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  • taxonomy  (37)
  • Immunohistochemistry  (36)
  • Springer  (73)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (73)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1991  (73)
  • 1941
Collection
Keywords
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (73)
  • 1940-1944
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chrysophyte stomatocyst taxonomy — classification of snowflakes? (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 6 (1991), S. 257-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Chrysophyceae ; stomatocysts ; biogenic silica deposition ; polymer gels ; surface pattern ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The utility of classifying chrysophyte stomatocysts by their characteristic honeycomb and ridge patterns is questioned, because a strikingly similar expanding pattern appears on the surface of ionized polymer gels during osmotical swelling as a result of simple physical forces. The rapid accumulation of silicate into a spherical cyst inside a chrysophyte cell appears to be as a physical process sufficiently similar to result in an analogous pattern in microscopic scale. Chrysophyte stomatocysts that possess honeycomb or ridge patterns could be regarded as ‘frozen moments’ of the pattern evolution during the silicate gel phase. As a consequence, such structures should have little taxonomical value.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233074
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thaumatomyrmex strips millipedes for prey: a novel predatory behaviour in ants, and the first case of sympatry in the genus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 335-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Thaumatomyrmex ; taxonomy ; comparative morphology ; predation ; Polyxenidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We describe, for the first time, the predatory behaviour ofThaumatomyrmex ants on millipedes of the family Polyxenidae, based on field observations ofT. atrox and a field and laboratory study ofT. contumax. The capture of the prey and the removal process of its body-covering setae by the ants before they eat the millipede are described. This specialized behaviour in at least two species of the genus, belonging to two distinct groups of species, indicates a general trend inThaumatomyrmex. We coupled this study with a comparative morphological analysis of the mouthparts and digestive tube of these and otherThaumatomyrmex species. Also, we report the first case of sympatry in the genus, which suggests thatThaumatomyrmex includes several species, and not only one highly variable taxon, as hypothetized earlier.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01241869
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical study of temporal variations in cytochrome P-450 isozymes in rat testis and their modifications by the inductive effects of cadinenes (1991)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 35 (1991), S. 234-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Temporal variation ; Cytochrome P-450 isozyme ; Testis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cadinenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Temporal variations in cytochrome P-450 isozymes of rat testis, PB-P-450 (forms of cytochrome P-450 strongly induced by phenobarbital) and MC-P-448 (forms of cytochrome P-450 strongly induced by 3-methylcholanthrene), were investigated immunohistochemically by the avidin-biotin-complex method using specific antibodies against PB-P-450 and MC-P-448 isozymes. Immunoreactivity to both PB-P-450 and MC-P-448 isozymes was observed in Leydig cells. The number of PB-P-450 positive Leydig cells was found to undergo significant time-of-day variation with a peak time of 0000 hours (light phase from 0800 to 2000 hours). Injection of cadinenes (300 mg/kg per day intraperitoneally at 48 and 96 h before sacrifice) induced PB-P-450 isozyme but did not induce MC-P-448 isozyme. The induction of PB-P-450 isozyme by cadinenes was time dependent, and the early dark phase (2000 and 0000 hours) was most sensitive. These results suggest that temporal variation of cytochrome P-450 isozymes is one of the important physiological variations in detoxification and activation of various xenobiotics and chemicals in the testis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01047291
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogenetic study of serotonin-immunoreactive structures in the pancreas of various vertebrates (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 237-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Pancreas ; Phylogenic study ; Immunohistochemistry ; Teleosts ; Chicken ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution pattern of serotonin (5HT) in the pancreas was studied immunohistochemically by using a 5HT monoclonal antibody in various vertebrates including the eel, bullfrog, South African clawed toad, turtle, chicken, mouse, rat, guinea-pig, cat, dog and human. In all species examined, except the bullfrog, 5HT-like immunoreactivity was observed in nerve fibers, in endocrine cells, or in both. Positive nerve fibers were found in the eel, turtle, mouse, rat and guinea-pig. These fibers ran mainly along the blood vessels and partly through the gap between the exocrine glands. In the eel and guinea-pig, positive fibers invaded the pancreatic islet. Occasionally, these positive fibers were found adjacent to the surface of both exocrine and endocrine cells, suggesting a regulatory role of 5HT in pancreatic function. 5HT-positive endocrine cells were observed in the pancreas of all species except for the bullfrog and rat. In the eel and in mammals such as the mouse, guinea-pig, cat, dog and human, 5HT-positive cells were mainly observed within the pancreatic islet. In the South African clawed toad, turtle and chicken, the positive cells were mainly in the exocrine region. The present study indicates that the distribution patterns of 5HT in the pancreas varies considerably among different species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318765
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pentosome — a new connective tissue component —is a subunit of amyloid P (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 431-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Connective tissue ; EHS tumor ; Basement membrane ; Amyloid P component ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mouse (C57BL/6)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A new minute connective tissue structure, referred to as “pentosome”, has been investigated by electron microscopy and its nature has been examined by immunoperoxidase tests. Pentosomes are 3.5-nm wide, particulate structures that have been observed in the posterior chamber of the eye, the connective tissue spaces of the mouse foot-pad and the matrix of the mouse EHS tumor. They are usually found in the vicinity of microfibrils whether they are free or associated with elastic fibers. They tend to be organized into groups forming a three-dimensional semi-crystalline lattice at 10-nm intervals, but are connected by fine filaments. At high magnification, pentosomes appear as hollow structures composed of two parallel pentagons, which respectively measure 2.7 and 3.5 nm, and are held together by a cross-bar. A series of immunoperoxidase tests has only shown antigenicity against a serum protein, the amyloid P component. However, pentosomes are only about one-third the size of the 8.5-nm wide, disk-like segments of the amyloid P molecule. Since they could be subunits of these molecules, such subunits were prepared and compared with pentosomes; they appeared to be identical. It is concluded that the pentosomes found in connective tissue are AP subunits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327277
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Action and immunoreactivity of neuropeptides in the buccal neuromuscular system of a prosobranch mollusc, Rapana thomasiana (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 264 (1991), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: FMRFamide ; Catch-relaxing peptide (CARP) ; Radula muscle ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rapana thomasiana (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a prosobranch mollusc, Rapana thomasiana, the catch-relaxing peptide H-Ala-Met-Pro-Met-Leu-Arg-Leu-NH2 (CARP) was found to depress the contraction of the radula protractor and retractor elicited by electrical stimulations. The action of CARP was in contrast to that of other neuropeptides, H-Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide) and H-Phe-Leu-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FLRFamide), which enhanced the contraction of the radula protractor and retractor, respectively. By immunohistochemical examinations, FMRFamide-like immunoreactive neurons were found on the rostral side of the right buccal ganglion and the caudal side of the left ganglion, where some CARP-like immunoreactive neurons were also distributed, indicating a possible coexistence of FMRFamide and CARP. FMRFamide- and CARP-like immunoreactivities were also detected in the neuropile of buccal ganglia, radula nerves arising from the ganglia, and nerve fibers in the radula muscles. The present results suggest that FMRFamide- and CARP-like peptides are involved in the regulation of the contraction of the radula muscles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305722
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of calbindinlike immunoreactive structures in the optic tectum of normal and eye-enucleated cyprinid fish (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 265 (1991), S. 511-516 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calbindin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Teleosts ; Visual system ; Entreleation ; Cyprinus carpio ; Tinca tinca (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using the ABC immunohistochemical method, we investigated the distribution of calbindinlike immunoreactive structures in the optic tectum of normal fish, Tinca tinca, and from normal and unilaterally eye-enucleated fish, Cyprinus carpio. In nonoperated individuals of both species the optic tectum contained numerous immunoreactive neurons with strongly positive somata located in the stratum periventriculare and a thick immunolabeled dendritic shaft ascending radially toward the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale. The retinorecipient layers contained many fibrous immunoreactive structures. Some varicose fibers, isolated or in small bundles, were localized to the stratum album centrale, especially in the dorsal tectal half. Unilateral eye removal produced the disappearance of the immunoreactive fibrous structures located in the retinorecipient layers of the tectum contralateral to the enucleation. The present work shows that calbindinlike immunoreactive substances are localized in specific neural circuits of the fish optic tectum and suggests that the calbindin-like immunoreactive fibers in the retinorecipient strata are of retinal origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00340874
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of carbohydrate epitopes L2/HNK-1 and L3 in the larva and imago of Drosophila melanogaster and Calliphora vicina (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 265 (1991), S. 589-600 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: L2/HNK-1 carbohydrate epitope ; L3 carbohydrate epitope ; Immunohistochemistry ; Extracellular matrix ; Calliphora vicina (Insecta) ; Drosophila melanogaster (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The carbohydrate epitopes L2/HNK-1 and L3 belong to two overlapping families of adhesion molecules in the vertebrate, and probably the invertebrate nervous systems. To investigate their pattern of expression during the development of insects, cryosections of late third instar larvae and imagoes of Drosophila melanogaster and Calliphora vicina were studied by indirect immunofluorescence using several monoclonal antibodies to the L2/HNK-1 and one monoclonal antibody to the L3 epitope. Each monoclonal antibody to the L2/HNK-1 epitope showed a different immunohistological staining pattern, which differed from that of the L3 monoclonal antibody. In both insect species the immunohistological staining patterns for the two carbohydrate epitopes were similar at the two developmental stages, with immunoreactivity not confined to the nervous system. In larvae, immunoreactivities of the monoclonal antibodies L2.334 and L3.492 were predominantly associated with the extracellular matrix as indicated by co-localization with laminin, particularly in the imaginal discs, while L2.349 revealed a more cell surface-associated distribution. In imagoes, immunoreactivities were detectable in most organs studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00340883
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transient expression of a calcium-binding protein (spot 35-calbindin) and its mRNA in the immature pituicytes of embryonic rats (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 325-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calbindin ; Neurohypophysis ; Development, ontogenetic ; Immunohistochemistry ; In-situ hybridization ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spot 35 protein is a Ca-binding protein originating from the rat cerebellum; it is now referred to spot 35-calbindin. This protein is expressed in immature pituicytes of the neurohypophyseal anlage in the E11–E18 rat embryo. The gene expression of spot 35-calbindin was detected by in-situ hybridization analysis only at stage E11–E12. Profiles of spot 35-positive nerve fibers of a neurosecretory nature were found in anlage at stage E16. At this stage, some immature pituicytes are partially immunopositive for spot 35-calbindin only in their peripheral cytoplasm; others are immunonegative. At birth and thereafter through adulthood, abundant nerve fibers are the sole structures immunoreactive for spot 35-calbindin; all the pituicytes are immunonegative, resulting in a light-microscopic appearance of numerous immunonegative round profiles, corresponding to pituicytes, and capillaries embedded in the granularly immunostained neurohypophysis. The present findings suggest that, during specific embryonic stages, immature pituicytes exert some as yet unidentified roles related to Ca-mediated functions involving the expression of spot 35-calbindin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318188
