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  • 1
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    The maturation of lunar dust grains (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2005-02-24
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Res. in the Space Sci., Vol. 2, No. 1; 3 p
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  • 2
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    Geologic orbital photography - Experience from the Gemini program (1968)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2005-11-17
    Beschreibung: Geologic orbital photography
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: SCHOOL OF AEROSPACE MED. BIOASTRONAUT. AND THE EXPLORATION OF SPACE NOV. 1968; P 213-248
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  • 3
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    Space shuttle (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-10
    Beschreibung: The transportation cost associated with space materials processing were studied to determine the feasibility of space manufacturing. The assumptions use to determining the cost estimates for a 12 year planning period are listed, and the orbitor is described in terms of payloads. Shuttle operational costs, ground operational costs, and nonrecurring investment and development costs were analyzed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 8-39
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    Hydrogen slush density instrumentation (1968)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-27
    Beschreibung: Hydrogen slush density instrumentation for field measurements of slush mass after calibration with reference system
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: RES. ACHIEVEMENTS REV., VOL. 11 1968; P 3-9
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  • 5
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    The use of the Mossbauer effect and laser interferometry to determine extremely small amplitudes for vibration measurements and calibration (1968)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-27
    Beschreibung: Using Mossbauer effect and laser interferometry to determine extremely small amplitudes for vibration measurements and calibration of scale models
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: RES. ACHIEVEMENTS REV., VOL. 11 1968; P 19-31
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  • 6
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    Earth-type planets (Mercury, Venus, and Mars) (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Spacecraft- and Earth-based studies on the physical nature of the planets Mercury, Venus, and Mars are reported. Charts and graphs are presented on planetary surface properties, rotational parameters, atmospheric compositions, and astronomical characteristics.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 1; p 133-196
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  • 7
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    Lunakhod-2: Preliminary research results (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Results from the Lunakhod 2 experiment on the surface property variations and relief structure of lunar craters are presented. Tectonic fractures, iron composition of lunar rocks, magnetic measurements, lunar sky brightness, and corpuscular radiation of the lunar body were studied.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Mod. Achievements of Cosmonautics (NASA-TT-F-16221); p 39-50
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  • 8
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    Lunakhod-2 in Lemonnier crater (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: A study of surface properties of the Lemonnier Crater by Lunakhod 2 is summarized. Special efforts were made to determine the variations of physical-chemical properties of the lunar surface as a function of the selenological-morphological structure in the transition zone of a mare region to the highlands. Studies were also made of the local magnetic situation, physical-mechanical properties of the soil, and the optical properties of the surface.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Mod. Achievements of Cosmonautics (NASA-TT-F-16221); p 5-19
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  • 9
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    Science data systems (1968)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: Digital generation of acceleration voltage for mass spectrometer, and development of low power, nondestructive readout, plated-wire memory
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: SPACE PROGRAMS SUM. NO. 37-51, VOL. 3 30 JUN. 1968; P 169-181
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  • 10
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    Space instruments (1968)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: Pulse height analyzer, imaging astronomical photometer, and secondary electron conduction vidicon for space application
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: SPACE PROGRAMS SUM. NO. 37-51, VOL. 3 30 JUN. 1968; P 152-167
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  • 11
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    Lunar and planetary instruments (1968)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: Atmospheric entry sampling system, and prototype mass spectrometer for planetary atmospheric analysis
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: SPACE PROGRAMS SUM. NO. 37-51, VOL. 3 30 JUN. 1968; P 143-151
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  • 12
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    Instrumentation of image analysis and television simulation techniques (1968)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Multispectral imagery of aerial remote sensors and television simulation for terrain analysis
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER EARTH RESOURCES AIRCRAFT PROGRAM STATUS REV., VOL. 1 1968 (SEE N71-16126 06-13)
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  • 13
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    Infrared studies (1968)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Aerial infrared scanners for thermal mapping and multispectral sensing
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER EARTH RESOURCES AIRCRAFT PROGRAM STATUS REV., VOL. 1 1968 (SEE N71-16126 06-13)
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  • 14
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    Infrared studies (1968)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Investigating infrared scanners for thermal mapping and multispectral sensing
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER EARTH RESOURCES AIRCRAFT PROGRAM STATUS REV., VOL. 3 1968 (SEE N71-16166 06-13)
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  • 15
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    Photographic applications of NASA Earth Resources Survey Program (1968)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Photographic applications of NASA Earth Resources Survey Program
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER EARTH RESOURCES AIRCRAFT PROGRAM STATUS REV., VOL. 2 1968 (SEE N71-16147 06 13)
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  • 16
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    Transport and emplacement of crater and basin deposits (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Material is ejected from impact craters in ballastic trajectories; it impacts first near the crater rim and then at progressively greater ranges. Ejecta from craters smaller than approximately 1 km are laid predominantly on top of the surrounding surface. With increasing crater size, more and more surrounding surface will be penetrated by secondary cratering action, and these preexisting materials will be mixed with primary crater ejecta. Ejecta from large craters, and especially basin-forming events, not only excavate preexisting local materials, but also are capable of moving large amounts of material away from the crater. Thus mixing and lateral transport give rise to continuous deposits that contain materials from within and outside the primary crater. As a consequence, ejecta of basins and large highland craters have eroded and mixed highland materials throughout geologic time and deposited them in depressions inside and between older crater structures.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 17
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    An aneroid pressure sensor for constant-level balloons (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The pressure sensor for the Tropical Wind Energy conversion and Reference Level Experiment (TWERLE) is described. Key design features of the sensor are: capacitive coupling, reference at midrange, up-down counting, passive oven, storage at flight pressure and prelaunch calibration. Sensor specifications are given which are based on the production results of 440 units. Drift, as estimated from simulated life tests, is 1 mb per 6 months. The overall weight of the sensor, including thermal package, is 180 g.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 14; Sept
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  • 18
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    Planetary geology (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The solar system is considered along with the significance of meteorites as samples of the universe, the origin of planets, and earth's-eye view of the moon, previews of the lunar surface, aspects of impact cratering, lunar igneous processes, the mapping of the moon, the exploration of the moon in connection with the Apollo lunar landings, and the scientific payoff from the lunar samples. Studies of Mars, Venus, and the planets beyond are discussed, taking into account the Mariner Mars program, the Mariner orbiting mission, missions to Venus, the Mariner flight to Mercury, and the Pioneer missions. Attention is also given to the origin of the moon, implications of the moon's thermal history, similarities and differences in planetary evolution, and the role of internal energy in planetary development.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 19
