ALBERT

Description: Of the family Oenotheraceae the genus Jussieua is the only one occurring in Suriname. The peculiar Oocarpon torulosum (Arn.) Urb., which has been recorded from Amazonian Peru, Brazil, British and French Guiana, Cuba and Santo Domingo, has up till now not been collected in the colony, but on account of its presence in the neighbouring countries it is there also to be expected. As for the name of the only Suriname genus, it was spelled by LINNAEUS in Genera Plantarum, ed. I (1737), p. 126, Jussieua but afterwards in his Flora Zeylanica (1747), p. 75, changed in Jussiaea.

Description: Among the Acanthaceae grown in the glasshouses of the University Botanic Garden, Utrecht, a plant labelled Aphelandra velutina drew my attention, first, because it obviously belonged to an entirely different genus, and secondly, because a description under this name could nowhere be found. The coincidence of these two grounds for bewilderment might be explained by assuming that Aphelandra was merely a perversion, probably caused by the inadvertency of a transcriber, of the true generic name. This sounded plausible enough, but the name itself could not be found, for all attempts to refer the plant to one of the existing genera failed. It looked as if the plant might have been described somewhere, but for the time being there was no indication at all as to the whereabouts of this description. A clue to the origin of the name was obtained some time afterwards when I found in the Utrecht herbarium a specimen belonging to the same species which was labelled Eranthemum velutinum: the specific epithet, therefore, was the same, but the generic name was different and, as I will show presently, nearer to the mark. The specimen, which dated from 1922, had been collected by the roadside in the Buitenzorg suburb Kotta Paris, and had apparently been named by an official of the Buitenzorg Botanic Gardens. It is, however, certainly no native Javanese plant, for the flora of Java, and particularly that of Buitenzorg, is well known, and a rather conspicuous plant like this one could not have escaped the attention: it was obviously a runaway from one of the neighbouring gardens.

Description: In einem jüngst erschienenen Aufsatz schreibt Du Rietz (1941 S. 6): ”Pylaiella rupincola (Aresch.) Kylin ist mit Conferva litoralis L. identisch. Kein Grund liegt vor anzunehman‘, dass Linné die auf Ascophyllum an der schwedischen Westküste wachsende Pylaiella litoralis sensu Kylin gekannt und in seine Conferva litoralis miteinbezogen hat. Der Name Pylaiella litoralis (L.) Kjellm. muss deshalb für P. rupincola (Aresch.) Kylin beibehalten werden. Für P. litoralis sensu Kylin schlägt Verf. den neuen Namen Pylaiella Kylinii vor.“ Bei meinen Untersuchungen über Pylaiella litoralis (1933 und 1937) war ich zu der Auffassung gekommen, dass diese Art in sich zwei verschiedene Arten enthielt. Für die eine behielt ich den Namen P. litoralis (L.) Kjellm., die andere nannte ich P. rupincola (Aresch.) Kylin 1937 S. 5, und dies zwar aus historischen Gründen. In der Literatur hatte man nämlich die im allgemeinen auf den gröberen Fucaceen epiphytisch wachsende Pylaiella als die Hauptform betrachtet, die im allgemeinen auf Felsen wachsende rupincola dagegen als eine Nebenform. Und um nun die Nomenklatur, in der Weise wie sie sich historisch entwickelt hatte, so wenig als irgend möglich zu verändern, bezeichnete ich die Hauptform als P. litoralis (L.) Kjellm., die Nebenform dagegen als B. rupincola (Aresch.). Kylin. Du Rietz behauptet jetzt, dass ich die Nomenklaturgesetzte übertreten habe. Ehe ich indessen diese Frage des näheren auseinandersetze, werde ich P. litoralis und P. rupincola kurz besprechen.

Description: Anne Antoinette van Bosse, fille de M. Jacob van Bosse et de Mme Jaqueline Jeanne née Reynvaan, naquit à Amsterdam le 27 mars 1852. Très jeune encore elle perdit sa mère; sa soeur, son ainée de 10 ans, prit sa place aussi bien qu’elle put. Outre cette soeur elle avait trois frères. Selon l’usage de cette époque les familles aisées n’envoyaient pas leurs filles à l’école, ainsi Anna van Bosse reçut à la maison son instruction par une institutrice de nationalité suisse. La botanique et la zoologie furent d’emblée ses branches préférées; les fréquentes visites au jardin zoologique ”Artis“ y contribuèrent pour une grande part. l’Observation des animaux exotiques lui procurait un grand plaisir et jusqu’à présent elle porte un grand intêret à ”Artis“.

Description: Summarizing, it appears that Eucommia has the greatest number of characters in common with the Urticales. This is shown by the similarity of the inflorescences as well as by the unisexual flowers and the dioecy. In both groups the pistil consists of 2 connate carpels and the ovary is usually 1-celled by abortion, while the stigmata are generally papillate. Further general points of relation with the Urticales are the originally spiral phyllotaxis, which becomes later on pseudo-distichous, simple vessel perforations, libriform with bordered pits, unicellular hairs and the occurrence of calciumcarbonate and silica as well as of latex elements. Yet, it seems difficult to indicate any particular family in the Urticales to which Eucommia should be most related. While the fruit recalls Ulmus and the latex elements Urtica and Cannabis, the spirally thickened vessel walls remind us of some Morus species. In addition, Eucommia is isolated by the facts that in the Urticales the perianth is never entirely wanting, that there is only one ovule in the cell of the ovary, that stipules are very frequent, that calciumoxalate is characteristic (it is wanting in Eucommia) and that the superficial suberization is subepidermal in the Urticales and epidermal in Eucommia. After the Urticales the Euphorbiaceae-Hippomaneae seem to be the nearest of kin, on account of a number of anatomical and morphological characters. However, the Euphorbiaceae usually possess a 3-celled ovary, a 2-celled one occasionally occurs in the Hippomaneae. Next follow the Hamamelidaceae which have, however, two fertile carpels but of which Distylium and Altingia show a reduction in the perianth and the latter moreover a similar leaf shape.

Description: Diese Arbeit enthält die Beschreibung einiger neuer Arten aus den Asphaltgesteinen der Insel Buton, sowie Bemerkungen über schon bekannte Species. Wie überall im ostindischen Archipel ist auch hier K. Martin vorangegangen, indem er 1933 und 1935 insgesamt 35 neue Arten beschrieben und abgebildet hat; diese Anzahl hat sich jetzt bis auf 86 vermehrt. Die hier behandelten Fossilien empfing ich z. T. aus den Sammlungen des Geologischen Institutes der Universität Amsterdam; einen kleinen Teil dieser Sammlung hat Prof. H.A. Brouwer von der Direktion der „Mijnbouwmaatschappij Boeton” erhalten, ein anderer Teil wurde diesem geologischen Museum geschenkt von Herrn Dr. W.P. de Roever, dessen Vater, Herr J.W. de Roever, damals Inspektor der „Stoomvaart-Maatschappij Nederland”, die Fossilien während eines Aufenthaltes auf der Insel Buton aus gleicher Quelle empfing; von beiden Sammlungen ist der genauere Fundort nicht bekannt. Dr. C.O. van Regteren Altena hat die obenerwähnten Mollusken zuerst durchgesehen, konnte diese Arbeit aber nicht beenden und überliess mir das Material zur weiteren Bearbeitung, dabei auch seine Notizen freundlichst zu meiner Verfügung stellend. Es war für uns beide von Interesse, unsere palaeontologischen Ergebnisse auf diese Weise durch Vergleich an einer und derselben Sammlung indopacifischer Mollusken nachprüfen zu können und ich danke Herrn v. Regteren herzlich für diese Gelegenheit zu einem regen Gedankenaustausch. Dass ich diese Arbeit luiternehmen konnte, verdanke ich selbstverständlich auch der Freundlichkeit der Direktion des hiesigen geologischen Institutes.

Description: In 1928 maakte J. Cosijn, als eerste Leidsche student, een begin met de detailkaarteering 1:25000 van een deel der Bergamasker Alpen. Thans is dit werk zoover gevorderd, dat een strook tusschen het Lago di Como en het Ogliodal vrijwel geheel gekaarteerd is. Dat bij zoovele onderzoekers verschil van opvatting over het bepalen van stratigrafische grenzen heerscht, valt niet te verwonderen. Zoo ontstonden feitelijk drie groote problemen, t. w.

Description: La région étudiée est située dans les montagnes du Liban, à cheval sur le Liban Sud et la plaine de la Békaa et s’approche des contreforts de l’Anti-Liban (Fig. 2, p. 256, Fig. 3, p. 260). Cette région fut choisie parce qu’elle s’étend sur un terrain géologiquement fort intéressant et parce que le fond topographique venait d’être levé. Elle couvre la région haute du Liban Sud, de l’un à l’autre bord, déborde un peu à l’Ouest sur le plateau cénomanien côtier et pénètre largement à l’Est dans la Békaa. Dans la région haute le Crétacé inférieur est exceptionnellement développé et riche en faune et le Jurassique y constitue la longue crête du Djebel Barouk. Dans la Békaa se trouvent les termes plus élevés de la série stratigraphique; Cénomanien, Turonien, Sénonien et Eocène, de sorte que toute la série, depuis le Kimmeridgien jusqu’à l’Eocène compris, est représentée.

Description: The Pasoemah region S of the Goemai Mts. in W. Palembang is largely occupied by Quaternary volcanics, which form a sharply dissected plateaulike country, whose surface gradually slopes downward in an ENE direction from ± 1000 m to ± 300 m above sea-level, conformably to the courses of the Selangis and Lematang Rivers above their point of confluence. Where the Lematang River unites with the Moelak River, the acid welded tuffs of the Pasoemah highland, to which attention will be drawn in this paper, are cut off by a steep bluff, formed undoubtedly by retrogressive erosion, which was substantially facilitated by the presence of vertical cleavage planes in the rhyolitic tuff series. In the Goemai Mts., described elsewhere in detail by K.A.F.R. Musper (1937) and also dealt with by the present writer in a previous paper (J. Westerveld, 1941), a core of strongly folded lower-Cretaceous sediments, cut by various intrusiva, is covered unconformably by a steeply tilted series of Eogene or old-Miocene andesitic tuffs and breccias, the Lower Kikim tuffs, which again are covered with slight unconformity by the old-Miocene Upper Kikim tuffs or basal section of the Batoeradja-Telisa series. The base of the Pasoemah volcanics is generally formed by the S-ward dipping Telisa beds or upper part of the latter series; a monotonous sequence of Globigerina marls and shales with intercalated andesitic tuffs and breccias, layers of glauconitic sandstone, platy or concretionnary limestones, and occasional horizons with plant remains. Below the Quaternary tuff mantles this series unquestionably merges S-ward into the late-Miocene Lower Palembang beds, which only seem to be exposed quite locally at the bottom of the Selangis gorge NE of Pageralam (Musper, 1937, p. 41). The lower and thickest portion of the flat-lying, post-Tertiary, volcanic sequence is formed by welded rhyolitic tuffs, and the upper part by andesitic tuffs and agglomerates from the andesitic volcanoes, which border the Pasoemah highland on the W (G. Dempo), the S (the volcanoes of the Semendoh highland) and the E (the G. Isau-isau). Of these eruption points the Dempo volcano and the Semendoh volcanoes lie outside the map region.

Description: My revision of the Burseraceae in Pulle’s Flora of Suriname is extended here to a monographic treatment of those Burseraceous genera of which representatives occur in Suriname. Engler’s monograph of this family dates from nearly sixty years ago, and since that time many new species have been published. These additions and the large number of minor and major problems which presented themselves, doubtless justify the publication of this study. I am bound to admit however that not all problems could be solved. The present paper is divided into a General Part and a Taxonomic Part. The critical remarks concerning the whole family and its tribes are dealt with in the General Part, and those referring to the separate genera and species are to be found in the appropriate place in the Taxonomic Part; to the former is added a list of general literature, and to the latter a list of collectors’ numbers and indices of vernacular and scientific names.

Description: In my revision of the Turneraceae for PULLE’s Flora of Suriname, I have accepted the genera Piriqueta and Turnera in the delimitation given to them by URBAN. The distinction rests on the presence in Piriqueta of a “corona” at the insertion of the petals. This corona, however, is often so weakly developed as to be almost invisible, and as moreover, the African representatives of Piriqueta appear to be more easily distinguishable from the American ones than the latter from some of the Turneras, the taxonomic importance of this organ appears to be somewhat dubious. A decision of the question, however, would necessitate a more extensive study of the genera than the demands of the present revision would justify; owing to lack of material, moreover, such a study would be impossible at the present time. The only species by which the genus Piriqueta is represented in Suriname was split by Urban in a fairly large number of varieties, of which four have been quoted by him from Suriname, namely: the var. genuina, the var. latifolia, the var. foliosa and the var. bracteolata. The var. foliosa differs from the type mostly in a more luxuriant growth and is very probably nothing but a form growing under somewhat different conditions. The bracteoles of the var. bracteolata are rather variable in size, and even in the specimen quoted by URBAN in the main not different from those found in other plants; it is not impossible that the somewhat larger size of some of them may be due to the presence of parasites. The leaves of the var. latifolia are distinctly wider than those of the type, and it is not improbable that this difference will prove constant. A study in the field, eventually supplemented by culture experiments. however, would be necessary to decide the point. For the present it is perhaps better not to lay too much stress on this rather insignificant difference.

Description: Die Frage nach der Art, wie die nordwesteuropäische Calluna-Heide entstanden ist, und wann dies geschah, wurde in den letzten Jahren erneut diskutiert. In der vorliegenden Mitteilung wird versucht, auf Grund der Resultate pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen kleiner Moore im Heidegebiet der niederländischen Provinz Drenthe einen Beitrag zur Lösung dieses Problems zu geben. Der von uns begangene Weg wurde bereits 1931 von OVERBECK (1) *) vorgeschlagen. Dieser Autor brachte damals auch schon ein Beispiel derartiger Untersuchungen in der Bearbeitung kleiner Moore auf der Vegesacker Geest in der Nähe von Bremen: des Moores bei Lilkendey und des Garlstedter Moores. Die Erscheinung, welche hier wichtig ist, ist folgende: In den Diagrammen der Ablagerungen beider Moore zeigen sich starke Anschwellungen der Ericaceenkurve zur Zeit des Buchenanstieges, die sich wohl nicht ausschliesslich oder auch nur zum grösseren Teil auf die Produktion an Ericaceenpollen des Moores zurückführen lassen. OVERBECK hebt hervor, dass diese Tatsache eine starke Ausbreitung der Heide gegen Ende der Bildungszeit des älteren Hochmoortorfs anzeigt, also im Subboreal, das etwa der Bronzezeit entspricht.

Description: In trying to prepare the account of the Myrtaceae for PULLE’s Flora of Suriname I soon found that a revision of the Myrtaceae of whole Guiana, especially of French Guiana, and preferably also of the Amazonian district, is necessary. The account would be of little value as long as our knowledge of the synonymy and the distribution of the species is so incomplete. The Myrtaceae of Guiana have been treated by BERG in Linnaea XXVII (1855—56) p. 1—512, XXIX (1858) p. 207—256 and XXX (1861) p. 647—713. Yet many species previously described from French Guiana, especially by AUBLET and by DE CANDOLLE, were not known to BERG. Moreover, BERG often based species on insufficient material, as has been pointed out by URBAN in his revision of the West Indian Myrtaceae in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XIX (1895) p. 563. In this publication of URBAN the synonymy of several species common to the West Indies and Guiana is cleared up (Trinidad and Tobago are included in the West Indies). Another valuable contribution is SAGOT’s too little noticed account of the Myrtaceae of French Guiana in Annales Sciences Naturelles 6.20 (1885) p. 181—198. But SAGOT apparently did not know BERG’s last publication in Linnaea XXX, in which RICHARD’s collection from French Guiana is treated. Thus SAGOT sometimes cites specimens of RICHARD without knowing that they must be duplicates of the types of one of BERG’s new species and his account remains very incomplete.

Description: Though an excellent, critical monograph of the genus Cassipourea was published some years ago by ALSTON (in Kew Bulletin, 1925, p. 241—276), I should like to make a few remarks on the South-American species of this genus as my revision for PULLE’s Flora of Suriname III.2 has brought to light a few new facts. It will also give me an opportunity to refer to a publication of BRIQUET on some American representatives of this genus (in Candollea IV, 1931, p. 342—350), which disagrees with regard to a number of species with ALSTON’s interpretations. The species which covers the largest area is the chiefly West-Indian C. elliptica (Sw.) Poir. Formerly also a number of West- Brazilian and Peruvian specimens were referred to it, but ALSTON pointed out that these plants belonged to another species for which he introduced the name C. peruviana. A new West-Indian species, based on Broadway nr. 3841 and 4631, both from Tobago, was described by BRIQUET under the name C. Broadwayi. This species is, in my opinion, conspecific with C. elliptica. BRIQUET amply discussed the differences with C. latifolia Alston from Trinidad, but does not mention its relationship to C. elliptica. , though, in view of the latter’s area of distribution, this would have been more to the point. That ALSTON had already referred Broadway nr. 3841 to C. elliptica was apparently overlooked by BRIQUET. In opposition to BRIQUET I agree with ALSTON that no value should be set on the varieties of C. elliptica described by GRISEBACH (Fl. Br. W. Ind. Isl., I860, p. 274).