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histamine-like immunoreactivity in the visual system and brain of Drosophila melanogaster (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 391-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoreceptor cells ; Nervous system central ; Visual system ; Histamine ; Transmitter ; Immunohistochemistry ; Drosophila melanogaster (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this study, immunohistochemistry on cryostat sections is used to demonstrate anti-histamine immunoreactivity in the Drosophila brain. The results support earlier findings that histamine is probably a transmitter of insect photoreceptors. It is further shown that, in Drosophila, all imaginal photoreceptors including receptor type R7 are anti-histamine immunoreactive, whereas the larval photoreceptors do not seem to contain histamine. In addition to the photoreceptors, fibres in the antennal nerve and approximately 12 neurons in each brain hemisphere show strong histamine-like immunoreactivity. These cells arborize extensively in large parts of the central brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318195
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developmental expression of glial markers in ependymocytes of the rat subcommissural organ: role of the environment (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 553-561 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Differentiation ; Transplantation ; Immunohistochemistry ; GFAP ; S100 protein ; Serotonin ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rat subcommissural organ (SCO), principally composed of modified ependymocytes (a type of glial cell), is a suitable model for the in vivo study of glial differentiation. An immunohistochemical study of the ontogenesis of rat SCO-ependymocytes from embryonic day 13 to postnatal day 10 shows that these cells express transitory glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) from embryonic day 19 until postnatal day 3. However, S100 protein (S100) is never expressed in the SCO-cells, contrasting with the ventricle-lining cells of the third ventricle, which contain S100 as early as embryonic day 17. Environmental factors could be responsible for the repression of GFAP and S100 in adult rats, because GFAP and S100 are observed in ependymocytes of SCO 3 months after being grafted from newborn rat into the fourth ventricle of an adult rat. Neuronal factors might be involved in the control of the expression of S100, since after the destruction of serotonin innervation by neurotoxin at birth, S100 can be observed in some SCO-ependymocytes of adult rats. On the other hand, GFAP expression is apparently not affected by serotomin denervation, suggesting the existence of several factors involved in the differentiation of SCO-cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318597
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of the 3-fucosyl-N-acetyl-lactosamine (FAL) epitope in the adult mouse brain (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 353-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: 3-Fucosyl-N-acetyl-lactosamine (FAL) ; Leu-M1 ; CD-15 marker ; Brain mapping ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mouse (NMRI)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of the 3-fucosyl-N-acetyl-lactosamine (FAL) epitope within the adult mouse brain was studied by immunohistochemistry using the monoclonal antibody Leu-M1. Leu-M1-positive elements comprised astrocytes and neurons. FAL-positive astrocytes were particularly abundant in barrier structures of the brain, but were also prominent at the periphery of most medullated fiber tracts. Their intracerebral distribution led to a distinct pattern of organization, which in some locations, including the cerebral cortex, could be used for an extended regional architectonic description. Since only some FAL-positive astrocytes were also positive for glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), the emerging topography of the FAL-positive astrocytes often differed from the GFAP-distribution. In the cerebellum, Bergmann glia cells expressed the FAL epitope and, in the vermis, their arrangement had a band-like appearance. Positive oligodendrocytes could not be identified. The common ependymal cells were negative, whereas tanycytes were highly immunoreactive. The Leu-M1 antibody also stained some neurons. These occurred in selected neocortical regions, within the dorsal and ventral striatum, in the globus pallidus, the nucleus basalis of Meynert, the nucleus diagonalis and some hypothalamic areas. In some instances, their morphology and location indicated an association with neurochemically specified cell groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318777
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical localization of porcine diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI) to rat endocrine pancreas (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 395-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI) ; DBI-like immunoreactivity ; Pancreas, endocrine ; Immunohistochemistry ; Peptides ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The occurrence of diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI), isolated and characterized from porcine upper intestine, was examined in the pancreas of Sprague-Dawley albino rats using indirect immunofluorescence. The polypeptide was found in the endocrine Langerhans islets and, utilizing double-labelling controls, it was shown to be present within the peripherally located glucagon-containing cells. Regulation of islet hormone production may therefore be under DBI control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318781
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunoreactivities for chromogranin A and B, and secretogranin II in the guinea pig entero-endocrine system: cellular distributions and intercellular heterogeneities (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 264 (1991), S. 231-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chromogranin ; Secretogranin ; Enteroendocrine cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The family of the chromogranin/secretogranin proteins consists of three major subtypes: chromogranin A (CgA), chromogranin B (CgB) and secretogranin II (SgII). These proteins are present in various endocrine cells and organs. Using immunohistochemistry on serial semithin sections, we have investigated ten endocrine cell types of the guinea pig gastro-intestinal tract for their content of chromogranin/secretogranin proteins. The gastrin cell was the only cell type containing immunoreactivities for all three chromogranin subtypes. The majority of entero-endocrine cells showed immunoreactivities for CgA and SgII. Somatostatin cells lacked immunoreactivities for any of the chromogranins. Moreover, the densities of the corresponding immunoreactivities varied among the different endocrine cell types or even among endocrine cells of a given population. Aminergic endocrine cells (e.g., enterochromaffin and enterochromaffin-like cells) regularly exhibited strong immunoreactivities for CgA but failed to react for SgII. In peptidergic endocrine cells, the immunoreactivities for both CgA and SgII ranged from dense to faint. This was also true for CgB in gastrin cells. Hence, only CgA and SgII can be considered as regular constituents of entero-endocrine cells. The intercellular differences in immunoreactivities for all three chromogranin subtypes indicate that every endocrine cell has its own composition of chromogranin/secretogranin proteins. This may be due to differences in the regulation of biosynthesis or processing of the chromogranins in individual endocrine cells; this in turn might be related to the functional states of endocrine cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313960
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synaptophysin immunoreactivity in the mammalian endocrine pancreas (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 264 (1991), S. 461-467 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptophysin ; P38 ; Membrane proteins ; Endocrine pancreas ; Islet cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human ; Dog ; Gerbil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synaptophysin, a major membrane glycoprotein of small presynaptic vesicles in neurons, has also been found in microvesicles of endocrine cells, e.g., of the endocrine pancreas. In the present study, the endocrine pancreas in 9 mammalian species (man, dog, mink, bovine, rabbit, guinea pig, rat, mouse, gerbil) has been investigated immunohistochemically for synaptophysin immunoreactivity. Synaptophysin-positive cells have been identified and localized on semithin plastic sections. Our study demonstrates that, in all species examined, all pancreatic endocrine cell types are consistently synaptophysin-positive independent of their location within the tissue, or the conditions of tissue processing. In addition, a few cells that cannot be hormonally identified show synaptophysin immunoreactivity. Hence, synaptophysin appears to be a regular constituent of all pancreatic endocrine cells in mammals. In several species, a subpopulation of endocrine cells, consisting of glucagon-containing and/or pancreatic-polypeptide-containing cells, exhibits a significantly higher degree of synaptophysin immunoreactivity. In the gerbil, this heterogeneity can readily be detected from the day of birth onwards. Our findings indicate that closely related endocrine cell types may differ with respect to the content of synaptophysin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319036
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tyrosine hydroxylase- and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the pineal complex of untreated rats and rats following removal of the superior cervical ganglia (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 265 (1991), S. 63-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptide Y ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; Extrasympathetic innervation ; Pineal gland ; Deep pineal ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunoreactive(IR) nerve fibers in the pineal complex was investigated in untreated rats and rats following bilateral removal of the superior cervical ganglia. In normal animals, a large number of TH- and NPY-IR nerve fibers were present in the pineal capsule, the perivascular spaces, and intraparenchymally between the pinealocytes throughout the superficial pineal and deep pineal gland. A small number of TH-IR and NPY-IR nerve fibers were found in the posterior and habenular commissures, a few fibers penetrating from the commissures into the deep pineal gland. To elucidate the origin of these fibers, the superior cervical ganglion was removed bilaterally in 10 animals, and the pineal complex was examined immunohistochemically. Two weeks after the ganglionectomy, the TH-IR and NPY-IR nerve fibers in the superficial pineal gland had almost completely disappeared. On the other hand, in the deep pineal and the pineal stalk, the TH-IR and NPY-IR fibers were still present after ganglionectomy. These data show that the deep pineal gland and the pineal stalk possess an extrasympathetic innervation by TH-IR and NPY-IR fibers. It is suggested that the extrasympathetic TH-IR and NPY-IR nerve fibers innervating the deep pineal and the pineal stalk originate from the brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318140
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The catecholaminergic system of an annelid (Ophryotrocha puerilis, Polychaeta) (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 265 (1991), S. 175-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Nervous system, peripheral ; Catecholamines ; Immunohistochemistry ; Glyoxylic acid fluorescence ; Ophryotrocha puerilis (Annelida)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The complex catecholaminergic (CA) nervous system of the polychaete Ophryotrocha puerilis is documented using glyoxylic acid induced fluorescence (GIF) and immunohistochemistry. CA-neurons are found both in the central and peripheral nervous system. In the brain, about 50 CA-neurons are present in the perikaryal layer together with numerous CA fibres. Two pairs of CA perikarya are characteristic for each ganglion of the ventral nerve cord. CA-neurites in the ventral nerve cord are mainly arranged in 4 strands paralleling the longitudinal axis of the worm. Fluorescent neurons with receptive ciliary structures are present in body appendages (antennae, palps, urites, parapodial cirri), in the body-wall, and within the oesophageal wall. Furthermore, a subepidermal nerve net of free CA nerve endings has been found. After incubation of specimens with dopamine prior to the development of GIF more fluorescent perikarya could be observed; the fluorescence was also intensified. Pre-incubation with reserpine reduced the intensity of GIF. Results of high pressure liquid chromatography and immunostaining with a polyclonal antibody against a dopamine-glutaraldehyde-complex suggest that dopamine is the major CA transmitter. It is thought that dopaminergic neurons together with ciliary receptive structures act as mechano- and/or chemoreceptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318152