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    Petrology of lunar soils (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The paper summarizes the physical and petrographic characteristics of the finer-grained fractions (less than 1 cm) of lunar regolith soil in Apollo and Luna samples. Lunar soils are poorly sorted and consist mostly of lithic and mineral debris derived by impact comminution of the underlying bedrock and glass particles formed by impact melting. Agglutinates constitute an important soil component and are key factors in the genetic history of lunar soil. Some models concerning the development of lunar regolith based on soil studies are examined.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 13; Aug. 197
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  • 20
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    Infrared upconversion as a means of seeing in the dark (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A new approach to seeing in the dark is described which is based on the principles of nonlinear optics employing a crystal such as lithium iodate. A nonlinear optical device capable of producing photons at higher frequencies from lower-frequency incident light is shown to upconvert infrared light directly into visible light. The major advantages of the infrared upconversion process is that it permits the infrared signal to be detected by photon-counting devices presently available for the visible spectral region, and that it can provide sensitivity to infrared radiation without the need for cryogenic cooling of the detector used. Early works on infrared upconversion are reviewed. The development of applications is discussed as to astronomical spectroscopy and infrared image upconversion involving either angular or positional resolution elements. The demonstration of infrared upconversion in rectangular waveguides of single-crystal GaAs by Anderson et al. (1971) indicates future possibilities in upconversion by the use of integrated optics devices.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Optical Sciences Center Newsletter; 9; May 1975
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  • 21
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    On the origin of ultraviolet constrasts on Venus (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Models for the origin of the contrasts in the ultraviolet images of Venus are examined in an attempt to determine the physical differences between light and dark regions fundamental to a clear understanding of the apparent cloud motions. To evaluate the meaning of the wavelength dependence of the contrasts, an improved determination of the spherical albedo curve for Venus in the 0.225-1.06 micron range is made by fitting appropriate theoretical models to the observations of monochromatic magnitudes as a function of phase angle. It is shown that, because of differences between the spectral dependences of spherical albedo and contrasts, at least one major absorber other than the one causing the contrasts is almost certainly required. Several classes of models are compatible with present observational evidence. The contrasts and the absorption associated with them may in fact be occurring below, within or above the main visible cloud layer, and thus an unambiguous interpretation of the apparent cloud motions is not possible.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 22
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    Interpretation of the variation of polarization over the disk of Venus (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The polarization of reflected sunlight is computed for model atmospheres of Venus as a function of location on the apparent planetary disk. The calculations are for both homogeneous and layered models, as required to investigate the vertical distribution of particles. The results are compared with available observations. It is shown that the Rayleigh scattering observed in the polarization of Venus originates primarily from within the visible clouds, rather than from above the clouds. The visible 'clouds' are actually a very diffuse hazy region, and this visible-cloud layer extends at least up to the level where the pressure is of the order of 10 mb. The results indicate that the atmosphere behaves more nearly as the so-called 'homogeneous model' than as the 'reflecting-layer model'. However, there is some indication in the data that the turbidity increases with depth into the atmosphere. This conclusion receives stronger support from a comparison of particle number densities obtained from the polarization data with the number densities obtained from other observations which refer on the average to higher and lower levels in the atmosphere.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 32; June 197
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  • 23
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    Polar symmetric flow of a viscous compressible atmosphere - An application to Mars (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The atmosphere is assumed to be driven by a polar symmetric temperature field. The surface pressure gradient exhibits a latitudinal dependence opposite that of the depth-averaged temperature. The magnitude of the gradient is dependent upon the depth of the boundary layer, which depends upon the eddy viscosity, the boundary conditions imposed at the surface, and upon the temperature lapse rate. Using a temperature model for Mars based on Mariner 9 infrared spectral data with a 30% increase in the depth-averaged temperature from the winter pole to the subsolar point, the increase in surface pressure from the subsolar point to the winter pole was calculated as a function of eddy viscosity with no-slip conditions imposed at the surface. The meridional cellular flow rate is correlated with the eddy viscosity, causing a complete overturning of the atmosphere in tens of days for an eddy viscosity of .1 billion sq cm/sec and in hundreds of days for 1 million sq cm/sec. The implication of this overturning in the dust storm observed during the early part of the Mariner 9 mission is discussed briefly.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 32; Jan. 197
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  • 24
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    Extinct radioactivities - Trapped residuals of presolar grains (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The xenon anomalies trapped in meteorites and the moon may have first been trapped in circumstellar grains formed in or outside of postexplosive stars. In that case, the initial solar nebula need not have contained most of their radioactive progenitors, and this would necessitate major revision of the history of solar system formation.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 25
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    A determination of the lunar moment of inertia (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: An estimate of the second zonal coefficient of the spherical-harmonic representation of the lunar gravitational field has been obtained from an analysis of particular orbital-element variations of the Explorer 35 and Explorer 49 spacecraft. Data from these spacecraft were used because the orbital configurations resulted in variations of the longitude of periapse and node which were, to first order, dependent only on the even zonal harmonics. The data time span for each satellite was extremely long: 2138 days for Explorer 35 and 230 days for Explorer 49. The value of the harmonic coefficient is determined and used to obtain a value of the lunar moment of inertia.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Geophysical Research Letters; 2; Aug. 197
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  • 26
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    Thicknesses of some lunar mare basalt flows and ejecta blankets based on chemical kinetic data (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 39; Aug. 197
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  • 27
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    Mineralogy, petrology, and geochemistry of the lunar samples (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The geochemistry of the bulk moon is considered, taking into account the large-scale chemical view of the lunar surface which has been obtained with the aid of three remote sensing experiments utilizing X-ray fluorescence, a gamma-ray spectrometer, and visible and near infrared reflectance measurements. Attention is also given to the regolith, the mare basins, and the lunar highlands and crust.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 13; July 197
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  • 28