Description: Paspalum montanum HENR. nov. spec. Perennis, caespitosa, stricte erecta, ad 60 cm alta; culmi glabri, plurinodes, nodis adpresse pubescentibus; vaginae arctae vel parum hiantes, hirsutae vel villoso-pubescentes, ligula scariosa, brunnea; laminae lineares, ad 1 cm latae vel inferiores angustiores, ad 20 cm longae, acuminatae, nervo crasso praeditae; inflorescentia terminalis, paniculata, e racemis paucis, in axillis barbatis, 4—5 cm longis formata; rhachis partialis subplana, leviter undulata, spiculae binatae, inaequaliter pedicellatae, altera subsessilis, altera longiter pedicellata, pedicelli glabri, subangulati; spiculae leviter sed distincte obovatae, strigosae, 2 mm longae, ad 1.4 mm latae, apice obtusae, vix vel leviter tantum acutatae, nervis haud visibilis, gluma inferior deest, gluma superior et lemma sterilis aequilongae, lemma fertilis 1.7 mm longa, badia vel brunnea, suborbicularis, distincte striato-punctata, haud nitida.

Description: In Eerbeek, in einem der schön gelegenen Dörfer der Provinz Gelderland, steht ein altes Schloss, von der Verkehrsstrasse weit entfernt, und am Bach entlang zu erreichen. Es ist das sogenannte ”Huis Eerbeek“, das Haus der Frau Dr. Weber, die Herrin im wahren Sinne des Wortes. Da können wir heute der neunzigjährigen begegnen, beim Heruntersteigen der steinernen Treppe, oder auch am Teiche, bei den Karpfen und Enten; nicht selten auch trifft man sie ihre schönen Buchenalleen musternd, durch die sie mit raschen Schritten sich fortbewegt. Täglich nach dem Mittagsmahl geht sie spazieren, manchmal um mit dem Gärtner und mit ihren Bauern etwas zu besprechen. Und was gibt es in der heutigen Zeit nicht alles auf einem Gut zu tun, das Gut, das sie mit ihrem Gatten gehütet und entwickelt hat, bei welcher Arbeit sie beide ihren grossen biologischen Interessen frönen konnten.

Description: It needs an explanation why among the botanical papers published in this volume to honour Mrs. Weber—van Bosse on her 90th birthday a zoological contribution has been inserted. Those who have read the curriculum vitae of this wellknown botanist in the foregoing pages of this volume will not wonder, for they know that she has been keenly interested for more than half a century in the zoological work of her late husband. And so among the chorus of botanists the voice of a zoologist could hardly be missed. For many years I have enjoyed the friendship of both, and I am grateful for this opportunity to show Mrs. Weber my affection and my admiration. When contemplating an adequate theme for this paper it occurred to me that in some way or other it had to dwell on the relations between zoology and botany and as the distribution of animals is a branch of science which has always interested both Max Weber and me, I decided on the influence which the distribution of plants has on that of animals.

Description: In a tube (no 282) containing several specimens of algae collected by Dr R. E. Vaughan, Curepipe, Mauritius, in quiet lagoons at Black River Bay a few specimens of a small delicate Griffithsia occurred as an epiphyte upon Laurencia papillosa (Forssk.) Grev. Since this plant has turned out to be a not previously described species it is a great pleasure to me on the occasion of Mme Dr A. Weber—van Bosse’s 90th birthday to name it in honour of her in the hope that Mme Weber will take it not only as a proof of my gratitude for a friendship extending over many years, but also as a token of my admiration for the important contribution made by Mme Weber to our knowledge of the tropical marine algal flora, especially by her great classic work ”Liste des Algues du Siboga“.

Description: The Talaud Islands are forming part of the Malay Archipelago, being situated north of Celebes and the Moluccas, south of Mindanao and east of the Sangihe group, between 3°45’ and 5°35’ N. lat. and 126°32’ and 127°10’ E. long. The main group consists of three larger islands, viz. Karakelong, Salebaboe and Kaboeroeang. The Nenoesa islands, a group formed by the small islands of Garete, Karaton, Merampi, Mengkopoe, Intata, Kakelotan and Maroh are situated northeast of the main group, including also Miangas (Palmas), an islet about 65 miles north of Karakelong, near Mindanao.

Description: Several years ago the Director of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, was kind enough to lend me the Sapotaceous material from the Pacific region preserved in its Herbarium. It has been enumerated underneath together with additional material from other herbaria. These have been quoted by means of the following abbreviations, which are taken from Lanjouw’s list, published in Chronica Botanica V, 1932, 142. A. = Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Jamaica Plain (Mass.), U.S.A. B. = Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem. Bish. = Bernice P. Bish. Museum, Honolulu, Hawaiian Isl. and some specimens from the private herbarium of Mr O. Degener. Bz. = Herbarium, Gov. Botanic Gardens, Buitenzorg, Java. Cal. = California Botanical Gardens, San Francisco. G. = Institut de Botanique systématique de l’Université de Genève. GB. = Botanical Garden, Göteborg. GH. = Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, Cambridge (Mass.), U.S.A. K. = Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. L. = Rijksherbarium, Leiden. NY. = New York Botanical Garden, New York. O. = Universitetets Botaniske Museum, Oslo. P. = Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Lab. de Phanérogamie, Paris. PRC. = Botanical Institute, Charles University, Praha. Besides, a number of the specimens quoted are probably represented in other, particularly American herbaria, of which no data were available. I wish to tender my sincere thanks to the directors of the institutions mentioned for their kind assistance.

Description: In June 1937 the State Museum of Geology and Mineralogy at Leiden received from Mr. A.S. Dresden at Amsterdam a diamond crystal of a hitherto unknown shape. The crystal is colourless and transparent. Mr. J. Bolman determined its weight at 0.1698 g and its specific gravity at 3.4165.

Description: Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt ein ausführliches Resumé einer Arbeit in holländischer Sprache dar: „De geologie van het westelijk deel van het Heuvelland van Monferrato tusschen Turijn en Murisengo”, Dissert. Leiden, Augustus 1941 2). Das bearbeitete Gebiet ist bisher, namentlich in tektonischer Hinsicht, nur oberflächlich untersucht worden. Störungen wurden nie erwähnt, Profile waren nur spärlich vorhanden. Da sich die Stratigraphie als ausserordentlich interessant erwies, sobald die feineren Merkmale in einer Karte eingetragen wurden, wie es hier geschah 3), konnte zum ersten Mal ein Schema der sedimentären Genese für einen erheblichen Teil der Berge von Monferrato aufgestellt werden.

Description: As far as I know, only three papers are dealing with Charophyta of the Netherlands West Indies. In 1858, in “Monatsbericht der königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin”, BRAUN records two species from Paramaribo, viz. Nitella microcarpa A. BR. and Chara hydropitys REICHENB. ap. MOESSL. These species are also enumerated in the “Fragmente einer Monographie der Characeen” (BRAUN & NORDSTEDT, 1882), in which another species is recorded from Curaçao, viz. Chara gymnopus A. Br. f. curassavica A. BR., now to be named Chara zeylanica Willd. f. curassavica (A. BR.) H. et J. GROVES. The third paper is that of H. and J. GROVES in URBAN’s Symbolae Antillanae (1911), in which the last-named species is once more recorded. In 1930 Mr P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK made an excursion to Curaçao, Aruba and Bonaire with the main object of studying the land and freshwater fauna. In 1936 and 1937 he again visited these islands and, moreover, a.o. the island of Margarita off the Venezuelan coast, the Venezuelan peninsula Paraguaná and the Colombian peninsula La Goajira (WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK, 1940). In the various inland-waters also Algae and Phanerogams have been collected. The aquatic Phanerogams were described by VAN OOSTSTROOM (1939); the Charophyta will be the subject of the present paper.

Description: Die Pflanzendecke unseres Landes hat während des Quartärs grosse Änderungen erlitten. Dies wird besonders deutlich beim Vergleich der limburgischen fossilen Flora, wie sie in einer vortrefflichen Arbeit des Ehepaares REID (Lit. 1) beschrieben ist, mit der gegenwärtig einheimischen Vegetation. Im allgemeinen wird die erwähnte Flora für jungtertiär gehalten, jedoch ist ihre Stelle im Pliozän umstritten. Von den ungefähr 240 Phanerogamen, von welchen sich Reste im Ton von Reuver, Swalmen und Brunssum vorfanden, sind laut der Berechnung von E. M. REID nur 12% heute indigen und 88% exotisch; mehr als die Hälfte der letzteren sind identisch mit rezenten sino-amerikanischen Arten (Lit. 2).

Description: Among the most aberrant types of pollen grains found in plants which have been referred to the family Acanthaceae, are those of the genera Meyenia N. ab E. and Thomandersia Baill. Although the pollen grains were described by LINDAU under different names, those of the first genus as cogwheel-shaped and those of the latter as lenticular, they are really very similar: in both genera they are depressed globose, provided with five or more meridional grooves extending from the equator to about halfway the poles, and without clearly circumscribed germ pores. The difference between the two kinds of grains lies in the presence or absence of ribs: in Meyenia the grooves are borne on the top of ribs separated from each other by shallow depressions, whereas in Thomandersia the whole surface between the grooves is more or less evenly bent. Material of Meyenia was not yet available to me, but judged from the description the genus differs but slightly from Thunbergia L.f. sensu Lindau. In fact, the two genera have often been united. The pollen grains of Thunbergia sensu Lindau resemble those of Meyenia in the absence of germ pores and in the presence of grooves, but the latter are never meridional: as a rule, they are more or less serpentine (cf. BREMEKAMP in Rec. d. trav. bot. néerl. XXXV, 1938, pp. 142—143, fig. 2 A—G and Tab. XIII B—E).

Description: L'éditeur de ce journal vient de recevoir de Mme Ruge, née Baenziger, une des plus anciennes amies de Mme Weber, la lettre suivante, qu’il est heureux de pouvoir faire imprimer ci-dessous: Ma chère Anna, Quatre-vingt-dix ans! Voilà pour la première fois dans notre amitié de longues années que je constate une indiscrétion de votre part; vous à qui l’on pouvait à bon droit reprocher un excès de discrétion tant sur le domaine de la pensée que sur celui de l’action. Et cependant, ces quatrevingt-dix ans vous ont été imposés par les puissances au dessus de nous. Certes, les années écoulées depuis la mort de votre mari vous ont placé devant line bien lourde tâche, mais d’autant plus lumineuse me semble votre vie avant ce douloureux événement. Que de multiples richesses, que de souvenirs précieux à des événements, auxquels j’ai pu prendre part. Au moment que je fis votre connaissance je me rappelle votre enthousiasme de pouvoir suivre des cours à l’université; vous et deux autres dames étudiantes parmi les premières admises à l’université. En pensées, je vous revois rentrant avec le professeur Weber d’un voyage aux Indes, votre sympathie pour les aborigènes de l’Insulinde, vos histoires savoureuses d’une réception par un prince indigène et de ses filles, votre haut estime pour un prêtre, le Rév. Père le Cocq d’Armandville et pour son travail dans l’île de Flores. Tout cela valait certes les récits habituels de voyage imprimés, souvent si longs et fastidieux. Comme je me rappelle la soirée, quand vous me racontiez de votre séjour dans l’extrême Nord à Tromsô, de votre course dans un petit bateau à partir de Vardô, piloté par un couple lappon à travers les rapides d’une rivière qui, aboutissant dans un fjord, devait vous conduire au débarcadère du vapeur, qui était sur le point de lever l’ancre pour le dernier départ de la saison vers le Sud. Encore maintenant je ressens votre tension: arrivons nous à temps, oui où non! Les provisions de voyage étaient épuisées, la vraie faim se faisait sentir, heureusement qu’au petit restaurant du port on faisait bouillir le saumon, la seule nourriture de l’endroit, mais voilà la sirène du vapeur, qui appelle d’urgence les voyageurs et empêche de goûter au saumon. Plus calmement et plus selon mon goût s’effectua l’excursion à l’île de Vlieland, que les deux couples d’amis entreprirent pendant un congé de la Pentecôte. Un char à bancs nous déposa à De Cocksdorp, le bateau-poste nous conduisit de Texel à Vlieland; en somme un voyage sans émotions et qui pourtant amena le conducteur de la chariole à nous demander s’il s’agissait pour nous autres vraiment d’une partie de plaisir.

Description: An attempt has been made to subdivide a very polymorphous plant species by means of a quantitative statistical method. This method has been based upon the following working hypothesis: 1° as some morphological characters of the material, concerning e. g. the shape of the leaves, the length of the pedicels etc., show an extremely great variation, each of these characters in every specimen at hand may be stated to be in one of three (one intermediate and two extreme) conditions; 2° if a character happens to be in an intermediate condition in a relatively great number of specimens the difference between the extreme conditions of that character may be considered insignificant from a taxonomical point of view; 3° the fewer characters of two or more specimens are differing significantly (in the way mentioned), the more reason there is to consider those specimens to belong together; and, on the contrary, the more numerous the significant differences are, the more reason there is to distribute the specimens to two (or more) different groups. On the basis of this working hypothesis the material at hand, consisting of 143 specimens (all considered to belong to the Sapotaceous Planchonella sandwicensis, which was discussed in a paper by Lam), could be subdivided into two different groups. Five characters were chosen, each allowing to state one intermediate and two opposite extreme conditions. Of these the shape of the leaf proved to be a most important criterion for a subdivision. After this had been stated, a purely quantitative check was made which largely endorsed the result.

Description: In the winter and early spring of 1916 Mrs. Anna Weber-van Bosse at her hospitable residence near Eerbeek initiated me in the study of Freshwater Algae. For several years after that date in numerous trips all over this country I collected and studied some thousands of samples from all kinds of freshwater ponds and lakes, canals and streams. The Desmids soon drew my special attention, when an unexpectedly rich and varied Desmid flora was found in certain fens and ponds in the diluvial and moor districts of our country.

Description: 1. Vorbemerkungen. Lange Zeit kannte man nur eine Art dieser interessanten Gattung aus dem Obereocän der Insel Java, nämlich Buccinulum jogjacartense (Martin) [Martin, 1914, S. 142]. Vor kurzem beschrieb dann Oostingh eine zweite javanische Art, nun aus dem Pliocän von Süd-Bantam (1939, S. 117). Inzwischen hatten aber Wanner und Hahn (1935, S. 250) zwei Arten dieser in der rezenten indopacifischen Fauna nicht vertretenen Gattung als eine Art beschrieben und sie ausserdem unter die Gattung Siphonalia eingereiht. Dank der Freundlichkeit von Herrn Prof. Wanner erhielt ich die Originale dieser Arten zwecks weiterer Untersuchung und konnte dabei feststellen, dass die Beschreibung, welche seinerzeit zwei Arten unter einer einzigen zusammenfasste, nicht zutreffend war. Ferner liegen mir noch mehr Arten vor aus dem Miocän der Insel Sumatra und Borneo, die in holländischen Sammlungen (generisch unbestimmt) vorhanden waren; nach eingehender Prüfung liessen sich weitere Arten darunter nicht nachweisen, sodass die Resultate sich in vorliegender Mitteilung zusammenfassen lassen.

Description: As early as 1863 Sorby proved that pitted pebbles are the result of solution at the points of mutual contact in a conglomerate. As cause he suggested solution under pressure in saturated, stagnant groundwater by what has afterwards been designated Riecke’s principle. By the examination of polished cuts through a pitted conglomerate I found confirmation of this hypothesis. The alternate explanation by Daubrée, Kumm and others of solution in water held by capillarity at the points of contact could not cause the observed shapes of the pits. The experiments they used to disprove Sorby’s view are fundamentally incorrect. They attempted to form pits by a solvent liquid, instead of using pressure and saturated water. Groningen, November 1942.

Description: 1) Examining the Semper-collection of mollusca from the Philippines kept in the Leyden Geological Museum, I met with some generic undetermined specimens of a representative of the genus Atopodonta (from Tertiary strata only rarely recorded), all belonging to one and the same species, which appeared never to have been described before. This genus 1) is known from the Eocene of the Paris basin represented by two species, viz. the typespecies Atopodonta conformis (Deshayes), 1860 [Deshayes,. Anim. s. vert., I, p. 419, plate 28, fig. 14—16 (“Venus”); Cossmann, Catal. ill., I, 1886, p. (98— 100) 99, plate 6, fig. 3—6 (excl. plate 8, fig. 3—4)] and A. tapina Cossmann, 1886 (l.c., p. 100, plate 6, fig. 7—9). These are the only European species. In 1941 I was in a position to describe the first Neogene representative that is known, strange enough this time from the Younger Miocene of Eastern Borneo; and only some time ago I recognized a second species in a collection of mollusca from the Older Miocene Rembang-beds of Java. To these scarce data the shells of the Semper-collection form a welcome addition.

Description: Part I of this monograph has been published in volume 10 of this Journal, pp. 241—320, 1938. Preparing this second part I met with the help and assistance from many persons and institutes again, for which I express my most cordial thanks here. The figures illustrating this paper have been drawn once more by Mr. L. P. Pouderoyen, while the „Zoologisch Insulinde Fonds” supplied the cost of these illustrations.

