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  • Articles  (20,906)
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  • 1995-1999
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  • 1965-1969
  • 1955-1959  (15,182)
  • 1950-1954  (5,724)
  • 1959  (15,182)
  • 1950  (5,724)
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  • Articles  (20,906)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994
  • 1965-1969
  • 1955-1959  (15,182)
  • 1950-1954  (5,724)
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  • 1
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract By means of the Laplace transform, the behavior of a simplified model of the cardiovascular system is mathematically formulated. This formulation allows mathematical expression of the periodicity of the cardiac output and the systemic response. With the cardiac output represented as half of a sine function cycle, the systolic aortic pressure becomes the sum of a sine term and exponential terms, while the sum of the exponential terms alone represents the diastolic pressure. The characteristics of the mathematical expressions for systole and diastole are analyzed, and some relationships of potentially practical value are derived. Variation in the parameters of the system yields mathematical results consistent with the expected physical ones.
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  • 2
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 19-32 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A generalization of Landahl's approximation method (H. D. Landahl,Bull. Math. Biophysics,15, 49–61, 1953) for non-linear diffusion problems is suggested. The method is applied to sorption, desorption, and free diffusion problems involving concentration-dependent diffusion coefficients. With some limitations, the results compare favorably with those obtained by numerical methods.
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  • 3
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 33-60 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Recently a theorem for representing current generators in a volume conductor by the superposition of a central dipole, quadrupole, octopole, etc., has been established by G. C. K. Yeh, J. Martinek, and H. de Beaumont (Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 203–16, 1958). This theorem makes possible the representation of any discrete or line, surface- or volume-distributed current source by a unique model which can be determined for each given case by surface potential measurements and closed form analysis. In this paper the multipole representations of an eccentric dipole and an eccentric double-layer are obtained in terms of the various parameters of the assumed singularities, and the contributions to surface potentials due to each of the multipoles are compared. Certain numerical results corresponding to those of E. Frank (Amer. Heart J.,46, 364–78, 1953) are carried out and compared. Furthermore, the multipole representation of a partially damaged double-layer is also determined and compared with that of an undamaged one. It is concluded that within the range of parameters corresponding to human subjects the higher-order multipoles can contribute significantly to the surface potentials compared with the dipole.
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  • 4
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 97-100 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In line with a recent suggestion by the author (Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 267–73, September, 1958) that not only does the organism as a whole map on the primordial, but that each organ can also be thus mapped, it is shown that the previously introduced abstract spaces, which represent an organism, contain subspaces which map continuously on the space of the primordial. Several theorems about those subspaces are proven.
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  • 5
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 71-95 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The DNA-protein coding problem is given a general algebraic formulation, the consequences of which are then explored by standard mathematical methods. To keep the treatment self-contained, the mathematical techniques to be used are explained in detail. It is demonstrated that there exista priori a countably infinite number of different abstract DNA-protein codes, thereby showing that inductive attempts to construct such a code will most likely be fruitless. A notion of ergodicity is then introduced, which imposes a number of restrictions on the admissible codes, and, in fact, these considerations enable us toderive a small portion of a code which, if our hypothesis of ergodicity is correct, must occur in nature. Finally, we discuss briefly the problem as to whether there can exist more than one DNA-protein code in nature.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The present-day practices of electrocardiography and vectorardiography are based upon the theory that the surface potential differences can be assumed to be due to a single dipole inside the body. It is shown in this paper that a dipole cannot account for all the surface potentials due to realistic current generators, and hence the determination of the current generator from surface potential measurements based upon such a theory will lead to inconsistent representations of the heart for one and the same subject. To demonstrate this point two eccentric dipoles of different strengths and locations representing two muscle fibers are taken to be the current generator in a homogeneous spherical conductor. The exact surface potentials are then expressed by means of the “interior sphere theorem” of the authors. With these expressions the magnitude, direction, and location of the resultant dipole are determined by the method of D. Gabor and C. V. Nelson (J. App. Physics,25, 413–16, 1954). The surface potentials due to this resultant dipole are again exactly expressed by means of the “interior sphere theorem” and compared with those due to the eccentric dipoles assumed. It can be seen that the differences can be considerable. It is suggested that the multipole model of the authors (Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 203–16, 1958) be used as a more accurate and the only unique representation of the heart.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 101-106 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In a preceding paper (Bull. Math. Biophysics 20, 71–93, 1958) the principle of biotopological mapping was formulated in terms of a continuous mapping of an abstract space, made from the set of biological properties which characterize the organism, by an appropriate definition of neighborhoods. In this paper it is shown that we may consider directly the mappings of the different sets of properties which characterize different organisms without taking recourse to abstract spaces. All the verificable conclusions made in the preceding paper remain valid. A serious difficulty mentioned previously is, however, avoided and the possibility of more general predictions is established.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 107-107 
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
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  • 9
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 109-128 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The general Theory of Categories is applied to the study of the (M, R)-systems previously defined. A set of axioms is provided which characterize “abstract (M, R)-systems”, defined in terms of the Theory of Categories. It is shown that the replication of the repair components of these systems may be accounted for in a natural way within this framework, thereby obviating the need for anad hoc postulation of a replication mechanism. A time-lag structure is introduced into these abstract (M, R)-systems. In order to apply this structure to a discussion of the “morphology” of these systems, it is necessary to make certain assumptions which relate the morphology to the time lags. By so doing, a system of abstract biology is in effect constructed. In particular, a formulation of a general Principle of Optimal Design is proposed for these systems. It is shown under what conditions the repair mechanism of the system will be localized into a spherical region, suggestive of the nuclear arrangements in cells. The possibility of placing an abstract (M, R)-system into optimal form in more than one way is then investigated, and a necessary and sufficient condition for this occurrence is obtained. Some further implications of the above assumptions are then discussed.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 141-151 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The transient stage of the random dispersal of logistic populations is investigated, using a Sturm-Liouville series leading to an infinite system of non-linear integral equations. These equations are then solved via a successive approximation scheme. R. A. Fisher's (steady-state) velocity of advance paradox is discussed. An illustrative example is worked to the second order of approximation.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 153-159 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract An approximation method using a sine function is used to solve the second degree growth equation for the case in which an organism may simultaneously become dispersed throughout a uniform region. The resulting expression for a special case is compared with the expression obtained by R. Barakat (1959,Bull. Math. Biophysics,21, 141–51), giving the first two terms, by an iterative, procedure. The agreement is satisfactory.