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The endocrine pancreas of glucagon-and somatostatin-immunized rabbits (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 265 (1991), S. 251-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocrine pancreas ; Immunization ; Glucagon ; Somatostatin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rabbit (Chinchilla, Ch:b:Ch)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Peptide antibodies raised in rabbits are widely used in biology and medicine. During immunization of the animals, the respective antibodies may affect the endocrine cells physiologically responsible for the synthesis of peptides used as antigens. Since corresponding morphological data are still sparse, the rabbit endocrine pancreas was systematically investigated by light microscopy and immunocytochemistry after long-term immunization against glucagon and somatostatin. Both immunizations led to an increase in the number of islets (nesidioblastosis), to the development of giant islets (macronesia), and to changes in the relative proportions of the major types of endocrine cells or their hormonal content. The latter changes differed after either immunization: glucagon immunization resulted in hypertrophy and hyperplasia of glucagon cells and a decrease in their hormonal content; somatostatin immunization led to an increased proportion of somatostatin cells and a lowered hormonal content of insulin cells. The various alterations were expressed differently according to islet type; islets of the rabbit pancreas differ in size or angioarchitecture, and in the proportion and distribution of endocrine cells. The present findings point to autocrine or paracrine effects of the respective peptides. These effects, however, are obviously of differing significance in morphologically heterogeneous islets.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00398073
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    Morphological alteration of gut-associated lymphoid tissue after long-term total parenteral nutrition in rats (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 29-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Parenteral feeding ; Gut-associated lymphoid tissue ; Peyer's patches ; Immunoglobulin A ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological alteration of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) induced by long-term absence of dietary stimulation was investigated. Male Wistar rats weighing ∼230 g were maintained with total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Control rats were allowed to have the same amount of the solution orally. After two weeks, the morphological alteration of GALT was examined. Although no significant difference in weight gain was noted between the two groups, the area comprised by Peyer's patches was decreased in TPN rats. The number of transported lymphocytes and the ratio of helper T (Th) cells to suppressor/cytotoxic T (Ts/c) cells in intestinal lymph were lowered after TPN treatment. In an immunohistochemical study of the rat ileum, the number of T cells and the Th/Ts/c ratio were decreased both in the intraepithelial spaces and in the lamina propria of TPN rats. The percentage of interleukin-2 receptor-positive cells and the number of IgA-containing cells in the lamina propria were significantly reduced in TPN rats. These results suggest that dietary stimulation might play a role in the maintenance of GALT function and morphology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00678708
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    Distribution of 5-HT (serotonin) immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the inshore hagfish,Eptatretus burgeri (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 107-116 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Immunohistochemistry ; CSF-contacting neurons ; Raphe ; Hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunohistochemical techniques were used to study the distribution of serotonin in the central nervous system of the hagfish,Eptatretus burgeri, in order to produce a detailed map of serotonin-containing structures. In the hypothalamus, many serotonin-containing neurons contacted the cerebrospinal fluid. Most of the serotonin-containing cell bodies were located in the raphe region, where they were compactly distributed at the level of the nucleus motorius tegmenti pars anterior but more diffusely distributed at the level of the nucleus motorius tegmenti pars posterior. Serotonin-containing cell bodies and varicose fibers were widely distributed throughout the brain and upper spinal cord segments, but the distribution density was not even. On the basis of its abundance, serotonin can be judged to have an important function in the control of the hagfish central nervous system. From a phylogenetic point of view, serotonin-containing neurons in the raphe region appear to be a common property of all classes of vertebrates studied except the lampreys, whereas serotonin-containing cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons may be considered to be a primitive condition in all nonmammalian vertebrates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00678717
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    Constancies in the neuronal architecture of the suboesophageal ganglion at metamorphosis in the beetleTenebrio molitor L. (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 173-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuroanatomy ; Identified neurons ; Immunohistochemistry ; Suboesophageal ganglion ; Tenebrio molitor (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Topological organization of identified neurons has been characterized for the larval, pupal and imaginal suboeosphageal neuropil of the meal-worm beetleTenebrio molitor. Neuronal fate mapping allows identification of individually persisting neurons in the metamorphosing suboesophageal ganglion ofTenebrio. Analysis was performed on interneurons characterized by serotonin and CCAP (crustacean cardioactive peptide) immunohistochemistry, on motoneurons that innervate the dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles, and on suboesophageal descending neurons. All these different populations of neurons show topologically invariant features throughout metamorphosis. Motoneurons, interneurons, and descending suboesophageal neurons of the imaginal suboeosphageal ganglion embody individually persisting larval interneurons. Impacts for a functional interpretation of the neuronal architecture of the suboesophageal ganglion are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00678723
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    Target-specific innervation by autonomic and sensory nerve fibers in hairy fetal skin transplanted into the anterior eye chamber of adult rat (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 259-263 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hairy skin tissue fetal ; Transplantation ; Anterior eye chamber ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pieces of hairy skin tissue of fetal rat were transplanted into the anterior eye chamber of adult rats. The ability of autonomic and sensory nerve fibers from the host iris to innervate the grafted skin tissue was immunohistochemically and enzyme-histochemically examined using antisera against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and a reaction medium for acetylcholinesterase (AchE). The grafted tissue was successfully implanted and connected with the host iris. Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue, hairs, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and piloerector muscles developed in the graft. Two weeks after transplantation, TH-, SP-, and CGRP-immunoreactive fibers were observed in association with the blood vessels in the graft. Four weeks after transplantation, TH-immunoreactive fibers were distributed in the piloerector muscles, whereas SP-and CGRP-immunoreactive fibers were present around the hair follicles. VIP-immunoreactive and AchE-positive fibers were restricted to the host iris at all survival times. These results suggest that the outgrowth of autonomic and sensory nerve fibers from the host iris show target specificity for the grafted skin tissue.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318181
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    Mating alters topography and content of oxytocin immunoreactivity in male mouse brain (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 399-403 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oxytocin ; Mating ; Oxytocinergic systems ; Radioimmunoassay ; Immunohistochemistry ; Functional activation ; Mouse (Holtzman CD, C. River)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sexual stimulation of males has been reported to affect hypothalamic oxytocinergic systems. In the present study we used radioimmunoassays of micro-dissected forebrain regions and immunocytochemical analysis of Vibratome sections to study the oxytocin systems of naive males, males killed after one mating, and males mated daily with different receptive females for 3 weeks. In males that had mated once, less oxytocin-immunoreactive neurons were observed in the paraventricular (PVN), supraoptic (SON) and periventricular (NPE) nuclei than in naive males. However, after repeated matings, the number of immunoreactive neurons and their staining intensity was increased in these regions. Furthermore, additional oxytocinergic neurons could be found in the lateral subcommissural nucleus, the zona incerta and the ansa lenticularis of repeatedly mated males. Oxytocin-immunoreactive neurons were only occasionally seen in these areas in unmated males or in animals that had been killed after initial mating. Radio-immunoassays of microdissected PVN, SON, NPE and the lateral hypothalamus confirmed the reduction in oxytocin-immunoreactive levels after a first mating by a male and the increase after repeated matings. It is likely that oxytocin secretion into peripheral and portal circulation is stimulated by the endocrine conditions associated with initial mating. These immediate effects may be followed by the activation of synthesis in oxytocin neurons in several sites of the basal forebrain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318196
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    Postnatal development of the brush cells in the common bile duct of the rat (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 507-510 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brush cells ; Billiary system ; Development, ontogenetic ; Immunohistochemistry ; Liver fatty-acid-binding protein ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of brush cells in the distal segment of the common bile duct of the rat was examined with respect to cell number and immuno-reactivity for liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP). The brush cells, distinguishable from the principal cells by scanning electron microscopy, first appeared in the common bile duct 4 weeks after birth. They showed a remarkable increase in number, with a sex difference in time, i.e., between 8 and 12 weeks in the male and between 10 and 14 weeks in the female. In both sexes, the frequency of brush cells reached approximately 30% of total epithelial cells by 16 weeks and remained constant until 40 weeks of age. Cells with positive immuno-reactivity for L-FABP first appeared in small numbers at 8 weeks. Immuno-electron microscopy revealed that all immunoreactive cells were brush cells. They increased in number gradually from 16 to 40 weeks with no sex difference. At 40 weeks, the immunoreactive cells reached approximately 7.5% of total epithelial cells, corresponding to one-fourth of the number of brush cells. These results indicate that the occurrence of the brush cell population in the common bile duct is a late event in the postnatal development of the rat and that its functional maturation progresses with aging.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318592
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    Neurons with histaminelike immunoreactivity in the segmental and stomatogastric nervous systems of the crayfishPacifastacus leniusculus and the lobsterHomarus americanus (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 197-207 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Stomatogastric ganglion ; Interneuron ; Crustacea ; Histamine ; Immunohistochemistry ; Pacifastacus leniusculus (Crustacea) ; Homarus americanus (Crustacea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We used a polyclonal antiserum against histamine to map histaminelike immunoreactivity (HLI) in whole mounts of the segmental ganglia and stomatogastric ganglion of crayfish and lobster. Carbodiimide fixation permitted both HRP-conjugated and FITC-conjugated secondary antibodies to be used effectively to visualize HLI in these whole mounts. Two interneurons that send axons through the inferior ventricular nerve (ivn) and the stomatogastric nerve to the stomatogastric ganglion had strong HLI, both in crayfish and in lobster. These ivn interneurons were known from other evidence to be histaminergic. The neuropil of the stomatogastric ganglion in both crayfish and lobster contained brightly labeled terminals of axons that entered the ganglion from the stomatogastric nerve. No neuronal cell bodies in this ganglion had HLI. Each segmental ganglion contained at least one pair of neurons with HLI. Some neurons in the subesophageal ganglion and in each thoracic ganglion labeled very brightly. Axons of projection interneurons with strong HLI occurred in the dorsal lateral tracts of each segmental ganglion, and sent branches to the lateral neuropils and tract neuropils of each ganglion. All the labeled neurons were interneurons; no HLI was observed in peripheral nerves.