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    An infrared heterodyne radiometer for high-resolution measurements of solar radiation and atmospheric transmission (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A tunable, Dicke-switched, infrared heterodyne radiometer (IHR) has been designed, fabricated, tested, and used to observe solar radiation and determine the atmospheric transmissivity in the 9-11-micron spectral band. The IHR provides a spectral resolution of 0.0067 reciprocal cm, a minimum detectable power level of 2.9 times ten to the minus twenty-third power W/Hz, and a temperature resolution of less than 1 K for a source temperature of 1000 K, an IF predetection bandwidth of 100 MHz, and an integration time of 30 s. Detailed design equations and measured IHR performance are presented. The IHR was used to make solar and atmospheric transmission measurements, and a vertical-path atmospheric attenuation of 2.3 dB has been established under favorable weather conditions. The attenuation of solar radiation due to cloud cover and haze has also been investigated.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics; QE-11; Aug. 197
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  • 29
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    Mars gravity field based on a short-arc technique (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The magnitudes of 92 surface mass points at designated locations were estimated from the radio tracking data of the Mariner Mars 1971 (M9) orbiter. This result is the first mass point model of a global field. The derived surface mass distribution correlates positively with the visible topography. The Hellas basin contains a mass deficiency, in contrast to some of the lunar basins which contain mass excesses. The Mars gravity field represented by the four parameters of an optimally located mass point (superimposed on an oblate spheroid) has third- and fourth-degree harmonics comparable to those of the complete model.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; July 10
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  • 30
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    An analytical model of the Jovian magnetosphere (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Using Euler potentials, we construct a class of axisymmetric magnetic field models that exhibit the general features of the dayside Jovian field as observed by Pioneers 10 and 11. The particular model used for illustration contains a distended, disk-like field along the equator, a blunt, earth-like magnetosphere boundary, and the possibility of multiple trapping regions along a field line. The self-consistent ring current is calculated, together with representative drift periods for energetic particles.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Geophysical Research Letters; 2; July 197
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  • 31
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    The magnetic field of Mercury. I (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: An updated analysis and interpretation are presented of the magnetic field observations obtained during the Mariner 10 encounter with the planet Mercury on March 29, 1974. The combination of data relating to position of the detached bow shock wave and magnetopause and the geometry and magnitude of the magnetic field within the magnetosphere-like region surrounding Mercury lead to the conclusion that an internal planetary field exists with dipole moment approximately 5.1 times 10 to the 22nd G per cu cm. The dipole axis has a polarity sense similar to that of earth and is tilted 7 deg from the normal to Mercury's orbital plane. The magnetic field observations reveal a significant distortion of the modest Hermean field by the solar wind flow and the formation of a magnetic tail and neutral sheet which begins close to the planet on the night side. Presently, an active dynamo mechanism in the planetary interior appears to be favored in the interpretation of the field origin.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; July 1
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  • 32
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    The Viking Mars lander camera (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The 7.3 kg cameras for the 1976 Viking Mars expedition feature an array of 12 silicon photodiodes, including six spectral bands for color and near-infrared imaging with an angular resolution of 0.12 deg and four focus steps for broadband imaging, with an improved angular resolution of 0.04 deg. The field of view in elevation ranges from 40 deg above to 60 deg below the horizon, and in azimuth ranges to 342.5 deg. The cameras are mounted 0.8 m apart to provide a stereo view of the area accessible to a surface sampler for biological and chemical investigations. The scanning rates are synchronized to the lander data transmission rates of 16000 bits per sec to the Viking orbiters as relay stations and 250 bits per sec directly to earth. However, image data can also be stored on a lander tape recorder. About 10 million bits of image data will be transmitted during most days of the 60-day-long mission planned for each lander.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Space Science Instrumentation; 1; May 1975
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    The Pioneer XI high field fluxgate magnetometer (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The high field fluxgate magnetometer experiment flown aboard the Pioneer XI spacecraft is described. This extremely simple instrument was used to extend the spacecraft's upper-limit measurement capability by approximately an order of magnitude (from 0.14 mT to 1.00 mT) with minimum power and volume requirements. This magnetometer was designed to complement the low-field measurements provided by a helium vector magnetometer and utilizes magnetic ring core sensors with biaxial orthogonal sense coils. The instrument is a single-range, triaxial-fluxgate magnetometer capable of measuring fields of up to 1 mT along each orthogonal axis, with a maximum resolution of 1 microT.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Space Science Instrumentation; 1; May 1975
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  • 34
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    Earth as an intense planetary radio source - Similarities to Jupiter and Saturn (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Observations from spacecraft have revealed naturally occurring radio emission emanating from two regions near earth. The characteristics of these two sources suggest a correlation with areas of known electron precipitation. The possibility of a similar production mechanism for observed nonthermal radio emissions from other planetary magnetospheres permits the polar magnetic field strengths of Jupiter and Saturn to be predicted.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Science; 189; July 25
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    Saturn radio emission near 1 MHz (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Radio emissions from the direction of Saturn are analyzed which were observed by IMP-6 at 15 frequencies between 375 and 2200 kHz from April 1971 to October 1972. The radio bursts are identified in the IMP-6 data by a phase analysis of the spin-modulated signal from the spacecraft's dipole antenna, and approximately 12 storms are isolated whose occurrence corresponded to times when the spacecraft had an unobstructed view in the direction of Saturn. The spectral character of the radiation is found to be analogous to that of Jupiter, and a power-spectral analysis of the storm occurrence times indicates a weak periodicity for some of the observing frequencies. The Saturnian emission most similar to Jupiter's decametric emission is found to be strongest at 1100 kHz with a bandwidth of about 1000 kHz. A secondary spectral peak may exist at 400 kHz, which is similar to that observed for Earth and Jupiter. The detection of this nonthermal radio emission is shown to be the first direct evidence for the existence of a Saturnian magnetic field containing energetic particles.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 198; June 1
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  • 36
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    Venus cloud properties - Infrared opacity and mass mixing ratio (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: By using the Mariner 5 temperature profile and a homogeneous cloud model, and assuming that CO2 and cloud particles are the only opacity sources, the wavelength dependence of the Venus cloud opacity is inferred from the infrared spectrum of the planet between 450 and 1250 per cm. Volume extinction coefficients varying from 0.000005 to 0.000015 per cm, depending on the wavelength, are determined at the tropopause level of 6110 km. By using all available data, a cloud mass mixing ratio of approximately 0.000005 and a particle concentration of about 900 particles per cu cm at this level are also inferred. The derived cloud opacity compares favorably with that expected for a haze of droplets of a 75% aqueous solution of sulfuric acid.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Icarus; 25; May 1975
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  • 37
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    Observations of Jupiter at 26.3 MHz using a large array (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A 640 element phase-steerable dipole array has been used to make highly sensitive observations of the planet Jupiter during the 1973 apparition. The satellite Io is found to have very little influence at the low flux levels, whereas the definition of sources A and B appears to be relatively flux independent. A two-dimensional analysis of the data in the Jupiter-Io plane has revealed considerable source B activity at low intensities which is not influenced by Io.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Icarus; 25; May 1975
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  • 38