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  • 12
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 129-140 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Diffusion through a flat pore into a large open region is proportional to the linear dimension of the pore and not to its area. This was first explained by Brown and Escombe (1900) for a circular pore and is here generalized, by means of a dimensional argument, to include any type of regular opening. The problem is further generalized to include diffusion through pores of finite thickness, finite distance apart, and into finite regions. Since this problem cannot be solved exactly, an approximation method is introduced. Reasons for the credibility of the approximation are presented. It is then shown, by means of the approximation method, that the diffusive flow through a pore is equal to the total concentration difference divided by the resistance of the system. The resistance, in turn, is the sum of the resistances of all portions of the system, each of which is calculated. The result is compared with results which have been calculated exactly for limiting cases and found to agree very well. The results are then applied to a standard method of computing pore size in membranes, and it is shown that the correction factor is negligible.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 161-183 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract V. S. Ivlev [Experimental Ecology of Nutrition of Fishes, 1955, Moscow (in Russia)] has shown that the food uptake by fishes during a fixed interval of time is an exponential function of the concentration of food. Ivlev's equation is derived here, and it is shown that it can hold only for non-stationary conditions, such as prevailed in Ivlev's experiments. For a stationary state, the rate of food uptake should tend asymptotically to a limiting value as the concentration increases, but the variation is not exponential. Different other aspects of the problem are investigated, and definite new experimental procedures suggested. The implications of Ivlev's findings on the effect of non-uniformity of food distribution upon the rate of food consumption are studied from a mathematical point of view. The conclusion is reached that whereas a fish does not, in the process of eating, move directly to an individual food particle which it perceives, it does move more or less directly to large aggregates of particles, if the latter are distributed nonuniformly.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 185-193 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Some relational aspects of the property of self-reproduction of biological systems are studied. If in addition to the requirement of the property of self-reproduction we add also the requirement of adaptability of the organism to changing environment, this imposes certain conditions on the topology of the graphs which represent such systems. A further study of the relational properties of such systems seems to offer the possibility of deriving the principle of biological mapping from the requirement of self-reproduction and adaptability. An examination of the problem of the original formation of such self-reproducing systems in connection with the established fact of impossibility of spontaneous generation leads to the conclusion that an organism must inhibit such processes which, in the absence of organisms, would lead to spontaneous generation.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 195-216 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract In the human, the antagonistic, extensor-flexor system of the leg is an example of a common type of neurophysiological feedback system. After a brief introduction to the neuroanatomy and physiology of this feedback system, the paper formulates transfer functions from temporal response data available in the literature. A feedback stability analysis, based on the extension of Nyquist's stability criteria to multiple-loop systems and utilizing flow-graph techniques, demonstrates the stable behavior of the system. Expressions are given relating the sensitivity of the system to variations in muscle response and Golgi tendon organ (tension receptor) response. By considering the events taking place at synapses and end-plates during “isometric tension-small knee angle excursion” conditions as stationary stochastic processes, an external “noise” input to the system is given, whose spectrum is derived from the statistics of a shot-process representation of these events. The paper concludes with some correlations between the analytical results and clinical syndromes.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 217-255 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this continuation of a previous report it is shown how the Volterra population dynamics, which underlies the statistical theory, can be based on a variational principle; how the dynamics can be generalized as regards both the behavior of total populations and migration phenomena; and how many directly observable data, such as amplitudes and frequencies of oscillation of a population, fit into the statistical theory and can test it. Such a test is carried out in some detail using the fox-catch data of Elton, with a clear indication that the theory is capable of comprehending the major statistical properties of population-time curves. A final section sketches an extension of the theory to cover secular variations of external conditions such as temperature of the environment.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 13-17 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper extends Leslie's vector and matrix treatment of populations. A simple matrix is given for species in which adult mortality and fertility are independent of age, but in which the juvenile mortality rate differs from the adult. The population vector can be changed into a population matrix. This should allow equations using functions of the size of the population to be developed. Genetic variables such as sex or other polymorphisms can be introduced, and the notation allows different systems of selection or non-random mating to be specified.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 3 (1950), S. 84-97 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary These past 25 years, sinceBenndorf [1] gave his theory of the electric field of the earth, the conception has been endorsed that the meteorological phenomena and especially the world-wide thunderstorm activity must be considered as the origin of the electric field of current. In this article the theory ofBenndorf, which is very general as regards the generator of atmospheric electricity, is applied to the thunderstorm activity being the current's source. It may be emphasized that many of the equations laid down here have already been developed byBenndorf for the case of the spherical condenser. Here the theoretical deductions are different: giving prominence to the field of flow, they proceed from the second equation of Maxwell and lead in a continuous development to the construction of an electro-technical equivalent circuit of the current in the spherical condenser. Proceeding from the technical notions the general physical deductions get much more distinctness. In addition, it can be shown that the space charges, which play the leading part in the electrostatic views on atmospheric electricity, have but little importance for the field of flow and have no influence on the current density or the field force. Thereby new prospects follow for the interpretation of the records of the electric field in a thunderstorm. The electro-technical equivalent circuit shows furthermore immediately that the world-time curve of the potential gradient on sea is not uninfluenced by the variable air-resistance on the mainland and that it reflects therefore only approximately the world-wide thunderstorm activity. Although this influence on the world-time daily variation is small — according to a rough valuation less than 17% — the desire arises for closer experimental and theoretical investigations about this problem.