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    Antigenic heterogeneity of the reticular meshwork in the white pulp of mouse spleen (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 223-229 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Reticulum cells ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Splenic white pulp ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mouse (C3H/He)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Monoclonal antibodies against cellular components of reticular meshworks were produced by immunizing rats with heterogeneous stromal-cell population of mouse spleen. Immunohistochemical screening selected two antibodies, WP-1 and RPSC-2. WP-1 proved to immunostain the meshwork of the B area densely, leaving the marginal zone unstained; it also reacted sparsely with the meshwork of the T-cell region. In contrast, RPSC-2 selectively immunostained the meshwork of the T region. Immuno-electron microscopy clearly visualized, for both antibodies, reaction products being deposited along the cytomembrane of the fibroblastic reticulum cells, along their abundant cytoplasmic processes that were densely intertwined with lymphocytes. Double immunostaining with RPSC-2 followed by WP-1 clearly divided the white pulp into the T and the B domains. The meshwork in the T-cell region proved to be immunostainable with both WP-1 and RPSC-2. Thus, the fibroblastic reticulum cells of the T-and the B-cell areas, while indistinguishable by routine microscopy, are at least partially heterogeneous.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318177
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    Centrin- and α-actinin-like immunoreactivity in the ciliary rootlets of insect sensilla (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 231-238 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ciliary rootlets ; Sensilla ; Mechanoreceptors ; α-Actinin ; Centrin ; Cryofixation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Periplaneta americana, Schedorhinotermes lamanianus (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Long ciliary rootlets are a characteristic feature of the dendritic inner segments of the sensory cells in insect sensilla. These rootlets are composed of highly ordered filaments and are regularly cross-striated. Collagenase digestion and immunohistochemistry reveal that the rootlets are probably not composed of collagen fibers. However, double-labeling experiments with phalloidin and anti-α-actinins show that antibodies to α-actinin react with the ciliary rootlets of the sensilla, but do not stain the scolopale, which is composed of actin filaments as visualized by phalloidin. Antibodies to centrin, a contractile protein isolated from flagellar rootlets of green algae, also stain the ciliary rootlets. Within the ciliary rootlets of insect sensilla, α-actinin may be associated with filaments other than actin filaments. The immunohistochemical localization of a centrin-like protein suggests that contractions probably occur within the rootlets. The centrin-like protein may play a role during the mechanical transduction or adaptation of the sensilla.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318178
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    Basal cells in the mouse olfactory epithelium after axotomy: immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic studies (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 239-245 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Basal cells ; Olfactory epithelium ; Axotomy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mouse (dd)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The olfactory epithelium of mice after axotomy was investigated to clarify the stem cells of olfactory cells by double immunostaining using antikeratin (MA903) and anti-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) antibodies and by conventional electron microscopy. When a single dose of BrdU was given to mice 9 days after axotomy, immunostaining for BrdU was found in the globose basal cells which were negative for MA903, but not in the basal cells proper which were positive for MA903. The BrdU-immunoreactive cells increased 3-to 6-fold over the number of these cells in the controls, indicating active cell proliferation. At other postoperative days (4 and 14 days), fewer BrdU-immunoreactive cells were found. Furthermore, three pulses of BrdU resulted in numerous BrdU-immunolabelings in the globose basal cells and a few in the basal cells proper. There was no detectable difference in the number of labeled basal cells proper in operated and unoperated mice. In the electron micrographs 9 days after axotomy, the basal cells proper, flat-shaped in unoperated mice, appeared cylindrical or pyramidal in shape and the globose basal cells often lay between the basal cells proper. In unoperated controls, the globose basal cells were located above the flat-shaped basal cells proper. The results suggest that the stem cells of the olfactory cells are globose basal cells and not basal cells proper, and that the shape of basal cells proper changes in relation to the active proliferation of stem cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318179
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    Immunohistochemical colocalization of insulin, aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase in islet B cells of chicken pancreas (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 131-136 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: B cells ; Insulin ; Catecholamine ; synthesizing enzymes ; Immunohistochemistry ; Chicken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The identity of the monoamine which produces a very weak formaldehyde-induced fluorescence in some pancreatic islet cells was studied by fluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry either on the same tissue section or on serial tissue sections of tissue from male chickens. Pancreatic islet cells showing this very weak formaldehyde-induced fluorescence react immunohistochemically with antisera directed against insulin, aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase and therefore appear to be islet B cells producing insulin and noradrenaline.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318408
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    Immunoreactive Tamm-Horsfall protein in the kidney and skin of the frog Rana temporaria (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 585-587 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Skin ; Tamm-Horsfall protein ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rana temporaria (Anura), Rat (Wistar), Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) is the main protein in normal human urine, and is found in the thick limb of the Loop of Henle in human kidney, and in other mammalian species. The skin of the frog, Rana temporaria, has similar physiological properties to this mammalian kidney tissue. In the present study, an immunohistological method involving an antibody to human THP was used to investigate the distribution of this distinctive protein in frog kidney and skin, and to compare its distribution with that found in the kidney tubules of rat and rabbit. THP-positive material was detected in the distal renal tubules and nephric duct of frogs, and was also located in the superificial epidermis of skin. It is suggested that its presence in amphibian skin is consistent with the hypothesis that THP is an important component of tissues that absorb sodium and chloride ions, but remain impermeable to water.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327292
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    Met5-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the major salivary glands of the rat: evidence for both sympathetic and parasympathetic origin (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 264 (1991), S. 15-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salivary glands ; Innervation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Met5-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization of the proenkephalin A-derived octapeptide, Met5-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (MEAGL), was studied in the major salivary glands of Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats with the indirect immunofluorescence method. MEAGL-immunoreactive nerve fibers were found around the acini, along intra-and interlobular salivary ducts and in close contact with blood vessels. In the parotid and submandibular glands tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity was observed in nerve fibers around the acini, in association with intra- and interlobular salivary ducts and around blood vessels, while in the sublingual gland TH-immunoreactive nerve fibers were only seen around blood vessels. Parasympathetic neurons in submandibular ganglia contained MEAGL immunoreactivity. Moderate TH immunoreactivity was seen in some neurons of the submandibular ganglia. A subpopulation of sympathetic principal neurons in the superior cervical ganglion were immunoreactive for both MEAGL and TH. In the trigeminal ganglion, no MEAGL-immunoreactive sensory neurons or nerve fibers were observed. Superior cervical ganglionectomies resulted in a complete disappearance of TH-immunoreactive nerve fibers, while MEAGL-immunoreative nerve fibers were still present in the glands. The presence of MEAGL immunoreactivity in neurons of both sympathetic superior cervical ganglia and parasympathetic submandibular ganglia and the results of superior cervical ganglionectomies suggest, that MEAGL-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the major salivary glands of the rat have both sympathetic and parasympathetic origin.
