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  • Articles  (318)
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  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (318)
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  • Articles  (318)
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  • 2000-2004  (232)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developments in thermal imaging technology (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 15-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The ability to see in the dark is a key differentiator in many military scenarios and the development of thermal imaging (TI) systems has provided the military with a battle winning capability. One of the current key thrusts is to be able to detect and identify targets at significantly longer ranges. The research programme in QinetiQ has been providing solutions to satisfy these requirements for many years. In addition, one of the major benefits from this research, has been the opportunity to provide TI sensors into the civil market for application including fire fighting. In this review many of the new concepts currently being developed are described and illustrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310457866
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitoring plasma jets containing micro particles with chromatic techniques (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 60-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A description about the use of the chromatic methodology for monitoring an arc plasma jet utilised for heating micro particles for forming plasma sprayed coatings is given. It is shown that the behaviour of both the plasma and heated micro particles are distinguishable from their different coordinates on an H-S polar map. Calibration with a standard ribbon lamp would appear feasible for tracking the temperature of the plasma heated micro particles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310698030
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The contribution of thermoreflectance to high resolution thermal mapping (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 35-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Thermal phenomena that occur in operating integrated circuits can disturb their functioning and even cause failures. In order to prevent such dramatic issues, it is necessary to study these phenomena by developing high-resolution thermal mapping of electronic devices. This can be done by using the thermoreflectance technique. The principle of thermoreflectance measurements is reviewed and various experimental setups are described. Experimental results show that this technique allows the mapping of both low and high frequency thermal phenomena at submicron scales.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310457929
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An entropy-switched adaptive smoothing approach for time series data (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 40-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a method of removing noise from time series data records whilst preserving salient features of short duration, such as sharp transitions and significant peaks. A practical example is drawn from fault-current testing of circuit breakers, for which the scheme was originally designed. It is demonstrated that the clarity of signal traces can be improved while preserving important transient features. However, the approach is generic and based upon the entropy gradient detection method used in image processing. Local entropy is used as a criterion for selecting the degree of smoothing required, so that features of interest can be preserved. Algorithm modularity allows ready adaptation for specific needs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310457938
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radar is set to revolutionise road safety (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 109-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Solutions for using radar to alert drivers to obstacles in their path and possible collision already exist but they are too expensive. In most cases, only the more luxury models on the market offer the option of an adaptive cruise control system that uses radar. But the potential market and road safety benefits are massive. And much work is in progress to lower the cost of radar. This the reviews paper current state-of-the-art in radar technology and highlights two notable developments for cutting the cost.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310468206
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wireless - introducing wireless proximity switches (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 116-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Sensors and actuators are found in large numbers on every production line in every industry. And each and every one of them requires data and power cabling. Not only are these cables costly to install, they are also a frequent source of failure. ABB is introducing a novel wireless proximity switch that incorporates a communication module for the power supply, signal transmission and man-machine communication, and so has no need for cables.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310468215
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Remote gas detection using ambient thermal infrared (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 26-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes a passive, open-path infrared gas detector that utilises thermal background radiation as the source. Explains its mode of operation, provides a specification and considers its route to market.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310457893
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fibre Bragg sensors used to measure gas temperature in an airship (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 30-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes the use of a distributed optical temperature sensor, based on fibre Bragg grating technology, to monitor the temperature distribution of helium within a prototype airship.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310457901
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-contacting optical sensors for real-time water quality monitoring (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 24-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes the development of low cost optical sensor systems for water quality monitoring developed under the "LOADMON" EU research programme. It uses two laser diodes as the sources: one emits blue light at 405?nm and the other red light at 670?nm. The former excites fluorescence of organic materials present in the sample and the red light creates a scatter signal from the suspended particles. The system uses a rotating mirror which allows the light spots to be swept across the sample's surface under computer control until they are below the detector.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310457884
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    US company develops high sensitivity gas detector based on novel laser technology (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 33-34 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes a unique optical source, the quantum cascade laser (QCL) and its application to gas detection. The instruments can detect both nitric oxide and carbon monoxide at concentrations down to 10?ppb?m at atmospheric temperature and pressure with a 1?m absorption path-length. A QCL operating at 5.8?µm can be used during airborne surveys of atmospheric formaldehyde, a key intermediate in the oxidation of methane and other hydrocarbons which contribute to the formation of ozone precursors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310457910
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Implementing wireless communications (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 102-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Engineers across many disciplines are becoming interested in wireless communication, however the plethora of standards, frequencies and technologies can lead to considerable confusion. This article presents some decision criteria to assist the reader selecting the most suitable technology. Further, it highlights other issues to prepare for integrating RF.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310468198
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wireless capsule endoscopy (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 128-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: With the introduction of the flexible fiber optic endoscope in 1950s visualization of the esophagus, stomach, upper small bowel and colon became possible. The flexible shaft of the instrument carried the fiber optic light bundles, power and the optical elements. It also contained cables, which allowed for control over the direction of the instrument. Therefore, the instrument was of relatively large diameter, making gastroscopy, small bowel endoscopy and colonoscopy an uncomfortable procedure requiring sedation. Recent advances in development of low power complementary metal-oxide silicon (CMOS) imagers, mixed signal application specific integrated circuit (ASICs) and white light emitting diodes (LEDs) made possible development of a new type of endoscope - the swallowable video capsule. We describe the development of a video-telemetry capsule endoscope that is small enough to swallow (11×26?mm) and has no external wires, fiber optic bundles or cables. Extensive clinical and healthy volunteer trials have proved the effectiveness of the wireless endoscope in detection of pathologies in the GI tract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310468233
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Latest developments in machine vision - a review of image processing packages (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 193-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper gives an overview of image processing software packages available in the market, their current capabilities and areas of development, and the skills required to use them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310481805
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Front-end signal conditioning used for resistance-based sensors in electronic nose systems: a review (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 230-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The overall performance of an electronic nose system will depend on the individual performance of its constituent elements. Although often overlooked, it is clear that careful design/selection of the front-end signal conditioning circuit is of critical importance if optimal performance of the odour sensing system is to be achieved. In this paper circuits are reviewed, which have been employed as front-end signal conditioners for resistance-based sensors in electronic nose systems, with many of the conclusions drawn being equally applicable to other resistor sensors. The relevant equations governing the behaviour of each circuit methodology are derived and advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The performance of the circuit is then quantitatively assessed in a specific test case, in which the maximum sensitivity of the circuit is calculated in relation to the task of interfacing to a theoretical thin-film conducting-polymer sensor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310481850
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fast moving world of terahertz technology (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 20-23 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Discusses recent progress in technology based on electromagnetic radiation at terahertz frequencies. Considers recent corporate activities and describes technological developments with applications in the physical and life sciences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310457875
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental investigation into low pressure gas discharges in microwave electric field optical sensor probes (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 44-47 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper investigates the feasibility of using the emission intensity of low-pressure argon and nitrogen gas discharges as the sensing mechanism for a microwave electric field optical sensor probe in microwave resonant cavities. The emission is coupled to a photodiode for detection through an optical fibre due to the difficulty in using conventional optoelectronic devices in close proximity to microwave cavities. The discharge emission intensity is monitored at a range of different input powers to the cavity. The proposed designs for the electric field sensing probe are also included.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310457947
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vision systems feature at TEAM (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 123-127 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A report on the vision systems featured at the new TEAM exhibition. The products and applications of three companies are highlighted. Two exhibitors have contrasting approaches to the application of vision: DVT takes the integrated route with "all in" intelligent cameras while Data Translation follows the PC-based philosophy with separate frame grabbers. The third company discussed is Leica Geosystems and its laser tracker mobile measurement systems used for inspection of large components as well as the control and calibration of robots, machine tools and the like. Leica introduced a new handheld probe for inspecting deep cavities and a new laser radar system that, unlike the tracker, needs no reflectors mounted on the object under inspection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310468224
