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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 1 (1967), S. 35-56 
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 2
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 1 (1967), S. 173-275 
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 67 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Heterogeneous olefin polymerization catalysts generally consist of a transition metal compound from groups IVB or VB in combination with an organometallic compound from groups I, II, and III of the periodic table of the elements, but in some instances may contain a third component possessing at least one strongly complexing ligand atom. The composition of a coordination catalyst of this type determines both the rate of polymerization of the α-olefin and the stereoregularity of the polymer produced. In order to predict activity and stereospecificity of catalysts for the polymerization of α-olefins, data from the polymerization of propylene using catalysts of the following types were correlated: (1) titanium(III) chloride catalysts in which the organometallic component was varied, (2) coordination catalysts containinig a ligand third component in which the ligand was varied, and (3) coordination catalysts in which the transition metal component was varied.The electronegativity of an orgariometallic compound is known to be important in determining its reactivity with ethers, hydrogen, and other reagents. Both the ionic size and the electronegativity of the central atom appear to be important in determining the utility of both the organometallic and the transition metal compounds as components for coordination catalysts. In general, organometallic and transition metal compounds having small central atoms with similar electronegativities favor the formation of stereospecific catalysts.The present correlation has made it possible to predict the activity and stereospecificity of coordination catalysts for olefin polymerization.
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  • 5
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 1 (1967), S. 119-172 
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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  • 6
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 2 (1967), S. 71-113 
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 7
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 133-136 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Certain homopolymer-polyol mixtures, after treatment with a free-radical generating agent or ionizing radiation, will produce polyurethane elastomers of nearly twice the stiffness and tensile properties compared to control elastomers made with untreated mixtures. Specific examples of these mixtures include the homopolymers of acrylonitrile and vinyl chloride with a poly(oxypropyl) triol of about 3000 molecular weight as the polyol in each case. The marked improvement in the stiffness and tensile properties of elastomers made with the treated mixtures over those of the untreated controls indicates a grafting process occurring between the polyol and homopolymer upon the generation of free radicals. In the present work, grafting could occur by a chain-transfer hydrogen-abstraction mechanism, whereby a free-radical site is generated on both the homopolymer and polyol chains. Coupling of these two free-radical sites would thus result in the establishment of a polymer-polyol graft bond.
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  • 8
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 115-126 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Graft copolymerization of vinyl monomers, mainly methyl methacrylate, in reduced, successively alkylated, or KCN-Treated wool fibers was performed in the redox LiBr-persulfate system without homopolymer. The reduction gives a striking effect in promoting the graft copolymerization. Methylation or ethylene recrosslinking of the reduced wool, especially the former, decreases the graft-on remarkably. By the KCN treatment in which the conversion of disulfide to lanthionine bonds occurs, the grafting is decreased in the bromide-persulfate system but promoted in the system with persulfate alone. Methylation or KCN treatment of wool as well as reduction brings about a great increase in the absorption of persulfate. The grafting of the lanthionine-containing wool in the redox system accompanied by the liberation of bromine might be retarded by the pronounced bromination of monomers over the inhibiting of homopolymerization, because the lanthionine bonds are more stable to bromine than the disulfide bonds. In general, disulfide bonds and the other easily oxidized components of wool may perhaps play an important role in regulating the bromination of monomers and in the graft copolymerization without homopolymer. The molecular weight of graft polymer is decreased distinctly with increasing extent of reduction of wool. From these results, the thiol groups on wool are considered to give predominantly graft centers by the radicalotropy from SO4-·, OH·, and/or Br·.
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  • 9
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 153-153 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 10
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 171-177 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Arbitrary cure times and glass transition temperatures are reported for an epoxy resin cocrosslinked by various weight fractions of hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) and m-phenylenediamine (m-PLDA). The glass transition temperatures of the epoxy resin systems studied yielded an excellent fit to an empirical equation developed by Dyvik for copolymers. The cure time parameters were found to be a linear function of the weight fractions of each crosslinking agent present. The mechanical properties of the epoxy resins were measured by an in situ dynamic modulus technique which employed the use of a resin-coated metallic substrate.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Antiplasticization is applicable to polymers which contain rigid, polar groups and stiff chains, such as many bisphenol polycarbonates and polyesters, 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol polycarbonates and polyesters, cellulose triacetate, and a commercial poly(sulfone ether). The stiffness, hardness, and tensile strength of these polymers are increased by antiplasticizers, and the elongation, impact strength, and heat-distortion temperature are decreased. The stiffness of antiplasticized polymers can be further increased by crystallization. A clear, hard, stiff, tough, self-extinguishing molding plastic with good electrical properties and improved resistance to stress cracking is obtained by antiplasticizing bisphenol A polycarbonate with 20% Aroclor 5460.
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  • 12
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 289-296 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mercerization behavior at 20°C. of Valonia macrophysa cellulose of Japanese origin was investigated by x-ray, moisture regain, and infrared spectrographic methods. The NaOH concentration range necessary for mercerization was 16-20%, which is higher than those required for wood pulp (8-11%), ramie or cotton (11-14%), and even the animal cellulose, Tunicin (14-16%). Treatment with the alkaline solution of the ordinary concentration (17.5%) for 4 days could not mercerize it, and even mercerization with a 19% solution brought about the presence of the reflection from (101)II along with those from (101)I and (101)I after regeneration. Such a high resistance to mercerization of the Valonia cellulose may be due to its larger crystallite size rather than the crystalline content.
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  • 13
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 321-334 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Elastomer processing operations are discussed and classified as unit operations. The theory of nonlinear viscoelasticity is applied to processing unvulcanized amorphous rubber and the significance of the maximum relaxation time τm is emphasized.
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  • 14
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 335-340 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Gel permeation chromatography was used to follow changes in the molecular weight distribution of a polyisobutene, initial Mv = 466,000, during degradation induced by sonic irradiation. Seven samples taken at times of 200-163,500 sec. were studied. In general, a steady decrease in molecular weight was observed, although a bimodal distribution was present after 20,000 sec. irradiation. Various measures of inhomogeneity, Mw/Mn, U, etc., were examined. The function, σn/Mw, where σn is the standard deviation of the number distribution, is considered as a measure of the relative distribution. It is shown to be almost constant throughout the degradation.
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  • 15
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 357-368 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Previous studies by Black and Blomquist on the degradative failure of polymer-metal adhesive bonds have shown that composite failure depends largely on the type of metal substrate employed. In the work reported herein, metal powders of high surface area have been employed to maximize the metal-polymer interface. The composite systems studied consisted for aluminum and iron with polycondensates of bisphenol A-diglycidyl ether, phenol-formaldehyde and poly-2,2′-(m-phenylene)-5,5′-bibenimidazole. The composites were prepared in the absence of air and thermally degraded in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer while the degradation products were continuously monitored from mass 1 to 200. In the polymer and polymer-metal systems investigated, iron accelerated the decomposition of all polymers studied. This was determined by plotting m/e against degradation temperature for the more common mass peaks such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide for the carbon-hydrogen-oxygen-containing polymer and hydrogen cyanide and ammonia for the carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen-containing polymer. This technique offers promise in determining the nature of the interface as well as the effect of the interface on polymer degradation.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study was made of the influence of selected chain modifiers on both the molecular weight of grafted polyacrylonitrile and the grafting frequency of the starch-polyacrylo-nitrile graft copolymer. Gelatinized wheat starch was used with ceric ammonium nitrate as the initiator. The organic chain modifiers investigated were ethyl mercaptan, 1-dodecanethiol, methyl ethyl ketone, acetaldehyde, and chloroform. Sodium chromate, cupric bromide, cupric nitrate, cupric acetate, and cupric chloride were also tested as chain modifiers. In the presence of cupric chloride, there was a tenfold reduction in the molecular weight of grafted polyacrylonitrile; however, fewer chains were grafted to the starch backbone than were observed without cupric chloride.
