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  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (549)
  • BIOSCIENCES  (378)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (927)
  • 1935-1939
  • 1972  (927)
  • 1938
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  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (927)
  • 1935-1939
Year
  • 101
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    Circadian rhythm asynchrony in man during hypokinesis. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Posture and exercise were investigated as synchronizers of certain physiologic rhythms in eight healthy male subjects in a defined environment. Four subjects exercised during bed rest. Body temperature (BT), heart rate, plasma thyroid hormone, and plasma steroid data were obtained from the subjects for a 6-day ambulatory equilibration period before bed rest, 56 days of bed rest, and a 10-day recovery period after bed rest. The results indicate that the mechanism regulating the circadian rhythmicity of the cardiovascular system is rigorously controlled and independent of the endocrine system, while the BT rhythm is more closely aligned to the endocrine system.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology; 33; Nov. 197
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  • 102
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    Method for analyses of cyclic physiological data that are nonstationary in time. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The proposed method of studying biologic rhythms permits the biologist to view physiological data dynamically without assuming that the data are stationary in time. Vector representation of data points is employed, and the summation of the vectors (train of vectors) produces a summation dial that is able to detect dynamic changes in the time of the peak as well as random walks (arrhythmia).
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology; 33; Nov. 197
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  • 103
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    Properties of phosphoribulokinase from Thiobacillus neapolitanus. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Bacteriology; 112; Oct. 197
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  • 104
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    Special report - UV: Eye on the moon. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Lunar Surface Ultraviolet Spectrographic Camera, the primary objective of which was to determine the location and extent of gaseous material (principally hydrogen) in preselected regions of the celestial sphere is described. Camera capability included acquisition of direct imagery and spectroscopy of the same target. The optical section made use of a Schmidt reflector component. The procedure for making photographic records is outlined.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Spectra; 6; Dec. 197
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  • 105
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    Mariner 9 Michelson interferometer. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Michelson interferometer on Mariner 9 measures the thermal emission spectrum of Mars between 200 and 2000 per cm (between 5 and 50 microns) with a spectral resolution of 2.4 per cm in the apodized mode. A noise equivalent radiance of 0.5 x 10 to the minus 7th W/sq cm/ster/cm is deduced from data recorded in orbit around Mars. The Mariner interferometer deviates in design from the Nimbus 3 and 4 interferometers in several areas, notably, by a cesium iodide beam splitter and certain aspects of the digital information processing. Special attention has been given to the problem of external vibration. The instrument performance is demonstrated by calibration data and samples of Mars spectra.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; Nov. 197
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  • 106
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    Studies of the electron transport chain of extremely halophilic bacteria. VIII - Respiration-dependent detergent dissolution of cell envelopes. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta; 282; 1972
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  • 107
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    Experimental comparisons of the international pyrheliometric scale with the absolute radiation scale. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Solar irradiance measurements by instruments (Eppley Angstrom Pyrheliometers) reproducing the International Pyrheliometric Scale (IPS) have been compared with measurements made simultaneously by a number of JPL Active Cavity Radiometers (ACR) and the Practical Absolute Cavity Radiometer (PACRAD). The results of these tests demonstrate a systematic difference between the absolute radiation scale as defined by the ACR and PACRAD measurements and the IPS.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nature; 239; Sept. 22
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  • 108
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    Isolation of a polyvalent bacteriophage for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Aerobacter aerogenes. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Virology; 9; May 1972
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  • 109
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    Thermoprobe - An instrument for determining the temperature of opaque, translucent, and transparent surfaces in the incandescent temperature range. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Aug. 197
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  • 110
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    Measurements of ultrasonic velocities using a digital averaging technique. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A new pulse-echo technique using real-time digital averaging is described for measuring the phase velocity in solids up to 50 MHz. The technique can measure the transit time between any two echoes to an absolute accuracy of 0.1 nsec and measure small changes in transit time to a sensitivity of 20 psec. Experimental examples are given based upon ultrasonic velocity measurements in a single crystal superconductor.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Acoustical Society of America; vol. 52
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  • 111
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    Lipid composition of growing and starving cells of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Missing abstr.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Bacteriology; 111
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  • 112
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    Encoding and decoding of color information using two-dimensional spatial filtering. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Spatial frequency encoding is described as it applies to both photographic and television systems. In each case, color separations amplitude modulate spatial frequency carriers. The photographic system separates the carriers in the two-dimensional Fourier transform plane using coherent optics; the television system employs a two-dimensional electrical filter to perform the same separation. These filters are synthesized so that the two-dimensional bandwidths of the television camera are used efficiently. Nonlinear processing techniques are also described to minimize crosstalk between channels.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Computers; C-21; July 197
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  • 113
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    Escape conditioning and low-frequency whole-body vibration - The effects of frequency, amplitude, and controls for noise and activation. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Seven experiments are reported on low-frequency whole-body vibration and rats' escape conditioning in a modified Skinner box. In the first three studies, conditioning was observed but was independent of frequency. In experiment four, the number of escape responses was directly related to vibration amplitude. Experiment five was a control for vibration noise and noise termination; experiments six and seven studied vibration-induced activation. Noise termination did not produce conditioning. In experiment six, subjects made more responses when responding led to termination than when it did not. In experiment seven, subjects preferred a bar which terminated vibration to one which did not.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Psychonomic Science; 27; May 10
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  • 114
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    Isolation and characterization of ultraviolet light-sensitive mutants of the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Three independently isolated ultraviolet light sensitive (uvs) mutants of Anacystis nidulans were characterized. Strain uvs-1 showed the highest sensitivity to UV by its greatly reduced photoreactivation capacity following irradiation. Pretreatment with caffeine suppressed the dark-survival curve of strain uvs-1, thus indicating the presence of excision enzymes involved in dark repair. Under 'black' and 'white' illumination, strain uvs-1 shows photorecovery properties comparable with wild-type cultures. Results indicate that strains uvs-1, uvs-35, and uvs-88 are probably genetically distinct UV-sensitive mutants.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Bacteriology; 110; June 197
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  • 115
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    Circumsolar radiation and the International Pyrheliometric Scale. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Issue is taken with the ascription of the 2% discrepancy in values of solar irradiance at the surface of the earth, found between the measurements performed by the absolute radiometers of Kendall and Wilson and those obtained by Eppley-Angstrom pyrheliometers, to the possibility that the two types of instruments might collect different amounts of circumsolar radiation. It is shown that this explanation is very unlikely.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; June 197
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  • 116
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    Cerenkov light collection in the high energy astronomical observatory - A cosmic ray experiment. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Review of some of the problems encountered in the development of an improved Cerenkov counter for high energy cosmic ray experiments, and discussion of the approaches used or contemplated for the solution of these problems. The solution is felt to be contingent upon a better UV-reflecting paint and an improved radiator and photomultiplier positioning.