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generation of frequency output for instrumentation applications using digital hardware (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 143-149 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The use of frequency output for measurement transmission remains common in the design of smart transmitters. Conventional methods of frequency generation, based on counting clock cycles, have a precision which is inversely proportional to the frequency to be generated. Consequently, frequency output precision could be much lower than the measurement precision. This paper describes a simple frequency generation technique which, when implemented in low-cost hardware, provides a precision of 10-6 per cent for all frequencies. The method represents an intermediate non-available frequency by dithering between two exact frequencies. Averaging over some reasonably short timescale provides the desired frequency to high precision.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310468251
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Superfast image sensing and analysis from Hungary (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 202-206 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Hungarian researchers have developed vision systems based on image sensors with on-chip analogue processors associated with each pixel of the sensor. Processing at speeds of 10,000 frames per second and above are claimed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310481814
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Image analysis based on Qualicision (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 211-215 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Qualicision is an original fuzzy-logic-based decision-making software, which is easy to configure and easy to use. During the last few years, Qualicision principles have been adapted to image analysis. The kernel is a correlation analysis which evaluates the interactions between elemental image characteristics. Principles of Qualicision for image analysis are described and illustrated with some successfully working application examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310481959
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Advanced machine vision systems and application examples (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 242-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: According to a recent study by Active-Media Research, USA, total sales in advanced vision systems, including vision-guided mobile devices/robots are expected to soar from US $665 million in the year 2000 to more than US $17 billion by 2005. The key technologies contributing to this massive growth include major advancements in vision imaging science and control, integrated with increasingly "machine intelligent" and robust industrial robotics. This article gives an overview of key machine vision advancements, and demonstrates some advanced vision application examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310481869
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biosensors for monitoring the environment (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 302-310 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper considers the role of biosensors for monitoring the environment. A selection of existing products and competitive techniques such as biochemical assays and laboratory analysis which presently dominate the business are discussed. A number of research activities and themes are considered. Conclusion are drawn on the prospects for environmental biosensors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310496818
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  • 23
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    A new low-cost high-performance quartz tuning-fork temperature sensor (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 134-142 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a new method designed for a quartz tuning-fork temperature sensor. This sensor is designed with a new cut ZYtw(115°/15°) and it is shown that this worked best in flexural vibration mode. The way for raising signal to noise ratio and reducing equivalent resistor of the sensor were analyzed in theory. A manufacturing method has been determined to form and adjust the precise frequency, which could improve sensitivity and reduce non-linearity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310468242
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
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    University spin-off company launches novel structural stress monitoring system (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 207-208 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper, describes the development and application of a wireless-based stress monitoring system. Application areas include railway track and rolling stock monitoring as well as large structures, such as oil rigs and bridges.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310481823
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  • 25
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    Advanced galvanometer-based optical scanner design (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 216-222 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The closed loop galvanometer-based optical scanners continues to be an advanced technology for the integration and enabling of a broader range of laser system applications and uses. Advances in the technology have provided major improvements in galvo positioning speed, accuracy, size and cost. This paper will introduce the benefits, operating ranges and recent advances in galvanometer technology for scanning applications along with some of the other components and issues related to system design for high performance scanning applications. Several different actuator and position detector technologies and designs will be presented including moving coil actuators, moving magnet actuators and patented capacitive and optical position detector designs that offer positioning speeds as fast as 100?µs and positioning repeatability to single microradians. The performance and system design trade-offs that one should consider during the selection of the appropriate galvanometer technology and the optical systems design will be discussed along with a performance comparison of the galvanometer to other optical scanning technologies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310481968
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  • 26
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    Biometric developments provide scientific farming techniques (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 287-293 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper concerns the use of image processing techniques and biometric sensors to measure the growth rate of animals without disrupting their natural behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310496782
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  • 27
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    Feasibility of a new sensor for water activity determination (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 316-322 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In this paper, we propose a new way for the determination of aw in fresh and salt meat. The principle is founded on the analysis of a small air volume inside the product. First we describe the fundamental definition of water activity, the state-of-the-art of commercial aw meters, the effects of aw on microbiology in food. In the second step, after a description of the sensor, the principle and the procedure of measurement are explained. The measurements of aw are realized in meat at different stages of drying. Reproducibility and the temperature effect are particularly analyzed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310496836
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  • 28
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    UK researchers develop real-time, optical diesel emission monitor (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 284-286 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This article describes the development of a novel optical sensor, based on chromatic modulation, for characterising the particulate emissions from diesel engines, in situ and in real-time.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310496773
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  • 29
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    US company launches first MEMS-based IR detector array (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 299-301 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes the world's first uncooled infrared array sensor based on micro electro-mechanical systems technology. Each pixel comprises a cantilever which bends as it warms up. The system measures the capacitance between each cantilever and a metal substrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310496809
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  • 30
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    Morphological capacitive sensors for air bag applications (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 345-351 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards No. 208 includes directives rendering the morphological estimation of passengers mandatory for advanced air bag systems. The dynamic automatic suppression system uses both the morphological and positional information about the passenger to allow or prevent air bag deployment. Various solutions have been proposed to obtain these information by using capacitive sensors. This paper presents a method, that makes possible use of such sensors in the car industry by correcting their responses from these perturbing parameters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310496863
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  • 31
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    A process to control diaphragm thickness with a provision for back to front alignment in the fabrication of polysilicon piezoresistive pressure sensor (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 311-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A MEMS process is described to control diaphragm thickness with an integrated provision for back to front alignment in the fabrication of a polysilicon piezoresistive pressure sensor. The end point detection for the diaphragm etching is suitably incorporated in the process so that it is also used for the back-to-front alignment. The proposed process is cost-effective and suitable for the batch fabrication of the pressure sensor.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310496827
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    Automatic recognition by gait: progress and prospects (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 323-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Recognising people by their gait is a biometric of increasing interest. Recently, analysis has progressed from evaluation by few techniques on small databases with encouraging results to large databases and still with encouraging results. The potential of gait as a biometric was encouraged by the considerable amount of evidence available, especially in biomechanics and literature. This potential motivated the development of new databases, new technique and more rigorous evaluation procedures. We adumbrate some of the new techniques we have developed and their evaluation to gain insight into the potential for gait as a biometric. In particular, we consider implications for the future. Our work, as with others, continues to provide encouraging results for gait as a biometric, let alone as a human identifier, with a special regard for recognition at a distance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310496845
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    Thin films of (TeO)(InO) as gamma radiation sensors (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 48-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Thin films of tellurium dioxide (TeO2) and indium oxide (In2O3) mixtures were investigated for ?-radiation dosimetry purpose. Samples were fabricated using thermal vacuum evaporation technique. The electrical properties of mixed oxides thin films [(TeO2)1-x(In2O3)x, where x=0 and 10 per cent by weight] and their changes under the influence of ?-radiation were investigated. Samples with contacts having a planar structure showed increase in the values of current with the increase in radiation dose up to a certain dose level. Thin films in the form of pn-junctions were fabricated with (TeO2)1-x(In2O3)x as p-type material and sulphur as n-type material. These pn-junctions exhibited Zener diode behaviour. The current-voltage characteristics for as-deposited and ?-irradiated samples were recorded. The level of response for all the fabricated devices was found to be highly dependent on the composition of the exposed material.