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    Effect of grid transparency and finite collector size on determining ion temperature and density by the retarding potential analyzer (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The effects of the grid transparency and finite collector size on the values of thermal ion density and temperature determined by the standard RPA (retarding potential analyzer) analysis method are investigated. The current-voltage curves calculated for varying RPA parameters and a given ion mass, temperature, and density are analyzed by the standard RPA method. It is found that only small errors in temperature and density are introduced for an RPA with typical dimensions, and that even when the density error is substantial for nontypical dimensions, the temperature error remains minimum.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; June 1
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  • 39
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    44 Nysa - An iron-depleted asteroid (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The minor planet 44 Nysa has a unique combination of photopolarimetric parameters, with the most nearly neutral UBV colors, the shallowest negative polarization branch, and by far the highest polarimetric albedo yet obtained for any asteroid. Its surface apparently consists of a low-opacity, iron-free silicate strongly suggestive of enstatite achondrites.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 198; May 15
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  • 40
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    Phase correction for a Michelson interferometer with misaligned mirrors (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The phase correction for a Michelson interferometer with misaligned mirrors in converging light is shown to give rise to a quadratic phase shift. In general, the calculation of a spectrum from the measured interferogram needs phase correction. Phase corrections have been well worked out for the cases of a linear phase shift and a phase that is slowly varying. The standard procedures for correcting calculated spectra need to be modified, however, to remove any phase errors resulting from misaligned mirrors.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 14; June 197
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  • 41
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    Magnetic field of Mercury confirmed (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Observations made by Mariner 10 during its third encounter with Mercury (Mercury III) are presented which confirm the tentative conclusion drawn from the first encounter (Mercury I) that Mercury has a modest intrinsic magnetic field. Some comparison between Mercury I and III data and trajectories is attempted, and the superior affirmative nature of Mercury III is pointed out. Definitive bow shock and magnetopause detections of solar wind deflection were made during both passes.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Nature; 255; May 15
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  • 42
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    The Pioneer 10 radio occultation measurements of the ionosphere of Jupiter (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Data from the Pioneer 10 radio occultation measurements are utilized to study the vertical electron number density distribution in the Jovian ionosphere. The immersion measurements were made at 26 North latitude in the late afternoon local time. The solar zenith angle in this region was 81 deg. Emersion measurements were made at 58 North latitude near the morning terminator where the solar zenith angle was 95 deg. The detectable portion of the Jovian ionosphere consists of a number of layers distributed over an altitude range of more than 3000 km. The maximum density appears to be on the order of 30,000 electrons per cu cm. Assuming that H(+) is the principal ion in the upper portion of the ionosphere yields a topside plasma temperature of 900 plus or minus 400 K.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 39; 1, Fe; Feb. 197
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  • 43
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    The role of ballistic erosion and sedimentation in lunar stratigraphy (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Aspects of base surge transport are considered along with questions regarding the applicability of base surge transport to lunar sedimentation, the ballistic transport of crater and basin ejecta, Copernicus crater ballistics, and the effects of ejecta impact on preexisting lunar ground. An ejecta emplacement model is discussed and attention is given to the structure of the surface of continuous deposits of craters and basins, the thickness of crater and basin deposits, and the characteristics of impact melts.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 13; May 1975
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  • 44
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    The Pioneer 10/11 and Helios A/B cosmic ray instruments (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: This paper describes the design and performance of a set of cosmic-ray particle experiments for the Pioneer 10/11 and Helios A/B space missions. These experiments had to be very light-weight, low-power and electronically sophisticated in order to meet the spacecraft and scientific requirements. Both sets of missions use several solid-state detector telescopes to measure protons from 100 KeV to 800 MeV and heavier ions up to Neon at 200 MeV per nucleon. Good performance is required for 7-8 years, and the system must tolerate large vibration loads and ionizing radiation doses up to 500,000 rads.
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  • 45
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    Seismic effects from major basin formations on the moon and Mercury (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Grooved and hilly terrains occur at the antipode of major basins on the moon (Imbrium, Orientale) and Mercury (Caloris). Such terrains may represent extensive landslides and surface disruption produced by impact-generated P-waves and antipodal convergence of surface waves. Order-of-magnitude calculations for an Imbrium-size impact on the moon indicate P-wave-induced surface displacements of 10 m at the basin antipode that would arrive prior to secondary ejecta. Comparable surface waves would arrive subsequent to secondary ejecta impacts beyond 1000 km and would increase in magnitude as they converge at the antipode. Other seismically induced surface features include: subdued, furrowed crater walls produced by landslides and concomitant secondary impacts; emplacement and leveling of light plains units owing to seismically induced 'fluidization' of slide material; and perhaps the production and enhancement of deep-seated fractures that led to the concentration of farside lunar maria in the Apollo-Ingenii region.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: The Moon; 12; Feb. 197
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  • 46
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    The ionosphere and atmosphere of Io (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A neon atmosphere and ionosphere is proposed for Io, based on Pioneer 10 observations of the peak electron number density, height of the peak above the surface, and the topside plasma scale height. Calculations of mass, momentum and energy equations for a neon atmosphere yield results that are in reasonable agreement with the observations. A nitrogen atmosphere and a neon-argon-helium atmosphere are also considered. Calculations of the electron number density of a neon ionosphere also yield reasonable agreement with observations. It is noted that Io has about the same mass and radius as the moon, and that Apollo mass spectrometer measurements indicated an abundance of neon in the lunar atmosphere. The presence of other elements, such as hydrogen, helium, and sodium, in Io's atmosphere is also discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Geophysical Research Letters; 2; Feb. 197
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  • 47
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    Nonthermal rotational distribution of CO/A 1Pi/ fragments produced by dissociative excitation of CO2 by electron impact (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Measurements were made of the rotational profiles of specific bands of the CO fourth-positive group (4PG). The CO 4PG bands were excited by electron impact dissociative excitation of CO2. The results are applicable to analysis of the Mariner observations of the CO 4PG in the dayglow of Mars. The results indicate that dissociative excitation of CO2 by electron impact leads to CO(A 1Pi) fragments with a rotational distribution that is highly nonthermal. The parent CO2 temperature was about 300 K in the experiment, while the fragment CO(A 1Pi) showed emission band profiles consistent with a rotational temperature greater than about 1500 K. Laboratory measurement of the reduced transmission of the hot bands by thermal CO appears to be the most direct way of determining the column density responsible for the CO(v',0) absorption of Mars.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Jan. 1
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  • 48
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    Venus wind and temperature structure - The Venera 8 data (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Our analysis of the Venera 8 measurements yields equatorial morning terminator horizontal and vertical winds that are similar in a number of respects to the winds we obtained from our analysis of the Venera 7 measurements. The lower boundary of the horizontal retrograde '4-day' wind is defined by a 50-60% decrease in wind speed in the vicinity of 44 km, and there exists a retrograde wind 'plateau' of 15- to 40-m/s winds extending from 40 km down to the vicinity of 18 km, where the winds decrease rapidly to the order of 0.1 m/s near the surface. Updrafts of 2-5 m/s exist in the vicinity of 20-30 km and are apparently associated with a slightly superadiabatic lapse rate.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Jan. 1