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  • 117
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    Exobiology, Jupiter and life. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent experiments in an environmental chamber have shown that not even hardy terrestrial bacteria can survive on the Martian surface. The planet Jupiter is now considered by many to be the most likely place to find nonterrestrial life. Atmospheric simulation experiments for Jupiter that have been performed involve spark or semicorona discharges in mixtures of methane and ammonia at room temperature and a pressure lower than atmospheric. Terrestrial microorganisms have been shown capable of surviving 24 hr under a range of possible Jovian atmospheric conditions. The final mode of approach to the question of Jovian life concerns theoretical studies on the sort of chemical systems from which life could be generated.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Spaceflight; 14; June 197
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  • 118
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    Acute changes in the central nervous system of monkeys exposed to protons. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Study of the changes occurring in simian brain exposed to protons of varied energy, given in wide dose and dose-rate ranges. Results show that inflammatory reaction and glycogen accumulation in astrocytes occurred practically in all animals. Cerebral cortical necrosis, granule cell pyknosis, and inflammatory reaction occurred at doses far lower than effective for high-energy gamma radiation given other series of monkeys at comparable dose rates. Metallic impregnation, carried out in virtually all the animals tested, revealed a wide variation in glial response even at equal doses and dose rates in the same proton energy series. Proton energy effect, dose effect, dose-time effect, and dose-rate effect were evident in the various morphological categories investigated, but inconsistencies were encountered.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology; 31; Jan. 197
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  • 119
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    Noise suppression by time exposure oscilloscope photography. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: We describe a simple and inexpensive means of enhancing repetitive signals obscured by noise with roughly equal amplitude. The signal and noise are displayed on an oscilloscope, and we perform a time average over many traces by time exposure photography. If the oscilloscope triggering is synchronous with the signal, the result is a significant suppression of the offending noise.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; May 1972
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  • 120
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    The theoretical output of a ring core fluxgate sensor. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Demonstration that the output from a ring core sensor is directly proportional to the first time derivative of the product of dynamic permeability and magnetic intensity perturbation within the core caused by an external, uniform magnetic field. (Dynamic permeability is defined to be the slope of the hysteresis loop at a given point in time). Assuming that ellipsoidal shells can approximate the core, the demagnetization factor can be 'estimated' in the first order to be proportional to the first power of the quantity tape thickness (or number of wraps) divided by the core diameter. The constant of proportionality is determined from laboratory data. When an additional scale adjustment is applied to the resulting sensor output formula, the computed output tracks laboratory data for a range of sensor geometries.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Magnetics; MAG-8; Dec. 197
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  • 121
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    Comparative anatomy of the vestibular nuclear complex in submammalian vertebrates. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A synopsis of the literature on the natural history of the vestibular nuclear complex (VNC) in lower vertebrates is presented in an attempt to assess the knowledge available. The review discloses that there is considerable descriptive information that is widely dispersed in the literature. However, information about the topology, number, and cellular composition of the cell groups that compose the VNC is sketchy. Major cytological and hodological information is still needed to establish which parts of the VNC actually are homologous.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
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  • 122
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    Search for biogenic structures and viable organisms in lunar samples - A review. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An attempt is made to summarize the examinations and tests of the lunar samples to date and point out the limitations and tentative conclusions regarding the biology of the moon. The low levels of organic carbon, the lack of hydrous minerals, and inability to hold an atmosphere all make it unlikely that the moon could provide sufficient sources of organics and water to generate even the rudimentary beginnings of chemical precursors to life.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
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  • 123
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    Solvent effects on enzymes - Implications for extraterrestrial life. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Review of several studies on the alterations taking place in the structure, catalytic activity, specificity, and stability of an enzyme when some or all of the water in the medium is replaced by another solvent. These studies show the utility of solvents as a tool for probing enzyme function. They also suggest that solvents other than water should be investigated as media for controlling and directing enzyme reactions.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
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  • 124
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    Evolution of ribonuclease in relation to polypeptide folding mechanisms. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Comparisons of the N-terminal region of pancreatic RNAase in seven species are presented, taking into account cow, bison, deer, rat, pig, kangaroo, and turtle. The available limited evidence on hypervariable regions indicates that there is still an evolutionary constraint on them. It is proposed that there is a selection pressure acting on all regions of a protein sequence in evolution. Mutations that tend to obstruct the folding process can lead to various intensities of selection pressure.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Nature; 240; Dec. 15
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  • 125
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    Side-viewing detector for a vacuum ultraviolet reflectometer. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The problem of detector response, which arises in the application of the reflectance vs angle of incidence method to the determination of optical constants in the vacuum UV spectral region is discussed. The analysis is performed for the side-viewing 1P21 detector sensitized with sodium salycilate. To take advantage of the wide selection photomultipliers available in the end-on configuration, a scheme for converting the end-on types to a side viewing geometry with a response uniform over several degrees of detector rotation is developed. It consists of a 32-mm diam spherical collector, located at the end of a cylindrical photomultiplier holder, with 12-mm entrance and viewing ports and a position for the sensitized screen also 12-mm in diameter.-
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; Dec. 197
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  • 126
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    Thyroid and adrenal cortical rhythmicity during bed rest. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effects of prolonged bed rest on adrenocortical and thyroid function were assessed in eight healthy males, aged 20-40 years, who were submitted to bed rest for 56 days on a 14L:10D regimen (lights-on, 9:00 AM). Four of these subjects exercised three times daily throughout the experiment. Circulating cortisol, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine, concentrations were determined in blood samples drawn at four hourly intervals for 48-hr periods before, 10, 20, 30, 42, and 54 days during, and 10 days post-bed rest. Significant fluctuations in the circulating levels of all three hormones occurred with peaks at 7:30 AM. The suggestion is advanced that thyroid rhythms may be posture dependent.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology; 33; Nov. 197
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  • 127
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    A salt-inhibited cytochrome c reductase obtained from the moderately halophilic bacterium, Micrococcus halodenitrificans. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Bacteriology; 112; Oct. 197
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  • 128
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    The National Aeronautics and Space Administration-U.S. Public Health Service Health Evaluation and Enhancement Program - Summary of results. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An exercise program was initiated in a federal agency to assess the feasibility of such a program, and to identify the factors that influenced joining, adherence to, and effectiveness of the program. The program was utilized by 237 of the 998 eligible federal employees; mean attendance rate was 1.3 days/week. Those who volunteered perceived a need for increased physical activity, believed they had sufficient time to participate and derived subjective as well as objective benefits. Significant improvements were found in heart rate response to the standard exercise test, body weight, skinfold measurements and triglyceride levels.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: American Journal of Cardiology; 30; Nov. 197