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    Cell types in the fetal pars tuberalis of the human adenohypophysis at mid-gestation (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 264 (1991), S. 161-165 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Pars tuberalis ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry ; Fetal ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pars tuberalis of the adenohypophysis was investigated in three human fetuses at mid-gestation by electron microscopy or immunohistochemistry. In addition to gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs, identified by immunohistochemistry and ultrastructural morphology, electron microscopy revealed the existence of an additional differentiated cell type closely resembling “pars tuberalis-specific” cells known from other species. The role of this cell type in the human endocrine regulation remains to be elucidated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305734
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    Cytophysiology of neurosecretory axon terminals in the brain of an annelid (Ophryotrocha puerilis, Polychaeta) (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 264 (1991), S. 339-345 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Catecholamines ; HPLC ; Immunohistochemistry ; Glyoxylic acid fluorescence ; Ophryotrocha puerilis (Annelida)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the posterior part of the brain of the protandric polychaete Ophryotrocha puerilis neurosecretory cells form prominent axon terminals. The terminals are arranged in two complexes. The perikarya of these presumably monopolar neurons are scattered in the anterior part of the cerebral perikaryal layer. In females the terminals store large amounts of neurosecretory material. It has been suggested earlier that neurosecretions of the terminals may play a role during sex reversal from females to males. Application of histamine caused the release of neurosecretory material from the respective terminals in females. However, this discharge was not followed by sex reversal. Application of reserpine had no influence on the terminals. Neither by in vivo observation nor by ultrastructural analysis any effect of reserpine on the terminal complexes could be observed. In isolated terminals filled with neurosecretory material from females, catecholamines could not be detected by HPLC. Also, polyclonal antibodies against dopamine did not stain the terminal complexes. Furthermore, the complexes did not develop any fluorescence after glyoxylic acid treatment. Therefore, the present results contradict the hypothesis that the neurosecretory material of the respective axon terminals is catecholaminergic and that it is involved in sex differentiation. The function of the secretory neurons studied here remains unclear.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313972
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    Cellular subsets of the milky spots in the human greater omentum (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 264 (1991), S. 599-601 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Milky spots ; Greater omentum ; Immunohistochemistry ; Macrophages ; B-lymphocytes ; Tlymphocytes ; Mast cells ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cellular composition of the human milky spots was investigated on surgically removed specimens of the greater omentum of three 8-month-old infants operated on for neuroblastoma. Monoclonal antibodies and immunohistochemical methods for recognition of macrophages, B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes and toluidine-blue staining for mast cells were used. The mean number of cells in one milky spot amounted to 570±33. This cell population was composed of 47.5% macrophages, 29.1% B-lymphocytes, 11.7% T-lymphocytes and 6.1% mast cells. Since inflammation was absent in the material investigated, the numerical data found in the present paper could be regarded as representative cell levels of normal milky spots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319049
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    Distribution of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-like peptides in the brain during development of juvenile male Rana esculenta (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 265 (1991), S. 51-55 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain ; Gonadotropin-releasing hormone ; Spermatogenesis ; Reproductive cycle ; Immunohistochemistry ; Development, ontogenetic ; Rana esculenta (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution and density of cell bodies and fibers immunoreactive to GnRH-like peptides were investigated in the brain of male juvenile frogs (Rana esculenta) during postmetamorphic development. An immunohistochemical technique was used, involving antisera raised against 4 variants of GnRH: mammalian GnRH, chicken GnRH-I, chicken GnRH-II and salmon GnRH. A comparison of the immunohistochemical distribution at 8 different developmental stages shows that the maximum density of immunoreactive-GnRH elements, and the full distributional complexity of this system, is attained at the completion of spermatogenesis. Immunoreactive-GnRH cell bodies first appear in the anterior preoptic area during the metamorphic climax, and then appear sequentially in the medial septal area, tegmentum and, lastly, in the retrochiasmatic area and olfactory bulb when immunoreactive-fibers also reach the cerebellum. The GnRH system reacts positively to antisera for all 4 GnRH variants, but immunoreactivity for chicken GnRH-I is the weakest.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318138
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    Tropomyosin is co-localized with the actin filaments of the scolopale in insect sensilla (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 265 (1991), S. 11-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sensilla ; Mechanoreceptors ; Scolopidia ; Actin filaments ; Tropomyosin ; Cryofixation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Immunogold ultrahistochemistry ; Periplaneta americana, Schedorhinotermes lamanianus (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immuno-electron microscopy confirms that the scolopale, a characteristically prominent cytoskeletal element of insect scolopidia, is composed mainly of actin filaments. Immunohistochemistry reveals that these filaments are co-localized with tropomyosin. Myosin S1-decoration shows that their polarity is unidirectional. Antibodies to α-actinin do not bind within the scolopale. The association of these actin filaments with tropomyosin in the absence of myosin, together with their uniform polarity, strongly suggests that, in the scolopale, they have a stabilizing rather than contractile function. Filament elasticity would appear to be important for stimulation. The degree of elasticity may well be governed by the extent of tropomyosin binding.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318134
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    Morphological evidence for a close interaction of chromaffin cells with cortical cells within the adrenal gland (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 265 (1991), S. 1-9 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chromaffin cells ; Adrenal cortex ; Steroid production ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (SIV, Ivanovas, FRG)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adrenal medulla appears to exert a regulatory influence on adrenocortical steroidogenesis. We have therefore studied the morphology of rat, porcine and bovine adrenals in order to characterize the contact zones of adrenomedullary and adrenocortical tissues. The distribution of chromaffin cells located within the adrenal cortex and of cortical cells located within the adrenal medulla was investigated. Chromaffin cells were characterized by immunostaining for synaptophysin and chromogranin A, both being considered specific for neuroendocrine cells. Cortical cells were characterized by immunostaining for 17α-hydroxylase, an enzyme of the steroid pathway. Cellular contacts of chromaffin cells and cortical cells were examined at the electron microscopical level. In rat and porcine adrenals, rays of chromaffin cells, small cell clusters and single chromaffin cells or small invaginations from the medulla could be detected in all three zones of the cortex. Chromaffin cells often spread in the subcapsular space of the zona glomerulosa. In porcine and bovine adrenals, 17α-hydroxylase immunoreactive cells were localized within the medulla. Single cortical cells and small accumulations of cells were spread throughout this region. At the ultrastructural level, the chromaffin cells located within the cortex in pig and rat adrenals formed close cellular contacts with cortical cells in all three zones. Our morphological data provide evidence for a possible paracrine role of chromaffin cells; this may be important for the neuroregulation of the adrenal cortex.
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    Differential distribution of β-pigment-dispersing hormone (β-PDH)-like immunoreactivity in the stomatogastric nervous system of five species of decapod crustaceans (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 265 (1991), S. 19-33 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: β-Pigment-dispersing hormone (β-PDH) ; Ganglia, invertebrate ; Immunohistochemistry ; Antibody staining ; Peptide localization ; Cancer antennarius, Procambarus clarkii, Panulirus interruptus (Crustacea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH) acts to disperse pigments within the chromatophores of crustaceans. Using an antibody raised against β-PDH from the fiddler crab Uca pugilator, we characterized the distribution of β-PDH-like immunoreactivity in the stomatogastric nervous system of five decapod crustaceans: the crabs, Cancer borealis and Cancer antennarius, the lobsters, Panulirus interruptus and Homarus americanus, and the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. No somata were stained in the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) or the esophageal ganglion in any of these species. Intense PDH-like staining was seen in the neuropil of the STG in P. interruptus only. In all 5 species, cell bodies, processes, and neuropil within the paired circumesophageal ganglia (CGs) showed PDH-like staining; the pattern of this staining was unique for each species. In each CG, the β-PDH antibody stained: 1 large cell in C. borealis; 3 small to large cells in C. antennarius; 3–8 medium cells in P. clarkii; 1–4 small cells in H. americanus; and 13–17 small cells in P. interruptus. The smallest cell in each CG in C. antennarius sends its axon, via the inferior esophageal nerves, into the opposite CG; this pair of cells, not labeled in the other species studied, may act as bilateral coordinators of sensory or motor function. These diverse staining patterns imply some degree of evolutionary diversity among these crustaceans. A β-PDH-like peptide may act as a neuromodulator of the rhythms produced by the stomatogastric nervous system of decapod crustaceans.
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    Representations of the Natural System in the Nineteenth century (1991)
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    Biology and philosophy 6 (1991), S. 255-274 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Classification ; diagrams ; evolution ; history ; natural history ; natural system ; ornithology ; phylogeny ; representation ; systematics ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract ‘The Natural System’ is the abstract notion of the order in living diversity. The richness and complexity of this notion is revealed by the diversity of representations of the Natural System drawn by ornithologists in the Nineteenth Century. These representations varied in overall form from stars, to circles, to maps, to evolutionary trees and cross-sections through trees. They differed in their depiction of affinity, analogy, continuity, directionality, symmetry, reticulation and branching, evolution, and morphological convergence and divergence. Some representations were two-dimensional, and some were three-dimensional; n-dimensional representations were discussed but never illustrated. The study of diagrammatic representations of the Natural System is made difficult by the frequent failure of authors to discuss them in their texts, and by the consequent problem of distinguishing features which carried meaning from arbitrary features and printing conventions which did not. Many of the systematics controversies of the last thirty years have their roots in the conceptual problems which surrounded the Natural System in the late 1800s, problems which were left unresolved when interest in higher-level systematics declined at the turn of this century.