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    Miniature mass spectrometry: implications for monitoring of gas discharges (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 150-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In the last 10 years there has been an increasing trend towards miniaturisation in mass spectrometry. Miniature versions of magnetic sector, time of flight (TOF) and quadrupole mass spectrometers (QMS) have all been developed. Some of these systems use silicon microengineering technology, e.g. MEMS, to achieve the small geometries necessary, other systems use conventional engineering but on a reduced scale. The scientific advantages of miniaturisation include the ability to measure and monitor at higher vacuum pressures than hitherto (〉10-2?mbar). Miniaturisation also offers advantages due to the reduced cost and resulting portable nature of the smaller instruments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310468260
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    World's first permanent in-well fibre Bragg grating sensors perform seismic surveys (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 209-210 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the use of fibre-optics for seismic monitoring in oil wells. Based on fibre Bragg grating technology, the system can withstand temperatures of up to 175°C and extremely high pressures. It allows seismic surveys to be undertaken throughout the lifetime of the well.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310481832
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    Laser-based imaging for reverse engineering (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 223-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In this paper, we explore the technical challenges to automatically generate computer-aided design models of existing vehicle parts using laser range imaging techniques. We propose a complete system that integrates data acquisition and model reconstruction. We discuss methods to resolve the occlusion problem and the associated registration problem. We also present our reconstruction algorithm. This range image-based, computer-aided reverse engineering system has a potential for faster model reconstruction over traditional reverse engineering technologies. Finally, we present results derived from the system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310481841
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    Multi-tip sparker for the generation of acoustic pulses (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 55-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Sparkers can be used for the production of acoustic pulses as seismic source for sub-bottom profiling in the sea. A multi-tip (200-800 tips) sparker has been developed, which makes high-resolution seismic profiling possible in deep water. The characteristics of the multi-tip sparker system have been measured in a basin in the laboratory using different arrangements of the capacitive energy storage and salinity of the water. A model in Matlab is used to calculate the current waveform in the spark array for different layouts of the power supply.
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    Little and large at Sensor 2003 Nuremberg (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 294-298 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A sampling of new and intriguing sensing devices shown at the biennial Sensor exhibition on Nuremberg in May. Devices seen ranged from acoustic arrays several metres diameter to tiny motion sensors and Hall effect devices. Miniaturisation was a constant theme.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310496791
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    A review of digital data acquisition hardware and software for a portable electronic nose (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 332-344 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper discusses the digital hardware and software that is required for data acquisition in a portable electronic nose (e-nose) system. A review of current e-nose systems is presented highlighting the methods employed by these systems to acquire the data from the sensor head.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310496854
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    The effect of pulse voltage trimming on current noise of polymer thick film resistors (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Microelectronics international 20 (2003), S. 7-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1356-5362
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with the investigations carried out on the variation of current noise (1/f noise) in polymer thick film resistors, when they are subjected to pulse voltage trimming. The current noise is measured in terms of noise index (micro volts of noise per volt of DC applied, in a decade of frequency) using Noise Meter Model 315 C manufactured by Quan-Tech of New Jersey. It has been found that current noise decreases as the resistors are trimmed to lower values. An attempt has been made to explain the decrease in current noise with the trimming of resistors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13565360310487891
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    The new immersion tin generation in practical operation - a surface finish process including the world's first organic metal (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Circuit world 29 (2003), S. 10-13 
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    ISSN: 0305-6120
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the properties of a new generation of immersion tin as a solderable surface finish for printed circuit boards. The new process combines the unique technology of Organic Metals with the well introduced technology of immersion tin. A comparison with other solderable surface finishes will show the advantages and superior performance for PCB manufacturer, assemblers and OEMs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03056120310444133
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    Experiences gained manufacturing high density interconnect (HDI) printed wiring boards (PWBs) (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Circuit world 29 (2003), S. 14-18 
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    ISSN: 0305-6120
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Higher packaging densities for the next generation of electronic devices require utilization of the inner space of a PWB for component placement. This will shift some added value assembly processes from the assembly houses backwards to the PWB fabricator. (Regardless of whether it is liked or disliked by the PWB fabricators). ASPOCOMP, as a leader in advanced PWB technology, is developing these technologies to meet the needs of key Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs). The paper describes the present experiences with this new technology and details where there are technology limits. Material suppliers will be challenged to provide better solutions than exist today. Sequential versus parallel PWB manufacturing processes will be reviewed and the requirements to meet the manufacturing and cost targets for the next generation of PWBs will be discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03056120310444142
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    Surface coatings for fluxless soldering of copper (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Circuit world 29 (2003), S. 19-23 
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    ISSN: 0305-6120
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The solder interconnection of components to printed circuit boards normally utilises a flux to enable the efficient removal of oxide layers from the metals to be joined. While this produces a strong metallurgical bond, the flux residue left behind after the soldering process can be detrimental to the long-term performance of the product. Therefore, after assembly, a cleaning process is often employed to remove the residue, however, this incurs extra financial and environmental costs. In this work, organic coatings have been used to preserve copper surfaces in an oxide free state, enabling fluxless soldering to take place. These coatings, if stored appropriately, were found to be effective in preventing the oxidation of copper for several weeks, however, they are readily displaced by the soldering process allowing the active copper surface to be wetted. Wetting balance testing and surface analysis have been used to assess the preservation of copper coupons following storage in air.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03056120310444151
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    How advanced low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) laminates and prepregs can improve the reliability of printed circuit boards (PCBs) (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Circuit world 29 (2003), S. 24-31 
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    ISSN: 0305-6120
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper details the impact of "Coefficient of Thermal Expansion" (CTE) imbalances caused by the different materials used in a Printed Circuit Board (PCB). It will also provide guidance as to how the PCB manufacturing process can be modified to accommodate the new requirements from PCB fabricators, assemblers and OEMs for high dimensional consistency of the laminate and prepreg to improve manufacturing yields in bare PCB fabrication, in assembly and during the life-cycle of the electronic device in the field.The paper also explains the risks associated with metal migration and cathodic/anodic filaments (CAF) in PCBs, the impact of a lower CTE and a lower dielectric constant (Dk), as well as the need to minimise the differences of CTE between the PCB laminate and the package/chip in order to better manage the higher stress incurred by the use of lead-free soldering materials. New materials are discussed which are processable in standard PCB fabrication lines, and which can accommodate the needs engendered by halogen-free resin systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03056120310445907
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    Copper electroplating technology for microvia filling (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Circuit world 29 (2003), S. 9-14 
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    ISSN: 0305-6120
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a copper electroplating enabling technology for filling microvias. Driven by the need for faster, smaller and higher performance communication and electronic devices, sequential build up (SBU) technology has been adopted as a viable multilayer printed circuit manufacturing technology. Increased wiring density, reduced line widths, smaller through-holes and microvias are all attributes of these high density interconnect (HDI) packages. Filling the microvias with conductive material allows the use of stacked vias and via in pad designs. Other potential design attributes include thermal management enhancement and benefits for high frequency circuitry. Electrodeposited copper can be utilized for filling microvias and provides potential advantages over alternative via plugging techniques. The features, development, scale up and results of direct current (DC) and periodic pulse reverse (PPR) acid copper via filling processes, including chemistry and equipment, are described.
