • 72
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Due to its importance in the field of block-polycondensation and of chemical modification, we carried out an extensive study of the epoxy-carboxy reaction on models. This papier is related to the reaction of benzoic acid with 1-phenoxy-2,3-epoxypropane in the presence of a basic catalyst, N,N-dimethyldodecylamine. It is carried out in low polar solvents (xylene, chlorobenzene, and o-dichlorobenzene); essential kinetic parameters are reported. From studies carried out under stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric conditions a general rate equation (υ = k [acid]0.5 [epoxy] [amine]) is obtained. Kinetic relations are the same, no matter what the catalyst is: dimethyldodecylammonium benzoate or free amine. From these kinetic data it results that the overall mechanism involves two steps.
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  • 73
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 371-381 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A method is developed for the conformational analysis of copolymers with randomly distributed stereo- and comonomer-sequences. The conformational probabilities of dyad sequences constituting a random copolymer chain are calculated as a function of the copolymer composition which is derived from the monomer reactivity ratios and the comonomer feed ratio. The applicability of this method is verified in the conformational analyses of poly(methyl acrylate-co-styrene) and poly(methyl methacrylate-co-styrene). The calculation indicates that the conformational stabilities of dyad sequences are scarcely dependent on the copolymer composition in the former copolymer, whereas they are susceptible to the composition in the latter copolymer. This conformational behavior apparently reflects the geometrical difference between the copolymers: the former is composed of two mono-substituted monomers and the latter of sterically nonequivalent monomers, viz. mono- and di-substituted vinyl compounds. The composition-dependences of 13C NMR chemical shifts of these copolymers are interpreted, based on the conformational calculation by this method.
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  • 74
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 411-429 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The epoxy resins (DGEBA) obtained from 4,4′-isopropylidendiphenol (bisphenol A) and 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane (epichlorohydrin) and synthetized by the “taffy” process were found to consist of oligomers. The composition of prepolymers could be deduced from gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and particularly by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). In the more resolved HPLC spectrum each oligomer was found to be accompanied by satellite peaks. The functionality of the prepolymers, determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy and cryometric or vapour pressure osmometric measurements was found to be less than two. These phenomena are due to the existence of abnormal chain ends having no epoxy group. The structure of the main components spearated by preparative GPC was studied by 1H NMR. For the impurities, the two indentified structures of chain ends are primary and secondary alcohol functions. Finally the compositions of three DGEBA were determined.
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  • 75
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The glass transition temperature of the random copolyesters of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid prepared by molten state polycondensation increases with increasing concentration of p-oxybenzoate units (oxy-1,4-phenylenecarbonyl units). The observed values of the glass transition temperature are compared with the values predicted from various empirical equations on the Tg's of copolymers and the concave Tg composition curve is explained in terms of the internal stiffening effect of the p-oxybenzoate unit. The melting temperatures of the copolyesters vary with composition and show an eutectic phase diagram. The melting temperature and enthalpy of fusion of the homopolymer of p-hydroxybenzoic acid were determined making use of Flory's equation on the melting point of a copolymer.
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  • 76
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 849-859 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In the first part of this series the individual rate constants of the radical polymerization of ethylene are reported in dependency of pressure at 405 K. By further measurements under 500 - 1750 bar and 400 - 470 K, using again the method of the rotating sector, the dependency of the rate constants on both pressure and temperature was determined. With increasing temperature the rate constant of chain growth kp as well as that of chain termination kt increases. With increasing pressure, kp increases, whereas kt decreases because of the diffusion controlled termination reaction. For the chain growth an activation energy of Ep = 37 kJ/mol and an activiation volume of Δvp≠ = -25,5 ml/mol was found. The activiation parameters of the chain termination are Et = 9,9 kJ/mol and Δvt≠ = 7 ml/mol. Based on these results and literature data the rate constants of different chain transfer reactions involved in the high pressure polymerization of ethylene and their dependency on temperature and pressure were evaluated.
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  • 77
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Metal-2,9,16,23-tetracarboxyphthalocyanines(Mt-taPc's) [Mt = Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II)] covalently bound to poly(2- or 4-vinylpyridine-co-styrene) were synthesized by Friedel-Crafts reaction of the styrene units of the copolymers with Mt-taPc tetraacid chloride. The copolymers contain about 0,3 to 14,6 mol-% Mt-Pc rings and are soluble in methanol, ethanol, and N,N-dimethylformamide. The coordination spheres around the Mt-Pc rings were characterized by electronic as well as ESR spectra and by viscosity measurements. The dimerization of Mt-taPc in the copolymers is sterically hindered by the polymer chain. The copolymer supported Fe(III)- or Co(II)-taPc's are of the five coordinate high spin type in DMF solution. One coordination site at axial position of the Mt-Pc ring may be occupied by an N atom of a pyridine group. The electronic structures of the metal atoms may be useful in catalytic reactions.