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    Biostatistical studies on western EuropeanDactylorhiza (Orchidaceae)—theD. maculata group (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 175 (1991), S. 55-72 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Dactylorhiza ; D. maculata ; D. fuchsii ; D. saccifera ; D. caramulensis ; Biostatistics ; multivariate analysis ; taxonomy ; morphology ; Flora of Western-Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Multivariate analysis tools are exploited on a data set composed of quantitative characteristics collected on 35 populations of plants of theDactylorhiza maculata (L.)Soó group from Western-Europe. These samples lead to four well-defined clusters; this, together with qualitative, cytological and ecological arguments, allows for the recognition of four specific entities:D. maculata s.str.,D. fuchsii (Druce)Soó,D. saccifera (Brongn.)Soó andD. caramulensis (Vermeulen)Tyteca. It is concluded that the floral characters play an essential role in the taxonomical distinction. It also appears that the set of characters measured, as well as the methods exploited, are especially well-suited and valuable tools for the morphological study of the genusDactylorhiza.
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    The morphology, taxonomy and evolution ofRhodocoma (Restionaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 175 (1991), S. 139-160 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Restionaceae ; Rhodocoma ; Speciation ; phylogeny ; culm anatomy ; rhizome anatomy ; morphology ; taxonomy ; Flora of Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The vegetative and reproductive morphology, culm and rhizome anatomy and seed surface micromorphology ofRhodocoma are described. It is shown that this variation is best contained by recognizing three new species in the genus. These new taxa are described, and the phylogeny of the genus is investigated by cladistic analysis. The environmental parameters and distributions of the species are related to the cladogram. This suggests that the species are at present ecologically separated, and indicates that the speciation may have been sympatric. This is the first support for the hypothesis that sympatric speciation may have been important in the speciose Cape flora.
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    Variation patterns in a leaf beet (Beta vulgaris, Chenopodiaceae) germplasm collection (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 176 (1991), S. 1-10 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Chenopodiaceae ; Beta bulgaris L ; Germplasm collections ; taxonomy ; single linkage cluster analysis ; principal component analysis ; variation patterns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to contribute to a better understanding of the variation pattern in leaf beets. 42 biennial samples from a total of 74 entries were described by 17 characters. A group of presumably less selected leaf beets (group A) with narrow petioles was separated from more advanced cultivars by single linkage cluster (SLCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). SLCA sorted the more advanced cultivars into two groups (B and C) based on a simply inherited trait, the leaf colour. These two groups could virtually not be discerned by PCA. Group A contained germplasm similar to provar.vulgaris sensuHelm whereas accessions within group B and C did not easily fit into provar.flavescens. It seems that classical taxonomy does not predict the features of leaf beets precisely enough. It is suggested that this problem can be solved by replacing classical taxonomy in the case of leaf beets by a descriptive database.
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    Taxonomy and phylogeny of the tribeInuleae (Asteraceae) (1991)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 176 (1991), S. 75-123 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Inuleae s. str. ; Cladistics ; phylogeny ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The interrelationships of the tribeInuleae s. str. have been analysed with a computerized parsimony program (Hennig 86), using theArctotideae as functional outgroup. The results are illustrated with a cladogram and a strict consensus tree. A detailed character discussion is presented. Descriptions of all genera are supplied with brief notes on distribution, references to chemical investigations, and chromosome numbers. Lists of recognized species are also presented in connection to each genus, respectively. 21 new combinations are made, one new genus,Xerolekia A. Anderb., is described,Mollera is reduced to a synonym ofCalostephane, and the genusDuhaldea is resuscitated.Anisopappus was found to be a paraphyletic basal group in the tribe. The paleate generaAsteriscus, Nauplius, Ighermia, Buphthalmum, andXerolekia form one monophyletic group,Inula and other, similar genera were found to constitute the ancestral complex of thePulicaria group.
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    Taxonomy and phylogeny of the tribePlucheeae (Asteraceae) (1991)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 176 (1991), S. 145-177 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Plucheeae ; Cladistics ; phylogeny ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The tribePlucheeae (Benth.)A. Anderb., has been analysed cladistically by means of a computerized parsimony program (Hennig 86), using theArctotideae as outgroup. The results of the analysis are presented in a consensus tree and one cladogram. Four major monophyletic subgroups can be recognized: TheColeocoma group (3 genera), thePterocaulon group (3 genera), theLaggera group (6 genera), and thePluchea group (12 genera). All recognized genera are described and most genera are supplied with taxonomical notes including comments on their taxonomic status. Genera such asBlumea, Pluchea, andEpaltes are demonstrated to be unnatural assemblages.Monarrhenus andTessaria are both closely related to thePluchea complex. The old generic nameLitogyne Harv. has been taken up for one species ofEpaltes, the genusRhodogeron is reduced to a synonym ofSachsia, and the following new combinations are made;Litogyne gariepina (DC.)A. Anderb., andSachsia coronopifolia (Griseb.)A. Anderb.
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    A taxonomic analysis of seed proteins inPinus spp.(Pinaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 43-53 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Gymnosperms ; Pinaceae ; Pinus ; Seed proteins ; SDS-PAGE ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seed storage proteins have proved to be a powerful biochemical marker for taxonomic research, but they have not been extensively employed in forest tree studies. In order to improve the understanding of the taxonomy of the genusPinus, total seed proteins of 12 pine species have been analyzed by means of SDS-PAGE (Sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). The results showed the presence, in the genusPinus, of two main sub-taxa, corresponding to the subgeneraHaploxylon andDiploxylon. Differences and affinities between Mediterranean pine species were found in agreement with classification ofKlaus (1989).
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    Chloroplast DNA analysis of eggplant (Solanum melongena) and related species for their taxonomic affinity (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 55 (1991), S. 21-26 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Eggplant ; non-tuberous Solanum ; chloroplast DNA ; taxonomy ; species relationship
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Total chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) from Solanum incanum, a wild relative of eggplant, was used to probe total DNA of Solanum melongena (eggplant). The DNA fragments detected were the same as observed using purified chloroplast DNA. Chloroplast DNAs were also analysed for nine species of Solanum that are cross-compatible with eggplant: S. aethiopicum, S. anguivi, S. gilo, S. incanum, S. indicum, S. integrifolium, S. macrocarpon, S. olivare and S. panduriforme. Restriction fragments generated by eight enzymes were recorded as present or absent, and a matrix for all fragment positions, species and enzymes was used for cluster analysis. In the resulting dendrogram, the species tested formed three distinct groups: (1) S. aethiopicum, S. anguivi, S. gilo, S. indicum, S. integrifolium and S. olivare, (2) S. incanum, S. melongena and S. panduriforme, (3) S. macrocarpon. Six species of the first group belonging to section Oliganthes appears more closely related to the second group members belonging to section Melongena than does S. macrocarpon, which also belongs to section Melongena. Within the second group, S. panduriforme is slightly more like eggplant than is S. incanum.
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    Determination of genetic variation and taxonomy in lentil (Lens Miller) species by chloroplast DNA polymorphism (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 56 (1991), S. 213-218 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: chloroplast DNA ; Lens ; polymorphism ; restriction fragments ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Chloroplast DNA restriction fragment lenght polymorphisms (RFLP) were used to examine the taxonomic relationships of cultivated and wild lentil (Lens Miller) species and identify the extent of genetic variation in this genus. Twelve accessions representing all Lens subspecies were digested with four hexanucleotide-recognizing restriction endonucleases. These digests randomly surveyed 540 base pairs, or 0.4% of the approximately 125 kilobase lentil chloroplast genome. A high degree of gragment length conservation was seen among members of crossability group I, i.e., L. c. ssp. culinaris, L. c. ssp. orientalis and L. c. ssp. odemensis. Accessions of the two subspecies comprising crossability group II, i.e., L. n. ssp. nigricans and L. n. ssp. ervoides, showed the greatest amount of variation when compared to the cultivated lentil, L. c. ssp. culinaris. Limited variation was observed within subspecies except for L. n. ssp. nigricans, where accessions of the normal cytotype were highly polymorphic to those of the differentiated cytotype. Chloroplast DNA RFLPs reaffirm hypotheses that propose L. c. ssp. orientalis as the progenitor to the cultivated lentil. The implications of this study on taxonomy and genetic resources is also discussed.
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    TheAnabaena-Azolla symbiosis: Diversity and relatedness of neotropical host taxa (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 137 (1991), S. 167-170 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: azolla ; DNA polymorphisms ; isoenzymes ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract TheAnabaena-Azolla association has proved to be an effective biofertilizer in tropical regions of wetland rice production. Three neotropical host species,A. microphylla, A. caroliniana, andA. mexicana, are similar in vegetative morphology (growth habits, frond dimensions, trichome cell number) and ecophysiology (relative heat tolerance). They were observed during our investigation to also be genetically alike and distinct from other taxa.
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    Freshwater snails of São Tomé, with special reference to Bulinus forskalii (Ehrenberg), host of Schistosoma intercalatum (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 209 (1991), S. 141-153 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Bulinus ; Schistosoma intercalatum ; Africa ; São Tomé ; taxonomy ; schistosomiasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract São Tomé Island has 3 known taxa of freshwater gastropod, here identified to species for the first time; Neritina afra Sowerby, Ferrissia eburnensis Binder and a distinctive form of Bulinus forskalii (Ehrenberg). The Bulinus acts as intermediate host for the parasite Schistosoma intercalatum Fisher, the cause of human schistosomiasis in foci of infection detected in recent years on São Tomé. A morphological characterization of this snail is presented, in respect of the shell, radula and copulatory organ. It is compared with B. forskalii populations sampled on the African mainland (Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon and Angola) and with related taxa. Despite differences in the shell from the commonly found form of B. forskalii it seems appropriate to identify the São Tomé population as an extreme conchological variant of this taxon.