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  • 129
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    Aircraft measurements of microwave emission from Arctic Sea ice. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurements of the microwave emission from Arctic Sea ice were made with aircraft at 8 wavelengths ranging from 0.510 to 2.81 cm. The expected contrast in emissivities between ice and water was observed at all wavelengths. Distributions of sea ice and open water were mapped from altitudes up to 11 km in the presence of dense cloud cover. Different forms of ice also exhibited strong contrasts in emissivity. Emissivity differences of up to 0.2 were observed between two types of ice at the 0.811-cm wavelength. The higher emissivity ice type is tentatively identified as having been formed more recently than the lower emissivity ice.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 2; Oct. 197
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  • 130
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    Natural aging and radiation-induced life shortening in Drosophila melanogaster. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Mechanisms of Ageing and Development; 1; 1972
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  • 131
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    Studies of the electron transport chain of extremely halophilic bacteria. VII - Solubilization properties of menadione reductase. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Biological Chemistry; 247; May 25
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  • 132
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    Chemical evolution and the origin of life - Bibliography supplement 1970. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Space Life Sciences; 3; June 197
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  • 133
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    'Thunder' - Shock waves in pre-biological organic synthesis. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Theoretical study of the gasdynamics and chemistry of lightning-produced shock waves in a postulated primordial reducing atmosphere. It is shown that the conditions are similar to those encountered in a previously performed shock-tube experiment which resulted in 36% of the ammonia in the original mixture being converted into amino acids. The calculations give the (very large) energy rate of about 0.4 cal/sq cm/yr available for amino acid production, supporting previous hypotheses that 'thunder' could have been responsible for efficient large-scale production of organic molecules serving as precursors of life.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Space Life Sciences; 3; June 197
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  • 134
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    Neuropathological evaluation of monkeys exposed to body-alone X-radiation. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Investigation of the problem of whether morphological changes occurring in the central nervous system (CNS) following whole-body irradiation are attributable in part to abscopal factors. The 12 monkeys irradiated and the 6 that served as controls were chosen from a pool of 25 young monkeys. Over the postirradiation survival period of 14 days the hematocrit and hemoglobin values varied only slightly from the baseline values and from the values in the 6 control animals. White cell fractions were reduced in quantity but tended to recover relatively soon after irradiation. The design of this experiment was regarded as adequate to allow a conclusion whether pathological changes in the CNS of the irradiated animals differed from or exceeded those observed in the control animals. That such occurred on both counts in 3 of the 12 irradiated animals was evident. It appears that all the lesions must have been abscopally induced.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Space Life Sciences; 3; June 197
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  • 135
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    The influence of clinostat rotation on the fertilized amphibian egg. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Study in which unrestrained, fertilized eggs of Rana pipiens and Xenopus laevis were rotated in a plane parallel to the normal gravity vector. In R. pipiens rotation at 1/4 rpm for five days at 18 C produced a significantly increased number of commonly occurring abnormalities. Rotation at 1/15, 1/8, 1, 2, 5 and 10 rpm did not significantly affect normal development. X. laevis eggs reacted similarly. R. pipiens eggs were most sensitive to rotation at 1/4 rpm when exposure was initiated before first cleavage. Mixing of intracellular constituents apparently occurred only at 1/4 rpm in R. pipiens (of the clinostat speeds studied), and may have been the cause of the increased abnormality observed at this rate.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Space Life Sciences; 3; June 197
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  • 136
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    Brain tumors in irradiated monkeys. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A study was made of 32 monkeys which survived one to seven years after total body exposure to protons or to high-energy X rays. Among these 32 monkeys there were 21 which survived two years or longer after exposure to 200 to 800 rad. Glioblastoma multiforme developed in 3 of the 10 monkeys surviving three to five years after receiving 600 or 800 rad 55-MeV protons. Thus, the incidence of tumor development in the present series was far higher than the incidence of spontaneously developing brain tumors in monkeys cited in the literature. This suggests that the tumors in the present series may have been radiation-induced.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Acta Neuropathologica; 20; 1972
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  • 137
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    Infrared heterodyne solar radiometry. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An infrared heterodyne radiometer has sufficient sensitivity for application to high resolution spectrometric studies of the sun and the absorption of sunlight in the atmosphere. In the 10-micron region, the resolution can typically range from less than .0067/cm to .067/cm. The minimum detectable signal can approach 10 to the -24th power W/Hz. The infrared heterodyne radiometer (IHR) can also be used for atmospheric propagation studies at the emission frequencies of the CO2 laser for the examination of the feasibility of space-to-ground laser communication links.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; July 197
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  • 138
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    The geometric factor of a cylindrical plate electrostatic analyzer. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A method for calculating the geometric factor of cylindrical plate electrostatic energy analyzers with various detector geometries is described. The effects of the fringe field are estimated. For a special simple case an exact geometric factor is calculated, enabling an estimate to be made of the inaccuracies of the approximations used in other cases. The results of some calculations are presented, and a simple approximate expression for the geometric factor is deduced.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; July 197
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  • 139
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    Sensitive visual test for concave diffraction gratings. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A simple visual test for the evaluation of concave diffraction gratings is described. It is twice as sensitive as the Foucault knife edge test, from which it is derived, and has the advantage that the images are straight and free of astigmatism. It is particularly useful for grating with high ruling frequency where the above image faults limit the utility of the Foucault test. The test can be interpreted quantitatively and can detect zonal grating space errors of as little as 0.1 A.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; June 197
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  • 140
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    A common modality of action of simulated space stresses on the oxidative metabolism of ethylmorphine, aniline and p-nitroanisole by male rat liver. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: High gravity, cold and starvation elicited similar responses in male Simonson rats. These responses included a decreased rate in body weight gain, increased metabolism of aniline and p-nitroanisole, and no consistent pattern of change in the metabolism of ethylmorphine. Cold and starvation increased the amount of hepatic cytochrome P-450, while hypobaric-hyperoxia caused no change in any of the parameters measured. When 1% acetone was given to the rats in their drinking water, the effects on drug metabolism were similar to those produced by food restriction in that the metabolism of aniline and p-nitroanisole was increased, and the metabolism of ethylmorphine unchanged. The type I binding spectrum of acetone suggests that it is either a substrate, inhibitor, or both for hepatitic oxidative enzymes.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology; 21; 1972
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  • 141
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    Infrared response measurements on radiation-damaged Si/Li/ detectors. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The improved infrared response (IRR) technique has been used to qualitatively compare radiation effects on Si(Li) detectors with energy levels reported for silicon in the literature. Measurements have been made on five commercial silicon detectors and one fabricated in-house, both before and after irradiation with fast neutrons, 1.9-MeV protons, and 1.6-MeV electrons. Effects dependent upon the extent of radiation damage have been observed. It seems likely that the photo-EMF, or photo-voltage, effect is the basic mechanism for the observation of IRR in p-i-n diodes with a wide i-region. Experimental characteristics of the IRR measurement are in agreement with those of the photovoltage effect.