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  • 17
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 475-478 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 18
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 499-514 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The supermolecular structure of mixtures of crystalline polymers (low pressure and high pressure polyethylene, isotactic polypropylene) with an amorphous polymer (atactic polypropylene) from the point of view of the influence of the amorphous component on the morphology of the crystalline component has been investigated. The criterion of changes in the morphological state of larger supermolecular formations was the microscopic image of the samples obtained with an optical microscope, both between crossed nicols and in phase contrast. It has been established that the formation of typical spherulites depends on the amount of admixture of the amorphous polymer and also on the treatment of the samples. Upon crystallization in presence of a small amount of solvent (p-xylene), formation of typical spherulites of the crystalline component of the mixture can be observed while the same mixture in case of evaporation of the solvent presents a granulated refractive structure without typical spherulites, regardless of the rate of cooling. The probable role of the solvent is to facilitate mutual segregation of the microphases of both polymers in consequence of decrease in viscosity of the mixture. It has been further shown that even after briefly heating the mixture to a temperature of 220°C., before crystallization, spherulites do not form; on the contrary, spherulites originally present disappear and a structure consisting of smaller refractive formations of crystalline polymer is obtained. The formation of this structure, emerging after destruction of spherulites, might be attributed to an increase of interpenetration of both polymers and to an increase of the contact surfaces between components of the mixture.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental assembly incorporating a capacitance-type, differential pressure transducer, which provides resolutions of 3 × 10-4 torr at pressures extending to 30 torr, has been employed to monitor the effect of hydrogen environmental pressure on the hydrogen yield from x-irradiated polyethylenes. Contrary to the observations of previous investigators, the hydrogen yield is found to be independent of hydrogen environmental pressures extending over the critical range up to at least 30 torr. It is demonstrated that neglecting the temperature and density gradients inherent in closed-volume irradiation assemblies employing cryogenic traps to separate liberated gases into condensable and noncondensable fractions may lead to erroneous conclusions with respect to gas yields arising from the irradiation of materials. A homogeneous, variable-plate separation ion chamber consisting of a polyethylene body and utilizing flowing ethylene as the cavity gas was employed to obtain total volatile G values of 3.6 ± 0.4, 3.8 ± 0.4, and 4.0 ± 0.4 molecules/100 e.v., for Marlex 6002, Dow Ziegler (Q 917.5), and DuPont A-1410 polyethylenes, respectively. A hydrogen contribution of approximately 98 mole-% was obtained with this experimental method.
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  • 20
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 601-602 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 21
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 629-638 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Castor oil has been used to prepare millable elastomers by using 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate, respectively. These elastomers are vulcanized with sulfur and 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate separately by using the standard methods of rubber technology, and the properties of these vulcanizates are reported.
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  • 22
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 673-685 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A model nucleating agent for polypropylene crystallization is described. A series of compounds consisting mainly of organocarboxylic acid salts is evaluated as heterogeneous nucleating agent for polypropylene crystallization by measuring their effect upon the polymer supercooling. Sodium benzoate and basic aluminium dibenzoate were among the best nucleating agents found. The nucleating abilities of the various compounds are discussed in terms of their structural features.
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  • 23
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 705-718 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We have shown by two separate measurements that polypropylene when melted after irradiation undergoes crosslinking from the inception of irradiation. The first proof was an immediate increase in the solution viscosity of a narrow molecular weight fraction of polypropylene. The second proof was the marked change in melt-flow properties on irradiation of a broad molecular weight distribution polypropylene. These findings tend to support one of the two currently held views on the action of radiation on polypropylene. In addition we have confirmed previous reports that melting after irradiation contributes to the overall crosslinking reaction.
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  • 24
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 751-751 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 25
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1483-1494 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Lattice spacings perpendicular to the molecular chain axes and crystallite orientation of dried and moist (boiled in water) bulk nylon 6 were determined by x-ray diffraction under tension of 30-300 kg./cm.2. The deformation of the specimen was also measured. The lattice spacings are changed reversibly by the presence of water in nylon 6, but the elastic moduli of the lattice are not affected. The lattice elastic modulus in the direction of the hydrogen bonds is approximately double its value in the direction normal to the hydrogen bonds. The elastic modulus of the dried nylon 6 approaches the value of the lattice elastic modulus in the direction normal to the molecular axes, while the modulus of the moist nylon 6 is several times lower. From these facts, and especially from the relations between the lattice deformation, crystallite orientation, and specimen deformation, the principal differences in the deformation mechanism of dried and moist nylon 6 were deduced. The results obtained have also made possible some general conclusions about the crystalline structure of nylon 6 and the deformation mechanism of linear polymers.
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  • 26
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1529-1538 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and acrylamide onto ovalbumin was carried out with redox system with ceric ion. Initiation of grafting occurred very rapidly, and the number of grafting sites reached a maximum after about 2 min. regardless of initial ceric ion concentration. The grafted polymer chains were separated by selective hydrolysis of the protein backbone with hydrochloric acid or protease in order to characterize the graft copolymers. The grafted polyacrylamide separated by the proteolytic digestion contained a carbohydrate residue at the end of the polymer molecule. The problem of grafting sites on ovalbumin is discussed.
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  • 27
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1553-1562 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A process for adhering polyethylene to aluminum was developed which involves treating the aluminium substrate successively with chromic acid and then a selected organic acid. Certain organic acids utilized in this process appeared to produce a synergistic effect on the adhesion. This process, which required no modification or treatment of the polymer, resulted in peel strengths forty times greater than that obtained on untreated aluminum. Tensile shear values for the polyethylene-aluminum bond were greater than 2800 psi. The materials used for treating the metal in this system produced a maximum in the obtainable peel strength. Furthermore, minor changes in the etching acids resulted in drastic changes in the adhesion values.
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  • 28
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1613-1615 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A relatively simple and inexpensive automatic apparatus for chemical relaxation giving good accuracy has been developed for measurement of chemical relaxation in the gaseous phase in high polymers. The apparatus is based on a previously described balance-type stress relaxation apparatus intended for automatic operation.
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  • 29
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1581-1591 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of monomer sequence on physical properties was investigated for butadienestyrene solution copolymers made by organolithium initiation. The polymers varied from random copolymers of uniform composition along the polymer chain to ideal block polymers of specific block sequence arrangement and included rubbers of intermediate degrees of randomness. Uniform composition random copolymers exhibit a single glass transition temperature and a very narrow dynamic loss peak corresponding to this transition. The glass transition can be predicted from the styrene content and the microstructure of the butadiene portion of the rubber. Random copolymers in which composition varies along the polymer chain, and to some extent between molecules, exhibit a single glass transition, but the dynamic loss peak is broadened. The extent of this broadening is shown to be compatible with the sequence distribution, polymer segments of various compositions losing mobility at different temperatures. This indicates a tendency for association between segments of different temperatures. This indicates a tendency for association between segments of different chains which are similar in composition. Block copolymers display two transitions, corresponding to Tg for each type of block. The position and width of the dynamic loss peaks are related to block length and compositional purity of the blocks.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1835-1850 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The stresses and energy losses during simple extension cycles up to a maximum elongation of 530% have been determined for an unfilled vulcanizate of natural rubber as a function of the temperature and extension rate. At sufficiently short elongation times and low temperatures, the rate and temperature dependence of the ascending stresses are connected by the Ferry transform, and the superposition principle can be applied to them. Outside this experimental range, the stresses are increased by crystallization. The validity of the Ferry transform for the energy losses and the energy loss ratio is more restricted than for the stresses, and the losses are always higher than can be expected from a purely viscoelastic mechanism. The additional losses are tentatively ascribed to incipient crystallization and stress-softening effects. At short elongation times and low temperatures, the losses approach the values predicted by viscoelasticity, and the loss ratio becomes independent of the maximum extension of the strain cycle.
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  • 31
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1881-1892 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The regulating efficiency of 14 dialkyl xanthogen disulfides in emulsion copolymerization of butadiene with styrene at +5°C. with the use of a diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide-complexed ferrous iron-sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate redox system in the presence of sodium soap of disproportionated rosin as an emulsifier, was evaluated. The apparent chain transfer constants of n-alkyl and isoalkyl derivatives decreased logarithmically with increasing length of the alkyl group, which seems to be related to the analogous dependency of their solubilities in water. The dialkyl xanthogen disulfides, especially the lower homologs, acted as retarders of polymerization. The retardation did not affect their regulation efficiency. On the basis of values of the apparent chain transfer constants it is possible to predict the molecular weight of polymers, except for the region where the regulation is poor and where the deteriorative influence of termination and crosslinking reactions takes place. The diisopropyl xanthogen disulfide has been selected as the most convenient of the compounds studied for molecular weight regulation of emulsion copolymerization of butadiene with styrene in the system mentioned.