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    Anuraeopsis miraclei, a new planktonic rotifer species in karstic lakes of Spain (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 209 (1991), S. 169-173 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Anuraeopsis ; taxonomy ; morphology ; Weber's organ ; stratified karstic lakes ; chemocline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two taxa of Anuraeopsis, A. fissa fissa (Gosse, 1851) and A. miraclei nov. spec. occur in meromictic and stratified karstic lakes in Spain. They coexist, but may also live separated in different strata with A. miraclei restricted to a zone near the chemocline, characterized by low temperatures and low oxygen concentrations. The two Anuraeopsis species differ from each other in size, shape, structure and thickness of the lorica, size of the trophi elements, shape of Weber's organ, and egg-structure.
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    Branchipus cortesi n. sp.: a new anostracan from western Spain (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 212 (1991), S. 221-230 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Anostraca ; taxonomy ; biogeography ; ecology ; Branchipus ; Spain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Branchipus cortesi, n. sp. (Anostraca, Branchipodidae) is characterized by the broadly enlarged distal segments of male antenna 2, and a combination of morphological features concerning thoracic limbs, abdominal segments and egg morphology. The species occurs in temporary fresh water bodies in flatlands with temperate Mediterranean climate; it is distributed in the south-western part of Spain. Our study includes a morphological analysis using optical and scanning electronic microscopes. Questions about ecology and distribution of the new species are also discussed.
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    The fairy shrimp Chirocephalus brevipalpis (Orghidan, 1953), (Crustacea: Anostraca) in Yugoslavia (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 212 (1991), S. 261-266 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Anostraca ; taxonomy ; zoogeography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The fairy shrimp Chirocephalus brevipalpis (Orghidan, 1953) has been found in the Srem-district, Northern Yugoslavia, at the southern margin of the Pannonian lowland. It is the second record of the species, which had been reported only from Banat province, Romania. Since the specimens from Yugoslavia show some morphological differences with the typical form, a detailed description and illustration of essential taxonomic features in each sex are presented. The specific characters of the population of Srem are not sufficient to establish a new species, and fall within the intraspecific variability of Chirocephalus brevipalpis.
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    Intrageneric differences in cystocarp structure in Gelidium and Pterocladia (1991)
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    Hydrobiologia 221 (1991), S. 1-17 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: cystocarps ; Gelidium ; morphological variability ; Pterocladia ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Unilocular cystocarps, with ostioles opening to one frond surface, have traditionally distinguished Pterocladia from Gelidium, described as having bilocular cystocarps, with ostioles opening to both surfaces; however, unequally developed locules have been described in Pterocladia and differences in cystocarpic architecture between Pterocladia capillacea and the type species of the genus, P. lucida, have been recently found. As heterogeneity in cystocarp architecture raises questions of basic intergeneric distinction, a survey of reproductive morphology of species in both genera is presented in this study. Six morphologically-different types of cystocarps are distinguished among the five species of Pterocladia and the seven species of Gelidium examined.
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    Review of Iberian Cladocera with remarks on ecology and biogeography (1991)
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    Hydrobiologia 225 (1991), S. 37-43 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Iberian Cladocera ; taxonomy ; ecology ; biogeography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A checklist of 88 freshwater Cladocera from the Iberian Peninsula is given, based on the examination of approximately 1500 samples collected from all parts of the peninsula from 1976 to 1989. Ecology and species assemblages are considered. Distribution of the species versus regional limnology of the Iberian Peninsula is discussed.
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    On the presence of the genus Branchinecta Verrill, 1869 (Crustacea, Anostraca) in Yugoslavia (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 226 (1991), S. 17-27 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Branchinecta ; Anostraca ; taxonomy ; zoogeography ; Yugoslavia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genus Branchinecta Verrill, 1869 is represented in Yugoslavia by two species: Branchinecta ferox (Milne-Edwards, 1840) and Branchinecta orientalis G.O. Sars, 1901. The first species was collected in the steppe-like province of Banat, Pannonian Lowland, and in the lowland around the Skadar Lake, Montenegro, the second only in the province of Banat. On the basis of rich material of both species, a detailed study of the most essential morphological characters has been carried out and comparisons have been made with data in the literature. In B. ferox, significant morphological deviations are not found, whereas, in B. orientalis, essential features are clearly ascertained which were previously unknown or were not stated with sufficient precision. B. ferox is known to appear in small, temporary, natronsoda water rainpools, while B. orientalis has been found in a large temporary inundation pool with a high content of natronsoda and salt in the water.
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    A new species of Halicyclops (Copepoda, Cyclopidae) from California, and a revision of some Halicyclops material in the collections of the US Museum of Natural History (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 226 (1991), S. 29-37 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: taxonomy ; Copepoda Cyclopoida ; animal distribution ; Pacific Fauna ; Brackish water crustaceans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Halicyclops hurlberti, a new species of cyclopoid copepod, is described from San Diego, California. Specimens identified by C.D. Marsh as H. aequoreus kept in the US Museum of Natural History were checked and placed in the species H. cf. clarkei Herbst and H. fosteri M. S. Wilson. The description of these two species is being emended.
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    Actual state of gammaridean amphipoda taxonomy and catalogue of species from Chile (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 223 (1991), S. 47-68 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Chile ; amphipoda ; gammaridea ; taxonomy ; catalogue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The taxonomy of gammaridean amphipods is poorly known in Chile. The lack of literature has discouraged investigation of this group, which has been overlooked for years. This has led to the exclusion of amphipods from biological and ecological studies done in our country. I present here a preliminary report on the actual state of the group with reference mainly to its taxonomy, ecological studies and a species catalogue. I have only included species from continental Chile north of 56 °S, Juan Fernandez Archipelago and Isla de Pascua. Species from Chilean Subantarctic and Antarctic waters are excluded, because they are well covered by other authors. There are 168 known for Chile, 36 of them undescribed or with their status not clear. This report is based on a revision of the species recorded for Chile, analysis of samples from the Chilean coast and the work of ecologists who are using the group as material for study.
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    Karyological and taxonomic studies of Dugesia japonica from the Southwest Islands of Japan-II (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 227 (1991), S. 157-162 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Turbellaria ; Tricladida ; Dugesia ; karyology ; taxonomy ; Japan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The karyotypes of Dugesia japonica from the southern part of the Southwest Islands of Japan (the Nansei Shotô) include diploidy, triploidy, mixoploidy, and mixoaneuploidy. Animals having karyotypes based on n = 8 were found on Okinawa Island, Ishigaki Island, Iriomote Island, and Yonaguni Island, while animals having karyotypes based on n = 7 were found on Okinawa Island, Miyako Island, and Ishigaki Island. Toward the northern end of this island chain, at Tanegashima Island, Yakushima Island, and Amami-Ôshima Island, karyotypes based on n = 8 occurred; and on one of these, Tanegashima Island, n = 7 also occurred. Our data provide further support of the karyotypical distinction between the two subspecies of D. japonica: D. j. japonica has karyotypes based on n = 8 and D. j. ryukyuensis has karyotypes based on n = 7. Taking into consideration the geological history of the Southwest Islands and the ties of their faunas to those of adjacent areas, we can explain the current geographical distribution of the two subspecies in these islands as the result of two separate invasions by D. japonica, one in the Miocene and one after the early Quaternary.
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    Methods for taxonomic and distributional studies of terrestrial flatworms (Tricladida: Terricola) (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 227 (1991), S. 349-352 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Tricladida ; Terricola ; taxonomy ; methodology ; microtechnique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Traditionally used methods for collecting and preserving terrestrial flatworms have proved deficient in various respects. Comparison of methods for preparing these animals for taxonomic study has shown that preservation of morphological characters can best be achieved using formaldehyde-calcium-cobalt fixative and subsequent storage in an aqueous solution of propylene phenoxetol plus propylene glycol and that the best-lasting histological preparations make use of light-fast, oxidation-resistant dyes and synthetic mounting media with an anti-oxidant.
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    Nematocysts of sea anemones (Actiniaria, Ceriantharia and Corallimorpharia: Cnidaria): nomenclature (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 216-217 (1991), S. 691-697 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: nematocysts ; sea anemones ; Anthozoa ; taxonomy ; identification ; nomenclature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A brief historical review of nematocyst terminology is given and three nomenclatural problems are discussed. It is proposed to combine the terms initiated by Weill (1934) with those of Schmidt (1969). A new mesobasic grade, intermediate between microbasic and macrobasic is proposed for amastigophores and p-mastigophores possessing a short Faltstück. A more liberal interpretation of Weill's (1934) terminology for nematocysts than that proposed by Cutress (1955) is suggested in respect of microbasic amastigophores and p-mastigophores. Basitrichs and b-mastigophores continue to be recognized as separate categories.
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    A new freshwater heteronemertean from the Zhujiang (Pearl River), People's Republic of China (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 220 (1991), S. 167-178 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: heteronemertea ; freshwater ; Pearl River ; taxonomy ; Amniclineus zhujiangensis gen. et sp. nov.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new genus and species of freshwater heteronemertean, Amniclineus zhujiangensis, from the Zhujiang (Pearl River), People's Republic of China, is described and illustrated. The species is placed in the family Lineidae along with the existing freshwater heteronemertean taxa, with which its anatomy is compared.