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  • 78
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 733-735 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Five new copolyesters 3a - e were prepared by reacting β-(4-methoxy-3 methyl)phenylglutaconic acid dichloride (1 b) with diols 2 a - e. The polymers were characterized by IR and TG. All polymers were found to decompose in the range of ≈200 to ≈650°C.
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  • 79
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 755-762 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The self-emulsifying copolymerization of unsaturated polyesters (UP) with various acrylic and methacrylic esters was studied. The structure of comonomers significantly influences the character of microgels obtained. Among these monomers the copolymerization of UP with methyl methacrylate (MMA) was investigated in detail in order to make clear the behavior of this polymerization as compared with that of styrene. The water/monomer and UP/MMA ratios were found to be the most important factors controlling the molecular weight and solution viscosity of the microgels. The relationship between M̄w and intrinsic viscosity of microgels suggests that the microgels from MMA have less compact structure than those from styrene.
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  • 80
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: To obtain a carrier polymer for pharmacologically active components, linear polyethyleneimine (LPEI) was chemically modified by reactions with acrylic acid (1a), acrylamide (1b), acrylic acid esters (1c and 1d), sodium chloroacetate, and hydrochloric acid. All product polymers 2a - 2e are soluble in water. Among these, 2a and 2e, β- and α-amino acid derivatives, respectively, show no acute toxicity in mice up to dosages of 1 g/kg i. v. Similar types of polymers 5a and 5b and a polymer containing phosphonic acid moieties (5d) derived from branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) were prepared. 5a and 5b are also nontoxic regardless of the molecular weight of four kinds of BPEI and of the wide range of carboxylic group content in the polymer. It is suggested that the zwitterion form contributes to the nontoxic nature of β-and α-amino acid type polymers. The present results show that amino acid type polymers derived from LPEI and BPEI can be used as carrier polymers for pharmacologically active components.
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  • 81
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 837-847 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The formation of charge-transfer (CT) complexes between eleven naphthalene derivatives and eight di- or trinitrobenzene derivatives in water and in water-organic solvent systems has been studied in the presence and absence of β- or γ-cyclodextrin (β- or γ-CDx), respectively. Data of UV absorption and circular dichroism (CD) clearly revealed that γ-CDx, in several cases, assists CT complex formation by accommodating both electron donor (D) and acceptor (A) molecules in its cavity simultaneously. Thus the weak CT band was intensified and even some systems in which CT complex formation was usually not observed produced CT complexes by the addition of γ-CDx. In contrast, β-CDx did not promote markedly the CT complex formation except in one case. It did promote the CT complex formation between α-naphthylacetic acid (α-NAA) and picric acid (PA), manifesting the capability of β-CDx to include two aromatic molecules. Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) associated with the CT bands was detected for a π - π* type CT complex for the first time, but its intensity was quite weak as anticipated from theory.
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  • 82
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 895-906 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Chloromethyloxirane (CMO) undergoes an asymmetric selective oligomerization with a binary catalyst system comprised of triethylaluminium and an optically active cobalt complex, N,N'-disalicylidene-(1 R)-1,2-cyclohexanediyldiaminatocobalt(II). A series of optically active oligomers obtained were isolated and characterized. Two kinds of linear oligomers were produced with respect to the end groups, namely epoxy- and halohydrin-ended oligomers. A mechanism for the selective formation of linear oligomers by the present catalyst system is proposed.
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  • 83
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1061-1070 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The electron transfer process in the microdomain of a polyion complex composed of poly(sodium styrenesulfonate), (syst. name: poly[sodium 1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)ethylene]), and poly(alkylene viologen)s 1 with 3 to 10 methylene groups between two adjacent viologen units was analyzed by means of voltammetry with a rotating disc electrode. Although the stability of 1 on the graphite electrode was improved by the formation of a polyion complex with poly(sodium styrenesulfonate), a smaller surface charge was observed in the polyion complex as compared with the electrode coated with poly(alkylene viologen) alone. Since the migration of the counter ion was clarified to be indispensable for the electron transfer in this case, the microdomain of polyion complexes should be formed by tightly-shrunk polyelectrolyte chains. Furthermore, the electron transfer in the microdomain of the polyion complex is hardly detected, when the electrode is coated with an excess of the complex. The electron transfer strongly depended on the average distance between two adjacent redox sites in the matrix. These matrixes were suggested to be controlled by the subtle balance of hydrophobicity and charge density of 1.