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  • 142
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    A dilatometer for volume-temperature determinations of liquids. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An instrument is described for the continuous volume measurement of small (3.7 ml) samples of liquids as a function of temperature. The sample is sealed in a stainless steel bellows chamber. Volume changes are measured with a linear variable differential transformer while temperature is measured by means of a thermistor and associated circuitry. Volume changes can be determined to better than .1 microliter ml over a temperature range of 10-60 C. The maximum sample volume change is 7%.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; May 1972
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  • 143
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    Smoke Plume Analysis Using Fan-beam and Single-beam Radiometers (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-09
    Description: Smoke plume data were taken using the stacks of the Mills Road Steam Plant on Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama. The fan-beam unit was placed approximately 235 meters east of the Mills Road Steam Plant, and the single-beam unit was placed approximately 80 meters north of the fan-beam unit. Results of the smoke plume measurements indicate that the smoke plume is a periodic process near the mouth of the smokestack. The usefulness of the system is limited because of inaccurate and cumbersome positioning methods and base line constraints due to cable length. It is recommended that the radiometers be mounted on pedestals which have both azimuth and elevation positions determined by digitally controlled stepper drive motors. It is also recommended that a time multiplex system be used to transmit data from the radiometers to the electronics van.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Auburn Univ. The NASA-ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; p 65-73
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  • 144
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    Nutrition and Musculoskeletal Function: Skylab Experiment Series Number M070 (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-05
    Description: The M070 experiments are expected to give medical investigators precise information on a variety of biochemical changes occurring during exposure to space flight. Sufficient control data are being generated by baseline studies to differentiate those effects that are caused by weightless flight and those that are caused by other abnormal conditions that normally accompany spaceflight.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Proc. of the 1971 Manned Spacecraft Center Endocrine Program Conf.; 10 p
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  • 145
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    Development of Sensitive and Direct Methods for Measuring Plasma Aldosterone and Catecholamine Concentrations (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-05
    Description: Radioimmunoassays for renin activity, angiotensin 1, and angiotensin 2 in the study of vasomotor regulation give new insight into the role of the renin system in maintaining postural homeostatsis. Similar laboratory procedures for specific assays of aldosterone and catecholamines achieve accurate determinations in small human blood samples.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the 1971 Manned Spacecraft Center Endocrine Program Conf.; 12 p
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  • 146
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    Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and Vitamin D (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-05
    Description: Analyses of secretion of parathyroid hormone during tests of stimulation and suppression of hormone-secretory activity using infusions of EDTA and calcium, respectively, have established that, in contrast to previous views, secretion of the hormone is not autonomous in many patients that have adenomatous hyperparathyroidism, but is responsive to changes in blood-calcium concentration. These findings have led to a new understanding of the pathophysiology of hormone production in hyperparathy-roidism. A related application of the diagnostic use of the radioimmunoassay is the preoperative localization of parathyroid tumors and the distinction between adenomas and chief-cell hyperplasia. Work involving catheterization and radioimmunoassay of blood samples obtained from the subclavin and innominate veins and the venae cavae, led to localization in a high percentage of patients. However, this procedure has been adopted recently to detect hormone concentration in the small veins directly draining the parathyroid glands.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the 1971 Manned Spacecraft Center Endocrine Program Conf.; 28 p
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  • 147
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    Studies of the Renin-aldosterone System and Sodium Homeostasis During Simulated Weightlessness: Application of the Water Immersion Model to Man (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-05
    Description: The ability of water immersion to reproducibly suppress renin and aldosterone and to produce a significant natriuresis in man during weightlessness simulation is proven. It is concluded that the water immersion model constitutes a useful tool for elucidating the mechanism of natriuresis occurring during manned space flight and the specific countermeasures for use in its management.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the 1971 Manned Spacecraft Center Endocrine Program Conf.; 13 p
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  • 148
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    The NASA-USPHS Health Evaluation and Enhancement Program (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-05
    Description: An exercise program was initiated to assess the feasibility of an on the job health evaluation and enhancement program, as well as to identify the factors which influenced volunteering, adherence, and effectiveness of the program. The program was utilized by 237 of the 998 eligible Federal employees, with a mean attendance of 1.3 days per week. Those who volunteered perceived a need for increased physical activity, felt they had sufficient time to participate, and derived subjective as well as objective benefits. Significant improvements were found in heart rate response to the standard exercise test, body weight, skinfold measurements, and triglycerides. A consistent relationship was found between subjectively reported effects of the program on work, health habits, and behavior, and improvement in cardiovascular function, based on treadmill performance. Numerous personal and programmatic factors influencing volunteering and participation were identified.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Proc. of the Ann. Conf. of NASA Clinic Directors, Environ. Health Offic. and Med. Program Advisors; p 173-195
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  • 149
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    Comments on Photochemistry (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Requirements for determining the source of C3 in comets are discussed, and include high resolution observation of the region near the nucleus, and near-continuous coverage.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Ariz. Univ. Comets: Sci. Data and Missions; p 55-56
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  • 150
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    Photometry of comets (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-05
    Description: The photometric observations of comets are discussed in terms of providing profiles of the whole comet.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Ariz. Univ. Comets: Sci. Data and Missions; p 48-50
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  • 151
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    Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone Levels in Ground Based Studies (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: Baseline values of immunoreactive ACTH were established in the normal healthy adult. Normal levels of ACTH secretion were determined for both the male and the female in circulating plasma and serum. The data obtained in these studies are particularly significant in that the sampling was carefully controlled; only healthy employed individuals of both sexes were tested in a routine work situation that would not be considered conducive to stress. It has been found that alterations in the classically described circadian rhythm of ACTH secretion can occur when activities (such as work/rest cycles) are imposed on the individual studied. These changes can be demonstrated even when there is no appreciable change noted in the rhythm of hydrocortisone secretion.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the 1971 Manned Spacecraft Center Endocrine Program Conf.; 9 p
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  • 152
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    Estimation of Vasopressin Excretion in the Urine as a Method of Monitoring Vasopressin Secretion During Space Flight (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: It is demonstrated that, under the circumstances of space flight, the measurement of plasma ADH levels might be misleading and that only the urinary ADH levels provide reliable information. The results of a partially completed survey of ADH levels in urine samples from human subjects in which simultaneous plasma ADH levels were available are included.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the 1971 Manned Spacecraft Center Endocrine Program Conf.; 12 p