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    Additional cladoceran records for Mantecal and new for Venezuela (1991)
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    Hydrobiologia 225 (1991), S. 45-62 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Cladocera ; taxonomy ; distribution ; Venezuela
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 24 cladoceran species were found in collections from several fresh waterbodies, including environmental samples and gut contents of small micro-characid fishes from Mantecal (Apure state). Nine of these were new records for Venezuela and 18 for the Mantecal area. Brief descriptions of locations and species, including range-distribution, are given.
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    The genus Diaphanosoma (Ctenopoda: Sididae) in Spain (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 225 (1991), S. 23-35 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: cladocera ; Diaphanosoma ; biogeography ; taxonomy ; ecology ; Spain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During a 1987–88 extensive limnological study of Spanish reservoirs, euplanktonic cladocerans were sampled all around the country. Two species of Diaphanosoma Fischer, 1850 were recorded, viz D. mongolianum Uéno, 1938 and D. brachyurum (Liévin, 1848). Morphological descriptions of both species are presented, especially of the thoracic limbs, together with notes on their ecology. Both species present a clear allopatric distribution, D. brachyurum inhabiting waters with a low Total Dissolved Salt (TDS) content, which equilibrated relative ionic composition, characteristic of a narrow strip in the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula; on the contrary, D. mongolianum inhabits waters with high TDS values and high content of sulphate or chloride, characteristic of the central and southern regions.
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    A comparison of populations from the Daphnia similis group (Cladocera: Daphniidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 225 (1991), S. 9-22 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Crustacea ; Cladocera ; Daphniidae ; Daphnia ; Ctenodaphnia ; taxonomy ; biology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract European populations of Daphnia similis Claus have been compared with populations from tropical Asia. Daphnia similoides n. sp. from tropical Asia was described as the sibling species of D. similis. The female has characteristic neonate, postabdomen, head, and ephippium. The male has characteristic rostrum, antennules, and the distalmost part of the postabdomen. The D. similis group was compared with D. carinata s. str. Australian populations.
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    Karyology of four land-planarian species of the genus Bipalium from Japan (1991)
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    Hydrobiologia 227 (1991), S. 163-167 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Turbellaria ; Tricladida ; Bipalium ; karyology ; taxonomy ; Japan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have employed a new scale for characterizing chromosomal forms in the karyotypes of four species of Bipalium from five localities in Japan. Specimens of Bipalium nobile Kawakatsu et Makino, 1982, from Yokohama had a diploid chromosome number of 2x = 10 (2m + 2sm + 2sm + st & sm + 2sm); specimens of the same species from Toyonaka had this number as well but with slightly different chromosomal form (2m + 2sm + sm & st + 2st + m & sm). An undescribed species from Sanjô, Bipalium sp. 2, with two dorsal stripes and a yellow head crescent, had 2x = 10 (2m + 2sm + 2sm + 2sm + 2m); and another undescribed species from Chichijima Island, Bipalium sp. 3, with five dorsal stripes, had 2x = 10 (2m + 2sm + 2sm + 2sm + 2m). A non-sexual bipaliid tentatively identified as Bipalium kewense Moseley, 1878, from Chichijima Island had 2x = 18 (2m + 2m + 2m + 2sm + 2st + 2sm + 2sm + 2sm + 2sm).
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    Septal micropores in Zygozyma and their taxonomic significance (1991)
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 59 (1991), S. 77-80 
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    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Lipomycetaceae ; micropores ; taxonomy ; yeasts ; Zygozyma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Septal micropores or plasmadesmal canals have been observed in two species of the lipomycetaceous genus Zygozyma. The presence of these canals is considered as further evidence for the connexion between the Lipomycetaceae and the Dipodascaceae. The genus Zygozyma has been emended.
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    Cryptococcus yarrowii sp. nov., a novel yeast species from Portugal (1991)
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 59 (1991), S. 177-181 
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    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Cryptococcus yarrowii ; yeasts ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A novel species of the basidiomycetous genusCryptococcus is described asCr. yarrowii based on the study of an isolate from a decayed mushroom collected in Portugal. DNA-DNA homology with the type strain of the phenotypically similar speciesCr. albidus was 10±2%.
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    Fellomyces horovitziae sp. nov., a new basidiomycetous yeast species isolated from aXenasmatella basidiocarp (1991)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 59 (1991), S. 293-298 
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    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Fellomyces horovitziae ; basidiomycetous yeasts ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new species of the genusFellomyces, F. horovitziae, was isolated from aXenasmatella basidiocarp. It differs from other accepted species in its carbon assimilation pattern, mol% G+C and low DNA-DNA homology. The delimiting characters are discussed and a key to the genus is provided.
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    Karyology and hyphal characters as taxonomic criteria in Ascomycetous black yeasts and related fungi (1991)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 60 (1991), S. 35-42 
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    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: black yeasts ; Aureobasidium ; Hormonema ; Hortaea ; Ramichloridium ; Zasmidium ; karyology ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mycelial development of seventy-three strains of black yeasts and related fungi were studied, and numbers of nuclei per hyphal cell were counted. Two main patterns were apparent in expanding hyphae, viz. (1) uninucleate expanding hyphal cells, septum formation strictly following mitosis, and (2) multinucleate, branched, aseptate hyphal tips, septa being formed in a later stage, leading to oligo- or uninucleate mature cells. Characteristic genera in the two groups areExophiala andAureobasidium, respectively. InZasmidium and in someRamichloridium species all mycelial cells are oligonucleate. The character is indicative for relationships at the family level in black yeasts.
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    Occurrence and taxonomic aspects of proton movements coupled to sugar transport in the yeast genusKluyveromyces (1991)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 59 (1991), S. 199-206 
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    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: yeast ; systematics ; taxonomy ; proton symport ; sugar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The occurrence of proton symport mechanisms for the transport of glucose, galactose, fructose, raffinose and sucrose in 21 yeast strains representing the species of the genusKluyveromyces was surveyed. Proton symport of one or more sugars occurred in 57% of the strains. Similarly, all the sugars investigated were transported by symports by several strains. Symport systems for non-utilisable sugars were rare. Starvation of cells frequently resulted in the appearance of a symport absent in non-starved glucose-grown cells, indicating that repression of proton symports by glucose and subsequent derepression by starvation is a general phenomenon in members ofKluyveromyces. The addition of a sugar to cell suspensions resulted in acidification in 80% of cases, indicating the activity of a membrane-bound ATPase. Acidification was also observed with a number of sugars that cannot be utilised by the particular species. Interesting correlations between the number of proton symports and the abundance of other phenotypic characteristics in members of the genus emerged. Most members of the infertile group of species showing an increase in the number of small chromosomes, inability to produce well-developed pseudomycelium, linoleic and linolenic acid, a decrease in the number of carbon compounds utilised and inability to utilise ethylamine also had no proton symports, whereas most members of the interfertile species produced one or more proton symports. It was concluded that the distribution of the number of proton symports amongstKluyveromyces species coincided with that of other positive characteristics and may therefore be of taxonomic value.
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    The variation of Halocordyle disticha (Cnidaria, Athecata) from the Brazilian coast: an environmental indicator species? (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 216-217 (1991), S. 437-442 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Cnidaria ; Halocordyle ; indicator species ; taxonomy ; Brazil ; intraspecific variation ; phenotypic response ; cnidome ; biometrics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The rediscovery of Halocardyle fragilis Vannucci, of which the type material is lost, led us to consider it a variety of Halocardyle disticha (Goldfuss) that occurs in calm waters on soft bottoms. The typical H. disticha is open feather-shaped, with branching in one plane, while H. fragilis is bushy, much larger, with branching in many planes. The different habit of H. disticha is probably due to environmental conditions. The bushy and pinnate forms are considered extremes of a range of morphological variation.
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    A jellyfish-eating sea anemone (Cnidaria, Actiniaria) from Palau: Entacmaea medusivora sp. nov. (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 216-217 (1991), S. 453-461 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Actiniidae ; planulae ; taxonomy ; zooxanthellae ; diet ; feeding ; predation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Entacmaea medusivora sp. nov., a member of the family Actiniidae, inhabits Jellyfish Lake in Palau, western Caroline Islands, and eats the rhizostome jellyfish Mastigias papua. The anemone is azooxanthellate, despite its jellyfish prey containing symbiotic algae. Well fed anemones released ciliated planula-like larvae in the laboratory when maintained at more than 30 °C. It could not be determined whether the larvae, which usually settled around the parent within 24 h of release, were produced sexually or asexually.
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    Morphological differences between, and reproductive isolation of, two populations of the jellyfish Cyanea in Long Island Sound, USA (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 216-217 (1991), S. 471-477 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Scyphozoa ; Cyanea ; speciation ; biogeography ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two populations of Cyanea, one in the Niantic River estuary and the other in the adjacent Niantic Bay portion of Long Island Sound, were studied for more than a decade. The estuary and the bay are connected by a narrow channel: this and hydrographic features constrain transport between them. Specimens from each site exhibit morphological and seasonal differences comparable to those which distinguish C. capillata from C. lamarckii in European waters. Reproducing River medusae never cooccurred with reproducing Bay medusae. Estuarine jellyfish are sometimes found in the Bay, but reproducing individuals have not been seen there. Reproductively mature Bay jellyfish occasionally appear in the River, but benthic samples show that they do not deposit planulae at this site and thus do not contribute to the next generation of medusae in the River. Such differences suggest an absence of gene flow between these two populations, indicating that the River medusae and Bay medusae might be separate species.
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