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  • 32
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 2467-2471 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: α-Cellulose dissolves in a mixture of SbCl3, KOH, and AsCl3. The resulting product as identified by PMR and infrared spectroscopy is α-D-glucose. This product is unexpected, and an explanation for its formation is suggested.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 2587-2589 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 95-102 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The kinetics of formation of dibenzyl ether linkages during cure of resole-type phenol-formaldehyde resins was studied by the use of differential thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The activation energy was 21.6 kcal./mole by the Borchard and Daniels method gives and 18.6 kcal./mole by the Kissinger method. For the same process, infrared, which shows a rather good agreement between the two different methods. The heat of reaction, determined from the area under the DTA curve for the corresponding reaction, was found to be 20.2 cal./g.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 753-771 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The polymerization of β-propiolactone (βPL) by sodium acetate catalyst has been investigated. The polymerization behavior with monomer purified with calcium chloride was found to be a little different from that previously reported for this monomer. That is, poly-β-propiolactone (PβPL) obtained from βPL dried with CaCl2 has a higher degree of polymerization than that obtained from conventionally treated βPL, and its infrared spectrum shows type II configuration, which differs from that reported in previous papers. Some chain transfer reaction is observed even for the polymerization of the CaCl2-dried βPL; however, this is less important in toluene. The electronegativity of the anion or cation in catalyst greatly influences the rate of polymerization.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 829-837 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The membrane potentials of thin (300-1300 A.) nitrocellulose (Parlodion) membranes have been investigated. Measurements were made in a Lucite cell by use of calomel electrodes with 0.05N KCl and 0.1N KCl. Variables having an influence on membrane structure, such as solvent polarity, temperature, and thickness, have been studied in relation to membrane potential. The range of potentials observed for Parlodion (2.1-9.2 mv.) is believed to be the result of differences in the orientation of the nitrocellulose molecules (and their accompanying electrochemically active carboxyl groups) in the membrane structure.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 921-924 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A simple, inexpensive microtome was developed for sectioning polystyrene foam prepuff. The cell structure is well defined and wall thicknesses can be measured easily from photomicrographs prepared with the microtome.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 925-947 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The applicability of Miner's law of cumulative damage to predict lifetimes in experiments involving complex load histories is examined. Lifetimes estimated by Σ ti/(tb)i = 1 are compared with those calculated by the expression for the time to rupture derived by Prevorsek and Lyons assuming that the time to rupture can be approximated by the time to form an unstable crack. For experiments in which the loading conditions became increasingly severe with time, lifetimes predicted by Miner's law are longer than those calculated from the rate of crack propagation, the opposite being found for experiments in which the loading conditions become decreasingly severe with time. Experimental data on hand are in agreement with these findings. Effects of changes in the structural parameters ρ, E, and ΔF* and of variations in the experimental conditions on the accuracy of the lifetime estimates are discussed.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1009-1026 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper describes an investigation into the degradation of a purified epoxide based on the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A hardened with p,p′-diaminodiphenylmethane. The method used was that of hot-wire pyrolysis followed by gas chromatography. Special attention was given to the problem of solid residues formed on the pyrolyzer tube, and evidence was found that these probably contain oligomers. Resonance-stabilized free radicals also appear to be formed, and evidence is found to support the idea of dehydration during degradation, originally put forward by Lee. An attempt, based on first principles, is made to explain the degradation of epoxides, using evidence from previous work as well as that described in this paper.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1043-1053 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Time dependence in the melt indexing of polyolefins stabilized against thermally induced changes is well known, the prevalent effect being an increase in melt index toward a steady-state value. The melt index of polyethylenes compounded with carbon black has been found to decrease, in some cases radically, although oxygen uptake data show no evidence of thermal instability. The melt index-time plot can be restored to its normal shape by adding excess quantities of a standard thioether antioxidant. Data are rationalized by assuming that polyethylene adsorbs on the available pigment surface, forming a crosslink network. The thioether antioxidant, however, may adsorb preferentially, thereby restoring the normal response of the polymer to forces resulting in its capillary extrusion. The results emphasize the contribution of chain orientation effects to the time dependence of melt index.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1079-1086 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A method is described for deriving by digital computer a temperature program which, when applied to batch polymerization, will keep the supply of new free radicals constant throughout the main part of the reaction.
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  • 42
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    Notes: Reactions of various monoepoxides and diepoxides with diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose in the absence and presence of external catalysts have been studied. In the absence of additional catalysts, many epoxides which did not react with the unmodified cotton reacted with DEAE-cotton. Others, which reacted with unmodified cotton in the presence of external bases, imparted different properties when catalyzed by the builtin tertiary amino groups of DEAE-cotton. For example, epichlorohydrin reacted with DEAE-cotton to produce a fabric with excellent conditioned recovery, good wet recovery, and strong-base anion exchange properties. The same epoxide imparted only wet crease recovery to cotton when the reaction was catalyzed by external bases. Phenyl glycidyl ether and styrene oxide reacted with DEAE-cotton to produce a fabric with twentyfold improvement in resistance to flex abrasion. With 8% aqueous NaOH as an external catalyst, the DEAE-cotton displayed greater reactivity with all epoxides than did the unmodified fabric. DEAE-cotton-diepoxide reactions with added base catalyst generally resulted in a decrease in the conditioned recovery angle and an increase in the wet recovery angle. When Zn(BF4)2 was used as an additional catalyst, again the DEAE fabrics displayed the greater reactivity toward the monoepoxides; but the unmodified cotton was more reactive toward the diepoxides than was the DEAE-cotton. The Zn (BF4)2-monoepoxide-treated DEAE fabrics had higher wet recovery angles but lower dry recovery angles than the corresponding epoxide-finished control cottons. Butadiene diepoxide was the only diepoxide investigated which imparted higher dry recovery angles to the DEAE-cotton than to the unmodified cotton control in the presence of Zn(BF4)2. Tertiary amino groups in DEAE-cottons act as an internal catalyst for the opening of the oxirane rings, direct the site for reaction in the absence of additional catalysts, and react with some epoxides to form quaternary nitrogen groups.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 839-858 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The radiation-induced grafting to cellulose of styrene, methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, 2-vinylpyridine, and 4-vinylpyridine in methanol has been studied. All monomers exhibit appreciable grafting at room temperature in either vacuum or air for total doses up to 10 Mrad and at dose rates as high as 1.4 Mrad/hr. in a spent fuel or 60Co facility. The magnitude of the grafting depends upon both the total dose and dose rate. Under certain experimental conditions, the grafting experiences a maximum which has been attributed to the Trommsdorff effect. A novel mechanism involving charge-transfer bond formation is proposed to account for the observed data in the grafting reactions.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 859-870 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The kinetics of the radiation-induced grafting of styrene to cellulose in methanol have been studied in air at dose rates of 0.007, 0.014, and 0.078 Mrad/hr. in 60Co and spent fuel element facilities. The variables affecting rate of grafting include monomer concentration, radiation dose rate, and total dose. Grafting reaches a maximum at 60-70% by volume methanol in styrene. The results have been interpreted in terms of possible grafting mechanisms, including charge-transfer intermediates; however, a complete mathematical treatment of the data is not possible at present because of the absence of appropriate swelling data for cellulose in mixtures of styrene and methanol. Poor grafting observed in solutions of up to 10% monomer is attributed to radical scavenging (predominantly from the solvent) by the monomer leading to the formation of scavenged products including homopolymer. Rate of grafting falls off for solutions above 80-90% monomer concentration and radical scavenging by monomer radicals is again postulated to account for the observed behavior.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 909-919 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Ion-permselective membranes containing polyethylene in their base material have been examined by direct transmission electron micrography and x-ray diffraction. All of the electron micrographs showed white lines of about 100 A. thickness between somewhat thinner black lines composed of granules. These lines often occur as black-white-black triplets. We tentatively explain these structural elements by assuming that they are cross sections of the crystallite platelets, characteristic for polyethylene, reacted on both of their faces during sulfochlorination. It is known, that these platelets are about 100 A. thick, X-ray diffraction experiments also showed the characteristic lines of polyethylene crystallites, their intensity decreasing after sulfonation. The velocity of heterogeneous sulfochlorination of polyethylene sheets decreases abruptly when the film contains 6% S and 7% Cl (after hydrolysis). This m̰eans six substituted sites on a chain element across the platelet for a 100% crystalline film and accordingly less for a partially amorphous material. It is known that five CH2 groups of each chain element are exposed at the surface of the platelets, in good agreement with our findings.