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  • 49
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    Mars sample return by orbital rendezvous (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The return of Mars surface samples by the orbital rendezvous mode would require smaller, lighter vehicles than the direct return mode and would limit the exposure of the earth return systems to possible contamination by Martian biota. The reference mission considered would use a single Titan IIIE/Centaur launch vehicle, carry a 1 kg sample, and be launched in late 1981. The spacecraft would consist of an orbiter, a Mars lander, a Mars ascent vehicle, an earth return vehicle, and an earth entry capsule. The Mars ascent vehicle is the only all-new vehicle required, the others being derived from Viking and other programs. A key consideration is the feasibility of automatic rendezvous and sample transfer between the ascent vehicle and orbiter in Mars orbit. The maneuvers required and the maneuver algorithm developed in a NASA feasibility study are described in detail. The possibility of international cooperation on a Mars orbital rendezvous mission is discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 13; Jan. 197
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  • 50
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    Superconducting gyroscope - Drift data and mathematical model. (1968)
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    Beschreibung: Experimental cryogenic gyroscope drift data, discussing Fourier analysis and mathematical model
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 51
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    Influence of fixture stress concentrations on ring accelerometers (1968)
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    Beschreibung: Effects of fixture stress vibration on mounted accelerometer signal
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NRL THE SHOCK AND VIBRATION BULL., NO. 37, PT. 2 JAN. 1968; P 43-50
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  • 52
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    An expansion of the ev system. (1968)
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    Beschreibung: Expansion of EV /exposure value/ system, deriving equations relating photographic factors for basic and flash photography
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: ; ADEMIE DES SCIENCES
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  • 53
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    Nondestructive thickness measurement in thin sections of germanium. (1968)
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    Beschreibung: Thin Ge wafers nondestructive thickness measurement by IR abborption measurement system using monochromatic He-Ne laser source
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: ; YAL SOCIETY (
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  • 54
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    A high resolution scanning confocal interferometer. (1968)
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    Beschreibung: High resolution scanning confocal interferometer illumination requirements from quasi-paraxial ray tracing calculation, considering additional reflections effect
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: ; OFYSISKE PUBLIKASJON
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  • 55
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    A double beam astronomical photometer. (1968)
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    Beschreibung: Double beam photoelectric filter photometer for simultaneous measurements of two astronomical objects, noting variable atmospheric extinction errors reduction
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: ; YAL SOCIETY (
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  • 56
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    The Sheffield University V.L.F. experiment on the satellite Ariel 3. (1968)
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    Beschreibung: VLF phenomena at 3.2, 9.6 and 16 kHz above ionosphere, using loop antenna on Ariel 3 satellite
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  • 57
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    Negative magnetoresistance in carbon resistance thermometers. (1968)
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    Beschreibung: Temperature measurement errors due to negative magnetoresistance in carbon resistance thermometers, indicating correction procedure where magnetic field is involved
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 58
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    Delta-T curves for measuring magnetic tape link jitter. (1968)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-12
    Beschreibung: Root mean square time delay error with respect to playback time and autocorrelation function of tape recorded sine wave for studying jitter spectra
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: ; ADEMIE DES SCIENCES
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  • 59
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    Direct reading instrument for silicon and germanium four-probe resistivity measurements. (1968)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-12
    Beschreibung: Direct reading instrument using four point probe and two analog computing circuits for Si and Ge resistivity measurements
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: ; ADEMIE DES SCIENCES
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  • 60
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    Design of polarization adjustment instrumentation for a rocket propagation experiment (1968)
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    Beschreibung: Polarization adjustment instrumentation for rocket propagation experiment in lower ionosphere
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: ROCKET EXPT. INSTRUMENTATION 31 DEC. 1968 (SEE N69-24672 12-14)
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  • 61
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    A single-photon counting astronomical spectrophotometer. (1968)
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    Beschreibung: Single photon counting astronomical spectrophotometer to take advantage of increased information rate obtainable
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: ; ADEMIE DES SCIENCES
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  • 62
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    Automatic pressure transducer calibration. (1968)
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    Beschreibung: Automatic pressure transducer calibration systems
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 63
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    Aerospace sensor systems. (1968)
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    Beschreibung: Aerospace sensor systems, discussing adaptive multimode sensors and multispectral sensing, electronic recognition of image components, laser radar and Raman scattering technique
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: ; YAL SOCIETY (
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  • 64
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    Intense vacuum ultraviolet atomic line sources. (1968)
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    Beschreibung: Intense far UV atomic line sources obtained by microwave excitation of various gas mixtures in He with aid of flow lamps
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    Materialart: ; ADEMIE DES SCIENCES
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  • 65
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    A simple A.C. technique for galvanomagnetic and Shubnikov-de Haas measurements. (1968)
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    Beschreibung: AC technique using lock-in power amplifier SNR for measuring galvanomagnetic and Shubnikov-de Haas effects, noting error reduction
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: ; ACE(
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  • 66
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    Improved method of removing plastic backing films from carbon electron microscope replicas. (1968)
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    Beschreibung: Plastic backing films removal from carbon electron microscope replicas by maintaining specimens in horizontal position
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: ; RO(
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    Laser display systems. I - Scanners. (1968)
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    Beschreibung: Scanned laser beam display techniques based on cathode ray tube technology, noting flying spot scanner and beam deflection
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: ; ADEMIE DES SCIENCES
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    A radiometric method for measuring the insertion loss of radome materials. (1968)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-12
    Beschreibung: Radome material insertion loss measurement by radiometric method noting error analysis
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: ; STITUTION OF ENGINEE
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  • 69