    Abstract: Résumé Depuis queBenndorf [1] a donné, il y a 25 ans, sa théorie du champ électrique terrestre, l'opinion générale s'est de plus en plus affirmée que les phénomènes météorologiques et en particulier l'activité orageuse mondiale constituaient la source d'énergie du champ des courants électriques. Dans la présente étude, la théorie générale deBenndorf relative au générateur de l'électricité atmosphérique est appliquée plus particulièrement à l'activité orageuse considérée comme source de courant. Il faut remarquer que beaucoup d'équations établies ici avaient déjà été développées parBenndorf dans le cas d'un condensateur sphérique. La voie suivie est, il est vrai, différente, car en insistant sur la notion de champ de courant on part de la deuxième équation de Maxwell et on aboutit à une image électrotechnique du courant dans le condensateur sphérique. En utilisant les représentations de la technique, les principes physiques et les déductions gagnent beaucoup en clarté; il apparaît en outre que les charges électriques libres qui jouent un si grand rôle dans l'électrostatique atmosphérique sont très peu importants dans le champ de courant et n'exercent aucune influence sur la densité de courant ni sur l'intensité du champ. Cela ouvre quelques nouvelles perspectives sur l'interprétation d'un enregistrement du champ électrique lors d'un orage. De plus le schéma électrotechnique montre immédiatement que la courbe du gradient de potential sur mer en fonction du temps universel n'est pas indépendante de la résistance variable de l'air sur terre et ne reflète donc qu'approximativement l'activité orageuse mondiale. Bien que cet effet sur la variation diurne soit heureusement faible (probablement inférieur à 17%), il est à souhaiter que l'on poursuive sur ce point les recherches expérimentales et théoriques.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung SeitBenndorf [1] vor 25 Jahren seine Theorie des elektrischen Feldes der Erde schrieb, hat sich immer mehr die Auffassung durchgesetzt, daß das meteorologische Geschehen und speziell die Weltgewittertätigkeit als die Kraftquelle des elektrischen Strömungsfeldes anzusehen ist. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird nun die bezüglich des luftelektrischen Generators recht allgemein gehalteneBenndorf-Theorie auf die Gewittertätigkeit als Stromquelle spezialisiert. Dabei soll gleich eingangs betont werden, daß viele der hier abgeleiteten Gleichungen bereits vonBenndorf für den Fall des Kugelkondensators entwickelt wurden. Der Weg der theoretischen Ableitung ist hier zwar ein anderer. Unter starker Betonung des Strömungsfeldes geht er aus von der zweiten Maxwellschen Gleichung und führt in stetiger Folge bis zur Konstruktion eines elektrotechnischen Ersatzschaltbildes der Strömung im Kugelkondensator. Durch das Anknüpfen an die technische Vorstellungswelt gewinnen einmal die allgemeinen physikalischen Ansätze und Ableitungen ungemein an Klarheit, zum andern kommt hier besonders deutlich zum Ausdruck, daß die Raumladungen, die im elektrostatisch luftelektrischen Denken die Hauptrolle spielen, im Strömungsfeld von ganz untergeordneter Bedeutung sind und gar keinen Einfluß auf die Stromdichte oder die Feldstärke haben. Es ergeben sich dabei einige neue Ausblicke auf die Ausdeutung einer luftelektrischen Feldregistrierung bei einem Gewitter. Ferner zeigt das technische Ersatzschaltbild unmittelbar, daß die Weltzeitkurve des Potentialgefälles auf See nicht unbeeinflußt von dem veränderlichen Luftwiderstand über dem Festland ist und somit nur in Annäherung die Weltgewittertätigkeit widerspiegelt. Wenn auch glücklicherweise dieser Einfluß auf den weltzeitlichen Tagesgang gering ist—nach roher Schätzung kleiner als 17%—, so entsteht doch der Wunsch, hier eingehendere experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen durchzuführen.