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  • 153
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    The Medical Aspects of Space Flight Seen from the Viewpoint of Nuclear Medicine (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: Radionuclide volume measurements performed on crews of selected Apollo missions indicate the following: (1) Invariably, there is a small drop in red-cell mass of the returning crewmembers; (2) plasma-volume decreases similar to those experienced during bedrest are found in crewmen of short Gemini missions. After longer missions, the plasma-volume decrease is no longer present; (3) extracellular- and total-body water changes prove that spaceflight weight loss includes actual tissue losses; and (4) the loss of total-body exchangeable potassium after the Apollo 15 mission is evidence of increased aldosterone secretion.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the 1971 Manned Spacecraft Center Endocrine Program Conf.; 8 p
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  • 154
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    Urinary Excretion of Antidiuretic Hormone in Man (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: It is shown that urinary excretion of ADH can be detected readily and quantitated accurately. The ADH excretion in normal subjects is inhibited following the administration of a water load and stimulated following water deprivation. It appears that measurement of ADH excretion in man provides a means of quantitating alterations in neurohypophyseal ADH secretion. By determining not only the basal excretion of ADH but also the response to such physiological influences as water loading and dehydration, it becomes possible to study the dynamics of ADH release. Thus, the ability to extract ADH efficiently from urine combined with a sensitive and specific technique for determination of ADH concentration allows the exploration of regulatory systems for ADH control in the normal state as well as the etiological role of altered ADH secretion in clinical disorders of water balance.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the 1971 Manned Spacecraft Center Endocrine Program Conf.; 15 p
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  • 155
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    Endocrine Laboratory Results Apollo Missions 14 and 15 (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: Endocrine/metabolic responses to space flight have been measured on the crewmen of Apollo missions 14 and 15. There were significant biochemical changes in the crewmen of both missions immediately postflight. However, the Apollo 15 mission results differed from Apollo 14 and preflight shown by a normal to increased urine volume with slight increases in antidiuretic hormone. Although Apollo 15 was the first mission in which the exchangeable potassium measurement was made (a decrease), results from other missions were indicative of similar conclusions.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Proc. of the 1971 Manned Spacecraft Center Endocrine Program Conf.; 21 p
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  • 156
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    Further Comments on Photochemistry (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-03
    Description: The formation processes for C3 or C2 in comets are discussed along with the possibility of trapping the radical inside the clathrates.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Ariz. Univ. Comets: Sci. Data and Missions; p 57-58
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  • 157
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    Apparent paradoxical patterns of anaerobic glycolysis and hexokinase activity in the red blood cells of acutely bled rats, with evidence that the responses were in part hormone-dependent. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: British Journal of Haematology; 23; Oct. 197
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  • 158
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    Cinemicrographic study of the development of subsurface colonies of Staphylococcus aureus in soft agar. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Applied Microbiology; 24; Nov. 197
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  • 159
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    A versatile Moessbauer spectrometer and its applications in structural mechanics. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nuclear Instruments and Methods; 101; 1972
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  • 160
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    A slope reversal video processor having amplitude and pulse width discrimination. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A timing discriminator whose output is relatively insensitive to input pulse width and amplitude is described. The video-handling technique is known as slope reversal processing and is based on tapped delay line estimation methods. The concept, design, breadboard construction, and preliminary laboratory test results are reviewed. The processor system features (1) a peak input voltage dynamic range of 80x starting at 100 microvolts; (2) a four stage preamplifier/line-driver having a voltage gain of 2400x; (3) a tapped delay-line estimator implemented for slope reversal triggering by differential comparison; (4) a nominal plus or minus 2.5 nsec shift of the output trigger leading edge over the entire input voltage range, (5) up to 7 dB discrimination against pulse widths less than 35 nsec; and (6) up to one order of magnitude reduction in the false alarm rate compared to a constant fraction system.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Nov. 197
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  • 161
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    Visual perception of accelerated nitrogen nuclei interacting with the human retina. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Visual phenomena have now been observed in high-energy nitrogen beams produced at the Berkeley Bevatron. Using a nitrogen beam deflected at about 266 MeV/nucleon, three scientifically trained subjects made a series of observations. These observations confirm earlier hypotheses and argue for electronic excitation in or near the outer segments as the important mechanism. A picture showing a simplified anatomy of the left eye in horizontal section is presented. Three regions where various beam positions intercepted visual nervous structures are indicated.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Nature; 239; Sept. 22
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  • 162
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    Interferometric spectropolarimetry - Alternate experimental methods. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Three alternate methods of obtaining spectra of the intensity and state of polarization of light are proposed. The methods make use of a two-beam amplitude division interferometer using the technique of Fourier spectroscopy. They do not require the presence of polarizers in the arms of the instrument. In one method a single analyzer is used in front of the detector with three successive orientations of its transmission axis azimuth. In another method, a (linear) polarizer assuming the same set of orientations is placed in the incident beam. A third method, a hybrid of the former two methods, makes use of both a polarizer and analyzer in the locations indicated. The first method permits the determination of all four Stokes parameters of polarization, whereas the other two methods cannot yield the ellipticity parameter. All methods require the recording of three interferograms. However, two interferograms can provide the intensity and degree of polarization in any of the methods described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; Oct. 197
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  • 163
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    X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies of valence states produced by ion-sputtering reduction. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Some preliminary results are presented of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic measurements of various valence states of Fe and Cu in several compounds using a novel method, ion-sputtering reduction. The potential usefulness of this method for other chemical-physical studies such as multiplet splitting, shakeup satellites, and isoelectronic shifts is emphasized.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Spectroscopy; 26; May-June
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  • 164