Description: Bei unserer Untersuchung der Geologie des Turiner Beckens veranlasste uns die dort aufgefundene Tertiärsedimentation uns mit dieser faszinierenden Erscheinung näher zu beschäftigen. Schon früher haben sich eine Reihe von Forschern mit diesem Problem auseinandergesetzt, und man muss annehmen, dass die Einteilung der verschiedenen Schichtungsarten — sedimentäre Phänomene von höchster Bedeutung — am besten genetisch zu erfolgen hat, wie u. a. Kumm (20) und Brinkmann (7) es getan haben. Dazu zwingen uns auch die geologischen Verhältnisse, auf die wir an erster Stelle mit einigen Bemerkungen über das Tertiär der Turiner Berge eingehen wollen. Wir können hier nur kurz die wichtigsten Daten und Ansichten über die Entstehungsweise bestimmter Schichtenfolgen zur Sprache bringen; für nähere Einzelheiten der hier benutzten geologischen Belege verweisen wir auf eine ausführliche Arbeit über das Turiner Tertiär: Beets (5). Mit verschiedenen Autoren verstehen wir unter Schichtung den vertikalen Material-und (oder) Texturwechsel innerhalb einer Gesteinsserie, welcher sowohl in beschränkter wie auch mehr ausgebreiteter horizontaler Richtung ungefähr gleichzeitig stattfindet (cf. auch Kumm, 20, S. 199). Brinkmann (7) gibt eine ausgezeichnete Uebersicht der verschiedenen Schichtungsarten, die man bisher beobachtet hat, und ihrer möglichen Erklärungen; so auch Dacqué (9): eine allgemeine Uebersicht. Wir wollen dann besonders jene komplexe Schichtung, die von Stamp (26) besprochen wurde, und die hier u. a. in Abb. 2b dargestellt ist, näher behandeln. Von dieser Art komplexer Schichtung bestehen manche Varianten, die zwar zuweilen als prinzipiell abweichende Typen dargestellt werden, aber u. E. die gleiche Entstehungsursache haben und nur graduell verschiedenen Genesen zugrunde liegen: Abb. 2 a—c und Abb. 4 a—b.

Description: Crystals of the notched or grooved type are known from some minerals which crystallise in the cubic system. From diamond grooved octahedrons are known, whose grooves remind us of octahedral faces, or the faces of triakis octahedra or hexakis ostahedra. From haüynite too grooved octahedrons are pictured, whose grooves are bordered by octahedral faces. Grooved analcite is known in icositetrahedrons, the grooves are bordered by faces of the same icositetrahedron.

Description: This paper contains the diagnoses in Latin of a new genus, new sections of some genera, several new species and a number of new varieties which will be dealt with by the author in English in a publication entitled: “A monograph of the genus Protium and some allied genera (Burseraceae)”, to be published in Rec. Trav. bot. néerl. XXXIX, p. 211 (1942) and in Meded. bot. Mus. en Herb. Utrecht 90 (1942). Protium BURM.f. sectio Eu-Protium SWART n. sect.

Description: Lorsque, il y a une année à peu près, ma collaboratrice Mlle Joséphine Koster vint me trouver en suggérant l’idée d’éditer un volume dédié au jubilé de votre quatre-vingt-dixième anniversaire, j’acceptai sans hésitation. Cette idée m’était en effet d’autant plus sympathique que j’avais cherché depuis longtemps une occasion pour vous exprimer en public notre admiration tant pour votre personne que pour votre oeuvre. Si nous ne nous étions pas trouvés dans un temps où les contacts internationaux sont interrompus, si précieux et si indispensables pour nous autres, travailleurs scientifiques, il aurait été certainement possible d’organiser une collaboration de plusieurs pays d’outre mer. Car nous savons que vos nombreux amis auraient été heureux de pouvoir contribuer à cet humble témoignage de notre amitié et de notre vénération. Ils sont nombreux en effet, vos amis, et parmi eux se trouvent les coryfées de votre science, l’algologie. Hélas cette grande guerre, qui s’étend sur tout notre monde et qui a temporairement rompu tant de liens, nous a forcé de limiter nos invitations à quelques représentants de votre science, vivant dans notre petit continent. Ils se sont déclarés heureux de pouvoir offrir des articles en votre honneur, articles que vous trouverez publiés dans ce petit volume, supplément de notre journal “Blumea”.

Description: Le matériel étudié dans ce travail a été récolté par le R.P. Foreau S.J., aux environs de Shembaganur, dans les Palni Hills, entre 5200 et 6500 pieds, au cours des années 1929 et 1930. Je donnerai d’abord la liste de toutes les espèces que j’ai pu observer dans ce matériel, puis quelques détails sur celles qui peuvent présenter un intérêt particulier.

Description: Les Chlorophycées du golfe de Gascogne sont encore peu connues. Elles n’ont fait l’objet que d’une courte énumération de C. Sauvageau dans son travail ”sur les Algues marines du golfe de Gascogne“. J’ai repris cette étude au cours d’un séjour à Saint-Jean-de-Luz et à Biarritz, pendant le printemps de 1940. J’ai récolté les espèces suivantes: 1. Prasiola stipitata Suhr — Se rencontre dans le port de Saint-Jean-de-Luz au niveau de l’ E. marginata. Il est de petite taille, ne dépassant guère 1 cm de hauteur. Il se présente parfois sous la forme ordinaire, élargie en lame au-dessus d’un stipe uniforme; mais, plus souvent, il forme une simple languette, étroite et contournée, à aspect d’ Entéromorphe et rappelle alors le Prasiola calophylla.

Description: En examinant en 1939 dans une note présentée à l’Académie des Sciences de Belgique une étude de M. Ronse, nous avons été amené à reprendre des considérations sur les mucilages des végétaux et en particulier sur ceux des algues (22; 31). Déjà en 1891, dans nos ”Observations algologiques“ nous avons examiné la nature et la structure des parois cellulaires de certaines algues et fait remarquer que la gaine mucilagineuse de Conjuguées, étudiée par divers auteurs était loin de présenter sur toute la surface d’un filament la même épaisseur. Des Spirogyra, par exemple, suivant des parties du filament, montraient une gaine nette et épaisse, ou à peine indiquée.

Description: The genus Galaxaura can in several respects be classed among the most remarkable Florideae. It is not only — with Chantransia — the genus richest in forms of all the genera belonging to the order of Nemalionales, which has more than 70 described species, it also offers, both in its interior and its exterior organization, such a high differentiation, and a tissue specialization going so far, that, as the monographer of the genus, the late Professor F.R. Kjellman (1900), said: ”it may be difficult even in the great province of the Florideae to find forms with a higher or even as high a division of labour in the tissues of the shoot...“. Even if the number of species may actually diminish with further investigations, this is in a way connected with a peculiarity of organization, characteristic of the genus Galaxaura, namely that the sexual plant of a species has quite another anatomical structure of the cortical tissue than does the tetrasporic plant. This remarkable discovery was made by Howe (1917, 1918), who had had the opportunity of studying some species of Galaxaura in the West Indies, in their natural localities. This fact was not known of any Floridea at the time Kjellman wrote his monograph on this genus in 1900. Moreover, Kjellman had a quite different conception of the position of the tetraspores during the course of development of the Florideae than the one we have nowadays formed from the results of the cytological research. To Kjellman the tetraspores or, as he called them, the ”tetragonidia“, were a kind of propagation organ with the character of ”Nebenfruktifikation“, and thus not, as we must now regard them, the reproduction bodies of the diploid generation ending the diplophase in the alternation of generations. Thus, when Kjellman in his herbarial studies found forms of Galaxaura with otherwise similar organization but with quite a different cortical anatomy, it was quite natural that he described them as new species. One of the tasks of future taxonomical research will therefore be to combine such ”species“ of Kjellman as, in reality, are only the sexual and the tetrasporic generation of one and the same species. Naturally, this problem can only be solved by a botanist who has the opportunity of studying the development of the Galaxaurae in their native localities. Finally, only cultures will be really decisive. However, the number of species of Galaxaura will certainly be reduced.

Description: In 1938, Verdam published an account of the then-known Charophyta of the Netherlands in the English language (cf. this journal, vol. 3), and one year later (1939) another in our own language in “Nederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief”. In both papers reference was made to only five Netherlands’ publications on the same subject, the oldest of which is dating from 1846. In studying i.a. the history of the Malaysian Charophyta (Zaneveld, 1940) I found that much more was published on the Charophyta of our Low Countries. As will be seen below, it became evident that the first printed record of a Netherlands’ Charophyte dates as far back as 1636. It seems worth while to publish these notes on the history of the identification of our Charophyta as, moreover, a number of additional facts have become known. The data of the present review have been taken from the following sources (chronologically arranged): 1. herbals ; 2. catalogues of Botanic Gardens; 3. local floras; 4. general floras and taxonomic textbooks; 5. monographs.

Description: On preparing the manuscript of the Verbenaceae for Dr C. A. Backer’s ”Flora van Java” it appeared to me that — in comparison with the monographic treatments of this family by Lam (5) and by Lam & Bakhuizen van den Brink (6) — several changes in the nomenclature and in the interpretation or delimitation of certain species are urgent. Although, considered in the light of more recent work on this family as it occurs in adjacent regions (2, 3, 8), a new critical revision of the Malaysian Verbenaceae seems desirable, we have to refrain from such a task, which would require a greater deal of investigation than the present author is able to afford at the time. Hence these notes are merely intended to account for the discrepancies between the treatment of the javanese species as they will appear in the afore-mentioned flora and as they are given in the recent monographs (5, 6). Still, they may prove to be a first contribution towards another revision covering the whole of Malaysia.

Description: The plates I—XI contain illustrations of all the skulls and horn-cores of Bovidae from the Quaternary of the Netherlands, brought together in the National Museum of Geology at Leyden, Holland. They were all photographed with the occiputs vertical or what is thought to be vertical. They are described in the same order as figured. On the plates I—V are represented the skulls and horn-cores of the domesticated cows. Four races are distinguished among them: the brachyceros-race (fig. 1—25), the frontosus-race (fig. 26), the primigenius-race (fig. 27—41) and the trochoceros-race (fig. 42—46). The brachyceros-skulls and horn-cores have the following characteristics: a sharp angle (30°—50°) between the plane of curvature of the horn-cores and the horizontal plane, cores that are curved in one plane, a sharp angle (about 70°) between os frontale and os occipitale, a small breadth of the os frontale (table 1, measurement 2: 137—145 mm), a small index 6 (table 1), small measurements 10, 15 and 16 (table 1), a large breadth to length-index of the os frontale (table 1, measurement 13), a small difference between the length (table 1, measurement 27) and the basal circumference of the horncores (table 1, measurement 26). Examples of typical representatives of brachyceros-cows are given by the figures 3, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 21 and 22. The skulls and cores of the figures 2, 4, 7, 15 and 24 show some affinity to the primigenius-race and those of the figures 1, 5, 10, 16, 17, 18 and 23 to the trochoceros-race. The basal parts of the cores of figure 26 are strongly curved backwards and the plane of curvature nearly coincides with the frontal plane. As the points of the horn-cores are missing, the determination is somewhat uncertain. It is, however, not impossible, that this skull belonged to a frontosus-cow. The skulls and horn-cores, which I believe that belong to the primigenius-race, have the following characteristics: the cores are (when the occiput is placed in the vertical plane) directed strongly upwards and are not curved in one plane; the min. breadth of the os frontale (table 3, measurement 2), the length of the forehead (table 3, measurement 10) and the breadth of the occiput (table 3, measurements 15 and 16) are larger than those of the brachy-ceros-cows; there is a large difference between the length of the cores (table 3, measurement 27) and their basal circumference (table 3, measurement 26). Examples of typical representatives of the primigenius-race are given by the figures 27, 28, 31, 33 and 34. The horn-core of figure 29 probably belonged to a young Bos primigenius. The skulls and cores of figures 30, 32 and 35 show some affinity to the brachyceros-race. The skulls and horn-cores of plate V are believed to be representatives of the trochoceros-race. They are characterized by an angle of 10°—20° between the plane of curvature and the horizontal plane, a curvature of the cores in one plane, a backward curving of the basal parts of the cores, a longer breadth to length-index of the os frontale (table 4, measurement 2), a length of the forehead (table 4, measurement 10) and a breadth of the occiput (table 4, measurement 15 and 16) which are larger than those of the brachyceros-race. On the plates VI—VIII are presented the skulls and horn-cores of Bos primigenius. Comparing the measurements (see table 5) with those of males and females, as given by Adametz, it is clear, that the skulls and cores of figures 47, 48, 49, 50 and 53 belonged to males and that of figure 51 to a female. Skulls and horn-cores of Bison priscus are presented on the plates IX—XI. Among them are distinguished two different races, Bison priscus longicornis Grom. (plate IX, plate X, fig. 62, 65, 66, 67 and plate XI) and Bison priscus deminutus Grom. (fig. 63—64). The first is characterized by a large and narrow skull with long and slender cores and with a breadth to length-index of the os frontale (table 6, measurement 13) of 133—147. A comparison with the measurements as given by Gromova makes it probable, that only the skulls of figures 60 and 63 are females whereas all the others belonged to males. Bison priscus deminutus (fig. 63 and 64) is characterized by a moderately sized skull with massive cores and with a breadth to lengthindex of the os frontale (table 6, measurement 13) of 124. The min. breadth of the os frontale (table 6, measurement 2) is only 267—286 mm. There is, however, some difference between the skull of figure 63 and the skull of figure 64. The first mentioned has a convex forehead with regular transitions in the cores; the cores are only feebly curved. This skull is supposed to have belonged to a female animal. The skull of figure 64 has a flat forehead sharply separated from the cores; the cores are much more curved. This skull probably belonged to a male bison. Table 7 gives a review of the stratigrapbical distribution of the Bovidae, here described. The specimens of Bison priscus from Bokhoven (fig. 61), Brummen (fig. 74) and Drempt (fig. 64) certainly belong to Würm Glacial and the others probably also. The specimens of Bos primigenius may be devided into three groups. Enterbroek (fig. 48) and Ammerozden (fig. 49) belong to the Würm Glacial. Lutterzijl (fig. 47), Nieuwe Merwede (fig. 50) and Terschelling (fig. 51) belong either to the Würm Glacial or to the Holocene. The others are holocene. Of these the specimen from Veghel, 2 m (fig. 54) belongs to the Boreal and those from the Mease-tunnel (fig. 52, 55, 56 and 58) and Dinther (fig. 53) to the Subboreal. The normalisation-works of the river Aa, Northern Brabant, have furnished some important data as to the stratigraphical distribution of Bos taurus. The oldest specimen, Veghel, 2½ m — (fig. 23), has been dated by pollen analysis as belonging to the upper part of the Würm Glacial, the so-called Lateglacial. However, it is not probable, that this horn-core is derived from a domesticated animal. The oldest occurrence of domesticated brachyceros-oxen are contemporaneous with the Kjökkenmöddinger culture (5000—4000 b. C.). The horn-core of Veghel, on the other hand, is of the same age as the late palaeolithic culture (before 8000 b. C.). Therefore it is much more probable, that the core belonged to a wild ox, namely Bos (Brachyceros) europaeus Adametz. By several investigators (Adametz, Antonius) this species is considered to be the wild ancestor of the domesticated brachyceros-oxen. The specimen from Veghel renders this theory more probable than the view advocated by Nehring, Duerst and Hilzheimer, who suppose, that all the races of Bos taurus, the brachycerosrace included, descended from Bos primigenius Boj. The first undoubted tame cows from the river-basin of the Aa are dated by pollen analysis as belonging to the transition from Boreal to Atlanticum. This is the beginning of the late mesolithic Kjökkenmödinger culture. The still persisting flint-industry (microliths) is associated with the first pottery. It is the time of beginning agriculture. As demonstrated by the finding of remains of Cervus elaphus L. and Bos primigenius Boj., the deer and the aurochs were formed the chief hunting quarry. In Subboreal time this district was inhabited by the so-called „urnpeople”, by who not only the brachycerosbut also the more robust primigeniusand trochoceros-cows were breeded. The district of the larger rivers is characterized by the absence of Bos taurus brachyceros, the probable presence of Bos taurus frontosus, during the Subboreal, and the presence of Bos taurus primigenius during the Boreal and Subboreal. The absence of the brachyceros-cow is probably imputable to a hiatus in the collections of the Museum at Leyden. Contrary to Bos taurus brachyceros, Bos taurus primigenius is generally considered to be a direct descendant of Bos primigenius. It is however not yet known at what time the first aurochses were domesticated. Without doubt the skull from Wijk-bij-Duurstede (fig. 27) belonged to an animal, that lived at the beginning of domestication. The frontosus-ox is not found among the fauna of the Swiss lake dwellings. However it is described by Degerbøl from the Subboreal of Denmark (Bundsø). Therefore it is probable, that the „urn-people” living along the large rivers had a different origin to the people dwelling in the sandy regions of Brabant.

