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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 45 (1992), S. 1711-1717 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blend membrane consisting of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and chitosan was prepared from a solvent-casting technique and characterized for their intermolecular interactions using infrared and X-ray diffraction methods. Cross-linking the blend with glutaraldehyde produces a membrane with lower crystallinity and a smaller swelling degree, but having improved thermostability and mechanical properties. The present blend membrane shows a pH-dependent swelling characteristic and will be discussed in detail. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 44 (1992), S. 1823-1828 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The permeation of riboflavin and insulin through poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and chitosan blend membrane was conducted. The permeability coefficients of both solutes through the crosslinked PVA and chitosan blend membrane were in the order of 10-6-10-7 cm3 cm/cm2s and showed a pH dependence. The pH-dependent permeation behavior was discussed in terms of water content and water structure inside of the swollen membrane. Riboflavin and insulin were presumed to permeate through the free water region in the swollen blend membrane. The DSC thermograms of these membranes indicated that the content of free water and the amount of freezing bound water increased with the water content in the membrane. The greater permeation rate of solutes in acidic solution rather than in neutral solution was due to an increase in both water content and the amount of free water and freezing bound water.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurde der Einfluß der sterischen Hinderung durch Polypeptid-Seitenketten auf den Wachstumsmechanismus von Polypeptidkristallen während der Polymerisation untersucht. Dabei wurden von uns Untersuchungen der Kinetik der heterogenen Polymerisation von L-Valin-LEUCHS-Anhydrid (NCA), L-Isoleucin-NCA und L-Leucin-NCA mit Butylamin als Initiator in Acetonitril und der Strukturen sowie der Morphologie der gebildeten Polymere durchgeführt. In den Anfangsstadien der Polymerisation bildeten sich Oligomere, die in dünnen, bandförmigen Kristallen mit antiparalleler β-Konformation kristallisierten. Die molekularen Anordnungen in den Kristallen wurden mit Hilfe der Elektronenbeugung untersucht. In den späteren Stadien der Polymerisation setzten die gewachsenen Poly(L-valin)- und Poly-(L-iso1eucin)-Ketten die β-Struktur weiter fort, und ihre aktiven Enden wurden in den gebildeten Kristallen eingeschlossen, was ein-Einpendeln des Umsatzes bei einem niedrigen Wert zur Folge hatte. Poly(L-leucin) andererseits schien Kristalle mit gestreckten Ketten zu bilden, die zu einem sehr hohen Umsatz führten. Dies kann nicht ohne die Annahme erklärt werden, daß sich auf den in den Anfangsstadien der Polymerisation gebildeten β-Skelettkristallen α-Helix-Ketten bilden, wie dies im Falle des Poly(L-alanins) bereits früher berichtet wurde.
    Notes: In order to examine the effect of the steric hindrance by the polypeptide side chains on the growth mechanism of polypeptide crystals in the course of polymerization, we studied kinetics of the heterogeneous polymerization of L-valine N-carboxy anhydride (NCA), L-isoleucine NCA, and L-leucine NCA initiated by butylamine in acetonitrile and the structures and morphologies of the resultant polymers. In the early stages of polymerization, oligomers formed crystallized into thin ribbon-like crystals with the antiparallel β-conformation. The molecular arrangements in the crystals were studied by electron diffractions. In the later stages, the grown chains of poly(L-valine) and poly(L-isoleucine) continued to take the β-structure and their active ends were occluded in the crystals formed, which resulted in the levelling off of the conversion at a low value. On the other hand, poly(L-leucine) seemed to give the extended chain crystal, which made the conversion very high. This can not be accounted for without assuming the formation of β-helical chains onto the β-skeleton crystals formed in the early stages of polymerization as in the case of poly(L-alanine) reported previously.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 176 (1975), S. 373-389 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die heterogene Copolymerisation der N-Carboxyanhydride (NCA) aus Glycin und L-Alanin wurde in Acetonitril durchgeführt und der Wachstumsmechanismus der sich bildenden Copolymerkristalle untersucht. In den Ansätzen mit höherem Gehalt an Glycin erfolgt das Kristallwachstum über die Bildung der „Cross-β-Struktur“ wie bereits früher für die Bildung von Poly(S-methyl-L-cystein) vorgeschlagen. Es werden Kristalle aus gefalteten Ketten und hohe Ausbeuten erhalten. Die hohen Umsätze hängen mit der Aufweitung des Querschnitts der Ketten in den Kristallkeimen mit β-Struktur zusammen, die durch den Einbau von L-Alanin-Bausteinen in die Polyglycin-Kette verursacht wird.