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 54 (1950), S. 1-36 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 54 (1950), S. 37-44 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 54 (1950), S. 45-54 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 54 (1950), S. 55-70 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 54 (1950), S. 71-78 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 54 (1950), S. 79-80 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 54 (1950), S. 81-99 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 54 (1950), S. 99-99 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 54 (1950), S. 100-107 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 54 (1950), S. 130-134 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 54 (1950), S. 108-129 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 54 (1950), S. 135-139 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 54 (1950), S. 140-156 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 54 (1950), S. 161-174 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 54 (1950), S. 157-160 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 54 (1950), S. 183-187 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 54 (1950), S. 210-220 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 54 (1950), S. 221-234 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 54 (1950), S. 235-240 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 54 (1950), S. 241-254 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 54 (1950), S. 284-307 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 54 (1950), S. 265-283 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 54 (1950), S. 255-264 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 54 (1950), S. 308-312 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 54 (1950), S. 313-329 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 54 (1950), S. 330-344 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 54 (1950), S. 345-353 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 54 (1950), S. 354-360 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 1-18 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 24-31 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 32-38 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 39-58 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 59-83 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 84-100 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 112-123 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 101-111 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 124-127 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 169-188 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 128-168 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 189-208 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 209-213 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 214-227 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 228-230 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 231-240 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 244-255 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 265-270 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 256-264 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 241-243 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 271-276 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 277-286 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 287-297 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 298-301 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 302-308 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 309-316 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 317-343 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 351-355 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 356-358 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 344-350 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 359-367 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 368-377 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 378-393 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 394-400 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 63 (1959), S. 401-415 
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 11 (1959), S. 218-226 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An attempt has been made to carry out the graphical integration of the barotropic vorticity equation ofFjörtoft in the 850 mb-level. By the example of a characteristic weather situation the approximative formulae given byFjörtoft are examined and the results of the discussion communicated.
    Abstract: Résumé Essai d'intégration graphique de l'équation de tourbillon barotrope deFjörtoft à 850 mb. Etude des formules approchées du même auteur appliquées à une situation météorologique typique.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird versucht, die graphische Integration der barotropen Wirbelgleichung nachFjörtoft im 850 mb-Niveau durchzuführen. An Hand einer markanten Wetterlage werden die vonFjörtoft angegebenen Näherungsformeln untersucht und die Diskussionsergebnisse mitgeteilt.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Based on purely dynamical reasoning an explanation for the strong “westward-intensification” of the polarfront jetstream into the angle between the inclined polarfront surface and the opposite inclined tropopause on the eastern side of an outbreak of cold polar air is presented. Certain similarity of the structure of the atmosphere with that of the ocean in the main core of the gulf stream has guided me to apply the inertial boundary layer theory ofJ. Charney [1] to such an atmospheric system. A three-layered model of the atmosphere has been developed and corresponding equations of motion were derived, which allow to handle the problem according to the solution ofCharney. The comparison with the slopes of polarfront and tropopause according to the observations and with the observed “westward intensification” of the flow is rather satisfactory. However, we must understand that this theory only considers the dynamical side of the phenomenon and does only approximately account for the important contribution of thermodynamic processes by the use of the rather simple model.