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    X-ray fluorescence of rock samples as applied to geological problems. (1968)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-12
    Beschreibung: X Ray fluorescence of rock samples as applied to geological problems, noting standard deviations for element distribution
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: ; ADEMIE DES SCIENCES
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  • 70
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    Rapid scanning with the Fabry-Perot etalon. (1968)
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    Beschreibung: Rapid scanning Fabry-Perot spectrometers, considering time resolution, wavelength resolution, wavelength interval size, aperture diameter and limitations of mechanical components
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: ; ADEMIE DES SCIENCES
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  • 71
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    Stereoisomers of isovaline in the Murchison meteorite (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Isovaline is present in the Murchison meteorite as a racemic mixture (about equal concentrations of the R and S enantiomers). Since isovaline does not have a hydrogen atom on its asymmetric alpha-carbon atom, the racemic mixture could not have formed by commonly accepted mechanisms of racemization. Thus, isovaline in the meteorite most probably was synthesized as a racemic mixture and is not the result of the racemization of either the R or S enantiomer. Other chiral amino acids in the meteorite are present as racemic mixtures, and were probably synthesized in a similar manner by abiotic, extraterrestrial processes.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 39; Nov. 197
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  • 72
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    Recirculation of energetic particles in Jupiter's magnetosphere (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A significant new finding from analysis of Pioneer 11 observations in the magnetosphere of Jupiter is that there is net streaming of both electrons E above 40 keV and E above 560 keV and protons in the range from .61 to 3.41 MeV away from the planet along high-latitude field lines. This result is compatible with the recent suggestion of Nishida that energetic particles undergo trans-L shell diffusion at low altitudes without significant change of energy. This provides a plausible explanation for the remarkable pitch angle distributions near the equator in the range of L values from 12 to 25; the presence of particles of about 1 MeV energy at the outer edge of the magnetosphere; and hence, via conventional inward diffusion processes, the presence of those having magnetic moments of several hundred MeV per gauss in the inner magnetosphere. The recirculation of energetic particles emerges as an important dynamical feature of the Jovian magnetosphere.-
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Geophysical Research Letters; 2; Oct. 197
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  • 73
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    Thermal diffusivity measurements of particulates using the differentiated line source (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A method is described in which thermal diffusivity measurements can be made on particulate materials using the identical instrumentation as described in previous papers for measuring thermal conductivity. The measurements for the two properties can be made simultaneously, thus eliminating the changes in conditions when they are made separately. This system has particular application for studies of simulated lunar, planetary, or asteroidal surfaces in which laboratory measurements can be correlated with astronomical observations of thermal inertia. A representative set of data is shown which gives thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity measurements on a particulate basalt in which the values for each temperature were taken simultaneously. A value for specific heat is calculated for measurements taken at each temperature.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Review of Scientific Instruments; 46; May 1975
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  • 74
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    Specific surface area as a maturity index of lunar fines (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Mature surface fines have an equilibrium specific surface area of about 0.6 sq m/g the equivalent mean particle size being about 3 microns. The adsorption behavior of inert gases (reversible isotherms) indicates that the particles are also nonporous in the size range of pores from 10 to 3000 A. Apparently, in mature soils there is a balance in the forces which cause fining, attrition, pore filling, and growth of lunar dust grains. Immature, lightly irradiated soils usually have coarser grains which reduce in size as aging proceeds. The specific surface area, determined by nitrogen or krypton sorption at 77 K, is a valuable index of soil maturity.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 27; 3, Oc; Oct. 197
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  • 75
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    Magnetic attitude control system for dual-spin satellites (1975)
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    Beschreibung: A closed-loop control law is developed for a dual-spin satellite control system which utilizes the interaction of the geomagnetic field with the satellite dipole parallel to the spin axis. The control law consists of the linear combination of the pitch axis component of the rate of change of the geomagnetic field and the product of the roll angle and roll axis component of the geomagnetic field. Application of the method of multiple time scales yields approximate solutions for the feedback gains in terms of the system parameters. Approximate solutions are also obtained for the response of the system to disturbance torques. A comparison of the approximate solutions and numerical solutions obtained by numerical integration of the exact equations of motion is then given.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: AIAA Journal; 13; June 197
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  • 76
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    Stratification in the lunar regolith - A preliminary view (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Although our knowledge of lunar regolith stratification is incomplete, several categories of thick and thin strata have been identified. Relatively thick units average 2 to 3 cm in thickness, and appear surficially to be massive. On more detailed examination, these units can be uniformly fine-grained, can show internal trends, or can show internal variations which apparently are random. Other thick units contain soil clasts apparently reworked from underlying units. Thin laminae average approximately 1 mm in thickness; lenticular distribution and composition of some thin laminae indicates that they are fillets shed from adjacent rock fragments. Other dark fine-grained well-sorted thin laminae appear to be surficial zones reworked by micrometeorites. Interpretations of stratigraphic succession can be strengthened by the occurrence of characteristic coarse rock fragments and the orientation of large spatter agglutinates, which are commonly found in their original depositional orientation.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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    Development of the mare regolith - Some model considerations (1975)
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    Beschreibung: This investigation uses results obtained in an earlier Monte Carlo study by Oberbeck et al. (1973) to shed light on the consequences of mare-regolith origin by impact comminution of primarily local basaltic rocks by evaluating regolith growth and mixing as a function of time. The study demonstrates that regolith growth is self-regulated and has the same trend and nearly the same terminal growth rates whatever the history of bombardment: rapid initial accumulation followed by diminishing rates of growth. Mixing and all other processes investigated are growth regulated. Mixing increases as growth slows, but never to the extent that the regolith is homogenized. Because the average regolith is never homogenized, products of growth-regulated processes are preserved in the stratigraphy. This model indicates that deeper levels contain thinner depositional units, lesser quantities of meteoritic and exotic components, and more debris derived from shallow levels in the mare basalts than material in near-surface layers.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 78
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    Sintering, crystallization, and breccia formation (1975)
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    Beschreibung: The process of breccia formation by viscous sintering in the absence of pressure, advanced by Simonds (1973), is examined in detail. The limitations on the standard model for such sintering are considered. The competing process of crystallization is analyzed kinetically in terms of time-temperature-transformation curves corresponding to various degrees of crystallinity. The analysis is applied to Lunar Composition 15418 to illustrate the approach. The results indicate that close constraints can be placed on the thermal histories of lunar breccias, particularly breccias with modest degrees of crystallinity, from microstructural observations and kinetic measurements.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 79
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    Viking to Mars - The mission strategy (1975)