Description: 1. Es sind bisher über die merkwürdige rezente marine Gastropoden-Gruppe Thatcheria Angas, 1877 sehr wenige Gegebenheiten bekannt, vergleichende Untersuchungen mit fossilen Arten fehlen (fast) vollkommen und auch die Frage ihrer systematischen Stellung ist nie in befriedigender Weise gelöst worden. Auf Grund vergleichender Forschungen bei der Bestimmung gewisser fossiler, systematisch schwieriger, doch morphologisch einfacher ostindischer Arten glaube ich diese Frage endlich — jedenfalls zum grössten Teil — lösen zu können, dank auch der von N.B. Eales ausgeführten anatomischen Untersuchung der einzigen lebenden Art dieser „Gattung”. Angas beschrieb 1877 eine Schale der hiesigen Art, Thatcheria mirabilis von Japan; er betrachtete sie vorläufig als Glied der Fusinae. Seither ist unsere Kenntnis von Thatcheria so gut wie nicht erweitert worden (bis 1938): Tryon (Man. of Conchology, 3, 1881, S. 98, 112; Struct. a. system. Conchology, 2, 1883, S. 135), der den Typus gesehen hatte, betrachtete ihn als eine unzweifelhaft scalaroide Monstruosität, nahe verwandt mit Hemifusus [„Semifusus”] Swainson, 1840 (= Cochlidium Gray, 1850); Fischer (Manuel de Conchyl., S. 623) erwähnte kurz Tryon’s Meinung, rechnete Thatcheria also ebenfalls zu den Melongenidae. Auch Cossmann hat sich seit 1889 der Meinung Tryon’s angeschlossen (cf. Cossmann, Essais de pal., 4, 1901, S. 62, 93—94). Dann wird diese Gattung nochmals erwähnt im Jahre 1919, bloss als Merkwürdigkeit, “a monstrosity of Fusus”, der Sammlung De Burgh (Journal of Conchology, Bd. 16, 1919, S. 66). 1934 bildete Yokoyama (On Cochlioconus, S. 406) nochmals Tryon’s Figur des Genotypus ab, dabei seine fossile Gattung Cochlioconus Yokoyama, 1928 richtigerweise als Synonym von Thatcheria (nach Yokoyama neben Conus zu stellen) anführend, übrigens auf Anregung von Pilsbry. In demselben Jahr gab Hirase (Coll. of japanese shells, S. 104, Taf. 128 B, Fig. 3) eine mässig gelungene, doch noch ausreichend deutliche Abbildung eines 94 mm langen Vertreters von Th. mirabilis und 1937 wird in einer Versammlung der “Malacological Society London”, wo von Le B. Tomlin eine Schale dieser Art gezeigt wurde, entschlossen, dass sie eher einen Pleurotomiden- oder Opisthobranchier-Vertreter (“allied to Akera”) darstellen könnte (vgl. Proc. Mal. Soc. London, Bd. 22, Lief. 4, S. 158). Schliesslich lenkt Eales (On affinities of Thatcheria, 1938), hauptsächlich aus anatomischen Gründen, die Aufmerksamkeit darauf, dass diese Gattung wohl den Turridae (= Pleurotomidae) angehören wird.

Description: L’histoire géologique de Monferrato est marquée par une série de transgressions et de régressions de la mer, qui se manifestent généralement d’une manière très distincte dans la partie orientale de ces collines. Nous avons résumé cette histoire schématiquement dans la fig. 3 1). Dans les règles qui suivent nous décrirons à grands traits le développement de la partie orientale du bassin de Monferrato à partir du Jurassique jusqu’à la fin du Pliocène. Pendant le Jurassique et le Crétacé un grand bassin assez profond (mais certainement pas abyssal) s’étendait des Alpes occidentales (schistes lustrés) jusqu’au SE de Bologna. Ce bassin était entouré de terre ayant peu ou point de relief, de sorte qu’il y avait peu de transport de matériaux terrigènes. Des dépôts argileux se formaient. A la fin du Crétacé une grande régression s’est manifesté (déposition de conglomérats dans les collines occidentales, voir Beets p. 224). Après cette régression le bassin de Monferrato était peu profond et plus ou moins barré. Des argiles bitumineuses et des calcaires marneux se déposaient. Au commencement de l’Eocène supérieur la régression s’est poursuivie: il s’est formé un sédiment de marnes friables alternant avec des couches sableuses, parfois même caillouteuses. A la fin de l’Eocène un plissement s’est manifesté. Les „noyaux” éocènes de Casale et de Brusaschetto se sont formés. L’Oligocène a commencé par une transgression, pendant laquelle il y avait des côtes ou bien des hauts-fonds dans le sud et dans le NE de la région. La quantité de matériel caillouteux amené par les rivières des régions récemment soulevées (Alpes occidentales, Apennins septentrionaux) était grande et a donné naissance aux zones conglomératiques. A la fin du Rupélien le relief des régions soulevées avait beaucoup diminué, de sorte qu’il y avait peu de transport pendant le Chattien („Oligocène supérieur” de Beets). Le bassin chattien était d’ailleurs beaucoup moins étendu que le bassin tongrien-rupélien. Pendant l’Aquitanien la zone côtière (ou le haut-fond) dans le nord du bassin a subsisté, tandis que la ligne des côtes méridionale s’est déplacé plus au nord que pendant le Tongrien-Rupélien. Le matériel transporté était plus gros et plus abondant que pendant le Chattien, de sorte qu’il faut admettre un léger soulèvement des régions entourantes au commencement de l’Aquitanien. Pendant le Langhien le relief de ces régions avait diminué de nouveau. La quantité de matériel transporté dans le bassin était donc assez réduite. Il y avait des circonstances favorables à la formation de dépôts calcaires. La mer s’était retirée plus vers l’ouest, de sorte que toute la partie orientale des collines de Moncalvo-Casale n’était plus submergée. Après le Langhien la grande transgression helvétienne a commencé; le matériel transporté dans le bassin est devenu plus abondant et plus gros. La paléogéographie du bassin s’est changée un peu: à l’ouest de Moncalvo la ligne des côtes (dans ce cas: ligne de profondeur égale) ne s’étendait plus en direction ouest. Pendant le Tortonien et le Messinien les mouvements orogéniques, presque continus pendant tout le Tertiaire, se sont manifestés dans un plissement plus marqué, qui a produit un renversement de relief. Pendant le Messinien la régression, qui avait commencé dès la fin de l’Helvétien a atteint son extension maximale. Des lentilles de gypse se sont formées, les coquilles de formes saumâtres prévalent. Enfin la grande transgression pliocène a submergé le bassin de Monferrato pour la dernière fois. Un faible plissement, suivi par le soulèvement définitif de la région entière au-dessus du niveau de la mer termine l’histoire tertiaire du bassin de Piémonte.

Description: In the following pages data will be given about the size of the megalospheric embryonic apparatus, and of the size of the shell, of some Foraminifera. By comparing these data for a certain species from different samples, the relative ages of which are known, it will be possible, to get an insight into the alterations of the measured characters in geological times. For that purpose samples from geological sections, or otherwise well defined geological formations, were used. A description of each of these sections will be given, in order to discuss the reliability of the determinations of the relative ages of the samples. I may point out here, that as the layers containing the foraminiferal shells have a certain thickness, and as the sampling has been done over the whole width of the outcropping layer, or over part of it, we may be certain, that the deposition of these shells, must have taken “many years”. In my opinion this may be an advantage, as the possible annual or short-periode influence of the environment on the phaenotype may thus have been eliminated.

Description: Part III of this monograph (by Dr. F. A. Schilder) was published in volume 12 of this Journal, pp. 171—194, 1941. The fourth part deals with the families which can be summarised as Tonnacea (= Doliacea Thiele). They contain 31 species, two of which are new to science. The manuscript was already completed in the summer of 1940, but there was no earlier occasion for publication.

Description: In 1933 and 1935 K. Martin described a new fauna of tertiary Mollusca from asphalt deposits of Buton 1). The collection, consisting of 35 species, shows very characteristic forms, but not a single species is known from recent, pliocene, miocene or eocene deposits. There are some affinities to miocene and recent types and as the fauna is doubtless younger than Mesozoic, Martin had good reasons to consider the fauna younger than the eocene Nanggulan beds of Java but older than the oldest known miocène fauna of the East-Indies (West-Progo beds of Java). He ascribed the Buton fossils to the Upper-Oligocene. According to Hetzel 2), however, the localities of the fossils are situated amidst the so called Sampolakosa-beds of upper-miocene or pliocene age. He tried to give an explanation of the remarkable molluscs of Buton by suggesting that the facies of the deposits might be different from any Mollusca bearing strata hitherto known in the East Indies.

Description: In 1938, Verdam published an account of the then-known Charophyta of the Netherlands in the English language (cf. this journal, vol. 3), and one year later (1939) another in our own language in \xe2\x80\x9cNederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief\xe2\x80\x9d. In both papers reference was made to only five Netherlands\xe2\x80\x99 publications on the same subject, the oldest of which is dating from 1846. In studying i.a. the history of the Malaysian Charophyta (Zaneveld, 1940) I found that much more was published on the Charophyta of our Low Countries. As will be seen below, it became evident that the first printed record of a Netherlands\xe2\x80\x99 Charophyte dates as far back as 1636. It seems worth while to publish these notes on the history of the identification of our Charophyta as, moreover, a number of additional facts have become known.\nThe data of the present review have been taken from the following sources (chronologically arranged): 1. herbals ; 2. catalogues of Botanic Gardens; 3. local floras; 4. general floras and taxonomic textbooks; 5. monographs.

Description: The Talaud Islands are forming part of the Malay Archipelago, being situated north of Celebes and the Moluccas, south of Mindanao and east of the Sangihe group, between 3\xc2\xb045\xe2\x80\x99 and 5\xc2\xb035\xe2\x80\x99 N. lat. and 126\xc2\xb032\xe2\x80\x99 and 127\xc2\xb010\xe2\x80\x99 E. long.\nThe main group consists of three larger islands, viz. Karakelong, Salebaboe and Kaboeroeang. The Nenoesa islands, a group formed by the small islands of Garete, Karaton, Merampi, Mengkopoe, Intata, Kakelotan and Maroh are situated northeast of the main group, including also Miangas (Palmas), an islet about 65 miles north of Karakelong, near Mindanao.

Description: Several years ago the Director of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, was kind enough to lend me the Sapotaceous material from the Pacific region preserved in its Herbarium. It has been enumerated underneath together with additional material from other herbaria. These have been quoted by means of the following abbreviations, which are taken from Lanjouw\xe2\x80\x99s list, published in Chronica Botanica V, 1932, 142. A. = Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Jamaica Plain (Mass.), U.S.A. B. = Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem. Bish. = Bernice P. Bish. Museum, Honolulu, Hawaiian Isl. and some specimens from the private herbarium of Mr O. Degener. Bz. = Herbarium, Gov. Botanic Gardens, Buitenzorg, Java. Cal. = California Botanical Gardens, San Francisco. G. = Institut de Botanique syst\xc3\xa9matique de l\xe2\x80\x99Universit\xc3\xa9 de Gen\xc3\xa8ve. GB. = Botanical Garden, G\xc3\xb6teborg. GH. = Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, Cambridge (Mass.), U.S.A. K. = Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. L. = Rijksherbarium, Leiden. NY. = New York Botanical Garden, New York. O. = Universitetets Botaniske Museum, Oslo. P. = Mus\xc3\xa9um National d\xe2\x80\x99Histoire Naturelle, Lab. de Phan\xc3\xa9rogamie, Paris. PRC. = Botanical Institute, Charles University, Praha.\nBesides, a number of the specimens quoted are probably represented in other, particularly American herbaria, of which no data were available. I wish to tender my sincere thanks to the directors of the institutions mentioned for their kind assistance.

Description: Though an excellent, critical monograph of the genus Cassipourea was published some years ago by ALSTON (in Kew Bulletin, 1925, p. 241\xe2\x80\x94276), I should like to make a few remarks on the South-American species of this genus as my revision for PULLE\xe2\x80\x99s Flora of Suriname III.2 has brought to light a few new facts. It will also give me an opportunity to refer to a publication of BRIQUET on some American representatives of this genus (in Candollea IV, 1931, p. 342\xe2\x80\x94350), which disagrees with regard to a number of species with ALSTON\xe2\x80\x99s interpretations.\nThe species which covers the largest area is the chiefly West-Indian C. elliptica (Sw.) Poir. Formerly also a number of West- Brazilian and Peruvian specimens were referred to it, but ALSTON pointed out that these plants belonged to another species for which he introduced the name C. peruviana. A new West-Indian species, based on Broadway nr. 3841 and 4631, both from Tobago, was described by BRIQUET under the name C. Broadwayi. This species is, in my opinion, conspecific with C. elliptica. BRIQUET amply discussed the differences with C. latifolia Alston from Trinidad, but does not mention its relationship to C. elliptica. , though, in view of the latter\xe2\x80\x99s area of distribution, this would have been more to the point. That ALSTON had already referred Broadway nr. 3841 to C. elliptica was apparently overlooked by BRIQUET. In opposition to BRIQUET I agree with ALSTON that no value should be set on the varieties of C. elliptica described by GRISEBACH (Fl. Br. W. Ind. Isl., I860, p. 274).

Description: Lorsque, il y a une ann\xc3\xa9e \xc3\xa0 peu pr\xc3\xa8s, ma collaboratrice Mlle Jos\xc3\xa9phine Koster vint me trouver en sugg\xc3\xa9rant l\xe2\x80\x99id\xc3\xa9e d\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9diter un volume d\xc3\xa9di\xc3\xa9 au jubil\xc3\xa9 de votre quatre-vingt-dixi\xc3\xa8me anniversaire, j\xe2\x80\x99acceptai sans h\xc3\xa9sitation. Cette id\xc3\xa9e m\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9tait en effet d\xe2\x80\x99autant plus sympathique que j\xe2\x80\x99avais cherch\xc3\xa9 depuis longtemps une occasion pour vous exprimer en public notre admiration tant pour votre personne que pour votre oeuvre.\nSi nous ne nous \xc3\xa9tions pas trouv\xc3\xa9s dans un temps o\xc3\xb9 les contacts internationaux sont interrompus, si pr\xc3\xa9cieux et si indispensables pour nous autres, travailleurs scientifiques, il aurait \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 certainement possible d\xe2\x80\x99organiser une collaboration de plusieurs pays d\xe2\x80\x99outre mer. Car nous savons que vos nombreux amis auraient \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 heureux de pouvoir contribuer \xc3\xa0 cet humble t\xc3\xa9moignage de notre amiti\xc3\xa9 et de notre v\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9ration. Ils sont nombreux en effet, vos amis, et parmi eux se trouvent les coryf\xc3\xa9es de votre science, l\xe2\x80\x99algologie. H\xc3\xa9las cette grande guerre, qui s\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9tend sur tout notre monde et qui a temporairement rompu tant de liens, nous a forc\xc3\xa9 de limiter nos invitations \xc3\xa0 quelques repr\xc3\xa9sentants de votre science, vivant dans notre petit continent. Ils se sont d\xc3\xa9clar\xc3\xa9s heureux de pouvoir offrir des articles en votre honneur, articles que vous trouverez publi\xc3\xa9s dans ce petit volume, suppl\xc3\xa9ment de notre journal \xe2\x80\x9cBlumea\xe2\x80\x9d.

Description: In the winter and early spring of 1916 Mrs. Anna Weber-van Bosse at her hospitable residence near Eerbeek initiated me in the study of Freshwater Algae.\nFor several years after that date in numerous trips all over this country I collected and studied some thousands of samples from all kinds of freshwater ponds and lakes, canals and streams. The Desmids soon drew my special attention, when an unexpectedly rich and varied Desmid flora was found in certain fens and ponds in the diluvial and moor districts of our country.

Description: L\'\xc3\xa9diteur de ce journal vient de recevoir de Mme Ruge, n\xc3\xa9e Baenziger, une des plus anciennes amies de Mme Weber, la lettre suivante, qu\xe2\x80\x99il est heureux de pouvoir faire imprimer ci-dessous: Ma ch\xc3\xa8re Anna, Quatre-vingt-dix ans! Voil\xc3\xa0 pour la premi\xc3\xa8re fois dans notre amiti\xc3\xa9 de longues ann\xc3\xa9es que je constate une indiscr\xc3\xa9tion de votre part; vous \xc3\xa0 qui l\xe2\x80\x99on pouvait \xc3\xa0 bon droit reprocher un exc\xc3\xa8s de discr\xc3\xa9tion tant sur le domaine de la pens\xc3\xa9e que sur celui de l\xe2\x80\x99action. Et cependant, ces quatrevingt-dix ans vous ont \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 impos\xc3\xa9s par les puissances au dessus de nous. Certes, les ann\xc3\xa9es \xc3\xa9coul\xc3\xa9es depuis la mort de votre mari vous ont plac\xc3\xa9 devant line bien lourde t\xc3\xa2che, mais d\xe2\x80\x99autant plus lumineuse me semble votre vie avant ce douloureux \xc3\xa9v\xc3\xa9nement. Que de multiples richesses, que de souvenirs pr\xc3\xa9cieux \xc3\xa0 des \xc3\xa9v\xc3\xa9nements, auxquels j\xe2\x80\x99ai pu prendre part. Au moment que je fis votre connaissance je me rappelle votre enthousiasme de pouvoir suivre des cours \xc3\xa0 l\xe2\x80\x99universit\xc3\xa9; vous et deux autres dames \xc3\xa9tudiantes parmi les premi\xc3\xa8res admises \xc3\xa0 l\xe2\x80\x99universit\xc3\xa9. En pens\xc3\xa9es, je vous revois rentrant avec le professeur Weber d\xe2\x80\x99un voyage aux Indes, votre sympathie pour les aborig\xc3\xa8nes de l\xe2\x80\x99Insulinde, vos histoires savoureuses d\xe2\x80\x99une r\xc3\xa9ception par un prince indig\xc3\xa8ne et de ses filles, votre haut estime pour un pr\xc3\xaatre, le R\xc3\xa9v. P\xc3\xa8re le Cocq d\xe2\x80\x99Armandville et pour son travail dans l\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xaele de Flores. Tout cela valait certes les r\xc3\xa9cits habituels de voyage imprim\xc3\xa9s, souvent si longs et fastidieux. Comme je me rappelle la soir\xc3\xa9e, quand vous me racontiez de votre s\xc3\xa9jour dans l\xe2\x80\x99extr\xc3\xaame Nord \xc3\xa0 Troms\xc3\xb4, de votre course dans un petit bateau \xc3\xa0 partir de Vard\xc3\xb4, pilot\xc3\xa9 par un couple lappon \xc3\xa0 travers les rapides d\xe2\x80\x99une rivi\xc3\xa8re qui, aboutissant dans un fjord, devait vous conduire au d\xc3\xa9barcad\xc3\xa8re du vapeur, qui \xc3\xa9tait sur le point de lever l\xe2\x80\x99ancre pour le dernier d\xc3\xa9part de la saison vers le Sud. Encore maintenant je ressens votre tension: arrivons nous \xc3\xa0 temps, oui o\xc3\xb9 non! Les provisions de voyage \xc3\xa9taient \xc3\xa9puis\xc3\xa9es, la vraie faim se faisait sentir, heureusement qu\xe2\x80\x99au petit restaurant du port on faisait bouillir le saumon, la seule nourriture de l\xe2\x80\x99endroit, mais voil\xc3\xa0 la sir\xc3\xa8ne du vapeur, qui appelle d\xe2\x80\x99urgence les voyageurs et emp\xc3\xaache de go\xc3\xbbter au saumon. Plus calmement et plus selon mon go\xc3\xbbt s\xe2\x80\x99effectua l\xe2\x80\x99excursion \xc3\xa0 l\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xaele de Vlieland, que les deux couples d\xe2\x80\x99amis entreprirent pendant un cong\xc3\xa9 de la Pentec\xc3\xb4te. Un char \xc3\xa0 bancs nous d\xc3\xa9posa \xc3\xa0 De Cocksdorp, le bateau-poste nous conduisit de Texel \xc3\xa0 Vlieland; en somme un voyage sans \xc3\xa9motions et qui pourtant amena le conducteur de la chariole \xc3\xa0 nous demander s\xe2\x80\x99il s\xe2\x80\x99agissait pour nous autres vraiment d\xe2\x80\x99une partie de plaisir.