    Abstract: Résumé L'auteur tente d'expliquer du point de vue purement dynamique l'intensification vers l'Ouest du jet situé dans l'angle compris entre le front polaire et la tropopause d'inclinaison contraire, sur le flanc oriental d'un afflux d'air polaire. Une certaine analogie entre la structure de l'atmosphère et celle de l'océan à l'endroit du Gulf-stream incite à appliquer au cas évoqué ici la théorie de la couche limite d'inertie deJ. Charney [1]. On imagine un type d'atmosphère à trois couches pour lequel on établit les équations du mouvement permettant de traiter le problème en cause à l'aide du procédé deJ. Charney. Les observations concernant l'inclinaison du front polaire et de la tropopause ainsi que celles de l'intensification du jet vers l'Ouest confirment la théorie de façon très satisfaisante. Cette dernière, purement dynamique, ne tient compte que d'une manière approchée des processus thermodynamiques sans doute importants.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine auf rein dynamischen Grundlagen beruhende Erklärung für die starke „Westwärts-Intensivierung” des Polar-front-Jetstream in den Winkel zwischen der geneigten Polarfrontfläche und der gegengeneigten Tropopause an der Ostflanke eines polaren Kälteausbruches gegeben. Eine gewisse Ähnlichkeit des Atmosphärenaufbaues mit dem Aufbau des Ozeans im Stromstrich des Golfstromes führt dazu, die Trägheitsgrenzschichten-Theorie vonJ. Charney [1] auf ein solches atmosphärisches System anzuwenden. Ein dreigeschichtetes Atmosphärenmodell wird entwickelt, und für dieses werden Bewegungsgleichungen abgeleitet, die es erlauben, das Problem entsprechend dem LösungsgangCharneys zu behandeln. Der Vergleich mit den aus den Beobachtungen abgeleiteten Neigungen der Polarfront und der Tropopause und der beobachteten „Westwärts-Intensivierung” des Stromes fällt sehr befriedigend aus. Diese Theorie erfaßt selbstverständlich nur die rein dynamische Seite der Erscheinung und berücksichtigt den sicher wichtigen Beitrag der thermodynamischen Prozesse durch die Verwendung des rohen Modells nur näherungsweise.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 11 (1959), S. 240-251 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für mehr als 30 Einzelfälle wurde die vertikale Ozonverteilung aus Umkehrbeobachtungen (Zenitstreulicht) mit Hilfe einer digitalen elektronischen Rechenmaschine berechnet, wobei Glieder erster und zweiter Ordnung einer Reihenentwicklung nach dem Ozongehalt der neun Schichten, in welche die Atmosphäre aufgeteilt wird, verwendet wurden. Die Methode wurde geprüft, indem Umkehrkurven aus den so bestimmten vertikalen Ozonverteilungen rückwärts berechnet wurden. Ferner wurde untersucht, wie sich die vonRamanathan zur Berücksichtigung der Mehrfachstreuung eingeführten Korrekturen auf die Resultate dieser Auswertung auswirken. Spezielle Aufmerksamkeit verlangen die Fehler, die in der berechneten Ozonverteilung entstehen können, wenn sich der Ozongehalt während der zur Aufnahme einer Umkehrkurve nötigen Beobachtungszeit ändert. Während die Schwankungen des Ozongehaltes mit der Jahreszeit in Höhen oberhalb 25 km relativ klein sind und in guter Übereinstimmung mit der photochemischen Theorie stehen, findet man unterhalb von 20 km sehr große Änderungen vom Frühjahr zum Herbst, die ohne Zweifel durch die Einwirkung von Strömungen, somit durch die allgemeine Zirkulation, bedingt sind.
    Abstract: Résumé On a calculé pour plus de trente cas particuliers la répartition verticale de l'ozone à partir de l'effet deGötz se rapportant au rayonnement zénithal diffus, en décomposant l'atmosphère en neuf couches et en ne retenant que les termes du 1er et du 2e degré d'un développement en série. Les resultats furent contrôlés par un calcul inverse à partir des répartitions ainsi obtenues. On a en outre étudié l'effet des corrections de dispersion multiple deRamanathan. Il faut particulièrement prendre garde aux erreurs naissant du fait que la teneur en ozone peut varier au cours d'une observation. Si les variations en teneur d'ozone au cours de l'année au-delà de 25 km. sont relativement faibles et s'accordent avec la théorie photochimique, au-dessous de 20 km. par contre on observe entre le printemps et l'automne de grandes différences dues sans doute a l'action de courants et de la circulation atmosphérique générale.
    Notes: Summary Vertical ozone distributions have been computed from Umkehr observations for more than 30 cases on a digital electronic computor using first and second order terms of a series expansion in the ozone content of nine atmospheric layers. The method has been checked by recomputing some Umkehr curves from the calculated vertical distribution. The influence of correcting terms for higher order scattering proposed byRamanathan on the results obtained by this method is discussed. Attention must further be given to errors in the computed vertical distribution which can arise from ozone changes within the time of observation. While variations with season of the ozone content at heights above 25 km are relatively small and in good agreement with the photochemical theory the differences between spring and fall are very large below 20 km. They are without any doubt produced by air currents (i. e. general circulation).
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 11 (1959), S. 227-239 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The importance of undisturbed meteorological observations on the open sea is discussed and the requirements for an adequate instrument buoy are specified. The constructive solution is as follows: a floater 2,5 m high, approximately elliptical cross section (longer axis of the cross section at all heights 1,5m, transverse axis on the surface 1 m, below 0,5 m) with a stabilizing weight of 500 kg, movable (to 7,5 m draught), guiding fins, damping plates, and windlass for hoisting the weight; mast of aluminium 9 m long, with horizontal spars on which the instruments are fixed. Characteristic period of the apparatus about 10 sec. It was used (in the German Bay and in the Baltic Sea) at various times for several weeks up to wind-force 6 for measuring wind, temperature, and humidity distributions in the maritime boundary layer of the atmosphere and it showed maximum oscillations of the mast of 10 degrees and vertical movements of ±25 cm, following well the wave motion even with short waves. The instrument buoy is trailed by the research ship, measurements are carried out (by cable) in drifting while the buoy places itself automatically on the windward side of the ship (at a distance of about 50 m). In this way undisturbed measurements were obtained. Examples are communicated showing the influence of the wind on the drifting velocity of the system research ship — instrument buoy (relative to the water surface) and the difference of wind velocity at the same height at the ship and the buoy (from which the disturbing influence of the ship can be seen). A characteristic quarter-hour profile of wind velocity, air temperature, and air humidity between the levels 0,8 m and 16 m above water is given.