    Notes: In order to examine the growth mechanism of copolymer crystals formed during polymerization, the heterogeneous copolymerization of glycine N-carboxy anhydride (NCA) and L-alanine NCA has been studied in acetonitrile. In the polymerization systems with higher contents of glycine, the crystal growth occurs through formation of the cross-β type structure as proposed previously for poly(S-methyl-L-cysteine), giving rise to chain-folded crystals and rather high conversions. The high conversion is accounted for by the widening of the cross-section of the β-chains in the backbone crystal, due to the introduction of L-alanine residues into the polyglycine chain. Copolymerization at higher contents of L-alanine leads to conversions over 90% and extended chain crystals, due to the formation of α-helices on the ribbon-like crystals composed of the β-structure just as in the case of L-alanine NCA homopolymerization, indicating the occlusion of the glycine residues into the helices.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 2089-2095 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In order to examine the growth mechanism of copolymer crystals formed during polymerization, the heterogeneous copolymerization of glycine N-carboxy anhydride (2,5-dioxo-1-oxa-3-azacyclopentane) and S-methyl-L-cysteine N-carboxy anhydride (4-methylthiomethyl-2,5-dioxo-1-oxa-3-azacyclopentane) was studied in acetonitrile. In all the polymerization systems, the crystal growth occurs through formation of the cross-β-type structure. The high conversion in the glycine-rich systems is accounted for by the widening of the cross-section of the β-chain in the backbone crystal, due to the introduction of S-methyl-L-cysteine residues into the polyglycine chain. On the other hand, the narrowing of the cross-sectional area per chain in the skeleton crystals of the oligomer gave rise to the lowering of the conversion in the S-methyl-L-cysteine-rich systems. This shows the importance of the effect of the cross-sectional area of the oligomer chain (of the β structure) in the crystal formed in the begining relative to that of the growing (α-helical) chain. The glycine residue seems to be incorporated into the crystalline lattice of the S-methyl-L-cysteine and vice versa.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Heterogeneous polymerizations of γ-methyl-L-glutamate N-carboxy anhydride (NCA), γ-benzyl-L-glutmate NCA, and β-benzyl-L-aspartate NCA were carried out using butylamine as initiator in acetonitrile at 30°C. The oligomer chains formed in the beginning of the polymerization crystallized into the antiparallel β-form and thereafter the α-helical chains grew from the active sites of the β-chains. The polymerization of γ-methyl-L-gultamate NCA proceeded to 100% conversion and accordingly gave rise to high molecular weight poly(γ-methyl-L-glutamate). The polymerizations of γ-benzyl-L-glutamate NCA and β-benzyl-L-aspartate NCA stopped at 54% and 16%, resp. The levelling-off of the conversion at such low values, in spite of the α-helical chain growth, may be due to the occlusion of the active chain ends of the resultant poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate) and poly(β-benzyl-L-aspartate) into the crystals. It was concluded that the interlamellar crystallization was induced by the intermolecular interaction between the benzyl groups of the polymer side chains, giving rise to the occlusion of the active growing chain ends into the interstices of the crystal formed during the polymerization.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 179 (1978), S. 1231-1237 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In order to examine the structure and growth mechanism of copolymer crystals formed during polymerization, the heterogeneous copolymerization of glycine N-carboxy anhydride and β-benzyl-L-aspartate N-carboxy anhydride, initiated by butylamine, was studied in acetonitrile. In all the copolymerization systems, the crystal growth took place through formation of the cross-β structure, i.e., the introduction of glycine residues into the poly(β-benzyl-L-aspartate) chain during this particular copolymerization broke the α-helix of poly(β-benzyl-L-aspartate). The growth mechanism of the copolymer crystals was compared with that for poly(β-benzyl-L-aspartate) crystals reported previously.