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1325-1331 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Aliphatic polybenzoxazoles, polybenzothiazoles, and polybenzimidazoles have been prepared by three methods: in poly(phosphoric acid), by the polyamide precursor, and by melt polymerization. The melt polymerization method was found to be the most satisfactory. All of the aliphatic heterocyclic polymers had excellent thermal stability, resistance to alkaline hydrolysis, high glass transition temperatures, and a high degree of flexibility. The only class of polymer found having any degree of solubility, however, was the polybenzimidazoles. Aliphatic polybenzimidazole films were prepared by solution casting. These films were found to be extremely flexible at ambient and cryogenic temperatures. The films were unaffected by alkaline hydrolysis, even in an oxidizing medium. A molding prepared from the aliphatic polybenzimidazole had excellent physical properties at both cryogenic and room temperature.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1419-1430 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Polymer degradation has been studied by using gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) to measure the product distribution. The method is rapid and has a good accuracy that permits one to see most of the degradation products, as they elute at a point different from the starting material. In the cases studied, polystyrene cleavage has the result of random cleavage, as judged by the product distribution. A GPC curve to be expected from random cleavage has been put together to aid in the evaluation. Both wide and narrow molecular weight distribution polystyrenes have been studied after degradation. The narrow distribution products were degraded by peroxides, irradiation, and weathering. With the latter, the combination of simple fragments to form the starting portions of cromslinking were measured in small amounts. In none of the cases studied did degradation in solution produce crosslinked products. Kinetic rate studies were made that concerned the action of peroxides and inhibitors.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1495-1507 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Several epoxy polymers, poly(methyl methacrylate), a highly plasticized polyethylene, and a polyethylene of molecular weight 2500 were found to be influenced to a considerable depth from the surface by the mold material or the atmospheric environment. The results presented are interpreted in terms of a diffuse double layer induced by the mold in the polymer surface region. These environmental effects appear to be greatest for the epoxy systems and are evident to a lesser extent, progressively, as the molded polymer is changed to materials of higher purity or narrower molecular weight range.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1539-1552 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A large-scale fractionation of poly(vinyl chloride) (3000 g.) has been carried out by a fractional precipitation method. The molecular weight distribution of some fractions has been controlled by refractionation. The fractions have been also characterized by viscometry, osmometry, light-scattering, and glass transition temperature measurements. The data available in literature concerning the molecular weight characterization of poly(vinyl chloride) fractions have been critically reviewed. It has been shown that most of the viscometric and osmometric data are in good agreement when the molecular weights are below 105. Above 105 the literature discrepancies can be attributed to aggregation.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1571-1579 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The effect of preheat treatment at temperatures below the glass transition for various periods of time on selected properties of molded polycarbonate has been studied. Changes in tensile and flexural strength as functions of time and preheat temperature (80-140°C.) were determined and these are discussed in relation to changes in the nature of the β-transition region and the influence of the glass transition region. It is suggested that the preheat treatment produces a greater degree of order within the amorphous region of the polymer, resulting in an increase in strength at temperatures up to 132°C. The strength of the polycarbonate before and after heat treatment appears to be independent of the presence of the equilibrium water content.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1627-1629 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A relatively simple and inexpensive instrument giving good accuracy and easy operation has been developed for the measurement of volume change in monomer polymerizations. The instrument is based on a previously described capillary dilatometer intended for automatic operation.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1731-1735 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Experiments with different ABS resins indicate that thermal stability in this class of polymers is dependent upon the ratio of styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer to polybutadiene rubber in the graft phase; resins containing more highly grafted rubber are more resistant to thermal oxidation. It is also found that in outdoor aging there is a minimum carbon black loading for these resins below which light screening is not effective.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1963-1978 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The solubility of carboxylated polymer emulsions in an aqueous alkaline solution was studied. The alkali solubility was shown to depend on the degree of carboxylation, the hydrophilic nature of the noncarboxylic main components, the degree of polymerization, the glass transition temperature, the chain configuration, and the dissolution temperature. Emulsions of the copolymer containing acrylic acid units showed considerably different dissolution behavior from those containing methacrylic acid units, possibly owing to the difference in the distribution state of carboxylic units inside the particle. It is deduced that methacrylic acid units are distributed more homogeneously inside the particle than acrylic acid units.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 2001-2006 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Nitric acid digestion studies of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers indicated that copolymers containing identical amounts of vinyl acetate but varying in melt index differed in crystallinity. These results were confirmed by x-ray analysis. The differences in crystallinity were interpreted as showing a variation in the degree of short-chain branching in the polyethylene segments of the copolymer chain. This variation was correlated with the conditions of synthesis.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 2067-2069 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 56
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1825-1834 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Stress-strain cycling of natural rubber to high strains produces greater softening than amorphous rubbers, but only if the force on the sample is relaxed below a certain value during the cycle. This phenomenon, attributed to crystallization shows why nonrelaxing tests give a longer fatigue life than relaxing tests.
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  • 57
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1863-1880 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Creep tests were carried out on epoxy resin specimens at room temperature and at different high stress levels under tension, compression, and flexure. Compared with the behavior at constant strain rate (CSR) reported in Part I of this work, creep strain-time curves revealed a distinct delayed yielding region of constant minimum rate (secondary creep) followed by a post-yielding region of increasing slope (tertiary creep). In all cases, results indicate linearity between creep stress and log secondary creep rate, which is almost coincident with the corresponding relationship between yield stress and strain rate obtained in subsequent CSR loading cycles with the same specimens. The similarity in behavior under both the creep and CSR modes conforms to Eyring's theory of non-Newtonian viscous flow at high stress levels and low temperature. Theoretical analysis yields reasonable values of the activation volume, which is unaffected by the loading and test modes or by loading history, and could thus be regarded as an intrinsic parameter of the microstructure, inherently related to the viscoplastic process involved. The above considerations indicate a deviatoric stress-biased diffusional mechanism as the predominant factor in the yielding of an amorphous glassy epoxy system.
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  • 58
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1903-1914 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The regulating efficiency of four aliphatic mercaptans was studied in emulsion copolymerization of butadiene with styrene, at +5°C. with the use of the redox system, diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide-complexed ferrous iron-sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate as an initiator and the sodium soap of disproportionated rosin as an emulsifier. The apparent transfer constants C of tertiary mercaptans decreased logarithmically with increasing length of molecule. This tendency is connected with the analogous dependency of solubilities of these compounds in water. The mercaptans did not affect the rate of polymerization. The value of C is independent of the amount of regulator used. With the value of C, the amount of regulator, and the conversion known, it is possible to predict the molecular weight of the polymers, except for the region of poor regulation, where the deteriorative influence of termination and crosslinking reactions takes place. The apparent transfer constant of tertiary dodecyl mercaptan decreased with increasing rate of polymerization. After elimination of diffuse processes, the value of the actual relative transfer constant was calculated. The tertiary dodecyl mercaptan has been selected as the most convenient molecular weight regulator for emulsion copolymerization of butadiene with styrene of all compounds studied for the system mentioned.
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  • 59
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The manner in which a series of silcarboranylene-siloxane polymers behave in air at elevated temperatures was investigated by thermogravimetric, isothermogravimetric, and differential thermal analyses techniques. Results indicate that methyl pendant groups on the polymers undergo thermal and oxidative degradations at temperatures under 600°C. Final weight losses of the polymers, however, are significantly lower than that shown by dimethylsiloxanes. The reduced volatility is attributed to the inhibition of thermooxidation by the m-carboranylene group in the polymer molecules. This protective influence decreases apparently as the distance between the carborane nucleus and the methyl groups increases.
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  • 60
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 2029-2036 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The syntheses of three new α-methyl-substituted bis(epoxyethyl) derivatives of phenyl ether, 1,4-diphenoxybenzene, and bis(4-phenoxyphenyl) ether are reported. Improved procedures for preparing 1,4-diphenoxybenzene and bis(4-phenoxyphenyl) ether by the Ullmann method are described. Infrared spectral data for the bisepoxides and their precursors are given, as are some reactions of the bisepoxides.
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  • 61
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 2037-2039 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A technique for examining heterogeneous copolymers with the phase microscope is described. This method is based on the use of a mounting medium that displays selective solubility toward the constituent materials, thereby masking one or more phases in order to provide suitable phase contrast and isolation of the constituent to be examined.