    Abstract: Résumé Considérant l'importance de mesures météorologiques exemptes d'erreurs en haute mer, l'auteur a développé un support à instruments adéquat dont les caractéristiques sont les suivantes: flotteur de 2,5 m. de haut à section elliptique, muni d'une dérive escamotable de 500 kg. et de 7,5 m. de tirant d'eau; gouverhails, ailerons amortisseurs et treuil; mât d'aluminium de 9 m. muni de petites vergues à instruments. La période propre de l'engin est de 10 s. env. Lors d'essais dans la baie d'Helgoland et en mer Baltique par vent de force 6 en vue de mesures de vent, de température et d'humidité de la couche limite au-dessus de l'eau, le mât de l'engin a oscillé de 10 degrés et les déplacement verticaux furent de ±25 cm.; le flotteur suit la houle, même par vagues courtes. L'engin est remorqué par le bateau explorateur et les mesures se font en dérive; distant d'environ 50 m. de son remorqueur, le flotteur se place automatiquement au vent du bateau ce qui assure des mesures correctes. L'effet perturbateur du remorqueur ressort d'exemples illustrant comment la vitesse du système bateau-flotteur dépend du vent et montrant les différences de vitesse du vent au même niveau sur l'un et sur l'autre. Un profil caracteristique d'un quart d'heure de la vitesse du vent, de la température et de l'humidité de l'air entre 0,8 et 16 m. au-dessus de l'eau est montré.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Bedeutung ungestörter meteorologischer Beobachtungen auf offener See wird erörtert und die Anforderungen an den dafür notwendigen Instrumententräger werden fixiert. Die konstruktive Lösung wird geschildert: 2,5 m hoher Schwimmkörper, etwa elliptischer Querschnitt (Längsachse des Querschnitts in allen Höhen 1,5 m, Querachse an der Oberfläche 1 m, unten 0,5 m), mit (auf 7,5 m Tiefgang) ausfahrbarem Stabilisierungsgewicht von 500 kg, Leitflossen, Dämpfungsplatten und Handwinde zum Fieren des Gewichtes; 9 m langer Aluminiummast mit waagrechten Spieren zur Gerätehalterung. Eigenschwingungsperiode der Apparatur ist etwa 10 sec. Bei mehreren mehrwöchigen Einsätzen bis Windstärke 6 anläßlich von Messungen der Wind-, Temperatur- und Feuchteschichtung in der maritimen Grenzschicht der Atmosphäre zeigte das Gerät (auf der Deutschen Bucht und Ostsee) maximale Schwankungen des Mastes von 10° und Vertikalbewegungen von ±25 cm, es folgte dem Wellengang auch bei kurzen Wellen gut. Die Apparatur wird vom Forschungsschiff geschleppt, Messungen geschehen (über Kabel) im Treiben, wobei das Gerät sich (etwa 50 m entfernt) automatisch in Luv des Schiffes legt. Man erhält so ungestörte Messungen. Beispiele für die Windabhängigkeit der Driftgeschwindigkeit des Systems Forschungsschiff-Meßboje (relativ zur Wasseroberfläche) und für die Windgeschwindigkeitsunterschiede in derselben Höhe am Forschungsschiff und an der Tonne (als Beispiel für die Größe der Schiffsstörung) werden mitgeteilt. Ein charakteristisches Viertelstundenprofil von Windgeschwindigkeit, Lufttemperatur und Luftfeuchtigkeit zwischen 0,8 und 16 m Wasserabstand wird gezeigt.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 11 (1959), S. 368-382 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Since September 1, 1957, continuous recordings of the ozone content of the air near the ground are being made at the Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik, Vienna, according to a method given byA. Ehmert. The apparatus and measuring procedure are discussed. Annual and daily variations, for all months and seasons, and for clear and overcast days are given. The variability of the amount of ozone is given in the form of frequency distributions of daily means, of midnight- and noon-readings, and of the interdiurnal variability.
    Abstract: Résumé On effectue depuis le 1er septembre 1957 à la Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik à Vienne des enregistrements continus de la teneur en ozone de la couche d'air voisine du sol d'après un procédé deA. Ehmert ici décrit. Les résultats obtenus permettent d'établir les variations diurnes et annuelles par mois et par saisons ainsi que pour les jours clairs et couverts. Examen des distributions de fréquences des moyennes journalières, des valeurs de minuit et de midi et de la variation interdiurne.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Seit 1. September 1957 werden an der Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik in Wien nach einem vonA. Ehmert angegebenen Verfahren fortlaufend Registrierungen des Ozongehaltes der bodennahen Luftschicht durchgeführt. Die Registrieranordnung und das Meßverfahren werden besprochen. Aus den bisherigen Beobachtungsergebnissen werden Jahres- und Tagesgänge für die einzelnen Monate und Jahreszeiten und für heitere und bedeckte Tage abgeleitet. Ferner wird die Veränderlichkeit der Ozonwerte in der Darstellung von Häufigkeitsverteilungen der Tagesmittel, der Mitternachts- und der Mittagswerte sowie der interdiurnen Änderungen diskutiert.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 11 (1959), S. 392-402 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary First experiences of operation of a cathode-ray radio: bearing-compass used for sferic-bearings are communicated.