Description: In einem j\xc3\xbcngst erschienenen Aufsatz schreibt Du Rietz (1941 S. 6): \xe2\x80\x9dPylaiella rupincola (Aresch.) Kylin ist mit Conferva litoralis L. identisch. Kein Grund liegt vor anzunehman\xe2\x80\x98, dass Linn\xc3\xa9 die auf Ascophyllum an der schwedischen Westk\xc3\xbcste wachsende Pylaiella litoralis sensu Kylin gekannt und in seine Conferva litoralis miteinbezogen hat. Der Name Pylaiella litoralis (L.) Kjellm. muss deshalb f\xc3\xbcr P. rupincola (Aresch.) Kylin beibehalten werden. F\xc3\xbcr P. litoralis sensu Kylin schl\xc3\xa4gt Verf. den neuen Namen Pylaiella Kylinii vor.\xe2\x80\x9c Bei meinen Untersuchungen \xc3\xbcber Pylaiella litoralis (1933 und 1937) war ich zu der Auffassung gekommen, dass diese Art in sich zwei verschiedene Arten enthielt. F\xc3\xbcr die eine behielt ich den Namen P. litoralis (L.) Kjellm., die andere nannte ich P. rupincola (Aresch.) Kylin 1937 S. 5, und dies zwar aus historischen Gr\xc3\xbcnden. In der Literatur hatte man n\xc3\xa4mlich die im allgemeinen auf den gr\xc3\xb6beren Fucaceen epiphytisch wachsende Pylaiella als die Hauptform betrachtet, die im allgemeinen auf Felsen wachsende rupincola dagegen als eine Nebenform. Und um nun die Nomenklatur, in der Weise wie sie sich historisch entwickelt hatte, so wenig als irgend m\xc3\xb6glich zu ver\xc3\xa4ndern, bezeichnete ich die Hauptform als P. litoralis (L.) Kjellm., die Nebenform dagegen als B. rupincola (Aresch.). Kylin. Du Rietz behauptet jetzt, dass ich die Nomenklaturgesetzte \xc3\xbcbertreten habe. Ehe ich indessen diese Frage des n\xc3\xa4heren auseinandersetze, werde ich P. litoralis und P. rupincola kurz besprechen.

Description: Les Chlorophyc\xc3\xa9es du golfe de Gascogne sont encore peu connues. Elles n\xe2\x80\x99ont fait l\xe2\x80\x99objet que d\xe2\x80\x99une courte \xc3\xa9num\xc3\xa9ration de C. Sauvageau dans son travail \xe2\x80\x9dsur les Algues marines du golfe de Gascogne\xe2\x80\x9c. J\xe2\x80\x99ai repris cette \xc3\xa9tude au cours d\xe2\x80\x99un s\xc3\xa9jour \xc3\xa0 Saint-Jean-de-Luz et \xc3\xa0 Biarritz, pendant le printemps de 1940. J\xe2\x80\x99ai r\xc3\xa9colt\xc3\xa9 les esp\xc3\xa8ces suivantes: 1. Prasiola stipitata Suhr \xe2\x80\x94 Se rencontre dans le port de Saint-Jean-de-Luz au niveau de l\xe2\x80\x99 E. marginata. Il est de petite taille, ne d\xc3\xa9passant gu\xc3\xa8re 1 cm de hauteur. Il se pr\xc3\xa9sente parfois sous la forme ordinaire, \xc3\xa9largie en lame au-dessus d\xe2\x80\x99un stipe uniforme; mais, plus souvent, il forme une simple languette, \xc3\xa9troite et contourn\xc3\xa9e, \xc3\xa0 aspect d\xe2\x80\x99 Ent\xc3\xa9romorphe et rappelle alors le Prasiola calophylla.

Description: The genus Galaxaura can in several respects be classed among the most remarkable Florideae. It is not only \xe2\x80\x94 with Chantransia \xe2\x80\x94 the genus richest in forms of all the genera belonging to the order of Nemalionales, which has more than 70 described species, it also offers, both in its interior and its exterior organization, such a high differentiation, and a tissue specialization going so far, that, as the monographer of the genus, the late Professor F.R. Kjellman (1900), said: \xe2\x80\x9dit may be difficult even in the great province of the Florideae to find forms with a higher or even as high a division of labour in the tissues of the shoot...\xe2\x80\x9c.\nEven if the number of species may actually diminish with further investigations, this is in a way connected with a peculiarity of organization, characteristic of the genus Galaxaura, namely that the sexual plant of a species has quite another anatomical structure of the cortical tissue than does the tetrasporic plant. This remarkable discovery was made by Howe (1917, 1918), who had had the opportunity of studying some species of Galaxaura in the West Indies, in their natural localities. This fact was not known of any Floridea at the time Kjellman wrote his monograph on this genus in 1900. Moreover, Kjellman had a quite different conception of the position of the tetraspores during the course of development of the Florideae than the one we have nowadays formed from the results of the cytological research. To Kjellman the tetraspores or, as he called them, the \xe2\x80\x9dtetragonidia\xe2\x80\x9c, were a kind of propagation organ with the character of \xe2\x80\x9dNebenfruktifikation\xe2\x80\x9c, and thus not, as we must now regard them, the reproduction bodies of the diploid generation ending the diplophase in the alternation of generations. Thus, when Kjellman in his herbarial studies found forms of Galaxaura with otherwise similar organization but with quite a different cortical anatomy, it was quite natural that he described them as new species. One of the tasks of future taxonomical research will therefore be to combine such \xe2\x80\x9dspecies\xe2\x80\x9c of Kjellman as, in reality, are only the sexual and the tetrasporic generation of one and the same species. Naturally, this problem can only be solved by a botanist who has the opportunity of studying the development of the Galaxaurae in their native localities. Finally, only cultures will be really decisive. However, the number of species of Galaxaura will certainly be reduced.

Description: En examinant en 1939 dans une note pr\xc3\xa9sent\xc3\xa9e \xc3\xa0 l\xe2\x80\x99Acad\xc3\xa9mie des Sciences de Belgique une \xc3\xa9tude de M. Ronse, nous avons \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 amen\xc3\xa9 \xc3\xa0 reprendre des consid\xc3\xa9rations sur les mucilages des v\xc3\xa9g\xc3\xa9taux et en particulier sur ceux des algues (22; 31).\nD\xc3\xa9j\xc3\xa0 en 1891, dans nos \xe2\x80\x9dObservations algologiques\xe2\x80\x9c nous avons examin\xc3\xa9 la nature et la structure des parois cellulaires de certaines algues et fait remarquer que la gaine mucilagineuse de Conjugu\xc3\xa9es, \xc3\xa9tudi\xc3\xa9e par divers auteurs \xc3\xa9tait loin de pr\xc3\xa9senter sur toute la surface d\xe2\x80\x99un filament la m\xc3\xaame \xc3\xa9paisseur. Des Spirogyra, par exemple, suivant des parties du filament, montraient une gaine nette et \xc3\xa9paisse, ou \xc3\xa0 peine indiqu\xc3\xa9e.

Description: Anne Antoinette van Bosse, fille de M. Jacob van Bosse et de Mme Jaqueline Jeanne n\xc3\xa9e Reynvaan, naquit \xc3\xa0 Amsterdam le 27 mars 1852. Tr\xc3\xa8s jeune encore elle perdit sa m\xc3\xa8re; sa soeur, son ain\xc3\xa9e de 10 ans, prit sa place aussi bien qu\xe2\x80\x99elle put. Outre cette soeur elle avait trois fr\xc3\xa8res.\nSelon l\xe2\x80\x99usage de cette \xc3\xa9poque les familles ais\xc3\xa9es n\xe2\x80\x99envoyaient pas leurs filles \xc3\xa0 l\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9cole, ainsi Anna van Bosse re\xc3\xa7ut \xc3\xa0 la maison son instruction par une institutrice de nationalit\xc3\xa9 suisse. La botanique et la zoologie furent d\xe2\x80\x99embl\xc3\xa9e ses branches pr\xc3\xa9f\xc3\xa9r\xc3\xa9es; les fr\xc3\xa9quentes visites au jardin zoologique \xe2\x80\x9dArtis\xe2\x80\x9c y contribu\xc3\xa8rent pour une grande part. l\xe2\x80\x99Observation des animaux exotiques lui procurait un grand plaisir et jusqu\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa0 pr\xc3\xa9sent elle porte un grand int\xc3\xaaret \xc3\xa0 \xe2\x80\x9dArtis\xe2\x80\x9c.

Description: An attempt has been made to subdivide a very polymorphous plant species by means of a quantitative statistical method. This method has been based upon the following working hypothesis: 1\xc2\xb0 as some morphological characters of the material, concerning e. g. the shape of the leaves, the length of the pedicels etc., show an extremely great variation, each of these characters in every specimen at hand may be stated to be in one of three (one intermediate and two extreme) conditions; 2\xc2\xb0 if a character happens to be in an intermediate condition in a relatively great number of specimens the difference between the extreme conditions of that character may be considered insignificant from a taxonomical point of view; 3\xc2\xb0 the fewer characters of two or more specimens are differing significantly (in the way mentioned), the more reason there is to consider those specimens to belong together; and, on the contrary, the more numerous the significant differences are, the more reason there is to distribute the specimens to two (or more) different groups. On the basis of this working hypothesis the material at hand, consisting of 143 specimens (all considered to belong to the Sapotaceous Planchonella sandwicensis, which was discussed in a paper by Lam), could be subdivided into two different groups. Five characters were chosen, each allowing to state one intermediate and two opposite extreme conditions. Of these the shape of the leaf proved to be a most important criterion for a subdivision. After this had been stated, a purely quantitative check was made which largely endorsed the result.

Description: Of the family Oenotheraceae the genus Jussieua is the only one occurring in Suriname. The peculiar Oocarpon torulosum (Arn.) Urb., which has been recorded from Amazonian Peru, Brazil, British and French Guiana, Cuba and Santo Domingo, has up till now not been collected in the colony, but on account of its presence in the neighbouring countries it is there also to be expected.\nAs for the name of the only Suriname genus, it was spelled by LINNAEUS in Genera Plantarum, ed. I (1737), p. 126, Jussieua but afterwards in his Flora Zeylanica (1747), p. 75, changed in Jussiaea.

Description: In my first paper on Malaysian Convolvulaceae in Blumea III, 1938, p. 62\xe2\x80\x9494, I pointed out (p. 83) that Neuropeltis racemosa Wall, has often been confounded both in literature and in herbaria with another species from the Malay Peninsula, N. Maingayi Peter. Moreover, on p. 85, I expressed my doubt whether specimens from Indo China, mentioned in literature as N. racemosa Wall, (by Gagnepain & Courchet in Lecomte, Flore Generale de l\xe2\x80\x99Indo-Chine IV, 1915, p. 290, fig. 31) actually belong to that species. A more detailed study of materials from Indo China has now brought to light, that the plants from that country are different from those occurring in the Malay Peninsula and that they represent a new, though closely related, species.\nSpecimens from the west coast of British India (Kanara, Malabar) also appeared to be different from N. racemosa, under which name they are mentioned by Beddome, Clarke, Cooke and Gamble.

Description: During the preparation of an account of the grasses for the flora of Dutch Guiana many difficulties were found in the identification of species of the genus Axonopus. Our knowledge as to the most recent treatment is entirely based upon Doell\xe2\x80\x99s work for the Flora Brasiliensis. It is, however, evident that Doell did not see many types and his concept of many species proves to be incorrect. The modern genus Axonopus is not accepted by Doell but treated by him as a section Emprosthion of the large genus Paspalum. The difficulties arose already when he treated Fluegge\xe2\x80\x99s Paspalum furcatum which is a continental North American species. Raddi\xe2\x80\x99s Paspalum obtusifolium from Brazil, although given as a synonym, is a quite distinct species. As another synonym is mentioned by Doell in Fl. Bras., Vol. II, pars II, p. 103: Panicum surinamense Hochstetter in Hostm. et Kappler, Plant. Surinam, n. 1283 with the addition: \xe2\x80\x9cspiculis ad margines, imprimis basi, magis pilosis\xe2\x80\x9d. The correct citation of Panicum surinamense Hochst. is, however, given by Steudel in his Synopsis, where the species is published. The type of Steudel was certainly not seen by Doell, but the valid publication of the year 1854 was mentioned by Doell under Paspalum scoparium Fluegge with the same number 1283 and the addition \xe2\x80\x9cpartis nomine\xe2\x80\x9d. I observe here that the synonyms under Paspalum scoparium Fluegge in Doell\xe2\x80\x99s treatment are for the greater part wrongly placed. It may be that Doell saw different plants of Hostmann and Kappler\xe2\x80\x99s number 1283, but the type of Steudel corresponds to only one definite species, correctly described by him.\nFrom the description it is evident that Steudel\xe2\x80\x99s plant is neither Paspalum furcatum nor Paspalum scoparium. To demonstrate this we have but to compare the description from the year 1854 which runs as follows: Panicum surinamense Hochst. (Hrbr. Dr. Hostmann nr. 1283) Erectum; culmo firmo valido elato (abscisso 3-pedali); vaginis longissimis basi cum nodis dense molliterque sursum ad vaginas tantum pilosis; foliis linearibus compressis (1\xe2\x80\x99 longis in statu explanato 4\xe2\x80\x945\xe2\x80\x99\xe2\x80\x99\xe2\x80\x99 latis) glabris carina scabriusculis; racemis elongatis (6\xe2\x80\x949\xe2\x80\x99\xe2\x80\x99) longis strictis fasciculatis (6\xe2\x80\x948); spiculis solitariis subsessilibus alternis subimbricatis lanceolatis glabris; gluma inferiore vix ulla (nisi apex explanatus pedicelli brevissimi), superiore 3-nervia flosculum aequante. Surinam.

Description: Diese Arbeit enth\xc3\xa4lt die Beschreibung einiger neuer Arten aus den Asphaltgesteinen der Insel Buton, sowie Bemerkungen \xc3\xbcber schon bekannte Species. Wie \xc3\xbcberall im ostindischen Archipel ist auch hier K. Martin vorangegangen, indem er 1933 und 1935 insgesamt 35 neue Arten beschrieben und abgebildet hat; diese Anzahl hat sich jetzt bis auf 86 vermehrt.\nDie hier behandelten Fossilien empfing ich z. T. aus den Sammlungen des Geologischen Institutes der Universit\xc3\xa4t Amsterdam; einen kleinen Teil dieser Sammlung hat Prof. H.A. Brouwer von der Direktion der \xe2\x80\x9eMijnbouwmaatschappij Boeton\xe2\x80\x9d erhalten, ein anderer Teil wurde diesem geologischen Museum geschenkt von Herrn Dr. W.P. de Roever, dessen Vater, Herr J.W. de Roever, damals Inspektor der \xe2\x80\x9eStoomvaart-Maatschappij Nederland\xe2\x80\x9d, die Fossilien w\xc3\xa4hrend eines Aufenthaltes auf der Insel Buton aus gleicher Quelle empfing; von beiden Sammlungen ist der genauere Fundort nicht bekannt. Dr. C.O. van Regteren Altena hat die obenerw\xc3\xa4hnten Mollusken zuerst durchgesehen, konnte diese Arbeit aber nicht beenden und \xc3\xbcberliess mir das Material zur weiteren Bearbeitung, dabei auch seine Notizen freundlichst zu meiner Verf\xc3\xbcgung stellend. Es war f\xc3\xbcr uns beide von Interesse, unsere palaeontologischen Ergebnisse auf diese Weise durch Vergleich an einer und derselben Sammlung indopacifischer Mollusken nachpr\xc3\xbcfen zu k\xc3\xb6nnen und ich danke Herrn v. Regteren herzlich f\xc3\xbcr diese Gelegenheit zu einem regen Gedankenaustausch. Dass ich diese Arbeit luiternehmen konnte, verdanke ich selbstverst\xc3\xa4ndlich auch der Freundlichkeit der Direktion des hiesigen geologischen Institutes.