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    Beschreibung: The Viking mission is discussed which will search for evidence of life on Mars by performing extended and closeup reconnaissance of the planet's surface. Previous unsuccessful Soviet attempts to land scientific payloads on Mars are summarized, and choices of landing sites for the two Viking landers are discussed. The onboard computers in both the orbiter and the two landers are described with emphasis on their 18,000-word memories and reprograming capabilities. The mission profiles and lander programs are outlined in detail, and lander experiments are discussed which will involve surface imaging, meteorological and seismometric measurements, soil sampling, lower atmosphere analysis, and searches for possible Martian microorganisms.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Sky and Telescope; 50; July 197
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  • 80
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    Preliminary imaging results from the second Mercury encounter (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The second Mercury encounter has resulted in the acquisition of about 360 pictures of the south polar regions which provide a reliable cartographic and geologic tie between the two sides of the planet photographed on the first encounter. Stereoscopic coverage of large areas of the southern hemisphere was obtained by combining Mercury 1 and 2 pictures taken at different viewing angles. The south polar regions consist of heavily cratered terrain and intercrater plains interspersed with patches of smooth plains. No large areas of smooth plains similar to those surrounding Caloris occur in the south polar regions. No new types of terrain have been recognized, but lobate scarps are common. The second largest basin seen by Mariner 10 has been confirmed on the new photography. At high solar elevations the surface displays an abundance of rays and rayed craters.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; June 10
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  • 81
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    On the cooling of the moon by solid convection (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: If a molten, or partially molten, lunar core exists at present, constraints would be placed on the viscosity of the solid mantle and the distribution of radioactive heat sources. Models in which the heat sources have been concentrated near the surface would rapidly solidify if the effective viscosity did not exceed 10 to the 22nd power sq cm/sec. Retention of most of the heat sources throughout the mantle would permit present day solid convection to occur without cooling the core.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: The Moon; 12; Mar. 197
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  • 82
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    Apparatus for production, measurement and reaction studies of dissociated gases at elevated temperatures (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: An apparatus is described which is used for the controlled production, characterization, and study of dissociated gases in a microwave discharge at elevated temperatures. A unique feature is the ability to produce and study a microwave discharge plasma in the heated zone. This allows elevated temperature reactions to be studied in high concentrations of dissociated gases. Further, the system permits weight change measurements of specimens in the plasma, thus facilitating reaction rate determinations. Included is a description of a cavity for use on a 50-mm diameter cylindrical reactor. The effects of flow rate, pressure, temperature, power, metal sample, and sampling position on dissociation percentage of oxygen in the apparatus are described as well as a technique for sample temperature measurements in the plasma which permits determination of high temperature recombination coefficients and reaction rates.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science; PS-3; June 197
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    Preliminary interpretation of plasma electron observations at the third encounter of Mariner 10 with Mercury (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Plasma electron count observations made during the first and third encounters of Mariner 10 with Mercury (i.e., during Mercury I and III) are reported. They provide detailed information on the magnetosphere of Mercury, especially those from Mercury III. A low-flux region was observed about closest approach (CA) of Mercury III, whereas no such region was detected by the lower-latitude Mercury I; a hot plasma sheet was measured on the outgoing (and near-equator) trajectory of Mercury I, while only cool plasma sheets were observed in the magnetosphere by Mercury III. Findings are similar, on a reduced scale, to models of the earth's magnetosphere and magnetosheath.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Nature; 255; May 15
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  • 84
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    Future exploration of Venus (1975)
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    Beschreibung: The present state of knowledge concerning the planet Venus is examined. It is pointed out that Venus, even with our present data, remains enigmatic and contradictory. A summary is given of seven major areas in which further studies are needed. The rewards of such studies would be related to an emergence of basic principles and processes which shape the origin and evolution of planets in general. Present plans for exploring Venus include earth-based radar observations, the Pioneer Venus entry probes, and Orbiter missions. NASA missions after Pioneer depend upon the results of a scientific analysis of the data which will be available at that time. Attention is given to buoyant stations in the Venus atmosphere, survivable landers, and the observation of the Venus surface with the aid of orbiting imaging radar.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 13; May 1975
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  • 85
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    Magnetic 'zig-zag' behavior in lunar rocks (1975)
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    Beschreibung: A lunar olivine basalt sample is analyzed which exhibits unorthodox alternating field (AF) demagnetization behavior characterized by nonreproducible remanent magnetization values upon demagnetization at a given peak AF. It is shown that the direction of the remanence following AF demagnetization is roughly confined to a particular plane and that this behavior is an intrinsic property of certain magnetic carriers present in the sample. The viscous acquisition coefficient is found to be about 1-1/2 times greater than the absolute value of the decay coefficient. It is suggested that the behavior of this sample is due to the presence of a few planar, multidomain grains which represent a local mineral fabric, do not demagnetize, and may interfere with the determination of a meaningful time variation of lunar magnetic paleointensity.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 25; 3, Ap; Apr. 197
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    Pulse modulation effect on velocity fringes (1975)
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    Beschreibung: The degradation of a hologram caused by object motion can be utilized to measure the rate of change of the length of an object beam. A rectangular shaped laser pulse is ordinarily used to illuminate the object in such an investigation. The velocity fringes obtained are considered in the calculation. There are no velocity fringes for Gaussian shaped pulses or for the pulses produced by a Q-switched ruby laser. It is shown with the aid of a mathematical analysis that a pulse of oscillating intensity or a pulse train will yield velocity fringes regardless of the shape of an individual pulse.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 14; May 1975
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    The development of an L-band radiometer dual-mode horn (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: An antenna was developed for the remote microwave measurement of ocean surface temperature during a flight test in a C54 aircraft. The basic antenna is a conical dual-mode horn similar to the dual-mode horn described by Potter (1963). The pertinent internal dimensions of the horn are given. The measured E and H plane patterns for the linearly polarized horn for a range of frequencies are shown in a graph.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation; AP-23; May 1975
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    Pioneer 11 meteoroid detection experiment - Preliminary results (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The concentration of meteoroids of mass about 0.01 microgram in interplanetary space, in the asteroid belt, and near Jupiter has been measured. The data confirm the Pioneer 10 observation that the asteroid belt is not highly populated with small meteoroids, suggest that the high concentration of small particles around Jupiter is the result of gravitational focusing, and provide an indication of the mass distribution of meteoroids in interplanetary space.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Science; 188; May 2