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  • 62
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 341-355 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The nature of the room temperature density-dose relationships in polytetrafluoro-ethylene (PTFE) have been studied over the dose range of 104 to 109 rads. Under various conditions, samples of PTFE were irradiated in combinations of neutron and gamma (reactor and 60Co) radiation fields resulting in density increases up to approximately 5%. For the dose range 105 to 108 rads, the increase in density measured at 0°C. is approximately proportional to the logarithm of the radiation dose. For doses less than about 105 rads, the increase in density appears to be directly proportional to the dose, while above 108 rads the density reaches a maximum and then begins to decrease. By examining the changes in slope and displacement of the curves which occur under various conditions, several effects are discernible. Compared to the effects of γ-rays alone, the density increase per dose in the 105 to 108 rad region is lower for cases where both neutrons and γ-rays are present in the radiation field. This may suggest that competing processes are involved in producing density changes. The discernible difference between effects of γ-radiation and reactor radiation appears to be unique in polymers. The ambient temperature during irradiation and the post-irradiation heat treatment of the specimens affect the changes in density. For dose rates over the range 0.1 × 106 to 13 × 106 rads/hr., no dose rate effects have thus far been observed. The feasibility of using PTFE for some types of radiation dosimetry has been demonstrated, and its possible usefulness is being investigated.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 2159-2174 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An ALGOL computer program has been devised to manipulate light-scattering data from the Brice-Phoenix photometer. The input consist of experimental values of the galvanometer deflections and filter factors used for each concentration c and angle of measurement θ. These are transformed to the appropriate variables in the fundamental equation including the particle scattering factor, viz: c/Qθ = (W/K*)M̄w-1[1 + (16/3) × π2n12λ〈S2〉 sin2 (θ/2)] + (W/K*)2A2c + (W/K*)3A3c2 in which Qθ is a corrected from of the Rayleigh ratio and (W/K*) is a composite constant term for the instrument and polymer-solvent system. By writing X̄ij for the variable c/Qθ at θi and cj, a function X is found by least squares to fit X̄ij, thus X = l + m sin (θ/2) + ncj + bcj2. The equations arising from minimizing ΣiK=1 ΣjL=1 (Xij - X̄ij)2 are solved by the computer to yield the best-fitting coefficients l, m, n, and b. These can then be related simply to the molecular weight, root-mean-square radius of gyration, second and third virial coefficients, respectively. The final portion of the program is designed to check the fit of these coefficients. It yields a table of the differences between all experimental c/Qθ values and the coressponding ones obtained by inserting the derived l, m, n, and b into the fundamental equation. The procedure has been tested satisfactorily by using a well-standardized sample of polystyrene in toluene at 30°C. and a wavelength of 436 mμ.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 2215-2226 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A general treatment is given of the methods to be used in other parts of this series for calculating the degree of chemical crosslinking in natural rubber vulcanizates from stress-strain measurements in extension and from equilibrium volume swelling measurements. Corrections are required for the presence in the vulcanizate of appreciable quantities of particulate solids or soluble diluents and for the introduction of foreign atoms into the rubber network. For this purpose distinction is made between the rubber vulcanizate, the rubber matrix, the rubber network, and the rubber hydrocarbon component of the network. Expressions are derived, in terms of these concepts, for the Money-Rivlin parameter, C1, measured on vulcanizates which have undergone various treatments.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 407-416 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Transparent propylene glycol monoacrylate (PGMA) hydrogels become reversibly opaque when the temperature is rapidly increased to above 30°C. Water permeation, driven by a hydrostatic pressure difference through three PGMA membranes differing in water content and thickness was determined at several temperatures. At room temperature, the permeability to water is relatively low (less than 10 × 10-16 cm.2) and is dominated by a diffusion mechanism. When the temperature is suddenly increased, the water permeation rises quickly (up to fifteen times or more depending on the temperature), and viscous flow predominates over diffusive flow. The rapid flow slows down after some time at the same temperature, or on lowering the temperature, and may be interpreted as caused mainly by the reversible transformation of the membrane from the heterogeneous to the homogeneous form. When the temperature is increased gradually, the permeability of the membrane is in the same order of magnitude as that found at room temperature, because no phase separation occurs. The permeation of water decreased in successive measurements made under the same pressure gradient. An increase of the pressure difference also resulted in decreased permeation, indicating that water was pressed out of the gel. Dehydration of the gel caused by increases in temperature (exothermic swelling) and in pressure and changes in the viscosity of water with temperature are some of the factors which are considered in the interpretation of the results.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 417-424 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Bueche's theory is modified to account for the effect of polydispersity on viscosity of polymeric fluids. Results indicate that the ratio of weight-average to number-average molecular weight, 〈Mw/Mn〉, though a common measure of polydispersity, is insufficient to account completely for the effect of polydispersity on viscosity.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 473-473 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 481-498 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Colloidal microcrystalline cellulose, introduced in 1961, now is a successful commercial product with growing world-wide markets. This paper describes some major findings of our continuing research to convert fibrous or fiber-forming polymer systems into new colloidal microcrystalline physical states without going through a homogeneous molecular solution phase. Several novel microcrystalline colloidal products from the following natural and/or synthetic polymeric raw materials are described and compared for the first time: cellulose, amylose, collagen, nylon, and chrysotile mineral silicates. Many previously unpublished electron micrographs are presented. These products demonstrate a new and growing field of colloidal microcrystalline polymer science. They open up increasing opportunities for new polymer products based on the original concept, namely, the unhinging of polymer microcrystals from their natural or synthetic network and then by appropriate mechanical energy, releasing them as discrete, submicron colloidal polymer microcrystals dispersed in various liquid media to form unique gel systems, or reaggregated in the dry state to form porous colloidal particles.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 567-574 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The published data on molecular weight distribution in polysulfide are rather contradictory and cannot be correlated with the concept of the existence of thiol-disulfide interchange in these polymers. In the present work the viscosity and molecular weights of liquid thiokols have been investigated (the number-average molecular weight by iodometric titration and by ebulliometry and the weight-average molecular weight by the light-scattering method). When measuring the light scattering in Thiokol Solutions a considerable depolarization of the scattered light was observed. This fact must be taken into account in the molecular weight determination. It has been established that in polydisulfides with thiol endgroups thiol-disulfide interchange reactions take place not only during the synthesis, but also in the polymer itself (in bulk). These reactions lead to the formation of polymers with an equilibrium molecular weight distribution. A relation of log η = f(Mw)½ has been found that can be used in determining the weight-average molecular weight of liquid Thiokols.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 587-600 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of alkaline degradation of cotton hydrocellulose were determined in 5% NaOH at various temperatures. An activation energy of 24 kcal./mole was found for the endwise degradation reaction, while that of termination to a stable m-saccharinic acid endunit is 32 kcal./mole. Consequently, the DPn of the degradable chain length is highly dependent on the reaction temperature, being 1000 at 65°C. and 140 at 132°C. At lower temperatures, the majority of degrading chains terminate to a normal reducing endgroup at the crystalline-amorphous transition region. From the data, the DPn of cellulose chain segments participating in the amorphous regions of the original cotton fibril was calculated to be 143. This result strongly supports the classical micellar fibril structure over the folded model proposed by Manley.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 659-671 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An x-ray investigation of the products formed by the action of caustic soda on different samples of cellulose and those formed on the decomposition of these products by aqueous reagents and alchols shows that the fundamental reacting unit is a sheet of cellulose chains, and not individual cellulose chains. Although the caustic soda can affect the relative dispositions of the chains within these sheets to some extent, it cannot separate the chains, and the products then depend on the aggregation of the cellulose sheets with or without other molecules between them. Such aggregation leads to variables products whose x-ray diagrams can, however, show distinct reflections and be mistaken for those from more precise crystal structures. It is, therefore, important in swelling reactions to take into account the ability of the swelling agent to modify the cellulose sheets and the mode of decomposition of the complexes formed on swelling. Thus swelling with caustic soda cannot be taken as typical of all aqueous swelling reagents in its reaction towards cellulose, and the possibility with other reagents of finding cellulose I, instead of cellulose II, after a series of swelling reactions must be taken into consideration.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 2515-2523 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The orientation factor by infrared dichroism of polypropylene film was compared with the other orientation factors. After the correction of imperfect polarization and the suitable choice of the base line, it was found that infrared dichroism is a reliable indicator of the orientation factor. Orientation factors obtained from the 998 and 842 cm.-1 bands agreed with the x-ray orientation factor, and that from the 975 cm.-1 band agreed with the optical orientation factor.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 735-746 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The elastic behavior of concentrated solution of acrylonitrile copolymer was investigated by the capillary end correction method. The results were as follows. (1) The shear stress is proportional to recoverable shear strain in accordance with Hooke's law below critical concentration; above a critical concentration, however, the shear modulus depends on shear stress. (2) The log-log plots of zero shear modulus against polymer concentration and molecular weight fall on two straight lines with different slopes. The intersection of lines is considered to be the onset of elastically deformable entanglement network. We denote this inflection point as (Cc)e or (Mc)e. (3) The log-log plot of viscosity against polymer concentration does not show a change of slope at the critical concentration (Cc)e. (4) By the application of the kinetic theory of rubberlike elasticity to the pseudo-network structure of concentrated polymer solution, in the range of Cc 〈 C 〈 (Cc)e or Mc 〈 M 〈 (Mc)e, the number of chain entanglement per molecule is kept one; moreover, in the range of C 〉 (Cc)e, or M 〉 (Mc)e, the number of chain entanglement increases to three.