    Abstract: Résumé Premiers résultats obtenus au moyen d'un phare radio à tube cathodique.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über erste Betriebserfahrungen mit einem Kathodenstrahl-Sichtfunkpeiler berichtet, der uns für Sferic-Peilungen zur Verfügung stand.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 11 (1959), S. 333-367 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Measurements of drop size, water content and visibility in clouds have been carried out from January till May 1953 and from September 1954 to February 1955 on the Feldberg (1493 m. a. s. 1.) in the southern Black Forest. The drops of the different spectra have a mean diameter between 6 and 30 μ; the diameters of the largest measured drops lie between 50 and 60 μ. The water content shows values between 0.003 and 1.54g/m3 whereby more than 90 per cent of all measurements lead to a water content below 0.50 g/m3. A simple relation between visibility, drop size and water content according to the formula ofTrabert does not exist. A closed connection between the form of the spectra and the precipitations has been found. In periods without or with only slight precipitation narrow spectra ( $$\bar d$$ 〈 12.0 μ) prevail, in periods with persistent precipitation broad ones ( $$\bar d$$ 〉 12.0 μ). All measurements in elevanted fog make an exception, showing broad spectra with $$\bar d$$ between 13 and 17 μ without any precipitation. The simultaneous existance of the 3 phases: water vapour, liquid water and ice particles over alonger periods has been stated; the ice crystall precipitation theory ofBergeron andFindeisen for the mechanism of precipitation can therefore not hold in the generally accepted extent. The examination of the problems of cloud physics appears to be necessary, not only in thermodynamical respect, but also in the sense of coloid physics according toSchmauss.
    Abstract: Résumé On a effectué de janvier à mai 1953 et de septembre 1954 à février 1955 au Feldberg (1493 m.) en Forêt-Noire des mesures de grosseur de gouttelettes, de teneur en eau et de visibilité dans les nuages. Les gouttelettes ont und diamètre moyen compris entre 6 et 30 μ; les plus grosses mesurent 50 à 60 μ. La teneur en eau varie de 0,003 à 1,54 g/m3; dans plus de 90% des mesures, elle reste inférieure a 0,5g/m3. Il n'y a pas de relation simple, qui suivrait la formula deTrabert, entre visibilité, grosseur des gouttelettes et teneur en eau. Il existe par contre une relation étroite entre la forme du spectre de fréquence et les précipitations. Lorsque celles-ci sont nulles ou très faibles ce sont les spectres étroit ( $$\bar d$$ 〈 12,0 μ) qui dominent; par précipitations durables, ce sont les spectres larges ( $$\bar d$$ 〉 μ). Dans le stratus, sans pluie, les spectres larges ( $$\bar d$$ entre 13 et 17 μ) prédominent. On a constaté l'existence simultanée des trois phases solide, liquide et gazeuse pendant d'assez longs intervalles de temps, de sorte que le théorie deBergeron et deFindeisen concernant la genène des précipitations n'a pas la généralité qu'on lui prête. Il apparaît nécessaire d'aborder les problèmes de la physique des nuages non seulement du point de vue thermodynamique, mais aussi de celui de l'état colloïdal au sens deSchmauss.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Auf dem Feldberg (1493 m NN) im südlichen Schwarzwald wurden von Januar 1953 bis Mai 1953 und von September 1954 bis Februar 1955 Messungen von Tropfengröße, Wassergehalt und Sichtweite in Wolken durchgeführt. Die Tropfen der einzelnen Spektren haben einen mittleren Durchmesser zwischen 6 und 30 μ; die Durchmesser der größten gemessenen Tropfen liegen zwischen 50 und 60 μ. Der Wassergehalt hat Werte zwischen 0,003 und 1,54 g/m3, wobei über 90% aller Messungen einen Wassergehalt unter 0,50 g/m3 zeigen. Ein einfacher Zusammenhang zwischen Sichtweite, Tropfengröße und Wassergehalt nach derTrabertschen Formel besteht nicht. Eine enge beziehung wurde zwischen der Form der Spektren und dem Niederschlag gefunden. In Zeiten ohne Niederschlag und bei geringfügigem Niederschlag überwiegen schmale ( $$\bar d$$ 〈 12,0 μ), in Zeiten mit länger andauerndem Niederschlag breite Spektren ( $$\bar d$$ 〉 12,0 μ). Eine Ausnahme machen alle Messungen in Hochnebel, die breite Spektren mit $$\bar d$$ zwischen 13 und 17 μ zeigen, ohne daß Niederschlag fällt. Das gleichzeitige Vorhandensein der drei Phasen Wasserdampf, flüssiges Wasser und Eisteilchen über längere Zeiträume hinweg wurde festgestellt; somit kann die Eiskristall-Niederschlagstheorie vonBergeron und vonFindeisen für den Mechanismus der Niederschlagsbildung nicht im allgemein angenommenen Ausmaß zutreffen. Es erscheint notwendig, die Frage der Wolkenphysik nicht nur thermodynamisch, sondern auch in vermehrtem maß kolloidphysikalisch im Sinne vonSchmauss zu untersuchen.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 11 (1959), S. 412-412 
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    Helgoland marine research 3 (1950), S. 119-169 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
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    Topics: Biology
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    Helgoland marine research 3 (1950), S. 59-81 
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    Helgoland marine research 3 (1950), S. 1-57 
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    Helgoland marine research 3 (1950), S. 171-205 
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    Helgoland marine research 6 (1959), S. 239-240 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