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    The imaging photopolarimeter experiment on Pioneer 11 (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: For 2 weeks continuous imaging, photometry, and polarimetry observations were made of Jupiter and the Galilean satellites in red and blue light from Pioneer 11. Measurements of Jupiter's north and south polar regions were possible because the spacecraft trajectory was highly inclined to the planet's equatorial plane. One of the highest resolution images obtained is presented here along with a comparison of a sample of our photometric and polarimetric data with a simple model. The data seem consistent with increased molecular scattering at high latitudes.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Science; 188; May 2
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  • 90
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    Jovian protons and electrons - Pioneer 11 (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The report presented takes into account data from the low energy telescope which were obtained during the passage of Pioneer 11 through the Jovian magnetosphere. The detector system used measures the proton flux in the range from 0.2 to 21.2 MeV in seven energy intervals and the electron flux in the range from 0.1 to 2 MeV in four intervals. The significance of the effects measured in the inner core region of the magnetosphere is discussed and attention is given to the effects of Jovian moons on the particle flux in the planetary environment.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Science; 188; May 2
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    Pioneer 11 encounter - Preliminary results from the Ames Research Center plasma analyzer experiment (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Pioneer 11 observations of the interaction of Jupiter's magnetosphere with the distant solar wind have confirmed the earlier Pioneer 10 observations of the great size and extreme variability of the outer magnetosphere. The nature of the plasma transitions across Jupiter's bow shock and magnetopause as observed on Pioneer 10 have also been confirmed on Pioneer 11. However, the northward direction of the Pioneer 11 outbound trajectory and the distance of the final magnetopause crossing (80 Jupiter radii) now suggest that Jupiter's magnetosphere is extremely broad with a half-thickness (normal to the ecliptic plane in the noon meridian) which is comparable to or greater than the sunward distance to the nose.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Science; 188; May 2
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  • 92
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    Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: On December 3, 1974, Pioneer 11 passed the planet Jupiter at a distance of 42,000 km. The spacecraft is now headed for an encounter with the planet Saturn in September 1979. The prime scientific objectives of the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 missions are discussed along with the spacecraft payload, aspects of spacecraft design, the spacecraft power supply, and details regarding the spacecraft trajectory during the approach to Jupiter.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: Science; 188; May 2
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    Energetic solar proton vs terrestrially trapped proton fluxes (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The relative importance of solar and trapped proton fluxes in the consideration of shielding requirements for geocentric space missions is analyzed. Using models of these particles, their fluences encountered by spacecraft in circular orbits are computed as functions of orbital altitude and inclination, mission duration, threshold energy (10 to 100 MeV), and risk factor (for solar protons only), and ratios of solar-to-trapped fluences are derived. It is shown that solar protons predominate for low-altitude polar and very high-altitude missions, while trapped protons predominate for missions at low and medium altitudes and low inclinations. It is recommended that if the ratio of solar-to-trapped protons falls between 0.1 and 10, both fluences should be considered in planning shielding systems.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 12; Feb. 197
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    Large Space Telescope oscillations induced by CMG friction (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Conditions are predicted under which limit cycles may be caused by the friction torque of the control moment gyroscope (CMG) output gimbal used in the Large Space Telescope (LST). The parameter plane analysis technique is described, and three separate models of the CMG output friction nonlinearity are used in three separate analyses. The results suggest that the Dahl model (included in model 3) is the best available friction model for use in dynamic analysis. The analysis and analog simulation indicate the absence of limit cycle behavior due to the CMG output gimbal friction nonlinearity for presently estimated LST numerical parameters and the occurrence of one stable and one unstable limit cycle if substantially larger numerical values are allowed for the CMG gimbal pivot friction parameter and/or the running friction torque.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 12; Feb. 197
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  • 95
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    A new high-speed solar spectrograph for meter and decameter wavelengths (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Solar Physics; 40; Feb. 197
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    Al-26 in cores of the Keyes chondrite (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Radionuclide concentration data for six samples from two cores of the Keyes chondrite are presented. The weighted average potassium content for samples was about 675 ppm, somewhat lower than the 800-900 ppm typically found in L chondrites. Spectra were analyzed for U and Th, with upper limits established at approximately 100 and 200 ppb, respectively.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Apr. 10
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    Tidal friction and the early history of the moon's orbit (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The present work investigates the consequences implied by various rheological models of the early earth for the orbital history of the moon subsequent to its formation. Models of the earth that yield small tidal angles, such as low-viscosity models, imply that the moon never orbited in the earth's equatorial plane, thereby ruling out an equatorial origin for the moon. A high-viscosity model is shown to permit the moon to originate in the equatorial plane and still account for the present-day characteristics of the moon's orbit.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Apr. 10
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 98
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Collecting efficiency of a cylindrical mirror electron energy analyzer with pre-retarding lens (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The electron collecting efficiency of a cylindrical mirror energy analyzer incorporating retardation of the electrons prior to analysis has been determined over the range 0 to 30 eV by two methods. The first method requires the use of a vacuum ultraviolet monochromator to produce monoenergetic electrons of different energies; the second method involves measuring the energy-brightness relationship of the retarding optics and should be applicable to any deflection analyzer with pre-retarding optics. The results of the two methods are compared and the limitations of the latter method are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena; 6; 1975
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Ferromagnetic phase-mass equivalence and lunar sample magnetic remanence (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Man-made alloy spheres simulating the compositions of particles found in the lunar soil and weighting approximately 10 mg are shown to be equivalent, insofar as remanence intensity and demagnetization stability are concerned, to more than about 10 billion submicrometer spherical iron particles. The large particles not only contain large stable magnetic remanence, but when the polished surfaces of these particles are etched and carefully studied, they provide useful petrogenetic information, imply the mechanism of magnetization, the time-temperature history, and outline the format for possible paleointensity analysis. The intensity and stability of the remanence in these large spheres is related to the microstructure developed during rapid cooling.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Geophysical Research Letters; 2; Mar. 197
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Water soluble cations and the fluvial history of Mars (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The electrical conductivity and water soluble Na, K, Ca, and Mg of aqueous solutions of terrestrial soils and finely divided igneous and metamorphic rocks were determined. Soils from dry terrestrial basins with a history of water accumulation as well as soils from the topographic lows of valleys accumulated water soluble cations, particularly Na and Ca. These soils as a group can be distinguished from the rocks or a second group of soils (leached upland soils and soils from sites other than the topographic lows of valleys) by significant differences in their mean electrical conductivity and water-soluble Na + Ca content. Similar measurements on multiple samples from the surface of Mars, collected by an automated long-range roving vehicle along a highlands-to-basin transect at sites with morphological features resembling dry riverlike channels, are suggested to determine the fluvial history of the planet.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Icarus; 24; Mar. 197
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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