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 747-750 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The following equation for the determination of polyethylene melt strength (MS) has been derived: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm MS}({\rm poise}) = {{1.492 \times 10^7 (\Delta l)^2 r_0^2} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{1.492 \times 10^7 (\Delta l)^2 r_0^2} {({\rm MF})}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {({\rm MF})}} $$\end{document} where Δl is the length (inches) of extruded polymer cord required for 50% decrease in diameter of the cord, r0 is the radius (inches) of the molten polymer cord as it first emerges from the melt indexer die, and MF is melt flow rate in grams/10 min. The required measurements are made on the initially extruded 0.5-in. portion of the polymer cord from a conventional melt indexer using the standard 0.0825-in.-diameter die and 2160-g. load and a temperature of 230°C. This melt strength equation was derived by using the assumption that the melt strength can be expressed as melt viscosity at low shear rates. Melt strengths of polyethylenes having similar melt indices have been shown to have over a 37-fold difference.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1631-1639 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The bulk polymerization of 2-allylphenylacrylic ester and of 2-allylphenylmethacrylic ester at 60-80°C. was studied. It was observed that under these conditions azobisisobutyronitrile, lauroyl peroxide, and benzoyl peroxide have satisfactory activity as initiators. The influence of atmospheric oxygen on AOAF and MOAF polymerization was proved. The peculiarities of AOAF and MOAF polymerization (low molecular weight of the soluble polymers which are formed, the absence of gel effect, relatively low critical conversions) may be explained on the basis of chain transfer reactions by the allylic groups.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1649-1659 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Acrylamide, acrylic acid, and acrylonitrile have been polymerized in situ within wool fibers and the water-absorption properties of the resultant wool-polymer systems compared with those of wool and the polymers measured separately. At high humidities, polyacrylamide and, to a lesser extent, poly(acrylic acid) caused increased water uptakes when expressed as a function of the original weight of wool, due to the hydrophilic nature of these polymers. This increase was less than that expected from the water contents of the wool and polymers measured as separate entities. Chain entanglements in the polymer-keratin network may be responsible for some reduction of water content. The presence of polyacrylonitrile in wool reduced the water content at high humidities to less than that of wool alone, indicating that “volume exclusion” of water by the polymers is also a contributing factor. At low humidities, the water content of the wool-polyacrylamide system is equivalent to the sum of the water contents of wool and polymer taken separately; in the case of poly(acrylic acid) the water content is less than that of wool and polymer considered separately, and this is attributed to ionic bonding. For wool containing polyacrylonitrile there is a reduction in water content at low humidities, indicating interaction between the polymer and polar sorption sites in the wool.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1693-1701 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The reactions between cotton cellulose and a mixture of triethanolamine and epichlorohydrin in the presence of aqueous NaOH have been studied. It has been shown that cotton fabric pretreated with aqueous base and then reacted with a 3:1 mole ratio of epichlorohydrin to triethanolamine forms a strong base anion exchanger. Resultant properties differed from those of the product made by the conventional method of preparing ECTEOLA cellulose, a commercial product of the same reactants. Titration curves of the strong base cellulose exchangers were similar to that obtained with the product of the reaction between cotton and trimethylglycidylammonium chloride. Substitution of triethylamine for the triethanolamine also resulted in a quaternary base cellulose anion exchanger. A cyclic diquaternary salt, [2,5-p-dioxanylenebismethylene] bis[tris(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium chloride], has been isolated from the triethanolamine-epichlorohydrin mixture and a mechanism of the reaction has been proposed.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1737-1754 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thin Parlodion membranes whose preparation and electrochemical properties have already been described are used to study permeation of water through them. All the membranes allowed water to go through them when subjected to gradients of mechanical pressure or chemical potential. Thicker membranes were less permeable to water than thinner membranes. The total water flow observed under the influence of an applied pressure was analyzed in terms of an existing theory due to Ticknor and found inadequate to describe the flow in thicker membranes containing low quantities of water, whereas the flow in thinner membranes of moderate water content was found to be made up of both viscous and diffusional components. On the contrary, analysis of both the total and isotopic diffusional flows from the standpoint of another theory due to Mauro showed that all membranes gave flows which were composed of both diffusional and viscous components, the proportion of the former in the total flow increasing with increasing thickness of the membrane. The permeability data have been used to derive values for both the average radius of membrane pores and the total number of such pores present in different membranes.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1821-1821 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1821-1822 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 81
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1851-1854 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Use of porous glass with a broad pore-size distribution as a column packing for gel permeation chromatography has been investigated. The porous glass is readily available, and columns are packed easily and have excellent mechanical stability. Separations of polystyrene over molecular weight ranges of 500-2,000,000 have been obtained. Porous glass thus appears to be a useful packing material for gel permeation chromatography.
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  • 82
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1915-1929 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Available methods for testing the transparency of plastic sheet and film have been found inadequate as regards the correlation between measurement and visual observation. A newly developed procedure, based on the determination of light transmission within a very small angle, gives good correlation. The application of the method and its limitations, due to the difference in optical effect of small-angle and large-angle scattering, are discussed. A description is given of the instrument, a special feature of which is that it gives direct readings of optical density and transparency.
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  • 83
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1941-1950 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dilute solution properties of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) were examined by using the techniques of osmometry, light scattering, and viscometry. The molecular weight range was approximately 2 × 106-0.06 × 106. Since HES is a branched molecule, its properties were compared with those of two linear counterparts, ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose and hydroxyethyl cellulose. The branching index g was estimated to be about 0.3 when calculated from the intrinsic viscosity, radii of gyration, and second virial coefficients.
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  • 84
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1951-1962 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Heterogeneous propionylation of cotton cellulose, in the form of yarn, was carried out by reaction with propionyl chloride, in a medium of pyridine and dimethylformamide (DMF). The product was a mixed propionate-α-propionylpropionate ester of DS varying from 0.24 to 2.94. The supramolecular structure of these esters was studied by kinetic analysis as well as by the measurements of density, refractive index, and x-ray diffraction. The Sakurada plot of DS against time of reaction showed a discontinuity at a DS of about 2.0, where the x-ray diffraction pattern shows almost complete loss of crystalline structure. The interpretation, based on the assumption that the Sakurada curve actually represents the sum of two simultaneous rate processes acting in the amorphous phase and at the crystalline surfaces, seems to explain the data adequately. The density showed a continuous decrease, consistent with the idea of continuous destruction of crystalline structure with progressive substitution. Refractive indices showed a continuous decrease with substitution and birefringence was almost absent at complete substitution. The calculated value of molar refraction for the sample of DS 2.94 agreed closely with the experimentally observed value. The x-ray diffraction intensity traces gave convincing evidence of the progressive decrystallization of cellulose with the degree of substitution. Decrystallization seems to be more or less complete at about a DS of 2.0.
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  • 85
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 2007-2019 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The desorption of mixtures of ethane and butane at atmospheric pressure from low-density polyethylene was investigated over the temperature range from 20 to 60°C. Desorbed penetrants were continuously trapped in glass tubes immersed in liquid nitrogen, and composition was determined as a function of time by means of gas chromatography. The ratio of the quantity of desorbed gas at any time t, qt, to the quantity at complete desorption, q∞, was used to determine diffusion coefficients and solubility constants. The diffusion coefficients for both ethane and butane increase with increasing butane concentration in the temperature interval investigated. The solubility of both penetrants can be correlated by Henry's law at 40, 50, and 60°C. However, at 20 and 30°C. the solubility constant for both penetrants increases with increasing butane concentration. This trend is consistent with experimental observations for single-component diffusion and solubility of several hydrocarbons in polyethylene, where increasing concentration of penetrant plasticizes the polymer, resulting in increasing diffusion coefficients and solubility constants.
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  • 86
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 1 (1967), S. 17-28 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Cationicly obtained mixtures of styrene and oligostyrenes having polymerization degrees of 2 to 5 may be separated by temperature programmed gaschromatography. The same method can also be applied to the determination of the contents of styrene and oligostyrenes in commercial polystyrenes prepared by radical polymerization. It is found that the DIN 53719 method for determining styrene in polystyrene includes also unsaturated oligomers. The sum of the monomer and oligomer contents determined by gaschromatography is in agreement with the amount of the methanol-soluble portion determined according to the DIN 53718 method.
    Notes: Kationisch erhaltene Gemische aus Styrol und Oligostyrolen mit Polymerisations-graden von 2 bis 5 lassen sich durch temperaturprogrammierte Gaschromatographie trennen. Mit dem gleichen Verfahren kann auch der Gehalt an Styrol und Oligostyrolen in radikalisch hergestellten technischen Polystyrolen ermittelt werden. Hierbei ergibt sich, daß bei der Bestimmung von Styrol in Polystyrol nach DIN 53719 auch ungesättigte Oligomere erfaßt werden. Die Summe des gaschromato-graphisch bestimmten Monomer- und Oligomergehaltes stimmt mit dem nach DIN 53718 erhaltenen methanollöslichen Anteil überein.
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  • 87
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 1 (1967), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: By using β-trichloromethyl-β-lactones it is possible to incorporate the CCl3-group into various classes of polymers. This can be achieved either via ringopening copolymerization or by using the adducts of these lactones with amines, alcohols or phenols in polycondensation or polyaddition reactions. Under suitable reaction conditions block- or graft-copolymers can be obtained. Finally, derivatives of β-trichloro-β-propiolactones can be used for the incorporation into polymers after or during polymerization.Polymers containing CCl3-groups are flame resistant or selfextinguishing. Often, these effects are observed at lower chlorine contents than normally necessary with other chlorinated flame retardants.