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    Helgoland marine research 7 (1959), S. 3-50 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
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    Helgoland marine research 6 (1959), S. 241-259 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This preliminary communication deals with the development of the herring otolith mainly during the first year of life. The material was collected in 1957 and 1958 within the German Bight. It mainly consists of the offspring of summer/autumn spawning Bank herring. The different developmental stages of otoliths of O-group herrings are shown in fig. 3. The typical outline of the herring otolith is reached at about 90 mms of total length. The otolith length (largest diameter) was determined from photographs. The allometry of the otolith growth to body size shows four main different phases: 1. The larval stage up to metamorphosis, 2. the growth during and immediately after metamorphosis, 3. a disturbance at about 80–90 mms of total length and 4. after that a growth similar to that of the larval stage (fig. 4). These conditions are about the same as in the relation of head to body length (fig. 5). Therefore the relation between head and otolith remains constant in the main. Only one significant break of the curve was found: Up to metamorphosis the otolith grows negatively allometric. Afterwards isometry is nearly established (fig. 6). The measurements on size of the otolith centre were hampered by the lack of a sharp contour of the centre in many otoliths. A transition zone lying between the centre and the opaque ring and the structure of larval otoliths is described (fig. 7–8). There is no difference between the size of otolith centres just after they have been formed and about 1 year later (fig. 10). Back calculations and direct observations showed, that the formation of the first opaque ring starts in larvae of about 28–30 mms at the end of March. The first opaque zone of the herring otolith consists of a succession of opaque and hyaline rings. In some otoliths it is not possible to come to a decision wether the broad zone of semi-opaque or hyaline elements following the first strong opaque ring has not to be reckoned as secondary ring meaning a part of the summer zone followed by a further opaque zone in late summer or rather as first ”winter ring“. Further investigations are planned on otoliths of different origin and on the growth pattern of young herring in the German Bight.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Etwa 1000 Heringslarven und Jungheringe aus den Fängen der Jahre 1957 und 1958 wurden untersucht. Die Proben bestanden in erster Linie aus den Abkömmlingen der im Sommer/Herbst laichenden Bankheringe der mittleren und nördlichen Nordsee. Downslarven und -jungheringe spielten daneben nur eine geringe Rolle. Die Ausmessung des Otolithen und seines Zentralfeldes erfolgte auf Grund von Photographien. Die Ausformung des Otolithen wird anhand von Umrißzeichnungen beschrieben (Abb. 3). In den Abb. 4–6 sind die Allometrieverhältnisse Otolithenlänge : Totallänge, Kopflänge : Totallänge und Otolithenlänge : Kopflänge dargestellt. Die Allometrieverhältnisse von Kopf und Otolith zur Körperlänge ändern sich während des ersten Lebensjahres erheblich. Otolith und Kopf wachsen dagegen nach der Metamorphose annähernd isometrisch zueinander. Die Ausmessung des Zentralfeldes stößt infolge seiner oft unscharfen Begrenzung auf erhebliche Schwierigkeiten. Bei vielen Otolithen liegt zwischen dem eigentlichen Zentralfeld und der ersten opaken Zone eine semi-opake Übergangszone. Die Strukturen der Otolithen von Heringslarven werden kurz beschrieben. Nach Abschluß der Zentralfeldbildung scheint sich die Größe des Zentralfeldes — zumindest während der ersten beiden Lebensjahre — nicht zu verändern (Abb. 10). Längen-Rückenberechnungen an Zentralfeldern und direkte Beobachtungen ergaben, daß die Larven des Bankherings Ende März in der Deutschen Bucht mit der Bildung des ersten opaken Sommerringes beginnen. Der erste opake Ring des Heringsotolithen besteht wie bei anderen Fischen aus einer Aufeinanderfolge von Zonen unterschiedlicher Transparenz. Im Frühjahr werden sehr kräftige opake Strukturen angelegt, denen später transparentere folgen. Für manche Otolithen — besonders bei Jungheringen, die im August im Küstenwasser gefangen worden waren — war es nicht zu entscheiden, ob die diffuse hyaline Zone, die bereits im Sommer angelegt wird, als Sekundärring oder als erster „Winterring“ bewertet werden muß. Weitere Untersuchungen über die Struktur der Otolithen von Heringen verschiedener Herkunft und über das Wachstum der Jungheringe der Deutschen Bucht sind in Vorbereitung.
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    Helgoland marine research 6 (1959), S. 229-238 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Codiolum polyrhizum Lagerh. ist der einzellige Sporophyt im Lebenszyklus einer Art, deren Gametophyt bisher nur aus Kulturen bekannt ist. Dieser bildet auf Muschelschalen kleine Zellscheiben, die in der Mitte mehrschichtig werden. Nicht am Substrat angeheftet wächst er zu unregelmäßigen parenchymatischen Zellhaufen heran, die bei der Fertilisierung vollständig in Gametangien umgewandelt werden. Der Gametophyt ist monözisch, die Kopulation schwach anisogam. Die Alge ist in eine neu aufzustellende Familie der Ulotrichales einzugliedern. Auf die notwendigen Berichtigungen in der Nomenklatur wird hingewiesen.
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