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    Some implications of satellite spin effects in cylindrical probe measurements. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observation that in situ measurements of ambient electron densities with satellite-borne cylindrical probes exhibit periodic variations synchronous with the satellite spin cycle. Representing these fluctuations as a superposition of effects attributable to both the presence of the satellite wake and the geomagnetic field leads to a model of the modulations of accelerated electron current to cylindrical probes in which one modulation component displays current variations dependent on the probe velocity angle (psi), and the other displays variations dependent on the angle between the probe axis and the geomagnetic-field lines (beta). The modulations produce an electron current decrease whenever the probe axis rotates into the satellite wake or whenever the probe axis rotates toward alignment with the geomagnetic-field lines. As altitude increases, the modulation dependent on psi decreases, whereas the modulation dependent on beta increases. The psi-dependent modulation component can be associated with the presence of a wake structure, and the beta-dependent component can be associated with the magnetic influence on the transport properties of thermal electrons, assuming that the electron fluxes are predominant along the field lines. The analysis results imply that the most accurate determinations of atmospheric electron densities by satellite-borne cylindrical probes come from measurements taken out of the wake of the satellite when the probe axis is within 20 deg of being perpendicular to the geomagnetic-field lines.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; June 1
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  • 165
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    A liquid xenon radioisotope camera. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A new type of gamma-ray camera is discussed that makes use of electron avalanches in liquid xenon and is currently under development. It is shown that such a radioisotope camera promises many advantages over any other existing gamma-ray cameras. Spatial resolution better than 1 mm and counting rates higher than one million C/sec are possible. An energy resolution of 11% FWHM has recently been achieved with a collimated Hg-203 source using a parallel-plate ionization chamber containing a Frisch grid.
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  • 166
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    Determining gas temperatures from laser scattering. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Lidar techniques may be applicable to inelastic, Raman scattering. When a light beam interacts with gas molecules, the energies of scattered photons may be increased or decreased relative to the incident photons. The Raman return signal can theoretically yield information on gas pressure, temperature, and molecular species concentration. The temperature can be calculated from the measurement of two scattered Raman rotational line intensities. Questions of measurement accuracy, line selection, and multiple line ratios are considered. The measurement apparatus is discussed together with the measurement techniques.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Instruments and Control Systems; 45; May 1972
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  • 167
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    A proposed lunar orbiting gravity gradiometer experiment. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Analysis of the gravity gradiometer developed by Forward and Bell (1970) suggest that an accuracy, in the range 0.1 to 0.5 EU can be expected in a lunar orbiter application. This accuracy will allow gradient anomalies associated with mascons to be mapped with 1% accuracy and should reveal a great deal of new information about the lunar gravity field. The proposed experiment calls for putting such a gradiometer into a closely circular polar orbit at an average height of about 30 km above the lunar surface. This orbit allows the entire lunar surface to be covered in fourteen days, the gradiometer to be checked twice per revolution and results in successive passes above the lunar surface being spaced at about the resolution limit of about 30 km set both by the satellite altitude and instrumental integration time.
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  • 168
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    Hydrogen density measurements using an open-ended microwave cavity. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The density measurement of liquid hydrogen and two-phase mixtures of liquid and gaseous hydrogen is considered. This paper describes a complete prototype system that uses an open-ended microwave cavity for making dynamic density measurements of flowing hydrogen in a transfer line. The theory of operation along with test results for both the single- and two-phase cases are presented and discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement; IM-21; May 1972
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  • 169
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    Pressure effect on the sensitivity of quartz Bourdon tube gauges. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The sensitivity change for a commercial fused quartz Bourdon tube precision pressure gauge, due to a change in absolute pressure level, has been analytically computed and experimentally confirmed. The computed differential pressure error is 2.5% of full scale at a 100 atm absolute pressure level. The experimental method compared the fused quartz Bourdon tube gauge digital output to the results obtained from a nitrogen gas pressure system which had a high pressure, well-type mercury manometer as the differential pressure reference.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; May 1972
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  • 170
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    The census cities project: A status report for 1971 (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Work done by the Census Cities Project during 1971 is outlined. The project is designed to detect urban changes in land resource utilization from remote high altitude aircraft and earth orbiting satellite sensors, aid metropolitan regional planners, and provide urban land use maps for various areas. Land use maps are given of several areas observed during 1971.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3; 21 p
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    Responses of blind fish to gravitational changes as achieved in parabolic flight (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-23
    Description: Blind fish, during parabolic flight, display a measurable and consistent behavior. The most spectacular new behavioral response is the forward looping of blind fish in or near weightlessness. This response shows no measurable adaptation during the entire period of weightlessness of about 30 sec. During the entrance and exit of weightless parabolas (pushover and pullout) respectively, the fish assumes a forward tilted diving position. Parabolic flight with negative g in the range between 0g and -1g causes similar diving responses of the fish with the only difference being that the dive is directed toward the top of the fish tank. When the response to a g value less than 1g is compared to the response to increased g load on the ground (escape of darting response) an essential difference is seen: higher horizontal acceleration or jerk on the ground causes fish to swim, or even dart, against the direction of inertial force; fish during weightless parabolas move into the direction of the inertial or gravitational force. Since the vestibular system of fish is homologous to that of man, the observed behavior of fish in weightless flight could help to better understand human performance and sensations in comparable situations.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: AGARD Predictability of Motion Sickness in the Selection of Pilots; 4 p
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  • 172
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    Scanning mirror for infrared sensors (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A high resolution, long life angle-encoded scanning mirror, built for application in an infrared attitude sensor, is described. The mirror uses a Moire' fringe type optical encoder and unique torsion bar suspension together with a magnetic drive to meet stringent operational and environmental requirements at a minimum weight and with minimum power consumption. Details of the specifications, design, and construction are presented with an analysis of the mirror suspension that allows accurate prediction of performance. The emphasis is on mechanical design considerations, and brief discussions are included on the encoder and magnetic drive to provide a complete view of the mirror system and its capabilities.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center The 7th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 251-265
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  • 173
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    Satellite altimeters after Skylab and GEOS-C - should they utilize a single transmitter or an array of pulsed amplifiers? (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An attempt was made to determine if future satellite altimeters, operating at K-band, should use a single transmitter or an array of pulsed amplifiers. The two systems were compared as a function of reliability, power, service life, system requirements, and weight. Preliminary results indicate the modular system to be superior in service life and reliability although it requires more power and is substantially heavier than the single system. No concrete conclusions were reached as to which system should be used.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NOAA Sea Surface Topography from Space, Vol. 1; 13 p
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  • 174