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    Liquid photoimageable soldermask application methods and their influence on processing (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Circuit world 29 (2003), S. 27-32 
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    ISSN: 0305-6120
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes the application methods currently available for liquid photoimageable (LPI) soldermasks and discusses how these different methods influence the soldermask's processing and its capability at the three main processing stages of coating, drying and imaging. The paper concludes with a description of the use of an evaluation matrix based on LPI application key success factors (KSF) derived from current and future demands.
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    Evaluation of an enhanced oxidation method for the destruction of ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) and related compounds in aqueous solution (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Circuit world 29 (2003), S. 15-19 
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    ISSN: 0305-6120
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) and other chelates are widely employed in the electroless copper plating solutions and related chemistries used in printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing. EDTA in particular, imparts many benefits to these processes but it is also becoming increasingly undesirable from an effluent treatment and environmental perspective. Consequently, there is a need to remove EDTA and similar compounds from effluent produced during the PCB manufacturing process. In this paper, the effectiveness of hydroxyl radicals, generated by a UV/ozone based enhanced oxidation process, in destroying relatively low levels of EDTA and other chelates has been evaluated. The influence of temperature, operating pH and chelate concentration has been investigated. Initial results indicate that a combined UV/ozone based process provides a useful and effective method for conveniently destroying EDTA, its hydroxy ethyl analogue and ethanolamine in aqueous solution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03056120310454952
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    Interconnect stress testing (IST) - an overview of its development and capabilities (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Circuit world 29 (2003), S. 20-26 
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    ISSN: 0305-6120
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Focuses on the development and capabilities of interconnect stress testing (IST), a stress testing method for printed circuit boards (PCBs) that is fast, repeatable and reproducible. IST technology was originally developed in the mid 1980s. Notes that using IST as an electrical test delivers a capability to remove the human factor from the decision making process of product acceptance or rejection and that the technology is emerging as an important test methodology for the assessment of PCB interconnects. IST has the capability to effectively and rapidly quantify the integrity of plated through holes and the unique ability to identify the presence and levels of post separations within a multilayer board.
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    Soldermask laser direct imaging - an enabling technology (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Circuit world 29 (2003), S. 10-13 
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    ISSN: 0305-6120
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The use of laser direct imaging (LDI) processing for outer layer circuit pattern generation and the benefits already obtained with this process have encouraged attention to be focussed on the possibility of using laser direct imaging soldermask (LDISM) in the secondary imaging stage of printed circuit board (PCB) fabrication. As feature sizes on advanced interconnects have continued to diminish and the accompanying spacing between circuit features decreases, the requirement for accurately placing and scaling solder dams and apertures has become more critical in order to ensure that a high yield of finished product can be obtained. Consequently the traditional process of creating photographic artworks for soldermask exposure is rapidly becoming a crucial step that can have significant yield implications due to both environmental conditions and registration issues. The use of LDISMs in combination with specially developed LDI exposure systems is an enabling technology which can offer the benefits of a "standard" mask application process and the positional accuracy and individual image scaling required for guaranteeing improved yields for high density interconnect (HDI) panels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03056120310460757
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    Sophisticated HDI flexible substrates for advanced applications (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Circuit world 29 (2003), S. 14-17 
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    ISSN: 0305-6120
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Miniaturization driven PWBs used for implantable medical devices, hearing aids and other medical and scientific applications, as well as for advanced products in the printing and telecommunication industry, ask for finer and finer structures. Via/pad geometries down to 40/100 microns with 20 microns line and spaces are required, for example, in advanced medical ultrasound probes and for detectors in particle accelerators. State-of-the-art image transfer processes allow extremely dense and precise conductor geometries on very thin flexible circuits with one to six or even more copper layers. These modern image transfer processes, together with an optimised plating process and the combination of UV-YAG laser and microwave plasma drilling for mass microvia formation, result in a very efficient manufacturing technology for highly reliable HDI boards. This HDI manufacturing technology, applied to polyimide materials that can operate over a wide range of temperatures and to new flexible liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) materials with outstanding radio frequency properties, opens up a completely new world of exciting opportunities.
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    An introduction to laser direct imaging for high density interconnects (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Circuit world 29 (2003), S. 32-35 
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    ISSN: 0305-6120
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper gives a short introduction to the features of laser direct imaging (LDI) that make it a valuable technology for high density interconnect (HDI) manufacturing. Outlines the benefits and indicates that LDI is a viable, production proven solution for HDI imaging.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03056120310444160
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    A novel process for the manufacturing of advanced interconnects (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Circuit world 29 (2003), S. 18-21 
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    ISSN: 0305-6120
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A wide variety of novel processing techniques can be used in conjunction with new polymer technologies to enable the clean, efficient and accurate manufacturing of interconnects that provide new solutions to meet the challenges of future environmental, customer and market demands. This paper discusses work undertaken on the development of a suite of alternative approaches to the conventional interconnect manufacturing routes. These new approaches not only offer distinct advantages for the short batch or prototype market, but more interestingly also offer possibilities for use in the high volume, high density interconnect market that increasingly needs innovative manufacturing approaches for many types of electronics products. A new process using mechanical routing or laser ablation in combination with conductive pastes is described.
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    The relationship between self-annealing of plated copper and copper surface treatment (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Circuit world 29 (2003), S. 22-26 
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    ISSN: 0305-6120
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper discusses how the grain size of plated copper changes as time passes by observing the copper surface topography after surface treatment with a roughening agent. This paper also discusses how the time until the recrystallization terminates depends on the amount and type of plating additives as well as current density. The results agree with the known mechanism of grain growth. As a result of our experiments, the best process to gain the optimal surface topography is proposed. We firmly believe that this paper will contribute to the improvement in quality control of the copper surface treatment process, which will in turn lead to the fabrication of PCBs and plastic packages with higher reliability.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03056120310460784
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    Recycling technologies for the treatment of end of life printed circuit boards (PCBs) (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Circuit world 29 (2003), S. 33-37 
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    ISSN: 0305-6120
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: New legislation to encourage the recycling of end of life electronics and moves to implement sustainable development in electronics manufacturing have focussed attention on the large quantity of printed circuit boards (PCBs) being consigned to landfill. Also, in a recent investigation conducted on behalf of the UK's Department of Trade and Industry, the need for new methodologies for dealing with end of life circuit boards was identified as a priority issue. Within the UK it is estimated that ~50,000 tonnes per annum of PCB scrap is currently generated and investigations indicate that only ~15 per cent is subjected to any form of recycling, with the remainder consigned to landfill. This paper reports the results of a scoping study carried out to identify the technologies and processes that can be used to recycle materials from end of life PCBs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03056120310460801
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    Optimal shape design of devices and systems for induction-heating: methodologies and applications (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 111-122 
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    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: The paper reports recent experiences of the authors in the automated optimal design of devices and systems for induction heating. The results presented have been obtained in the frame of a long-lasting cooperation between Laboratory of Electroheat, University of Padova and Electromagnetic Devices CAD Laboratory, University of Pavia. In particular, two case studies are discussed; in both cases, the shape design of the inductor is carried out in a systematic way, by minimizing user-defined objective functions depending on design variables and subject to bounds and constraints. When the design problem is characterized by many objectives which are in mutual conflict, the non-dominated set of solutions is identified.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03321640310452213
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    TFH - transverse flux induction heating of non-ferrous and precious metal strips: Results of a EU research project (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 134-148 
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    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: In the years 1999 and 2000 the Universities of Hannover and Padua and four industrial partners from Italy and Germany have developed a common research project on TFH financed by the EU (Project JOE3-CT98-7023). In this paper, the main results obtained are shortly described.