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Polymerisation der Leuchs-Anhydride aus Glycin und β-Alanin mit Butylamin als Initiator wurde untersucht. Das Polymere scheidet sich in Form von Sphärolithen aus, die aus bändchenförmigen Kristall-Lamellen bestehen. In den bändchenförmigen Kristallen sind die mit Wasserstoffbrücken verbundenen Moleküle antiparallel orientiert. Diese Ergebnisse unterscheiden sich von den früher für α-Aminosäuren mitgeteilten, bei denen sich gestrecktkettige Kristalle unter Ausbildung der α-Helix bilden. Der Mechanismus des Wachstums der Kristalle wird diskutiert.
    Notes: The polymerization of N-carboxy anhydrides of glycine and β-alanine was studied in acetonitrile with butylamine as initiator. As was expected from the similarity of the backbone chain structure to nylons, the polymer precipitated in the form of a spherulite consisting of ribbon like crystalline units just as in the case of nylons previously reported. The molecules in the ribbon like crystals were arranged antiparallel forming a hydrogenbonded sheet. The result contrasts with that reported previously on some α-amino acids which gave helical polymer molecules organized in the form of an extended chain crystal. The mechanism of the crystal growth has been discussed along the same line as in the case of nylons.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 180 (1979), S. 465-472 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The heterogeneous polymerization of L-proline N-carboxy anhydride was carried out in acetonitrile and benzene, using butylamine as the initiator. Polyproline I was formed in acetonitrile and polyproline II in benzene in the course of the polymerization. The conversion attained 99% and 66% after 1 week-polymerization in acetonitrile and benzene, resp. Extended chain crystals were obtained by the polymerization in acetonitrile. On the other hand, poly(L-proline) obtained by the polymerization in benzene gave aggregates into which many growing chain ends were occluded. The differences in the crystallization behaviour during the polymerization between the two different liquids may be due to the conformation of the resultant polymers. Polyproline I exhibits a cross-section per chain of 0.709 nm2, whereas polyproline II shows only one of 0,386 nm2. The wider the cross-section per chain the more the growing, active chain ends can react with the monomer, giving rise to a higher conversion. In contrast with the case of crystallization of such α-helical chains as poly(L-alanine) during polymerization, hexagonal lamellar crystals were formed.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 47 (1993), S. 917-924 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Graft copolymer membranes from the methylcellulose and the acrylic acid were prepared and their properties and the permeability of four solutes were estimated. Acrylic acid-g-methylcellulose (AA-g-MC) copolymer dissolved in aqueous acetone solvent was cast to prepare membranes followed by the subsequent crosslinking either with aluminium potassium sulfate or by the thermal-curing method. The equilibrium water content in the membrane increased with the volume fraction of acetone in the aqueous acetone solvent system. Membrane, the ionically crosslinked with the aluminum potassium sulfate, showed the water content in the range of 38.5 and 58.4% and 0.25-0.33 kg/mm2 of the tensile strength in the wet state. Compared with ionically crosslinked membranes, thermally dried membranes exhibited a more dense structure, resulting in lower water contents and higher mechanical strength. Experimental results on the permeation of four small and midsize solutes through the graft copolymer membranes revealed the molecular weight dependence of the permeability coefficient. The higher the degree of swelling, the greater the permeability coefficient. Ionically crosslinked membranes had higher solute permeability than the commercial Cuprophane membrane had. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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