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  • 84
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The photoinduced formation of oligomers in single crystals of 2,5-distyrylpyrazine (DSP) was investigated by X-ray and electron diffraction techniques and also by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The DSP crystals were characterized for the presence and nature of dislocations by dark-field images and etch-pit studies. Small angle grain boundaries were identified to be the prominent feature, but in general the crystals were highly perfect. A correlation between the sites of the defects and the formation of the photoproduct could not be detected. The oligomers formed in a solid-solution under appropriate irradiation conditions. Thus, DSP oligomer of number average degree of polymerization P̄n = 3,2 in macroscopic single crystal texture was obtained for the first time using a laser light source at 478 nm. Deterioration of the single crystal texture of DSP usually observed during photopolymerization is explained as being caused by inhomogeneous light distribution which in turn causes an inhomogeneous product distribution with accumulation of large strain fields. These can be made visible by the multiplication of etch pits. Phase separation between oligomer and polymer is observed on further irradiation of the oligomer single crystals. The oligomer phase seems to play the role of an intermediate in the photopolymerization of DSP at wavelengths λ 〈 400 nm. The molecular weight distribution of the oligomers was studied by GPC. The data are only compatible with the assumption that the rate constant of dimerization is higher than that for the addition of a monomer to an already existing oligomer.
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  • 85
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Active β-alanine esters having dipeptide groups, which are capable of forming hydrogen bonds between the side chains, were prepared in the form of hydrogen chloride salts. The polycondensation of these salts was studied in non-polar solvents, in the presence of triethylamine. In the case of the ester with β-alanyl-β-alanine as dipeptide moiety, the polycondensation proceeded smoothly in chloroform solution. To explain the characteristic feature of the polycondensation, an ordered aggregation of the ester molecules is assumed to play an important role. The ester with glycylglycine as dipeptide moiety, however, did not undergo a polycondensation.
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  • 86
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1285-1293 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Conformanational energies of various oligo (oxyethylene) isomers were calculated by the empirical force field method, and statistical mechanics calculations of the chain dimensions and the dipole moments were carried out. The results are seriously different from those obtained for poly (oxymethylene). Although the first-order steric interactions in POE are of the same order of magnitude as those in n-alkane chains, the second-order interactions are significantly different. The second-order interactions arising from rotations around two consecutive bonds of OCH2CH2OCH2 in g± g∓ conformation have greatly reduced steric repulsions. It was found that the reduced second-order interaction plays an important role in the configurationdependent properties of POE. The agreement of the calculated values for the unperturbed dimensions and the temperature coefficients obtained from the force field method with experimentally observed ones is fairly good.
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  • 87
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1389-1395 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polymerization of ethylene initiated in naphta solution by Zr(CH2C6H5)4 at 200°C under high purity conditions showed a cocatalytic effect of water with a maximum rate for a mole ratio H2O/Zr close to 0,1. No activity was observed for the hypothetical compound (C6H5CH2)3ZrOZr(CH2C6H5)3. Ethylene polymerization was also initiated with supported catalysts obtained by reaction of Zr(CH2C6H5)4 with silicium oxide or pre-dried aluminium oxide with an increase of activity (by a factor of 5). The resulting polyethylenes were found to be virtually linear with 1,5 CH3 groups for 1000 C atoms and with melting points of 134 - 136,5°C. They have high molecular weights with very broad distribution. These results were interpreted by a mechanism involving Ziegler-like active centers.
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  • 88
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Binding of mono-, di-, and oligosaccharides by amide linkage to polymers carrying carboxylic or amino groups was studied with synthetic polymers (poly(acrylic acid), poly(vinylamine)) and polysaccharide derivatives (e.g. chitosan). Suitable methods are described which allow a variation of the number and lenght of the attached saccharide branches. In the absence of salt, all products with a degree of substitution (DS) 〈 1 show polyelectrolyte behaviour. Compared with the unsubstituted polyelectrolytes, for the branched polymers a substantial increase of the viscosity was observed within a certain range of branch density. In the case of glucose side chains, the maximum viscosity was found near DS = 0,1. In the case of maltose side chains, this maximum of the viscosity occurred at higher DS. A similar but smaller increase in the viscosity was observed in 0,1 M NaCl solution. The results are explained by a shielding of the backbone charges from the counterions and by an additional chain stiffening effect resulting from hydrogen bonds, i.e., ring formation between the amide linkage and adjacent free carboxylic or amino groups.