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    Computer simulation for fundamental study and practical solutions to induction heating problems (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 181-191 
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    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: This presentation is a continuation of the presentation made at IHS 98. The topics remain the same; however, the content is updated to reflect the improvements in both computer software and hardware and some new studies made by Centre for Induction Technology, Inc. (CIT). Several examples are presented that show the results of computer simulation studies and their verification by means of empirical studies. These examples include 1-D, 2-D and 3-D computer simulation of various induction heating systems. Special attention is paid to 3-D electromagnetic simulation, including a fundamental study of the end and edge effects for induction heating of slabs and the historical perspective of this case.
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    Removal of SiC inclusions in molten aluminium using a 12?T static magnetic field (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 58-67 
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    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: The analysis of particles trajectories in a vertical cylindrical coil shows that the magnetization force acting on paramagnetic particles has predominantly axial component which aims upwards and opposite to the gravitational force. In case of superconducting coil and depending on the value of the particle susceptibility, the axial force component can exceed several times the force of gravity. As a result, a motion of the particles in vertical upward direction appears. This effect was utilized to realize a magnetic separator, the main advantage of which is the high effectivity of separation process. A NbTi SC coil generates the magnetization force with a flux density field up to 12?T. Experiments with SiC inclusions in molten Aluminium have been performed to confirm the feasibility of this segregation concept.
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    Experimental and numerical investigations of the temperature field and melt flow in the induction furnace with cold crucible (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 88-97 
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    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Comprehensive knowledge of the complicated physical behavior of the induction furnace with cold crucible (IFCC) is required to utilize the advantages of this melting aggregate in melting and casting chemically high-reactive materials, like titanium-aluminides (TiAl). Practical experiences show that the overheating temperature of the melt is decisive for the quality of the cast products. Therefore, a systematic analysis of the electromagnetic and in particular, the hydrodynamic and thermal behavior of the IFCC is carried out. The examinations of the influence of the construction elements as well as the process parameters on the temperature field and finally the overheating temperature in the IFCC are performed using specifically developed numerical models. The evaluation of the numerical results is done by experimental investigations, where aluminum serves as a model melt for the experimental determination of the thermal and hydrodynamic field of the melt. The analysis of the influence of construction-elements on the overheating temperature is focused on the design of the crucible wall and the crucible bottom, on the height-diameter ratio of the crucible and on the axial inductor position. The inductor current, the operation frequency and the crucible filling level are found to be very important for reaching a high overheating temperature.
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    Evaluation of hysteresis loss using variable pinning parameter (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 328-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: The Jiles-Atherton model of magnetization gives a general description of magnetic induction and hysteresis loss against magnetic field and corresponding current. At wider regions of magnetization, however, the differences between calculated and empirical values become noticeable, especially in the case of hysteresis loss. It seems that these inaccuracies are caused to a large degree by the variation of the optimum values of model parameters in the successive regions of magnetization, and in particular by the change of the pinning coefficient. The application of a simple linear dependence of this parameter on the amplitude of magnetization has substantially improved the accuracy of the model.
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    Improved grouping scheme and meshing strategies for the fast multipole method (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 495-507 
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    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: If the fast multipole method (FMM) is applied in the context of the boundary element method, the efficiency and accuracy of the FMM is significantly influenced by the used hierarchical grouping scheme. Hence, in this paper, a new approach to the grouping scheme is presented to solve numerical examples with problem-oriented meshes and higher order elements accurately and efficiently. Furthermore, with the proposed meshing strategies the efficiency of the FMM can be additionally controlled.
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    Approximate prediction of losses in transformer plates (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 689-702 
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    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Three methods are presented for the approximate prediction of losses in laminated transformer cores. The input data of the calculations are the field distribution obtained by a FEM code assuming the laminated core as a homogeneous medium that conductivity is zero in the direction perpendicular to the lamination. These data are processed by the developed methods to obtain an agreeable approximation of the power losses in the transformer plate. For each approach the same benchmark problem is solved to exploit the properties of the approaches. The goal of the presented study is to select the most suitable method that can be used as a postprocessor of a FEM code.
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    Optimization of perfectly matched layer for 2D Poisson's equation with antisymmetrical or symmetrical boundary conditions (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 520-534 
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    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Parameters of the perfectly matched layer (PML) for 2D magnetic field in a region bounded by circular boundary are rigorously calculated for the case of symmetrical or antisymmetrical boundary conditions. The PML consists of a single or double layer of elements, whose artificial parameters are calculated by minimizing an error function of potential difference between the nodal potentials of the PML and of the original grid expanding to infinity.
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    Robust design of high field magnets through Monte Carlo analysis (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 589-602 
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    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: An effective approach to the optimal design of electromagnetic devices should take into account the effect of mechanical tolerances on the actual devices performance. A possible approach could be to match a Pareto optimality study with a Monte Carlo analysis by randomly varying the constructive parameters. In this paper it is shown how such an analysis can be used to allow an expert designer to select among different Pareto optimal designs.
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    3D - finite element formulation for the computation of a linear transverse flux actuator (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 1077-1088 
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    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: A finite element analysis of a permanent magnet transverse flux linear actuator is presented. In this application where we need a small model (for optimisation purposes) as well as a high accuracy on the computed force, we propose to combine several models with different levels of size and complexity, in order to progressively elaborate an accurate, but nevertheless tractable, model of the system.
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    Numerical solutions of a viscous-hydrodynamic model for semiconductors: the supersonic case (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 205-230 
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    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: In this paper, we solve by a finite difference upwinded method an extended hydrodynamic model for semiconductors, with viscous terms in the momentum equation. In particular, we consider the simulation of a one-dimensional n+-n?-n+ diode, whose solution exhibits at low temperatures strong discontinuities, and investigate the effect of the momentum viscosity on the shock waves. Numerical experiments, performed also on a two-dimensional test case, demonstrate that the numerical scheme, working on non-uniform grids, is suitable to describe solutions with strong variations in time and space. Well-posedness for the boundary conditions is discussed, and a linear stability estimate is established for the one-dimensional n+-n?-n+ diode benchmark problem.
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    Use and analysis of null flux coils (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 304-313 
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    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: There are a number of ways to maintain stable levitation and guidance in Maglev through induction. If the secondary currents are unconstrained, the lift to drag ratio is much less than that realizable with constrained currents in a null flux configuration, regardless of whether the source field is superconducting. This paper investigates 2D and 3D boundary element formulations capable of computing forces on such systems. Such systems pose a special challenge because they involve cross-connected coils having complete flux cancellation when the system is centered. Both 2D and 3D examples are compared to data on a circular test rig.