    Notes: Ausgehend von nunmehr leicht zugänglichen β-Trichlormethyl-β-lactonen gelingtes, die CCl3-Gruppe in zahlreiche Klassen von Polymeren chemisch einzubauen. Dies kann entweder durch ringöffnende Copolymerisation erfolgen oder aber durch Verwendung von Addukten der Lactone an Amine, Alkohole oder Phenole in Polykondensations- oder Polyadditionsreaktionen. Außerdem können diese β-Lactone in fertige Polymere eingebaut werden; unter geeigneten Reaktionsbedingungen erhält man dabei Block- bzw. Pfropfcopolymere. Schließlich eignen sich Derivate der β-Trichlormethyl-β-lactone auch zum Einarbeiten in Polymere nach oder während der Polymerisation.Polymere, die CCl3-Gruppen in irgendeiner Form enthalten, sind schwer entflammbar oder selbstverlöschend. Dabei kommt man häufig mit wesentlich geringeren Chlorgehalten aus, als bei der Verwendung anderer chlorierter Verbindungen.
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  • 88
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 1 (1967), S. 42-55 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: A graft copolymer of cellulose (wood-pulp) and polystyrene is made soluble by carbanilation. The dioxane-solutions are used for viscometric and UV-spectrophotometric investigations, as well as for a fractionated precipitation. The material is a genuine graft copolymer. Fractions with low limiting viscosity number carry more, but shorter branches of polystyrene than such ones with high limiting viscosity number.
    Notes: Ein Pfropfcopolymeres aus Cellulose (Zellstoff) und Polystyrol wird durch Carbanilierung in Lösung gebracht. An den Dioxan-Lösungen werden viskosimetrische und UV-Untersuchungen durchgeführt sowie eine fraktionierte Fällung. Es liegen echte Pfropfprodukte vor. Fraktionen mit niedriger Grenzviskositätszahl tragen mehr, aber kürzere Polystyrolseitenketten als solche mit hoher Grenzviskositätszahl.
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  • 89
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 1 (1967), S. 78-91 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Abnahme der relativen Viskosität von Toluollösungen von Isobutylen-Isopren-, Polyisobutylen- sowie Äthylen- Propylen-Kautschuk bei der Reaktion mit Dicumylperoxyd wurde untersucht. Durch Anwendung der früher von KIRIYAMA et al. abgeleiteten Gleichungen auf die Reaktion von Kautschuk mit Peroxyd werden die Ergebnisse der Experimente diskutiert.
    Notes: The viscosity lowering of toluene solutions of isobutylene-isoprene rubber, polyisobutylene, and ethylene-propylene rubber in the reaction with dicumyl peroxide was investigated. By using the kinetic equations for the reaction of rubber with peroxide which had been derived previously by KIRIYAMA et al. the results of the experiments are discussed.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Usually, mixtures of solutions of two different polymers in the same solvent are incompatible. This incompatibility leads to an intensive turbidity of the mixture and finally, to the formation of two phases. The turbidity disappears on dilution with the same solvent, because the polymers are compatible below a certain polymer concentration ckr. In principle, the same effects occur also with mixtures of polymers in the solid state (polymer blends), but here the aggregation of the microphases is impossible due to the high viscosity.Up to now, there is little known about the composition of the two phases above ckr. Therefore, we studied the distribution of two different polymersin solution regarding molecular weight and concentration into both phases. It was varied the polymer ratio, the molecular weight, the overall concentration and the nature of the solvent. Polystyrene and polyvinyl acetate were used as polymers because they can easily be separated from each other which is necessary when analysing the different phases; this analytical separation was carried out for each individual phase.The following results were obtained: Each phase contains both polymers; in addition there occurs a fractionation according to molecular weight during the phase separation for both polymers. The polymer distribution in the two phases regarding molecular weight, amount of polymer, and concentration depends not only upon initial concentration, molecular weight and weight ratio of the two polymers but also upon the different degree of solvation of the macromolecules in different solvents. When mixtures of solvents are used, an additional partially separation of the solvent into both layers takes place.
    Notes: Gemische aus zwei verschiedenen Polymeren in einem gemeinsamen Lösungsmittel sind in den weitaus meisten Fällen miteinander unverträglich. Diese Unverträglichkeit äußert sich in einer starken Trübung beim Ansetzen der Mischung; beim Stehenlassen bilden sich zwei Schichten. Wird die trübe Mischung mit dem gleichen Lösungsmittel verdünnt, so verschwindet bei einer bestimmten Gesamtkonzentration ckr die Trübung, da die Polymeren bei ckr und darunter miteinander verträglich sind. Im Prinzip treten bei Polymermischungen im festen Zustand, den sogenannten Blends, die gleichen Entmischungsvorgänge infolge Unverträglichkeit auf; allerdings ist hier ein Zusammenfließen zusammengehöriger Mikrophasen wegen deren hoher Viskosität nicht möglich.Über die Zusammensetzung der oberhalb ckr entstehenden zwei Phasen ist bisher wenig bekannt geworden. Wir untersuchten daher, wie sich zwei verschiedene Polymere hinsichtlich Menge und Molekulargewicht auf beide Phasen im gelösten Zustand verteilen. Variiert wurden bei diesen Versuchen das Mischungsverhältnis beider Polymerer, das Molekulargewicht, die Gesamtkonzentration und die Natur des Lösungsmittels. Die Versuche wurden unter Verwendung von Polystyrol und Polyvinylacetat ausgeführt, da sich beide Polymere, die ja in beiden Schichten enthalten sein können, leicht wieder voneinander trennen lassen; diese Trennung wurde für beide Schichten ausgeführt.Es wurde so gefunden: Jede Schicht enthält beide Polymere. Bei der Phasentrennung findet eine Fraktionierung nach dem Molekulargewicht für beide Polymere statt. Die Verteilung der Polymeren auf die zwei Schichten nach Menge, Molekulargewicht und Konzentration der Polymeren wird außer von der Ausgangskonzentration, dem Molekulargewicht und dem Mengenverhältnis der Polymeren auch von dem unterschiedlichen Solvatationszustand der Makromoleküle in den einzelnen Lösungsmitteln bestimmt. Bei Verwendung von Mischlösungsmitteln findet zusätzlich eine teilweise Trennung auch der Lösungsmittel auf beide Schichten statt.
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 1 (1967), S. 56-77 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Styrene has been copolymerised with 0,02-2,0 mol % of I to various conversions. Hydrolysis in an acidic solution of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine leads to a degradation of the crosslinked polymer into the primary chains. The sites of the crosslinks are indicated in the primary chains in the form of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone groups. These groups are quantitatively determined by photometry. This investigation showed an equal reactivity of the two doublebonds of I with styrene: r12 = 0,22; r13 = 0,27. In the case of nearly total conversion of the monomers (av. 96%), both doublebonds of I are quantitatively converted (no steric hinderance or „shielding“). Investigations of the gelpoint conditions yielded in crosslink-efficiencies from 30 to 40%. It could be demonstrated that the possibility of cyclopolymerisation is to be excluded from the interpretation of this effect. The low value of the crosslink-efficiency is caused by the formation of large rings which contain I and styrene as well.
    Notes: Styrol wurde mit 0,02-2,0 Mol-% der Verbindung I zu verschiedenen Umsätzen copolymerisiert. Das vernetzte Polymere wurde durch saure Hydrolyse der Azomethinbindungen in Gegenwart von 2,4-Dinitrophenyl-hydrazin in die Primärketten zerlegt. Die Vernetzungsstellen des ursprünglichen Polymerisates sind so als 2,4-Dinitrophenyldrazongruppen markiert und der photometrischen Analyse zugänglich. Es wurde gefunden, daß die beiden Doppelbindungen von I etwa die gleiche Reaktivität gegenüber Styrol haben: r12 = 0,22; r13 = 0,27. Bei vollständigem Umsatz haben beide Doppelbindungen von I quantitativ an der Copolymerisation teilgenommen (keine sterische Hinderung). Gelpunktmessungen zeigen Vernetzungsausbeuten von ca. 30-40%. Es wurde gezeigt, daß diese geringe Vernetzungsausbeute nicht auf die Cyclopolymerisation von I zurückzuführen ist, sondern auf die Bildung großer Ringe, die I und Styrolbausteine enthalten.