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  • 89
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Derivatives of poly(methacrylic acid) with mesogenic sidegroups are aggregated in solution. Through structural changes which also take place in the solid state, the fraction of the aggregates increases with storage time. The formation of aggregates depends on temperature and occurs relatively slowly. In solution, the degree of aggregation strongly depends on the solvent. This aggregation leads to relatively high tacticity in products obtained by radical initiated polymerisations.
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  • 90
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The solvent influence on two- phase structures resulting from drying films of segmented polyetherurethanes of different hard segment contents and molecular weights was investigated by infrared dichroism measurements of the orientational behaviour of the hard segments. A low density of physical crosslinking and/or minor association in solution leads to a lamellae structure resulting in an inhomogeneous distribution of stress at elongation. The formation of lamellae is impeded, if the solution shows pronounced formation of associates. Destruction of the lamellae can be monitored by studying the orientational behaviour for repeated deformations and by means of orientation-extension-hysteresis experiments. Stress-strain diagrams exhibit no contradictions to the discussed structural transformations by the influence of different solvents.
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  • 91
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1597-1602 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The free radical initiated copolymerization of styrene with maleic anhydride at high conversions is studied. The data of the fractional conversion of the comonomers, of the fractional copolymerization rate, of the instantaneous and cumulative composition of the copolymer for the copolymerization of an equimolar mixture of styrene and maleic anhydride in ethyl methyl ketone (at 60°C) and in 1,4-dioxane (at 120°C) up to high conversions as a function of the reaction time (resp. conversion) are presented. Negligible differences at 60°C, but significant ones at 120°C were found between the experimentally measured fractional compositions and those calculated according to the integrated form of the copolymer composition equation (Mayo-Lewis equation), using the published values for the copolymerization reactivity ratios.
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  • 92
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1661-1667 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Electroinitiated cationic polymerization of olefins can be initiated by direct electron transfer from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of monomers, by constant potential electrolysis. Potentials, at which some monomers lose electrons, were measured by cyclic voltammetry. Measurements were made on a Pt electrode versus Ag0/Ag+, in acetonitrile. The measured anodic peak potentials (Ep,a) were correlated to HOMO energies (∊m), calculated by Hückel molecular orbital (HMO) considerations for coplanar molecules. For methyl-substituted monomers the ω-technique was also applied. A linear equation has been developed for Ep,a as a function of ∊m, for styrene derivatives having +I and +E substituents.
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  • 93
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1727-1740 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The benzoic acid ester of (2-hydroxypropyl)cellulose (BzPC) was prepared and fractionated from acetone solution by precipitation with methanol-water (85:15, by volume). The fractions were characterized by low-angle laser light scattering in tetrahydrofuran, and by size exclusion chromatography with a low-angle laser light scattering detector. Dilute solution viscosities were measured in acetone and benzene, and the results were interpreted on the basis of a worm-like chain model for BzPC. The critical concentrations of polymer necessary to form lyotropic cholesteric phases in acetone and benzene were found to decrease as the molar mass of the polymer increased, reaching a limiting volume fraction of ≈ 0,35 for high molar mass fractions. The experimental results were compared with the prediction of recent theories for the formation of liquid crystalline phases from semiflexible polymers; the chain parameters required by the theories were estimated from dilute solution viscosities. The fractions of BzPC also showed a thermotropic transition from liquid crystalline phase to isotropic melt. The transition temperature increased sharply with increasing molar mass to reach a limiting value of 176°C.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Asymmetric inclusion polymerization of the prochiral monomers (E)- and (Z)-2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene (3a and 3b), in apocholic acid (2) canals was performed under various conditions to find out the factors controlling the asymmetric induction during the polymerization. Ozonolysis of the resulting polymers and subsequent transformation of the resulting 2-methyl-4-oxovaleric acid (4) into its 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone revealed the predominant formation of the (R)-absolute configuration. The optical yield was high in the initial stage of the polymerization and decreased gradually as the polymerization proceeds. To obtain a high optical yield the polymerization was performed at low temperature applying a 1:1 mole ratio monomer/apocholic acid, and an irradiation dose 〈 1 Mrad. The optical yield amounted to 36% at maximum, which is the highest value obtained so far in the asymmetric polymerization of 1,3-pentadiene derivatives using canal complexes or other known methods.