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    GEOS-C radar altimeter characteristics (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The purpose of the GEOS-C mission and the operating characteristics of its special K-band altimeter are outlined. Special attention was given to the possible use of height measurements and other supporting GEOS-C data to evaluate the feasibility and value of altimetry on a global basis.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NOAA Sea Surface Topography from Space, Vol. 1; 10 p
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  • 175
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    The Skylab radar altimeter (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A summary of the significant hardware characteristics of the S-193 altimeter experiment portion of the 1973 Skylab Mission is presented. A detailed discussion of the altimetry, oceanographic, and instrumentation technology objectives are presented along with a discussion of the major experiments associated with these objectives.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NOAA Sea Surface Topography from Space, Vol. 1; 10 p
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  • 176
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    Studies with satellite radiometer data (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The application of satellite radiometer data for analyzing and predicting global winds is discussed. The data obtained from the vertical temperature profile radiometer of the ITOS D satellite are described. The development of a nine level model for analyzing the physical properties of radiative transfer and cloud effects in the atmosphere is presented. Comparisons are made between various methods of applying the satellite radiometer data.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1971; p 42-46
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  • 177
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    Microscale photo interpretation of forest and nonforest land classes (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Remote sensing of forest and nonforest land classes are discussed, using microscale photointerpretation. Results include: (1.) Microscale IR color photography can be interpreted within reasonable limits of error to estimate forest area. (2.) Forest interpretation is best on winter photography with 97 percent or better accuracy. (3.) Broad forest types can be classified on microscale photography. (4.) Active agricultural land is classified most accurately on early summer photography. (5.) Six percent of all nonforest observations were misclassified as forest.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Review, Vol. 5; 21 p
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  • 178
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    The use of Kodak aerochrome infrared color film, type 2443, as a remote sensing tool (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An infrared color film, Kodak Aerochrome, type 2443, has replaced the 8443 film. The 2443 has lower contrast than the 8443 film, and allows deeper probing into areas that appear as solid black shadows on the 8443 film. The cyan layer of 2443 is approximately 1 1/2 stops slower, at a density of 1.4, than the yellow and magenta emulsion layers.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Review, Vol. 5; 6 p
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  • 179
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    Development of analysis techniques for remote sensing of vegetation resources (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Various data handling and analysis techniques are summarized for evaluation of ERTS-A and supporting high flight imagery. These evaluations are concerned with remote sensors applied to wildland and agricultural vegetation resource inventory problems. Monitoring California's annual grassland, automatic texture analysis, agricultural ground data collection techniques, and spectral measurements are included.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Review, Vol. 5; 13 p
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  • 180
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    Coastal and estuarine applications of multispectral photography (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An evaluation of multispectral photographic techniques for optical penetration of water in the northeastern United States and the Gulf of Mexico coastal waters is presented. The spectral band (493 to 543 nanom), when exposed to place the water mass at about unit density on the photographic emulsion, was found to provide the best water penetration, independent of altitude or time of day, as long as solar glitter from the surface of the water is avoided. An isoluminous color technique was perfected, which eliminates the dimension of brightness from a multispectral color presentation.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 4; 17 p
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  • 181
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    Practical utility of the blue spectral region (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Some aspects of multispectral photography in the blue region are discussed briefly, and sample images are submitted to demonstrate the potential utility of the blue multispectral record for oceanography.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 4; 29 p
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  • 182
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    Polarization effects with a combined radar-radiometer (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Described is a unique microwave sensor. The device uses a coherent X-band radar, a radiometer at the same wavelength and an antenna with a polarization that can be varied electronically. This microwave sensor was developed to acquire polarization signature information about various surfaces in both the active and passive mode simultaneously. One application for the sensor is expected to be the location and identification of plant life.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 2; 12 p
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  • 183
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    An integrated study of earth resources in the State of California using remote sensing techniques (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Remote sensing activities for the management of California's water project are reported. Integrated efforts are based largely on airborne remote sensing data processing to inventory the various kinds of earth resources observed. Work centered on defining parameters pertinent to determine water yield and discernible through remote sensing techniques; (2) determining accuracy in measuring and mapping parameters using remote sensing data flown to various specifications; and (3) relating water yield predictions to actual water yields. Remote sensing imagery of the Perris valley shows that land developers established a number of locations to promote present agricultural land for non-agricultural land use.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 2; 24 p
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  • 184
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    Public health applications of remote sensing (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Remote infrared and multispectral photography were used to identify coastal salt water-fresh water interfaces conducive to encephalitis vector mosquito breeding in Florida, and to determine the environmental conditions that caused an explosive outbreak of anthrax in Louisiana. Multiband photographic inventories were obtained by simultaneously processing three photographic negatives of the same view which record different wavelength portions of the same light. The process enhances differentiation of vegetative communities and sharply delineates edge effects by assigning false colors to differentiate subtle density differences.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 1; 20 p
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  • 185
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    Constructing and manipulating color imagery from digital data (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The development of a multispectral scanner data analysis console is reported that incorporates a wideband tape unit, a teletypewriter, a digital computer, and color display as well as numeric display terminals. The device is able to digitize infrared scanner images and displays color differences according to signal differences between analog channels.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3; 29 p
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  • 186
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    Environmental applications activity at Marshall Space Flight Center (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: MSFC environmental applications demonstration projects have emphasized application of aerospace technology to community needs of southeastern U.S. Some of the typical projects underway are: hydrological parameter determination; land use surveys; agricultural stress detection; new community site surveys; pollution monitoring; urban transportation studies; and urban environmental quality.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 1; 12 p
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  • 187