Description: Part III of this monograph (by Dr. F. A. Schilder) was published in volume 12 of this Journal, pp. 171\xe2\x80\x94194, 1941.\nThe fourth part deals with the families which can be summarised as Tonnacea (= Doliacea Thiele). They contain 31 species, two of which are new to science. The manuscript was already completed in the summer of 1940, but there was no earlier occasion for publication.

Description: The plates I\xe2\x80\x94XI contain illustrations of all the skulls and horn-cores of Bovidae from the Quaternary of the Netherlands, brought together in the National Museum of Geology at Leyden, Holland. They were all photographed with the occiputs vertical or what is thought to be vertical. They are described in the same order as figured.\nOn the plates I\xe2\x80\x94V are represented the skulls and horn-cores of the domesticated cows. Four races are distinguished among them: the brachyceros-race (fig. 1\xe2\x80\x9425), the frontosus-race (fig. 26), the primigenius-race (fig. 27\xe2\x80\x9441) and the trochoceros-race (fig. 42\xe2\x80\x9446).\nThe brachyceros-skulls and horn-cores have the following characteristics: a sharp angle (30\xc2\xb0\xe2\x80\x9450\xc2\xb0) between the plane of curvature of the horn-cores and the horizontal plane, cores that are curved in one plane, a sharp angle (about 70\xc2\xb0) between os frontale and os occipitale, a small breadth of the os frontale (table 1, measurement 2: 137\xe2\x80\x94145 mm), a small index 6 (table 1), small measurements 10, 15 and 16 (table 1), a large breadth to length-index of the os frontale (table 1, measurement 13), a small difference between the length (table 1, measurement 27) and the basal circumference of the horncores (table 1, measurement 26). Examples of typical representatives of brachyceros-cows are given by the figures 3, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 21 and 22. The skulls and cores of the figures 2, 4, 7, 15 and 24 show some affinity to the primigenius-race and those of the figures 1, 5, 10, 16, 17, 18 and 23 to the trochoceros-race.\nThe basal parts of the cores of figure 26 are strongly curved backwards and the plane of curvature nearly coincides with the frontal plane. As the points of the horn-cores are missing, the determination is somewhat uncertain. It is, however, not impossible, that this skull belonged to a frontosus-cow.\nThe skulls and horn-cores, which I believe that belong to the primigenius-race, have the following characteristics: the cores are (when the occiput is placed in the vertical plane) directed strongly upwards and are not curved in one plane; the min. breadth of the os frontale (table 3, measurement 2), the length of the forehead (table 3, measurement 10) and the breadth of the occiput (table 3, measurements 15 and 16) are larger than those of the brachy-ceros-cows; there is a large difference between the length of the cores (table 3, measurement 27) and their basal circumference (table 3, measurement 26). Examples of typical representatives of the primigenius-race are given by the figures 27, 28, 31, 33 and 34. The horn-core of figure 29 probably belonged to a young Bos primigenius. The skulls and cores of figures 30, 32 and 35 show some affinity to the brachyceros-race.\nThe skulls and horn-cores of plate V are believed to be representatives of the trochoceros-race. They are characterized by an angle of 10\xc2\xb0\xe2\x80\x9420\xc2\xb0 between the plane of curvature and the horizontal plane, a curvature of the cores in one plane, a backward curving of the basal parts of the cores, a longer breadth to length-index of the os frontale (table 4, measurement 2), a length of the forehead (table 4, measurement 10) and a breadth of the occiput (table 4, measurement 15 and 16) which are larger than those of the brachyceros-race.\nOn the plates VI\xe2\x80\x94VIII are presented the skulls and horn-cores of Bos primigenius. Comparing the measurements (see table 5) with those of males and females, as given by Adametz, it is clear, that the skulls and cores of figures 47, 48, 49, 50 and 53 belonged to males and that of figure 51 to a female.\nSkulls and horn-cores of Bison priscus are presented on the plates IX\xe2\x80\x94XI. Among them are distinguished two different races, Bison priscus longicornis Grom. (plate IX, plate X, fig. 62, 65, 66, 67 and plate XI) and Bison priscus deminutus Grom. (fig. 63\xe2\x80\x9464). The first is characterized by a large and narrow skull with long and slender cores and with a breadth to length-index of the os frontale (table 6, measurement 13) of 133\xe2\x80\x94147. A comparison with the measurements as given by Gromova makes it probable, that only the skulls of figures 60 and 63 are females whereas all the others belonged to males. Bison priscus deminutus (fig. 63 and 64) is characterized by a moderately sized skull with massive cores and with a breadth to lengthindex of the os frontale (table 6, measurement 13) of 124. The min. breadth of the os frontale (table 6, measurement 2) is only 267\xe2\x80\x94286 mm. There is, however, some difference between the skull of figure 63 and the skull of figure 64. The first mentioned has a convex forehead with regular transitions in the cores; the cores are only feebly curved. This skull is supposed to have belonged to a female animal. The skull of figure 64 has a flat forehead sharply separated from the cores; the cores are much more curved. This skull probably belonged to a male bison.\nTable 7 gives a review of the stratigrapbical distribution of the Bovidae, here described.\nThe specimens of Bison priscus from Bokhoven (fig. 61), Brummen (fig. 74) and Drempt (fig. 64) certainly belong to W\xc3\xbcrm Glacial and the others probably also.\nThe specimens of Bos primigenius may be devided into three groups. Enterbroek (fig. 48) and Ammerozden (fig. 49) belong to the W\xc3\xbcrm Glacial. Lutterzijl (fig. 47), Nieuwe Merwede (fig. 50) and Terschelling (fig. 51) belong either to the W\xc3\xbcrm Glacial or to the Holocene. The others are holocene. Of these the specimen from Veghel, 2 m (fig. 54) belongs to the Boreal and those from the Mease-tunnel (fig. 52, 55, 56 and 58) and Dinther (fig. 53) to the Subboreal.\nThe normalisation-works of the river Aa, Northern Brabant, have furnished some important data as to the stratigraphical distribution of Bos taurus. The oldest specimen, Veghel, 2\xc2\xbd m \xe2\x80\x94 (fig. 23), has been dated by pollen analysis as belonging to the upper part of the W\xc3\xbcrm Glacial, the so-called Lateglacial. However, it is not probable, that this horn-core is derived from a domesticated animal. The oldest occurrence of domesticated brachyceros-oxen are contemporaneous with the Kj\xc3\xb6kkenm\xc3\xb6ddinger culture (5000\xe2\x80\x944000 b. C.). The horn-core of Veghel, on the other hand, is of the same age as the late palaeolithic culture (before 8000 b. C.). Therefore it is much more probable, that the core belonged to a wild ox, namely Bos (Brachyceros) europaeus Adametz. By several investigators (Adametz, Antonius) this species is considered to be the wild ancestor of the domesticated brachyceros-oxen. The specimen from Veghel renders this theory more probable than the view advocated by Nehring, Duerst and Hilzheimer, who suppose, that all the races of Bos taurus, the brachycerosrace included, descended from Bos primigenius Boj.\nThe first undoubted tame cows from the river-basin of the Aa are dated by pollen analysis as belonging to the transition from Boreal to Atlanticum. This is the beginning of the late mesolithic Kj\xc3\xb6kkenm\xc3\xb6dinger culture. The still persisting flint-industry (microliths) is associated with the first pottery. It is the time of beginning agriculture. As demonstrated by the finding of remains of Cervus elaphus L. and Bos primigenius Boj., the deer and the aurochs were formed the chief hunting quarry.\nIn Subboreal time this district was inhabited by the so-called \xe2\x80\x9eurnpeople\xe2\x80\x9d, by who not only the brachycerosbut also the more robust primigeniusand trochoceros-cows were breeded.\nThe district of the larger rivers is characterized by the absence of Bos taurus brachyceros, the probable presence of Bos taurus frontosus, during the Subboreal, and the presence of Bos taurus primigenius during the Boreal and Subboreal. The absence of the brachyceros-cow is probably imputable to a hiatus in the collections of the Museum at Leyden.\nContrary to Bos taurus brachyceros, Bos taurus primigenius is generally considered to be a direct descendant of Bos primigenius. It is however not yet known at what time the first aurochses were domesticated. Without doubt the skull from Wijk-bij-Duurstede (fig. 27) belonged to an animal, that lived at the beginning of domestication.\nThe frontosus-ox is not found among the fauna of the Swiss lake dwellings. However it is described by Degerb\xc3\xb8l from the Subboreal of Denmark (Bunds\xc3\xb8). Therefore it is probable, that the \xe2\x80\x9eurn-people\xe2\x80\x9d living along the large rivers had a different origin to the people dwelling in the sandy regions of Brabant.

Description: In this paper we described the molar teeth of E. primigenius found in our country and stored in the Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie at Leyden. Special attention is paid to the individual age of the animals at the moment when the grinders were rendered inoparative. As a rule this must have taken place at the moment of the animals dying. In fig. 3 is shown that proportionately the greater number of animals died at the age of 30\xe2\x80\x9460. There are sound reasons to suppose that most of the animals died in the period of life between the 30th and the 45th year. This seem to point to unfavourable life conditions during the time that the woolly mammoth dwelled in the Netherlands. (That time lies between the Mindel-Riss interglacial period and the \xe2\x80\x9cLate glacial time\xe2\x80\x9d of the W\xc3\xbcrm glacial period. Remnants, however, of mammoths found in deposits of pre-W\xc3\xbcrm age are rare).\nTo obtain more arresting proofs that these animals lived so short because of unfavourable climatic conditions and not because of their ordinary struggle for life, it is necessary that data about the individual ages of mammoths of (1\xc2\xb0) various parts of the world and (2\xc2\xb0) several geological times are collected.\nIn this paper we have tried to give such data. The reader finds here the individual ages of an amount of Dutch mammoths. Unfortunately however, the data necessary for an exact fixing of the geological age were in much cases not available. Many specimens were dredged and recovered in rivers, or found by non-geologists. It is not improbably that investigations, established with better dated material will show a correlation between the individual duration of life and the several climatic changes of Pleistocene time.

Description: Het onderzochte gebied ligt in het westelijk gedeelte der Noord-Apennijnen, die zich van de omstreken van Genua in het W tot de Monte Falterona in Toscane in het E uitstrekken. De naam van Ligurische Apennijnen, die vooral door niet-Italianen aan dit gebergte wordt gegeven, is minder verkieselijk, aangezien tot de Ligurische Apennijnen vaak ook het gebergte ten W van Genua wordt gerekend, dat volgens Stille, Kober, e. a. reeds tot de Alpen behoort, volgens Staub e.a. daarentegen een overgangszone vertegenwoordigt tusschen Alpen en Apennijnen, maar dat in ieder geval in bouw zoo sterk afwijkt van de overige Apennijnenketen, dat het juister is de westgrens der Apennijnen ten N van Genua te trekken (fig. 1).\nZooals in de titel aangegeven, worden west- en oostgrens van het gebied respectievelijk gevormd door de dalen van de Scrivia en de St\xc3\xa1ffora; noord- en zuidgrens zijn onregelmatig, respectievelijk volgen zij ongeveer volgende lijnen: Cassano \xe2\x80\x94 Avolasca \xe2\x80\x94 Ponte Nizza en Isola del Cantone\xe2\x80\x94Monte Giarolo \xe2\x80\x94 S. Margherita di Bobbio.

Description: Summarizing, it appears that Eucommia has the greatest number of characters in common with the Urticales. This is shown by the similarity of the inflorescences as well as by the unisexual flowers and the dioecy. In both groups the pistil consists of 2 connate carpels and the ovary is usually 1-celled by abortion, while the stigmata are generally papillate. Further general points of relation with the Urticales are the originally spiral phyllotaxis, which becomes later on pseudo-distichous, simple vessel perforations, libriform with bordered pits, unicellular hairs and the occurrence of calciumcarbonate and silica as well as of latex elements.\nYet, it seems difficult to indicate any particular family in the Urticales to which Eucommia should be most related. While the fruit recalls Ulmus and the latex elements Urtica and Cannabis, the spirally thickened vessel walls remind us of some Morus species. In addition, Eucommia is isolated by the facts that in the Urticales the perianth is never entirely wanting, that there is only one ovule in the cell of the ovary, that stipules are very frequent, that calciumoxalate is characteristic (it is wanting in Eucommia) and that the superficial suberization is subepidermal in the Urticales and epidermal in Eucommia.\nAfter the Urticales the Euphorbiaceae-Hippomaneae seem to be the nearest of kin, on account of a number of anatomical and morphological characters. However, the Euphorbiaceae usually possess a 3-celled ovary, a 2-celled one occasionally occurs in the Hippomaneae. Next follow the Hamamelidaceae which have, however, two fertile carpels but of which Distylium and Altingia show a reduction in the perianth and the latter moreover a similar leaf shape.

Description: In June 1937 the State Museum of Geology and Mineralogy at Leiden received from Mr. A.S. Dresden at Amsterdam a diamond crystal of a hitherto unknown shape.\nThe crystal is colourless and transparent. Mr. J. Bolman determined its weight at 0.1698 g and its specific gravity at 3.4165.

Description: 1) Examining the Semper-collection of mollusca from the Philippines kept in the Leyden Geological Museum, I met with some generic undetermined specimens of a representative of the genus Atopodonta (from Tertiary strata only rarely recorded), all belonging to one and the same species, which appeared never to have been described before. This genus 1) is known from the Eocene of the Paris basin represented by two species, viz. the typespecies Atopodonta conformis (Deshayes), 1860 [Deshayes,. Anim. s. vert., I, p. 419, plate 28, fig. 14\xe2\x80\x9416 (\xe2\x80\x9cVenus\xe2\x80\x9d); Cossmann, Catal. ill., I, 1886, p. (98\xe2\x80\x94 100) 99, plate 6, fig. 3\xe2\x80\x946 (excl. plate 8, fig. 3\xe2\x80\x944)] and A. tapina Cossmann, 1886 (l.c., p. 100, plate 6, fig. 7\xe2\x80\x949). These are the only European species.\nIn 1941 I was in a position to describe the first Neogene representative that is known, strange enough this time from the Younger Miocene of Eastern Borneo; and only some time ago I recognized a second species in a collection of mollusca from the Older Miocene Rembang-beds of Java. To these scarce data the shells of the Semper-collection form a welcome addition.

Description: Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt ein ausf\xc3\xbchrliches Resum\xc3\xa9 einer Arbeit in holl\xc3\xa4ndischer Sprache dar: \xe2\x80\x9eDe geologie van het westelijk deel van het Heuvelland van Monferrato tusschen Turijn en Murisengo\xe2\x80\x9d, Dissert. Leiden, Augustus 1941 2).\nDas bearbeitete Gebiet ist bisher, namentlich in tektonischer Hinsicht, nur oberfl\xc3\xa4chlich untersucht worden. St\xc3\xb6rungen wurden nie erw\xc3\xa4hnt, Profile waren nur sp\xc3\xa4rlich vorhanden. Da sich die Stratigraphie als ausserordentlich interessant erwies, sobald die feineren Merkmale in einer Karte eingetragen wurden, wie es hier geschah 3), konnte zum ersten Mal ein Schema der sediment\xc3\xa4ren Genese f\xc3\xbcr einen erheblichen Teil der Berge von Monferrato aufgestellt werden.

Description: As early as 1863 Sorby proved that pitted pebbles are the result of solution at the points of mutual contact in a conglomerate. As cause he suggested solution under pressure in saturated, stagnant groundwater by what has afterwards been designated Riecke\xe2\x80\x99s principle. By the examination of polished cuts through a pitted conglomerate I found confirmation of this hypothesis. The alternate explanation by Daubr\xc3\xa9e, Kumm and others of solution in water held by capillarity at the points of contact could not cause the observed shapes of the pits. The experiments they used to disprove Sorby\xe2\x80\x99s view are fundamentally incorrect. They attempted to form pits by a solvent liquid, instead of using pressure and saturated water.\nGroningen, November 1942.

Description: Crystals of the notched or grooved type are known from some minerals which crystallise in the cubic system.\nFrom diamond grooved octahedrons are known, whose grooves remind us of octahedral faces, or the faces of triakis octahedra or hexakis ostahedra. From ha\xc3\xbcynite too grooved octahedrons are pictured, whose grooves are bordered by octahedral faces. Grooved analcite is known in icositetrahedrons, the grooves are bordered by faces of the same icositetrahedron.