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  • 92
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 1 (1967), S. 92-104 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Makro-Azonitrile wurden durch Reaktion von Azo-bis-alkoholen mit endständig mit Diisocyanaten umgesetzten Polyalkylenoxiden synthetisiert und als Initiatoren für die Polymerisation von verschiedenen Vinylmonomeren wie Vinylacetat, Styrol, Methylmethacrylat und Vinylchlorid verwendet. Es wurden Block-copolymere mit Polyalkylenoxid- und Polyvinylsequenzen erhalten. Die Blockcopolymeren wurden durch ihre mechanischen Eigenschaften charakterisiert. Für die Polymeren wurden zwei Umwandlungspunkte gefunden, wobei einer dem Polyalkylenoxid-, der andere den Polyvinylsequenzen zuzuordnen ist. Ein thermoplastisches Elastomeres wurde durch Blockcopolymerisation von Styrol mit Polyoxytetramethylenglykol erhalten, dessen Grenzviskosität 2,3 dl/g war bei einem Styrolgehalt von 33,2%; Zugfestigkeit und Dehnung betrugen 57 kg/cm2 bzw. 475% . Außerdem wurden Blockcopolymere aus Styrol und verzweigten Polyäthern synthetisiert und auf ihre viskoelastischen Eigenschaften untersucht.
    Notes: Macro-azonitriles were prepared by the reaction of azobis-alcohol with diisocyanate of polyalkylene oxide and were used as initiators for the polymerization of various vinyl monomers such as vinyl acetate, styrene, methyl methacrylate and vinyl chloride, yielding block-copolymers consisting of polyalkylene oxide and polyvinyl sequences. These block copolymers were characterized by their dynamic properties. The polymers were found to possess two transition points, one arising from the polyalkylene oxide blocks and the other from the polyvinyl sequences. A thermoplastic elastomer was obtained from the block polymerization of styrene with poly(oxytetramethylene)glycol, whose intrinsic viscosity was 2.3 dl/g and the styrene content was 33.2 wt. -%, the ultimate strength and elongation being 57 kg/cm2 and 475%, respectively. The block copolymers of polystyrene and branched polyether were also synthesized and their viscoelastic properties were investigated.
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  • 93
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 1 (1967), S. 105-124 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: m-Phenylendiamine, p,p'-diaminodiphenylmethane and p,p'-diaminodiphenylsulphone were evaluated as hardeners for low molecular weight epoxide resins, and basic physical constants characterizing the kinetics of the reaction of diglycidylether of diane with the above hardeners were determined. Using the relation between viscosity, average molecular weight, and degree of reaction it was possible to characterize the existence range of the so-called epoxide-pregels which are formed from mixtures of epoxide resins with aromatic amines at lower temperatures. The applicability of SMITHS equation related to the kinetics of reaction between epoxidic compounds and amines was verified. The kinetic of reaction indicates the existence of hydrogen bonds at the epoxide groups, it may be assumed, however, that the presence of these relatively strong intermolecular bonds affects even the rate of pregelation.
    Notes: m-Phenylendiamin, p,p'-Diaminodiphenylmethan und p,p'-Diaminodiphenylsulfon wurden als Härter für niedrigmolekulare Epoxydharze untersucht. Es wurden die wichtigsten physikalischen Konstanten ermittelt, die die Kinetik der Reaktion von Diandiglycidyläther mit den obengenannaten Härtern kennzeichnen. Auf Grund der Beziehung zwischen Viskosität, mittlerem Molekulargewicht und Umsatzgrad wurde der Existenz-Bereich der sogenannten Epoxyd-Pregele charakterisiert, die sich aus den Gemischen von Epoxydharzen mit aromatischen Aminen bei niedrigeren Temperaturen bilden. Die Möglichkeit der Anwendung der von SMITH vorgeschlagenen kinetischen Gleichung für die Reaktion von Epoxyd-Verbindungen mit Aminen wurde bestätigt. Der Verlauf der Reaktion beweist auch die Existenz von Wasserstoffbrücken an den Epoxyd-Gruppen; es kann jedoch vorausgesetzt werden, daß die Anwesenheit dieser verhältnismäßig starken intermolekularen Bindungen auch die Geschwindigkeit der Bildung der Pregele beeinflußt.
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  • 94
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 1 (1967), S. 125-149 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Crazing is a phenomenon, which is often observed in polymers, when mechanical stresses are applied. In this paper we report about investigations of crazing of polymethylmethacrylate as an example of an amorphous polymeric material.We deal with parameters which influence the formation of crazes. A method is described which allows one to avoid crazing, thus an improvement of the material concerning the formation of crazes is achieved.We further attempt to interprete the formation of crazes. The anology between crazing and fracture and flow behavior (cold drawing) of polymers is stressed. We suppose that the primary molecular processes underlying these phenomena are basically the same, and that they consist of an orientation of the macromecules in the direction of the applied stress.
    Notes: Spannungsrißbildung ist eine Erscheinung, die häufig bei hochpolymeren Stoffen auftritt, wenn mechanische Zugspannungen auf sie ausgeübt werden. In dieser Arbeit wird über Untersuchungen der Spannungsrißbildung bei amorphen Hochpolymeren am Beispiel des Polymethylmethacrylats berichtet.Es wird auf Faktoren eingegangen, die die Spannungsrißbildung beeinflussen. Eine Methode wird beschrieben, die es erlaubt, die Rißbildung zu verhindern, so daß eine Vergütung des Materials hinsichtlich der Rißbildung erzielt wird.Weiterhin wird versucht, die Vorgänge bei der Spannungsrißbildung zu deuten. Dabei wird insbesondere auf die Analogie zwischen der Rißbildung sowie dem Bruchund Fließverhalten (Kaltverstreckung) von Polymeren eingegangen. Es wird vermutet, daß die primären molekularen Vorgänge bei allen diesen Erscheinungen die gleichen sind und auf einer Orientierung der Moleküle in Richtung der angelegten mechanischen Spannung beruhen.
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  • 95
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 1 (1967), S. 150-173 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Gelchromatographie kann als eine netzwerk-limitierte Verteilung aufgefaßt werden. Dies führt zu dem Schluß, daß keine normierende Eichbezeichnung, zwischen Molekulargewicht und Elutionsvolumen existiert, die ausschließlich, der gelösten Substanz abhängige Parameter enthält.Die Darstellung von Gelen mit unterschiedlicher chemischer Struktur wird be schrieben, und die Möglichkeiten, die Porengröße zu variieren, werden diskutiert. Die Untersuchung des Einflusses der physikalischen und chemischen Struktur auf die Trennung und die Trennleistung zeigte, daß das Elutionsvolumen durch die chemische Natur des Gels beeinflußt wird; die Trennleistung wird hingegen im wesentlichen durch die physikalische Struktur bestimmt.
    Notes: Gel chromatography can be considered as a network-limited partition. This leads to the conclusion that it is impossible to find a generalizing relationship between the molecular weight and the elution volume using parameters depending only on the solute.The preparation of gels with different chemical structure is discussed and possible methods for the alteration of pore size are described. Investigations of the influence of the physical and chemical structure on separation and separation efficiency have shown that the elution volume depends to some extent on the chemical nature, but the separation efficiency is mainly a function of the physical structure.
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  • 96
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 1 (1967), S. 174-198 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: By applying model compounds the influence of the structure of polyelectrolytes on their electrical deposition upon metallic surfaces has been examined. Included in these investigations were low as well as high molecular compounds.In the low molecular compounds deposition was influenced by the solubility of the substances, the distance and position of the anionic groups, the dissociation constant of the acid groups, and the degree of branching. In the high molecular substances the number and distance of the anionic groups, and the number and length of grafted groups are of great importance.An example shows that nonionizable high molecular compounds that do not coagulate itself on the electrodes, may be deposited upon metals by addition of low molekular depositable electrolytes.
    Notes: An Modellverbindungen wurde der Einfluß der Struktur von Polyelektrolyten auf ihre elektrische Abscheidung an Metalloberflächen untersucht. Es wurden definierte niedermolekulare und hochmolekulare Substanzen, deren Struktur weitgehend variiert wurde, auf ihre Abscheidbarkeit untersucht.Bei den niedermolekularen Verbindungen wurde die Abscheidbarkeit durch die Löslichkeit der Substanzen, die Entfernung und Stellung der anionischen Gruppen im Molekül, die Dissoziationskonstante der Säuregruppen und den Verzweigungsgrad beeinflußt. Bei den höhermolekularen Verbindungen spielen Zahl und Entfernung der anionischen Gruppen voneinander, Zahl und Länge von Verzweigungen und das Molekulargewicht eine Rolle.Wie an einem Beispiel gezeigt wird, lassen sich nicht ionisierbare hochmolekulare Verbindungen, die sich allein nicht abscheiden lassen, durch Zusatz niedermolekularer, abscheidbarer Elektrolyte auf Metallen niederschlagen.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 7 (1967), S. 5-16 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 7 (1967), S. 32-35 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 7 (1967), S. 24-25 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 7 (1967), S. 194-197 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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