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    Field-circuit analysis of construction modifications of a torus-type PMDC motor (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 337-355 
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    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: This paper presents the field-circuit analysis of a disc-type torus DC motor with permanent magnets. Calculations of the magnetic field are carried out using the finite element method (FEM) in the 3D space. The integral quantities like the ripple-cogging torque, back electromotive force, flux linkage, self and mutual inductances of the winding are analyzed. The electromagnetic torque is comparatively determined from the Maxwell stress tensor and co-energy methods. Based on the 3D magnetic field calculations, the lumped-parameter model of the tested motor is constructed, taking into account an electronic power converter as well. For comparison, various permanent magnet widths and teeth thicknesses of the stator core are considered. The torque pulsations are shown in simulations to be effectively reduced by an appropriate selection of a permanent magnet width on the pole pitch. Additionally, the efficiency of the tested motor can be significantly improved by a proper selection of the teeth thickness. The simulation results are verified with experimental data obtained from the slotless version of the motor prototype.
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    Simulations of bilateral energy markets using MATLAB (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 424-443 
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    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: This paper presents simulation results of energy bilateral markets using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The algorithm for congestion management and transmission pricing is implemented by means of DC load flow. The simulation results show how elasticity of market participants to transmission usage charges can affect the overall network usage and its cost.
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    Automating the design of low frequency electromagnetic devices - a sensitive issue (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 630-642 
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    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: This paper discusses the possibility of automating the design of electromagnetic devices. Several paradigms currently exist to accelerate the design process, search the design space and examine the effects of tolerances on various parameters. Amongst these are semantic networks, response surfaces, interval mathematics and sensitivity analysis. This paper explores all of these and also suggests what is needed in the future in order to create a true computer based design system.
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    A three-dimensional transmission line matrix (TLM) simulation method for thermal effects in high power insulated gate bipolar transistors (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Circuit world 29 (2003), S. 27-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0305-6120
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In this paper, thermal analysis for a 1,200?A, 3.3?kV insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) module was investigated and analysed using the three-dimensional transmission line matrix (3D-TLM) method. This paper also reviews the present status of the use of various thermal heat spreaders such as AlSiC MMC, Cu-Mo and graphite-Cu MMC and compares these with copper based heat spreaders and the use of aluminium nitride (AlN), diamond and BeO as substrates and their effect to dissipate the heat flux in heat sources localised in IGBT module design. The TLM method was found to be a versatile tool which is ideally suited to the modelling of many power electronic devices and which proved very useful in the study of transient thermal effects in a variety of device structures.
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    The effect of insoluble anodes on the process control and deposit quality of acid copper electroplating baths (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Circuit world 29 (2003), S. 11-18 
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    ISSN: 0305-6120
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Despite the fact that insoluble anodes are becoming more utilized in acid copper electroplating for printed circuit board manufacture, little work has been published on the impact of using such anodes on the process control of the baths or their effect on the electroplated deposit. In this study, two electroplating tanks were set up, which were identical in all aspects except that one tank used the traditional phosphorized soluble anodes, whilst the other employed insoluble anodes. Incorporating insoluble anodes into the electroplating tank caused a large increase in brightener consumption rate and the mechanical properties of the electroplate and the throwing power tended to be somewhat inferior to when soluble copper anodes were employed. This was thought to be due to the problems of controlling the brightener concentration at optimum levels rather than to any deterioration in the electrolyte, attributable to, for example, by-product build-up.
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    The developing technologies of integrated optical waveguides in printed circuits (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Circuit world 29 (2003), S. 42-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 0305-6120
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: High density interconnect (HDI) printed circuits are now being designed in ever-increasing quantities for very high-speed applications. The challenge of opto-electronics and integration of photonics into the printed circuit has started to take off. In the next 7 years, expectations are that photonic printed circuit boards will grow to a $2.5 billion industry. This paper looks at the issues, materials and current processes being researched by European, Japanese and North American organizations to create this integrated opto-electronic circuit board. In addition to reviewing the global players in polymer photonics, this paper will review the current programs of four of the six groups globally, namely EOBC-OptoFoil (University of Ulm, Fraunhafer Inst., Daimler-Chrysler, Siemens), PolyGuide (Dupont, HP), TOPCat (NIST, 3M, Goodyear), Truemode™ (Terahertz), NTT and JIEP.
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    Category, slot harmonics and the torque of induction machines (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 388-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Based on Fourier series theory, for almost periodic functions, the general as well as the specific harmonic-balance model of induction machines is presented together with a brief derivation. Whereas the general model refers to both symmetrical and asymmetrical machines, the specific one is valid for only the former ones, with windings without parallel branches. The specific model permits classification of all symmetrical machines into three categories. The classification preserves its usefulness for machines not strictly fulfilling assumptions for the validity of the specific model. Expressions for the asynchronous and synchronous torque components are derived. Categories as well as frequencies of both the slot harmonics and the synchronous torques are listed in four tables referring to machines with one to four pole pairs.
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    New approach to the optimisation of three-phase three-wire systems with sinusoidal voltage sources and nonlinear loads (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 356-371 
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    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: The problems presented in the paper deal with the three-phase three-wire system with sinusoidal voltage sources and nonlinear loads. In the model of the three-phase voltage source the inner impedance has been included. In contrast to earlier proposed methods, the solution of this problem is based in the frequency domain. This method can be used for systems with some classes of nonlinear loads, i.e. for inertialess elements, which consume the active power of the basic harmonic of the voltage source and where the currents of the system are periodic. The above-mentioned power is an additional condition of the presented minimisation. The solution (the active currents) is obtained by means of Lagrange factors and a suitable measurement experiment. The last stage of this method is the determination of the parameters of the compensator, which connected to the system under research evoke the active currents of the voltage sources. This working point for the three-phase three-wire system can be obtained by means of LC, RLC or (RLC,-R) compensators.
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    Fixed-point technique in computing nonlinear eddy current problems (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 231-252 
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    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Eddy currents are investigated in a ferromagnetic bar exposed to a transverse magnetic field. Such an open boundary field problem is analysed applying the Galerkin finite element method coupled with a separation of variables. A steady state is considered, introducing time periodic conditions. The resultant system of nonlinear equations is solved using an iterative procedure based on Brouwer's fixed-point theorem referred to the nonlinear material reluctivity. Numerical results are presented for a massive conductor made of cast steel and cast iron. The eddy-current distribution and characteristics of power losses are illustrated in a graphic form.
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    Electromagnetic fields and human body: a new challenge for the electromagnetic field computation (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 457-469 
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    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: The electromagnetic fields have a great influence on the behaviour of all the living systems. The as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) principle imposes, in case of long exposures to low (i.e. power systems) or high frequency (i.e. microwave systems or cell phones) fields, some limitations to the radiated fields by the industrial equipment. On the other hand, some benefits can be taken from the effects of the electromagnetic fields on the living being: the hyperthermal technique is well known for the treatment of the cancer. Either we want to be protected from the fields, or we want to take benefit of the positive effects of these fields, all the effects thermal as well as genetic have to be well known. Like in any industrial application, the electromagnetic field computation allows a better knowledge of the phenomena, and an optimised design. Hence, there is a very important challenge for the techniques of computation of electromagnetic fields. The major difficulties that appear are: (1) related to the material properties - the "material" (the human body) has very unusual properties (magnetic permeability, electric permittivity, electric conductivity), these properties are not well known and depend on the activity of the person, and this material is an active material at the cell scale; (2) related to the coupling phenomena - the problem is actually a coupled problem: the thermal effect is one of the major effects and it is affected by the blood circulation; (3) related to the geometry - the geometry is complex and one has to take into account the environment. The problems that we have to face with are - the identification of the properties of the "material", the coupled problem solution and the representation of the simulated phenomena.