Description: Under the above title I intend to publish a number of short notes on Cerambycidae, including synonymies, descriptions of new species, etc. For the greater part the material on which these notes are based is from the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden. In other cases the collections are always indicated. Each set of notes published together will be arranged according to Aurivillius in Coleopterorum Catalogus (JunkSchenkling), parts 52, 39, 73 and 74.\nI.\nADDITIONAL NOTE ON RHAPHIPODUS DRESCHERI\nDE JONG (PRIONINAE, PRIONINI) Rhaphipodus drescheri De Jong (fig. 1a and b) Rhaphipodus drescheri De Jong, 1936, Zool. Med., vol. 19, p. 77.\nWhen studying some Cerambycidae in the collections of the Amsterdam Zoological Museum I found three specimens, 2 \xe2\x99\x80\xe2\x99\x80 and 1 \xe2\x99\x82, of the herementioned species from the same locality, Noesa Kembangan, and apparently belonging to the original series of specimens, all collected by Mr. F.\nC. Drescher. I would not have mentioned this find had not the measurements been varying from those given in the original description. Especially the male is larger than those I saw before. The data are as follows: These measurements agree in their proportions with those given before.\nIn the \xe2\x99\x80\xe2\x99\x80 the antennae reach the middle of the length of the elytra, in the \xe2\x99\x82 they are longer and reach the base of the apical third.\nSome details which were not given in the original description may be added here.\nThe prosternum (fig. 1) is finely and evenly punctulated on its whole surface except on a narrow strip along the anterior and internal margins

Description: During a visit to southern Limburg in the summer of 1942 several living specimens of Helicigona lapicida (L.) were discovered near Kamerig. In this locality the species was found in such large numbers that it seems almost astonishing that its occurrence in such abundance there had hitherto escaped attention. So far the occurrence of undoubtedly living specimens of this characteristic snail in the Netherlands has only been reported by Vervoort (1941), who recorded specimens from a couple of localities also situated in southern Limburg, where, however, the species had only been found in small numbers.\nHenrard and Koumans (1936) had previously drawn the attention to the occurrence of more or less fossilized specimens in various localities in the same region. They mentioned shells found in situ in the disintegrated stratum immediately covering the cretaceous layers which come to the surface in numerous places in the province of Limburg (e.g., specimens from Gronsveld), as well as shells apparently washed from this stratum by the rain (e.g., specimens found at the base of cretaceous slopes near Epen). All these specimens are reported to be more or less corroded, calcareous and deprived of their periostracum, though the original colour is often vestigial and represented by pale purple transverse bands. These authors, failing to discover a single living snail, consequently concluded that Helicigona lapicida is not indigenous and that it occurs only in a subfossil state.\nOther localities have been given by Van Benthem Jutting (1927, 1933).\nIn her first paper Helicigona lapicida is marked with a f, which means that no living specimens were collected. The localities mentioned are: Bloemen-

Description: In recent literature two subspecies of Mustela nudipes, viz., Mustela nudipes nudipes Desm. and Mustela nudipes leucocephalus (Gray), are recognized. In a survey of the Indo-Australian weasels, Dammerman (1940, p. 269) discussed the possibility of recognizing these two subspecies, but through lack of material he could not arrive at a definite conclusion. Since Dammerman\'s notes were published three more specimens were brought to light in the collections of our Museum. Moreover we had at our disposal two specimens from the collection of Mr. H. J. V. Sody, as well as four specimens and a skull in the Amsterdam Zoological Museum. A study of the variation of Mustela nudipes led us to reconsider the status of Mustela hamakeri Dammerman (1940, p. 266, pl. XV) as a distinct species.\nBefore describing and discussing the specimens examined by us, it may be useful to give a historical account of the species, of its subspecies, and of the names involved.\nThe first description of Mustela nudipes is that by Geoffroy SaintHilaire & F. Cuvier (1821), who also published a coloured plate showing this species. The authors gave the species the French name "Furet de Java", and the scientific name "Nudipes". The species is stated to belong to the "sous-genre des Putois", but neither for this subgenus, nor for the genus a scientific name is mentioned. In an earlier part of the same work the authors (1820) describe "Le Furet" under the name Mustela Furo, and, therefore, Dammerman accepts Mustela as the genus to which nudipes was referred by Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & F. Cuvier. From a nomenclatorial point of view, it is more safe perhaps to accept Desmarest\'s use of "mustela nudipes" as the first valid one. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & F. Cuvier (1842,

Description: Melitaea cinxia L. subsp. balcanensis nov. subsp. \xe2\x99\x82 \xc3\xa4hnelt dem von subsp. australis Vrty., gl\xc3\xa4nzend braun mit pr\xc3\xa4gnanter Schwarzzeichnung. \xe2\x99\x80 fahlgelb, oft gr\xc3\xbcn \xc3\xbcberst\xc3\xa4ubt, meist mit zur\xc3\xbccktretender Schwarzzeichnung; zwei Exemplare indessen dunkel, f. obscurior Stgr. Die Unterseite wie die von subsp. clarissa Stgr., die rostbraune Submarginalbinde des Hinterfl\xc3\xbcgels aufgehellt, die gelbweisse Mittelbinde erweitert, die Schwarzzeichnung verdr\xc3\xa4ngt.\nPatria: Monastir, Macedonien; Prilep, Macedonien; Sarajevo, Bosnien; VI.\nTypen 1 \xe2\x99\x82, Monastir, Macedonien, 1933, ex. coll. Dr. A. Collier; 1 \xe2\x99\x80, Prilep, Macedonien, Juni 1933, ex. coll. Dr. A. Collier im Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden. Paratypen 18 \xe2\x99\x82\xe2\x99\x82, 9 \xe2\x99\x80\xe2\x99\x80, ebenda.\nMelitaea phoebe Knoch, \xe2\x99\x80, f. albescens nov. forma Aufhellung des Fl\xc3\xbcgelfonds bei einem kr\xc3\xa4ftig gezeichneten \xe2\x99\x80. Die sonst braunen Fl\xc3\xbcgelpartien sind braungelb, zum Teil weissgelb. Die Submarginalbinde des Hinterfl\xc3\xbcgels r\xc3\xb6tlich. Unterseite gleichfalls aufgehellt.\nTypus 1 \xe2\x99\x80 sine Patria im Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden.\nMelitaea didyma Ochs. subsp. praxilla Frhst. generatio prima nov.\nDar\xc3\xbcber sagt der Autor nicht mehr als: \xe2\x80\x9eIn der Herzegowina und Bulgarien fliegt eine Rasse \xc3\xa4hnlich dalmatina Stgr.". Die Abbildung im Seitz Supplement 1, Taf. 13c, zeigt ein kleines, ziegelrotes \xe2\x99\x82 mit schwachen Zeichnungen. Die mir vorliegenden Tiere aus diesen Fluggebieten lassen sich nicht \xc3\xbcber einen Kamm scheren und geh\xc3\xb6ren verschiedenen Generationen an, was das verschiedene Aussehen hinreichend begr\xc3\xbcndet. Die

Description: Genus Philippia Gray, 1847 Ph. abyssorum (Melvill & Standen) Solarium abyssorum Melvill & Standen, Ann. & Mag. of Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 12, p. 297, pl. 21, fig. 1; 1903.\nType locality: "Gulf of Oman, lat. 24\xc2\xba 58\' N., long. 56\xc2\xba 54\' E., 156 fathoms".\nThis Philippia is related to Ph. oxytropis A. Ad.\nPh. atkinsoni (Smith) Solarium atkinsoni Smith, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 441, pl. 35, figs. 19, 19a, 19b; 1891.\nArchitectonica atkinsoni, Hedley, Rec. Austral. Mus., vol. 6, p. 285; 1907.\nType locality: "dredged off Sydney in 410 fathoms", "Station 164 B".\nPh. certesi (Dautzenberg & Fischer) Solarium Certesi Dautzenberg & Fischer, M\xc3\xa9m. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 9, p. 452, pl. 19, figs. 3, 4, 5; 1896.\nSolarium Certesi, Dautzenberg & Fischer, M\xc3\xa9m. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 10, p. 159; 1897.\nSolarium Certesi, Dautzenberg, R\xc3\xa9s. Camp. Sci. Prince de Monaco, fasc. 72, p. 121, pl. 4, figs. 4, 5, 6; 1927.\nType locality: "A\xc3\xa7ores: Hirondelle (1888), Stn. 39, 1557 m., Stn. 47, 1372 m., Stn. 69, 1300 m.; Pr. Alice (1895), Stn. 46, 1385 m., Stn. 71, 1165 m." Dautzenberg & Fischer place this species in the genus Solarium. It is not a Solarium s.s., however, but they do not specify the subgenus to which it belongs. The angulate periphery, the more or less triangular aperture and

Description: This paper contains the diagnoses in Latin of a new genus, new sections of some genera, several new species and a number of new varieties which will be dealt with by the author in English in a publication entitled: \xe2\x80\x9cA monograph of the genus Protium and some allied genera (Burseraceae)\xe2\x80\x9d, to be published in Rec. Trav. bot. n\xc3\xa9erl. XXXIX, p. 211 (1942) and in Meded. bot. Mus. en Herb. Utrecht 90 (1942).\nProtium BURM.f. sectio Eu-Protium SWART n. sect.

Description: Die Frage nach der Art, wie die nordwesteurop\xc3\xa4ische Calluna-Heide entstanden ist, und wann dies geschah, wurde in den letzten Jahren erneut diskutiert. In der vorliegenden Mitteilung wird versucht, auf Grund der Resultate pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen kleiner Moore im Heidegebiet der niederl\xc3\xa4ndischen Provinz Drenthe einen Beitrag zur L\xc3\xb6sung dieses Problems zu geben.\nDer von uns begangene Weg wurde bereits 1931 von OVERBECK (1) *) vorgeschlagen. Dieser Autor brachte damals auch schon ein Beispiel derartiger Untersuchungen in der Bearbeitung kleiner Moore auf der Vegesacker Geest in der N\xc3\xa4he von Bremen: des Moores bei Lilkendey und des Garlstedter Moores. Die Erscheinung, welche hier wichtig ist, ist folgende: In den Diagrammen der Ablagerungen beider Moore zeigen sich starke Anschwellungen der Ericaceenkurve zur Zeit des Buchenanstieges, die sich wohl nicht ausschliesslich oder auch nur zum gr\xc3\xb6sseren Teil auf die Produktion an Ericaceenpollen des Moores zur\xc3\xbcckf\xc3\xbchren lassen. OVERBECK hebt hervor, dass diese Tatsache eine starke Ausbreitung der Heide gegen Ende der Bildungszeit des \xc3\xa4lteren Hochmoortorfs anzeigt, also im Subboreal, das etwa der Bronzezeit entspricht.

Description: Among the most aberrant types of pollen grains found in plants which have been referred to the family Acanthaceae, are those of the genera Meyenia N. ab E. and Thomandersia Baill. Although the pollen grains were described by LINDAU under different names, those of the first genus as cogwheel-shaped and those of the latter as lenticular, they are really very similar: in both genera they are depressed globose, provided with five or more meridional grooves extending from the equator to about halfway the poles, and without clearly circumscribed germ pores. The difference between the two kinds of grains lies in the presence or absence of ribs: in Meyenia the grooves are borne on the top of ribs separated from each other by shallow depressions, whereas in Thomandersia the whole surface between the grooves is more or less evenly bent.\nMaterial of Meyenia was not yet available to me, but judged from the description the genus differs but slightly from Thunbergia L.f. sensu Lindau. In fact, the two genera have often been united. The pollen grains of Thunbergia sensu Lindau resemble those of Meyenia in the absence of germ pores and in the presence of grooves, but the latter are never meridional: as a rule, they are more or less serpentine (cf. BREMEKAMP in Rec. d. trav. bot. n\xc3\xa9erl. XXXV, 1938, pp. 142\xe2\x80\x94143, fig. 2 A\xe2\x80\x94G and Tab. XIII B\xe2\x80\x94E).

Description: 1. Es sind bisher \xc3\xbcber die merkw\xc3\xbcrdige rezente marine Gastropoden-Gruppe Thatcheria Angas, 1877 sehr wenige Gegebenheiten bekannt, vergleichende Untersuchungen mit fossilen Arten fehlen (fast) vollkommen und auch die Frage ihrer systematischen Stellung ist nie in befriedigender Weise gel\xc3\xb6st worden. Auf Grund vergleichender Forschungen bei der Bestimmung gewisser fossiler, systematisch schwieriger, doch morphologisch einfacher ostindischer Arten glaube ich diese Frage endlich \xe2\x80\x94 jedenfalls zum gr\xc3\xb6ssten Teil \xe2\x80\x94 l\xc3\xb6sen zu k\xc3\xb6nnen, dank auch der von N.B. Eales ausgef\xc3\xbchrten anatomischen Untersuchung der einzigen lebenden Art dieser \xe2\x80\x9eGattung\xe2\x80\x9d.\nAngas beschrieb 1877 eine Schale der hiesigen Art, Thatcheria mirabilis von Japan; er betrachtete sie vorl\xc3\xa4ufig als Glied der Fusinae. Seither ist unsere Kenntnis von Thatcheria so gut wie nicht erweitert worden (bis 1938): Tryon (Man. of Conchology, 3, 1881, S. 98, 112; Struct. a. system. Conchology, 2, 1883, S. 135), der den Typus gesehen hatte, betrachtete ihn als eine unzweifelhaft scalaroide Monstruosit\xc3\xa4t, nahe verwandt mit Hemifusus [\xe2\x80\x9eSemifusus\xe2\x80\x9d] Swainson, 1840 (= Cochlidium Gray, 1850); Fischer (Manuel de Conchyl., S. 623) erw\xc3\xa4hnte kurz Tryon\xe2\x80\x99s Meinung, rechnete Thatcheria also ebenfalls zu den Melongenidae. Auch Cossmann hat sich seit 1889 der Meinung Tryon\xe2\x80\x99s angeschlossen (cf. Cossmann, Essais de pal., 4, 1901, S. 62, 93\xe2\x80\x9494). Dann wird diese Gattung nochmals erw\xc3\xa4hnt im Jahre 1919, bloss als Merkw\xc3\xbcrdigkeit, \xe2\x80\x9ca monstrosity of Fusus\xe2\x80\x9d, der Sammlung De Burgh (Journal of Conchology, Bd. 16, 1919, S. 66). 1934 bildete Yokoyama (On Cochlioconus, S. 406) nochmals Tryon\xe2\x80\x99s Figur des Genotypus ab, dabei seine fossile Gattung Cochlioconus Yokoyama, 1928 richtigerweise als Synonym von Thatcheria (nach Yokoyama neben Conus zu stellen) anf\xc3\xbchrend, \xc3\xbcbrigens auf Anregung von Pilsbry. In demselben Jahr gab Hirase (Coll. of japanese shells, S. 104, Taf. 128 B, Fig. 3) eine m\xc3\xa4ssig gelungene, doch noch ausreichend deutliche Abbildung eines 94 mm langen Vertreters von Th. mirabilis und 1937 wird in einer Versammlung der \xe2\x80\x9cMalacological Society London\xe2\x80\x9d, wo von Le B. Tomlin eine Schale dieser Art gezeigt wurde, entschlossen, dass sie eher einen Pleurotomiden- oder Opisthobranchier-Vertreter (\xe2\x80\x9callied to Akera\xe2\x80\x9d) darstellen k\xc3\xb6nnte (vgl. Proc. Mal. Soc. London, Bd. 22, Lief. 4, S. 158). Schliesslich lenkt Eales (On affinities of Thatcheria, 1938), haupts\xc3\xa4chlich aus anatomischen Gr\xc3\xbcnden, die Aufmerksamkeit darauf, dass diese Gattung wohl den Turridae (= Pleurotomidae) angeh\xc3\xb6ren wird.