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  • 95
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1817-1822 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Linear and branched siloxanes were prepared by partial hydrolysis of silicon tetrachloride and by esterification of the products of hydrolysation with methyl and ethyl nitrite. 29Si NMR spectra made it possible to distinguish between the isomers of each oligomer up to the heptamer. Linear relationships between the 29Si chemical shifts of the ethyl and the methyl esters on one hand and between the ethyl esters and the poly(silicic acid)s on the other hand were observed. However, due to the different effect of neighboring building units, there are only poor relationships between the 29Si data of the esters and the chloro derivatives.
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  • 96
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1555-1560 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and vinyl acetate (VAc) at 30, 55, 65, 75, and 85°C in the presence of the cholesteryl liquid crystal compound cholesteryl oleyl carbonate (CHOC) are reported. The conversion increases, whereas the molecular weight remains constant, with increase in concentration of CHOC in the range 0,2 to 0,6 mol-%. The activation energy for the polymerization of MMA was found to be 66,3 kJ/mol. The polymerization is inhibited in the presence of the radical scavengers 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroquinone. VAc does not polymerize in the presence of CHOC for 20 h at 65°C. The interaction between MMA and CHOC is investigated by viscometry of toluene solutions and by UV spectrophotometry of CCl4 solutions. The equilibrium constants and the molar absorption coefficients for a 1:1 complex for MMA-CHOC and for a 2:1 complex for VAc-CHOC are reported. A plausible mechanism for the spontaneous polymerization of MMA in the presence of CHOC is presented. The tacticities of the polymers formed in the presence of CHOC are discussed.
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  • 97
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1571-1576 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polymerizations of 2,4,6-tribromophenyl methacrylate (1a), p-tolyl methacrylate (1b), p-cyclohexylphenyl methacrylate (1c), and p-methoxyphenyl methacrylate (1d) were carried out up to conversions higher than 99%. The kinetics of the process was followed by the refractometric technique using a He-Ne laser as light source. The influence of the concentration of initiator on the appearing of the gel effect was examined, taking the polymerization of 1a as an example.
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  • 98
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1577-1584 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Empirical correlation equations could be derived for comparison of the relative reactivities of a homologous series of chlorophenyl 2,3-epoxypropyl ethers in cationic polymerization initiated by SnCl4, and in anionic polymerization initiated by KOH. These equations include a conformation constant, Sk, accounting for the interaction between the oxirane ring and the aromatic substituent. For the anionic polymerization the saponification number must be introduced additionally into the correlation equation to account for a side reaction between initiator and substituent.
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  • 99
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1653-1659 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The experimental molar mass distribution of the polystyrene standard NBS 706, as determined by high performance size exclusion chromatography, has been fitted with the generalized exponential function, whose parameters have been evaluated by a computer procedure. Comparison is made with the Schulz-Zimm and logarithmic normal distributions, and the consistency of the different average molar masses is discussed.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Four intrinsically different methods for the determination of the number of active centers were employed in propylene polymerization catalyzed by the typical heterogeneous system TiCl3/AlEt2Cl: (i) determination of M̄n (GPC method) and calculation of number of macromolecules therefrom; (ii) quenching with BuOT and determination of tritium in the polymer; (iii) quenching with CO or CO2 and determination of carbonyl groups in the polymer (IR spectroscopy); (iv) quenching with SO2 and determination of sulfur in the polymer. The first two methods exhibited a reasonable agreement for the number of active centers. Method (iii) gave much lower values, whereas method (iv) was found to be virtually unsuitable due to a high extent of side reactions of SO2 with the polymer. A similar comparison of the methods was made in ethylene polymerization catalyzed by the typical homogeneous systems Cp2TiEtCl/AlEtCl2 and Cp2TiEtCl/alumoxane. Method (ii) gave a much lower number of active centers than method (i), due perhaps to a low extent of alcoholysis of the Ti—C bond or to a high kinetic isotope effect. CO2 appeared to be entirely inert as a quenching agent and CO had been reported to show side reactions. It follows that none of the above quenching methods have universal application and thus literature data should be considered with caution.
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