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    Reconstruction of inhomogeneities in fluids by means of capacitance tomography (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 508-519 
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    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a technique for reconstructing information about the spatial distribution of the contents of closed pipes by measuring variations in the dielectric properties of the material inside the pipe. In this paper, we propose a method that solves the non-linear reconstruction problem directly leading to less iterations and higher accuracy than linear back projection algorithms currently in use in most ECT systems.
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    An electromagnetic approach to analyze the performance of the substation's grounding grid in high frequency domain (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 756-769 
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    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: According to the method of moment, an effective electromagnetic approach for the substation's grounding grid in high frequency domain is presented. An efficient method based on the generalized pencil-of-function method is developed to calculate the generalized Sommerfeld integral. With the method, the value of Green's function in a two-layer medium can be obtained quickly and accurately. The number of unknown variables of the moment method is small. As the dipole antenna theory is introduced, the frequency of the injected current to the grounding grid can vary in a large scale. The method can be used to analyze not only the performance of the grounding grid, but also other grids located under the earth, in the air or penetrating a lossy interface. The computational results are in good agreement with those obtained by other method.
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    Application of the fast multipole method to the 2D finite element-boundary element analysis of electromechanical devices (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 659-673 
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    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: The present paper deals with the fast multipole acceleration of the 2D finite element-boundary element modelling of electromechanical devices. It is shown that the fast multipole method, usually applied to large 3D problems, can also lead to a reduction in computational time when dealing with relatively small 2D problems, provided that an adaptive truncation scheme for the expansion of the 2D Laplace Green function is used. As an application example, the 2D hybrid modelling of a linear actuator is studied, taking into account saturation, the voltage supply and the mechanical equation. The computational cost without and with fast multipole acceleration is discussed for both the linear and nonlinear case.
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    Multigrid for transient 3D eddy current analysis (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 779-788 
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    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: A multigrid (MG) algorithm for the calculation of transient 3D eddy currents is presented. The finite element method with edge elements is used for the discretization of the problems. For the MG smoother, a multiplicative Schwarz algorithm and a special Gauss-Seidel iteration are compared for different formulations of the eddy-current problem. It appears that, using the right combination of smoother and eddy-current formulation, the computation times can be substantially reduced.
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    Robust target functions in electromagnetic design (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 549-560 
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    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Uncertainties in the design variables of non-linear engineering optimization problems are often neglected. That could result in considerable deterioration of the target function value of an implemented design compared with the computed optimal solution. This effect can be reduced with robust optimization, where it is tried to achieve robust designs by actively embedding the uncertainties and robustness measures in the optimization process. A methodology for robust optimization of non-linear problems is presented, including practical methods for the solution of such programs. The benefits of the approach are discussed in a numerical field calculation example.
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    Eddy-current computation on a one pole-pitch model of a synchronous claw-pole alternator (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 834-846 
    Details
    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: This paper deals with 3D finite-element calculation of eddy currents in the claws of a claw-pole alternator taking the rotational geometry movement into account. Two transient edge-based vector formulations are utilised. The reduction of the model to only one pole pitch in combination with a special boundary pairing in the air gap for the applied lock-step method is presented. Calculations of varying material conductivity are performed with simplified end windings. The speed characteristics of the eddy currents with real conductivity and realistic end windings concludes the paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03321640310482841
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  • 84
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    Optimal design of high frequency induction motors with the aid of finite elements (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 1115-1125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: The motors for high-speed operation fed by frequency converters produce, first, a high amount of hysteresis and eddy losses in both stator and rotor iron, and secondly a temperature increase of the rotor due to current distribution in its rotor slots. Conventional calculation using analytical tools could not calculate precisely the required parameters in order to obtain an optimal model to build a prototype that its properties confirm that calculated values with the model. With a finite element method application for magnetic field and heat transfer, the required elements to design a new prototype could be elaborated very precisely and it is also a tool to prove the already existing motors for high speed applications. This allows us also to design energy efficient electrical drives according to the recommendations of the last EEMODS conference held in London in the year 1999 with the support of the European committee for energy saving.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03321640310483048
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  • 85
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    Application of stochastic simulation in the optimisation process of hydroelectric generators (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 821-833 
    Details
    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: In this paper, stochastic optimisation and risk estimation techniques are applied to the problem of hydroelectric generator design. Optimisation results from deterministic simulations can involve considerable risks due to unavoidable variations in system properties as well as environmental conditions. Therefore, stochastic simulation is used to include the effects of parameter scatter and noise effects in the computer models. This allows the evaluation of the scatter in performance and thus an assessment of reliability and quality of the simulated system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03321640310482832
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  • 86
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    Comparison of two modeling methods for induction machine study: application to diagnosis (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 891-908 
    Details
    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: This paper presents two modeling methods applied to induction machine study in order to construct a tool for diagnosis purpose. The first method is based on permeance networks using finite element analysis to calculate magnetic equivalent circuit parameters. The second method consists of the elaboration of an electric equivalent circuit obtained from minimal geometrical knowledge on stator and rotor parts of the machine on study. These two methods are presented and their results are compared with respect to the normal and rotor broken bar operation. For this study, a simple structure induction machine with three stator coils and six rotor bars has been investigated. The presented results concern stator currents and electromagnetic torque for the rated speed and the magnitude of the stator current harmonic components have been compared.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03321640310482887
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  • 87
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    Calculation of eddy current losses in metal parts of power transformers (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 1102-1114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: To maintain quality, performance and competitiveness, the eddy current losses in metal parts of power transformers in the range of 50-200 MVA are investigated in a more detailed form. The finite element calculations utilize different modelling strategies for the current carrying metal parts. Several global and local results are further used to obtain simplified calculation approaches for an inclusion in the initial design and the design optimization. The results from two finite element approaches using nodal and edge based formulations will be compared with measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03321640310483039
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  • 88
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    Calculation of eddy current losses and temperature rises at the stator end portion of hydro generators (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 877-890 
    Details
    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: This paper deals with a calculation method of eddy current losses and temperature rises at the stator end teeth of hydro generators. It can be used for analysing and evaluating different design variants when optimising the stator core end portion. The calculation method simulates the three-dimensional local core end field, but uses only a two-dimensional calculation model. Amongst all the stator teeth it treats the tooth with the highest axial and radial magnetic flux impact. The paper presents a collection of calculation algorithms of the method and provides some results gained for two different stator core end designs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03321640310482878
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  • 89
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    Current shapes leading to positive effects on acoustic noise of switched reluctance drives (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 998-1008 
    Details
    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: A torque ripple minimization technique for switched reluctance motors is shown in this paper. Precalculated current shapes are applied to reduce torque ripple and to raise the degrees of freedom of the application in the commutation region. The optimization criteria for this region can be chosen freely. Therefore, it is possible to take positive effect to some motor characteristics like power losses, mechanical vibrations or acoustic noise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03321640310482959
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  • 90
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    An accurate model for a lead-acid cell suitable for real-time environments applying control volume method (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 703-714 