Description: L\xe2\x80\x99histoire g\xc3\xa9ologique de Monferrato est marqu\xc3\xa9e par une s\xc3\xa9rie de transgressions et de r\xc3\xa9gressions de la mer, qui se manifestent g\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9ralement d\xe2\x80\x99une mani\xc3\xa8re tr\xc3\xa8s distincte dans la partie orientale de ces collines. Nous avons r\xc3\xa9sum\xc3\xa9 cette histoire sch\xc3\xa9matiquement dans la fig. 3 1).\nDans les r\xc3\xa8gles qui suivent nous d\xc3\xa9crirons \xc3\xa0 grands traits le d\xc3\xa9veloppement de la partie orientale du bassin de Monferrato \xc3\xa0 partir du Jurassique jusqu\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa0 la fin du Plioc\xc3\xa8ne.\nPendant le Jurassique et le Cr\xc3\xa9tac\xc3\xa9 un grand bassin assez profond (mais certainement pas abyssal) s\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9tendait des Alpes occidentales (schistes lustr\xc3\xa9s) jusqu\xe2\x80\x99au SE de Bologna. Ce bassin \xc3\xa9tait entour\xc3\xa9 de terre ayant peu ou point de relief, de sorte qu\xe2\x80\x99il y avait peu de transport de mat\xc3\xa9riaux terrig\xc3\xa8nes. Des d\xc3\xa9p\xc3\xb4ts argileux se formaient. A la fin du Cr\xc3\xa9tac\xc3\xa9 une grande r\xc3\xa9gression s\xe2\x80\x99est manifest\xc3\xa9 (d\xc3\xa9position de conglom\xc3\xa9rats dans les collines occidentales, voir Beets p. 224). Apr\xc3\xa8s cette r\xc3\xa9gression le bassin de Monferrato \xc3\xa9tait peu profond et plus ou moins barr\xc3\xa9. Des argiles bitumineuses et des calcaires marneux se d\xc3\xa9posaient. Au commencement de l\xe2\x80\x99Eoc\xc3\xa8ne sup\xc3\xa9rieur la r\xc3\xa9gression s\xe2\x80\x99est poursuivie: il s\xe2\x80\x99est form\xc3\xa9 un s\xc3\xa9diment de marnes friables alternant avec des couches sableuses, parfois m\xc3\xaame caillouteuses. A la fin de l\xe2\x80\x99Eoc\xc3\xa8ne un plissement s\xe2\x80\x99est manifest\xc3\xa9. Les \xe2\x80\x9enoyaux\xe2\x80\x9d \xc3\xa9oc\xc3\xa8nes de Casale et de Brusaschetto se sont form\xc3\xa9s.\nL\xe2\x80\x99Oligoc\xc3\xa8ne a commenc\xc3\xa9 par une transgression, pendant laquelle il y avait des c\xc3\xb4tes ou bien des hauts-fonds dans le sud et dans le NE de la r\xc3\xa9gion. La quantit\xc3\xa9 de mat\xc3\xa9riel caillouteux amen\xc3\xa9 par les rivi\xc3\xa8res des r\xc3\xa9gions r\xc3\xa9cemment soulev\xc3\xa9es (Alpes occidentales, Apennins septentrionaux) \xc3\xa9tait grande et a donn\xc3\xa9 naissance aux zones conglom\xc3\xa9ratiques. A la fin du Rup\xc3\xa9lien le relief des r\xc3\xa9gions soulev\xc3\xa9es avait beaucoup diminu\xc3\xa9, de sorte qu\xe2\x80\x99il y avait peu de transport pendant le Chattien (\xe2\x80\x9eOligoc\xc3\xa8ne sup\xc3\xa9rieur\xe2\x80\x9d de Beets). Le bassin chattien \xc3\xa9tait d\xe2\x80\x99ailleurs beaucoup moins \xc3\xa9tendu que le bassin tongrien-rup\xc3\xa9lien.\nPendant l\xe2\x80\x99Aquitanien la zone c\xc3\xb4ti\xc3\xa8re (ou le haut-fond) dans le nord du bassin a subsist\xc3\xa9, tandis que la ligne des c\xc3\xb4tes m\xc3\xa9ridionale s\xe2\x80\x99est d\xc3\xa9plac\xc3\xa9 plus au nord que pendant le Tongrien-Rup\xc3\xa9lien. Le mat\xc3\xa9riel transport\xc3\xa9 \xc3\xa9tait plus gros et plus abondant que pendant le Chattien, de sorte qu\xe2\x80\x99il faut admettre un l\xc3\xa9ger soul\xc3\xa8vement des r\xc3\xa9gions entourantes au commencement de l\xe2\x80\x99Aquitanien. Pendant le Langhien le relief de ces r\xc3\xa9gions avait diminu\xc3\xa9 de nouveau. La quantit\xc3\xa9 de mat\xc3\xa9riel transport\xc3\xa9 dans le bassin \xc3\xa9tait donc assez r\xc3\xa9duite. Il y avait des circonstances favorables \xc3\xa0 la formation de d\xc3\xa9p\xc3\xb4ts calcaires. La mer s\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9tait retir\xc3\xa9e plus vers l\xe2\x80\x99ouest, de sorte que toute la partie orientale des collines de Moncalvo-Casale n\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9tait plus submerg\xc3\xa9e.\nApr\xc3\xa8s le Langhien la grande transgression helv\xc3\xa9tienne a commenc\xc3\xa9; le mat\xc3\xa9riel transport\xc3\xa9 dans le bassin est devenu plus abondant et plus gros. La pal\xc3\xa9og\xc3\xa9ographie du bassin s\xe2\x80\x99est chang\xc3\xa9e un peu: \xc3\xa0 l\xe2\x80\x99ouest de Moncalvo la ligne des c\xc3\xb4tes (dans ce cas: ligne de profondeur \xc3\xa9gale) ne s\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9tendait plus en direction ouest.\nPendant le Tortonien et le Messinien les mouvements orog\xc3\xa9niques, presque continus pendant tout le Tertiaire, se sont manifest\xc3\xa9s dans un plissement plus marqu\xc3\xa9, qui a produit un renversement de relief. Pendant le Messinien la r\xc3\xa9gression, qui avait commenc\xc3\xa9 d\xc3\xa8s la fin de l\xe2\x80\x99Helv\xc3\xa9tien a atteint son extension maximale. Des lentilles de gypse se sont form\xc3\xa9es, les coquilles de formes saum\xc3\xa2tres pr\xc3\xa9valent.\nEnfin la grande transgression plioc\xc3\xa8ne a submerg\xc3\xa9 le bassin de Monferrato pour la derni\xc3\xa8re fois. Un faible plissement, suivi par le soul\xc3\xa8vement d\xc3\xa9finitif de la r\xc3\xa9gion enti\xc3\xa8re au-dessus du niveau de la mer termine l\xe2\x80\x99histoire tertiaire du bassin de Pi\xc3\xa9monte.

Description: 1. Vorbemerkungen. Lange Zeit kannte man nur eine Art dieser interessanten Gattung aus dem Obereoc\xc3\xa4n der Insel Java, n\xc3\xa4mlich Buccinulum jogjacartense (Martin) [Martin, 1914, S. 142]. Vor kurzem beschrieb dann Oostingh eine zweite javanische Art, nun aus dem Plioc\xc3\xa4n von S\xc3\xbcd-Bantam (1939, S. 117). Inzwischen hatten aber Wanner und Hahn (1935, S. 250) zwei Arten dieser in der rezenten indopacifischen Fauna nicht vertretenen Gattung als eine Art beschrieben und sie ausserdem unter die Gattung Siphonalia eingereiht. Dank der Freundlichkeit von Herrn Prof. Wanner erhielt ich die Originale dieser Arten zwecks weiterer Untersuchung und konnte dabei feststellen, dass die Beschreibung, welche seinerzeit zwei Arten unter einer einzigen zusammenfasste, nicht zutreffend war.\nFerner liegen mir noch mehr Arten vor aus dem Mioc\xc3\xa4n der Insel Sumatra und Borneo, die in holl\xc3\xa4ndischen Sammlungen (generisch unbestimmt) vorhanden waren; nach eingehender Pr\xc3\xbcfung liessen sich weitere Arten darunter nicht nachweisen, sodass die Resultate sich in vorliegender Mitteilung zusammenfassen lassen.

Description: In the following pages data will be given about the size of the megalospheric embryonic apparatus, and of the size of the shell, of some Foraminifera. By comparing these data for a certain species from different samples, the relative ages of which are known, it will be possible, to get an insight into the alterations of the measured characters in geological times. For that purpose samples from geological sections, or otherwise well defined geological formations, were used. A description of each of these sections will be given, in order to discuss the reliability of the determinations of the relative ages of the samples.\nI may point out here, that as the layers containing the foraminiferal shells have a certain thickness, and as the sampling has been done over the whole width of the outcropping layer, or over part of it, we may be certain, that the deposition of these shells, must have taken \xe2\x80\x9cmany years\xe2\x80\x9d. In my opinion this may be an advantage, as the possible annual or short-periode influence of the environment on the phaenotype may thus have been eliminated.

Description: La r\xc3\xa9gion \xc3\xa9tudi\xc3\xa9e est situ\xc3\xa9e dans les montagnes du Liban, \xc3\xa0 cheval sur le Liban Sud et la plaine de la B\xc3\xa9kaa et s\xe2\x80\x99approche des contreforts de l\xe2\x80\x99Anti-Liban (Fig. 2, p. 256, Fig. 3, p. 260). Cette r\xc3\xa9gion fut choisie parce qu\xe2\x80\x99elle s\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9tend sur un terrain g\xc3\xa9ologiquement fort int\xc3\xa9ressant et parce que le fond topographique venait d\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xaatre lev\xc3\xa9. Elle couvre la r\xc3\xa9gion haute du Liban Sud, de l\xe2\x80\x99un \xc3\xa0 l\xe2\x80\x99autre bord, d\xc3\xa9borde un peu \xc3\xa0 l\xe2\x80\x99Ouest sur le plateau c\xc3\xa9nomanien c\xc3\xb4tier et p\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa8tre largement \xc3\xa0 l\xe2\x80\x99Est dans la B\xc3\xa9kaa.\nDans la r\xc3\xa9gion haute le Cr\xc3\xa9tac\xc3\xa9 inf\xc3\xa9rieur est exceptionnellement d\xc3\xa9velopp\xc3\xa9 et riche en faune et le Jurassique y constitue la longue cr\xc3\xaate du Djebel Barouk. Dans la B\xc3\xa9kaa se trouvent les termes plus \xc3\xa9lev\xc3\xa9s de la s\xc3\xa9rie stratigraphique; C\xc3\xa9nomanien, Turonien, S\xc3\xa9nonien et Eoc\xc3\xa8ne, de sorte que toute la s\xc3\xa9rie, depuis le Kimmeridgien jusqu\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa0 l\xe2\x80\x99Eoc\xc3\xa8ne compris, est repr\xc3\xa9sent\xc3\xa9e.

Description: In 1933 and 1935 K. Martin described a new fauna of tertiary Mollusca from asphalt deposits of Buton 1). The collection, consisting of 35 species, shows very characteristic forms, but not a single species is known from recent, pliocene, miocene or eocene deposits. There are some affinities to miocene and recent types and as the fauna is doubtless younger than Mesozoic, Martin had good reasons to consider the fauna younger than the eocene Nanggulan beds of Java but older than the oldest known mioc\xc3\xa8ne fauna of the East-Indies (West-Progo beds of Java). He ascribed the Buton fossils to the Upper-Oligocene.\nAccording to Hetzel 2), however, the localities of the fossils are situated amidst the so called Sampolakosa-beds of upper-miocene or pliocene age. He tried to give an explanation of the remarkable molluscs of Buton by suggesting that the facies of the deposits might be different from any Mollusca bearing strata hitherto known in the East Indies.

Description: In 1928 maakte J. Cosijn, als eerste Leidsche student, een begin met de detailkaarteering 1:25000 van een deel der Bergamasker Alpen. Thans is dit werk zoover gevorderd, dat een strook tusschen het Lago di Como en het Ogliodal vrijwel geheel gekaarteerd is.\nDat bij zoovele onderzoekers verschil van opvatting over het bepalen van stratigrafische grenzen heerscht, valt niet te verwonderen. Zoo ontstonden feitelijk drie groote problemen, t. w.

Description: Part I of this monograph has been published in volume 10 of this Journal, pp. 241\xe2\x80\x94320, 1938. Preparing this second part I met with the help and assistance from many persons and institutes again, for which I express my most cordial thanks here.\nThe figures illustrating this paper have been drawn once more by Mr. L. P. Pouderoyen, while the \xe2\x80\x9eZoologisch Insulinde Fonds\xe2\x80\x9d supplied the cost of these illustrations.

Description: Bei unserer Untersuchung der Geologie des Turiner Beckens veranlasste uns die dort aufgefundene Terti\xc3\xa4rsedimentation uns mit dieser faszinierenden Erscheinung n\xc3\xa4her zu besch\xc3\xa4ftigen. Schon fr\xc3\xbcher haben sich eine Reihe von Forschern mit diesem Problem auseinandergesetzt, und man muss annehmen, dass die Einteilung der verschiedenen Schichtungsarten \xe2\x80\x94 sediment\xc3\xa4re Ph\xc3\xa4nomene von h\xc3\xb6chster Bedeutung \xe2\x80\x94 am besten genetisch zu erfolgen hat, wie u. a. Kumm (20) und Brinkmann (7) es getan haben. Dazu zwingen uns auch die geologischen Verh\xc3\xa4ltnisse, auf die wir an erster Stelle mit einigen Bemerkungen \xc3\xbcber das Terti\xc3\xa4r der Turiner Berge eingehen wollen. Wir k\xc3\xb6nnen hier nur kurz die wichtigsten Daten und Ansichten \xc3\xbcber die Entstehungsweise bestimmter Schichtenfolgen zur Sprache bringen; f\xc3\xbcr n\xc3\xa4here Einzelheiten der hier benutzten geologischen Belege verweisen wir auf eine ausf\xc3\xbchrliche Arbeit \xc3\xbcber das Turiner Terti\xc3\xa4r: Beets (5).\nMit verschiedenen Autoren verstehen wir unter Schichtung den vertikalen Material-und (oder) Texturwechsel innerhalb einer Gesteinsserie, welcher sowohl in beschr\xc3\xa4nkter wie auch mehr ausgebreiteter horizontaler Richtung ungef\xc3\xa4hr gleichzeitig stattfindet (cf. auch Kumm, 20, S. 199). Brinkmann (7) gibt eine ausgezeichnete Uebersicht der verschiedenen Schichtungsarten, die man bisher beobachtet hat, und ihrer m\xc3\xb6glichen Erkl\xc3\xa4rungen; so auch Dacqu\xc3\xa9 (9): eine allgemeine Uebersicht. Wir wollen dann besonders jene komplexe Schichtung, die von Stamp (26) besprochen wurde, und die hier u. a. in Abb. 2b dargestellt ist, n\xc3\xa4her behandeln. Von dieser Art komplexer Schichtung bestehen manche Varianten, die zwar zuweilen als prinzipiell abweichende Typen dargestellt werden, aber u. E. die gleiche Entstehungsursache haben und nur graduell verschiedenen Genesen zugrunde liegen: Abb. 2 a\xe2\x80\x94c und Abb. 4 a\xe2\x80\x94b.

Description: Bekanntlich hat K. Martin zweimal (1933, 1935, vgl. auch 1937) einige Mollusken aus dem angeblichen Oberoligoc\xc3\xa4n der Insel Buton beschrieben, auf deren merkw\xc3\xbcrdige Charaktere er ausdr\xc3\xbccklich hinwies. Ich selbst konnte seine Feststellungen an Hand reichlichen neueren Materials nur best\xc3\xa4tigen und erg\xc3\xa4nzen 1): wenn man, es sei an dieser Stelle wiederholt, diese Molluskenfauna auf ihren Zusammenhang mit anderen Faunen hin pr\xc3\xbcft, so kommt man bald zu der Einsicht, dass zu anderen palaeogenen Faunen fast gar keine Beziehungen bestehen, jedenfalls nicht zu jenen benachbarter Erdteile (diese Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen sind vielleicht bloss Konvergenz-Beispiele); wirklich nahe Beziehungen bestehen nur zu der Neogenfauna nahegelegener Teile des ostindischen Inselreiches selbst: Timor-Ceram und merkw\xc3\xbcrdigerweise auch Nias (und Ost-Borneo 2). Aus allem darf man wohl schliessen, dass die Oligoc\xc3\xa4n-Mollusken von Buton ein Glied einer sich autochthon entwickelnden Fauna der Osth\xc3\xa4lfte von Insulinde darstellen, die nur ausnahmsweise auf die Faunen anderer Gegenden \xc3\xbcbergreift.\nVor kurzem lernte ich noch ein paar Arten aus dem Plioc\xc3\xa4n der Insel Ceram und dem Jungneogen der Insel Nias kennen, die uns neue Ankn\xc3\xbcpfungspunkte zwischen der Oligoc\xc3\xa4nfauna Butons und dem indischen Neogen bieten; sie sind daher von faunistischer Bedeutung, weshalb ich sie zur Beschreibung ausw\xc3\xa4hlte; sie entstammen dem Komplex des Jung-Neogens von Ceram (aus denen Fischer 1927 zahlreiche Arten systematisch behandelt hat), andererseits also dem Jungneogen von Nias.

Description: The Cypraeacea of the Cosijn collection and from the localities M1\xe2\x80\x94M 262 of the Mijnwezen collection were already discussed by me in a previous paper 3). Recently some new material was sent to me by Dr. C. O. van Regteren Altena; these new shells partly derive from the localities M 263\xe2\x80\x94M 347 of the Mijnwezen collection 4), partly they belong to the Dubois collection of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden. I thought it useful to include in the present study all the Cypraeacea of the Cosijn and Mijnwezen collections, whether already dealt with before or not, as well as the shells from Sonde in the collection K. Martin (R. G. M. L.) 5), the Cypraeacea of the Dubois collection, and some other specimens examined in Dutch collections. Thus the total number of examined Cypraeacea from Pliocene and Pleistocene beds of the Kendeng Mountains rose to 145 specimens belonging to 29 species or races.\nThe formulae added to the descriptions of specimens have been explained in the same paper 6); the seven figures indicate: 1. the length of the shell in mm.; 2. and 3. (both in brackets) the relative breadth and height (i.e. the dorso-ventral diameter) of the shell, both in per cent of the length (the figure indicating the relative height often has been omitted); 4. and 5. the absolute number of labial and columellar teeth, the left anterior terminal ridge excluded; 6. and 7. (both in brackets) the relative number of these teeth reduced to hypothetical shells of 10 mm. (in Eratoidae) or 25 mm. (in Cypraeidae and Amphiperatidae). The species have been arranged according to my last systema 7).

Description: Material: one well-preserved entire shell and another one, of which the ventral valve was destroyed for the greater part for the sake of chemical analysis in the \xe2\x80\x9eRijkswegenbouw-Laboratorium\xe2\x80\x9d.\nDimensions: the ventral valve of the holotype (fig. 9) has a length of 48.2 mm from the posterior or cardinal to the anterior border; the dorsal valve (fig. 8) is 45.2 mm long. The dorsal valve of the paratype (fig. 16) has a length of 53.8 mm. The breadth of the type is 49 mm, the thickness 32.6 mm. The habitus is more rhynchonelloid than terebratuloid, as e. g. in Gryphus Cubensis (Pourtal\xc3\xa8s) or Abyssothyris Thomson, 1927, or in some cretaceous groups (cf. Sahni, 1925). The shell is exactly bilaterally symmetrical, the ventral (pedicle-) valve being somewhat larger than the dorsal one, with more prominent umbo, but the dorsal valve is more convex than the ventral (figs. 11\xe2\x80\x9412). This type of shell-shape was named dorsibiconvex by Schuchert and Cooper (cf. McEwan, 1939, p. 617\xe2\x80\x94618: follow the evolution-line on the right in the diagram, the line of dorsitumid shells). As McEwan has pointed out, this and other types of the shape of brachiopodal shells may serve as reliable bases for systematical division (as was also recommended by other students); in the key to families given by McEwan (l. c, p. 620) we come, in combination with the characteristics of hinge, deltidium, foramen, shape and sculpture, to the place II-A-1-b among the Telotremata; we cannot reach the finest division as the branchial skeleton of this species is not visible.