    Details
    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: The accurate simulation of battery cells is of growing interest in automotive industry especially in hybrid vehicle technology. Conventional lumped parameter models are not able to predict the battery voltage accurately. Thus models describing the physics of the battery cell are searched. In this paper a model consisting of six partial differential equations is proposed, which predicts the state of charge (SOC) and the battery voltage for given charge and discharge current densities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03321640310475137
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  • 91
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    A full-Maxwell algorithm for the field-to-multiconductor line-coupling problem (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 789-805 
    Details
    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: A general method to study the response of a system of multiconductors, lying above a perfectly conducting ground and excited by a HF electromagnetic field wave, is presented in this paper. The governing system of integro-differential equations is solved by means of a numerical procedure based on a Fourier series transformation. It can be proved that the series in which the unknowns of the problem, namely the currents along the conductors, are developed converge to the exact solution and only few terms are needed. The obtained results have been compared with those of a widely employed scattering code, showing faster performances for a given accuracy. Therefore, the algorithm can be seen as a more accurate alternative to the classical transmission line theory (TL) for all the situations (short transmission line, interconnects, etc.) in which the line geometrical parameters and the frequencies of interest make TL a rough approximation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03321640310475209
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  • 92
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    Spatial linearity of an unbalanced magnetic pull in induction motors during eccentric rotor motions (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 862-876 
    Details
    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: There is an unbalanced magnetic pull between the rotor and stator of the cage induction motor when the rotor is not concentric with the stator. These forces depend on the position and motion of the centre point of the rotor. In this paper, the linearity of the forces in proportion to the rotor eccentricity is studied numerically using time-stepping finite element analysis. The results show that usually the forces are linear in proportion to the rotor eccentricity. However, the closed rotor slots may break the spatial linearity at some operation conditions of the motor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03321640310482869
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  • 93
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    An update on the WEEE and RoHS directives (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Circuit world 29 (2003), S. 51-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 0305-6120
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Outlines and comments on the waste electrical and electronic equipment and the restriction on the use of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment directives, which have recently become law.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03056120310478587
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  • 94
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    The use of automated optical testing (AOT) in statistical process control (SPC) for printed circuit board (PCB) production (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Circuit world 29 (2003), S. 19-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0305-6120
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Statistical process control is a powerful tool for understanding changes taking place during the manufacture of a printed circuit board. It can be used to raise the product quality and enable trend spotting, as well as leading to overall reduction of product costs and lead times. In this paper, the links between the more traditional methods of inspection and test, and how they have given birth via the conventional automatic optical inspection, to the more sophisticated and state-of-the-art automatic optical testing are explored.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03056120310478532
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    A new method for destroying organic contaminants and recycling waste water from printed circuit board manufacturing process effluent streams (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Circuit world 29 (2003), S. 34-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0305-6120
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and other organic chelates are widely employed in electroless plating processes used by the printed circuit board and metal finishing industries. These chelating agents can pose problems with downstream waste water treatment, and metals and water recycling processes, due to their ability to complex heavy metal ions and their low biodegradabilities. Conventional treatment methods, such as carbon adsorption, air stripping and reverse osmosis can create secondary waste problems and are normally applied as "end of pipe" treatments. The development of new technology to address these problems would be welcomed. The ROCWAT project, funded by the EC under the "CRAFT" programme, detailed in this paper was undertaken to develop and deliver innovative techniques for the in situ destruction of chelates and other organics found in manufacturing process chemistries and effluent streams.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03056120310478569
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  • 96
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    3D FEM models for numerical simulation of induction sealing of packaging material (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 170-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: In the paper a 3D finite element method (FEM) model of induction sealing of multilayer packaging material will be presented. A parametrical analysis of the model has been performed in order to evaluate the behaviour of the system as regards the power supply frequency and insertion of high permeability materials in particular zones of the inductor. Some considerations about the difficulty of implementing the FEM model will be discussed. A comparison with experimental results has been done in order to understand the reliability of the numerical model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03321640310452268
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  • 97
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    Turbulent flow dynamics, heat transfer and mass exchange in the melt of induction furnaces (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 39-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Experimental investigations of the turbulent flow velocities measured in the melt of experimental induction furnaces show, that beside the intensive local turbulence pulsations, macroscopic low-frequency oscillations of the recirculated toroidal main flow eddies play an important role in the heat and mass exchange processes. Traditional numerical calculations of the flow and transfer processes, based on wide spread commercial codes using various modifications of the k-? turbulence model show that these models do not take into account the low-frequency oscillations of the melt flow and the calculated temperature and concentration distributions in the melt essentially differs from experimental results. Therefore, the melt flow dynamics in an induction crucible furnace was numerically simulated with help of transient three-dimensional calculations using the large eddy simulation turbulence model. This leads to a good agreement between calculated and measured periods of low-frequency oscillations and heat and mass transfer between the toroidal flow eddies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03321640310452006
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  • 98
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    Modelling of induction heating and consequent hardening of long prismatic bodies (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 79-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: The paper deals with the problem of induction hardening of long prismatic ferromagnetic bodies. The body is first heated to the austenitizing temperature typically in a cylindrical inductor fed from a source of harmonic current and then merged into a cooling medium. In specific cases, equalisation of temperatures within the body before its cooling may also be required. The mathematical model of the induction heating consists of two non-linear second order differential equations of the parabolic type describing the distribution of the electromagnetic and non-stationary temperature fields while the cooling is described by the heat equation and a theoretically empirical algorithm for mapping the process of hardening. The suggested methodology partially takes into account the temperature dependencies of all material parameters. The theoretical analysis is supplemented with an illustrative example and discussion of the results. Computations have been performed by means of professional codes and single-purpose user programs developed by the authors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03321640310452187
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  • 99
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    Electromechanical properties of a disc-type salient-pole brushless DC motor with different pole numbers (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 285-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: A brushless, permanent magnet, three-phase disc-type salient-pole DC motor with co-axial flux in the stator is considered. Electromechanical properties of a basic eight-pole motor are compared with those for a 16-pole one of the same volume, in order to contrast the two potential candidates for variable-speed, low-cost drives. As a basis of the comparative analysis, 3D FEM magnetic field modelling and circuit analysis considering an electronic commutator are employed. Increasing the number of poles results in unfavourable raising in the switching frequency. The eight-pole motor construction has been shown in simulations to have higher efficiency and lower power losses than its 16-pole counterpart.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03321640310459216
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  • 100
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    Stochastic response surface method and tolerance analysis in microelectronics (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Compel 22 (2003), S. 314-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 0332-1649
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Tolerance analysis is a very important tool for chip design in the microelectronics industry. The usual method for tolerance analysis is Monte Carlo simulation, which, however, is extremely CPU intensive, because in order to yield statistically significant results, it needs to generate a large sample of function values. Here we report on another method, recently introduced in several fields, called stochastic response surface method, which might be a viable alternative to Monte Carlo simulation for some classes of problems. The application considered here is on the tolerance analysis of the current of a submicrometer n+-n-n+ diode as a function of the channel length and the channel doping. The numerical simulator for calculating the current is based on the energy transport hydrodynamical model introduced by Stratton, which is one of the most widely used in this field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03321640310459234
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