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    Microwave emission measurements of sea surface roughness, soil moisture, and sea ice structure (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the microwave radiometers to be carried aboard the Nimbus 5 and 6 satellites and proposed for one of the earth observatory satellites, remote measurements of microwave radiation at wavelengths ranging from 0.8 to 21 cm have been made of a variety of the earth's surfaces from the NASA CV-990 A/C. Brightness temperatures of sea water surfaces of varying roughness, of terrain with varying soil moisture, and of sea ice of varying structure were observed. In each case, around truth information was available for correlation with the microwave brightness temperature. The utility of passive microwave radiometry in determining ocean surface wind speeds, at least for values higher than 7 meters/second has been demonstrated. In addition, it was shown that radiometric signatures can be used to determine soil moisture in unvegetated terrain to within five percentage points by weight. Finally, it was demonstrated that first year thick, multi-year, and first year thin sea ice can be distinguished by observing their differing microwave emissivities at various wavelengths.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 1; 19 p
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  • 188
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    Analysis of multispectral images simulating ERTS observations (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Simulation studies of selected aircraft and spacecraft acquired images were initiated in response to anticipated desires of the user community for simulated imagery prior to launch of ERTS-A. Principal modes of simulation included: (1) areas of coverage comparable to ERTS; (2) spatial resolutions within these images similar to ERTS; (3) spectral responses analogous to that expected from each channel on both the return beam vidicon and multispectral scanner, leading to production of photographic images that should appear similar to those representing each band in the two sensors; and (4) runthroughs of several analytical techniques, such as color density slicing, color additive viewing, and computer-generated reflectance and surface temperature maps, by which ERTS data can be analyzed, interpreted, and applied. The two areas involved in the simulation study were Wyoming and the Chesapeake Bay region.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 1; 28 p
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  • 189
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    Remote sensing and extractable biological resources (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The nature and quantity of extractable biological resources available in the Chesapeake Bay are discussed. The application of miniaturized radio sensors to track the movement of fish and birds is described. The specific uses of remote sensors for detecting and mapping areas of algae, red tide, thermal pollution, and vegetation beds are presented. The necessity for obtaining information on the physical, chemical, and meteorological features of the entire bay in order to provide improved resources management is emphasized.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Remote Sensing of the Chesapeake Bay; p 83-89
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  • 190
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    Feasibility model of a video instrumentation record/reproduce system (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A developmental model of an instrumentation video record/reproduce system for STADAN, ERTS, and Goddard Space Flight Center is discussed. Performance evaluations of three present-day systems and the model are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Technol., GSFC, 1970; p 183-186
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  • 191
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    Design and development of a Micropound Extended Range Thrust Stand (MERTS) (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The development and operation of a micropound extended range thrust stand are considered. A cesium ion engine was tested in order to determine the measurement accuracy of the apparatus and to verify the calibration techniques used. The ion engine was tracked to within 5 percent. A check of the thrust stand calibration factor against that of the ion engine calibration factor showed a 4.3 percent difference.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Technol., GSFC, 1970; p 145-147
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  • 192
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    Precision digital solar aspect sensor (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The development of a digital solar aspect sensor with a resolution of approximately 14 arc-seconds is discussed. An interpolation technique was used to generate the fine angle measurements. The sensor and its mode of operation are described. The electronic and mechanical design of the sensor were completed, and two flight units, one for the OAO 4 and the other for determining the attitude of a spinning spacecraft, are being fabricated.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Technol., GSFC, 1970; p 115-118
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  • 193
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    Multispectral image dissector camera system (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A sensor system which provides registered high-solution multispectral images from a single sensor with no mechanical moving parts is reported, and the operation of an image dissector camera (IDC) is described. An earth scene 100 nautical miles wide is imaged through a single lens onto a photocathode surface containing three spectral filters, thereby producing three separate spectral signatures on the photocathode surface. An electron image is formed, accelerated, focused, and electromagnetically, deflected across an image plane which contains three sampling apertures, behind which are located three electron multipliers. The IDC system uses electromagnetic deflection for cross-track scanning and spacecraft orbit motion for along-track scanning, thus eliminating the need for a mechanical scanning mirror.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Significant Accomplishment in Technol., GSFC, 1970; p 111-114
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  • 194
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    Glancing incidence telescopes for space astronomy (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Design optimization is reported for glancing telescopes of increased collecting areas. Considered are nested geometries for X-ray and extreme ultraviolet telescopes, each of which generates only one singular principal surface. In the case of the X-ray telescope, the field curvature of the outer telescope serves as a standard and the focus of each of the inner telescopes is made coplanar by a slight descrease in the collecting area of each of the inner telescopes. In the case of the EUV telescope, a slight change in the maximum slope angle of the inner telescope makes the field curvatures coincide. Five concentric X-ray telescopes form a collecting area of approximately 900 sq cm, and a nested EUV telescope consisting of two concentric telescopes produces a collecting area of about 45 sq cm.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Technol., GSFC, 1970; p 103-106
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  • 195
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    The influence of magnetic total intensity and inclination on directions preferred by migrating European robins (Erithacus rubecula) (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The directional orientation of migratory European robins in relation to magnetic cues is analyzed. Major efforts were made to determine what information the birds derive from the fields. It was determined that magnetic fields provide: (1) field intensity which determines whether the magnetic field can be used for orientation, (2) a means by which axial direction may be perceived, and (3) a means by which the bird can find the north direction. The north direction is sensed from the angle between gravity and the magnetic field.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Animal Orientation and Navigation; p 569-578
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  • 196
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    Magnetic effect on dancing bees (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Bee sensitivity to the earth's magnetic field is studied. Data cover sensitivity range and the use of magnetoreception for orientation purposes. Experimental results indicate bee orientation is aided by gravity fields when the magnetic field is compensated.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Animal Orientation and Navigation; p 559-567
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  • 197
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    Azimuth orientation of the dragonfly (Sympetrum) (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Evidence is presented of directional orientation by an alighting dragonfly relative to the azimuth of the sun. The effects of wind direction on this orientation are analyzed. It was concluded that wind does not play a major role in orientation but may have some secondary function in helping greater numbers of dragonflies face windward more often than leeward. A search was made to find the principle sensory receptor for orientation. Two possibilities, the large compound eye and the frontal ocelli, were noted; however, no conclusive evidence could be found.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Animal Orientation and Navigation; p 511-522
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  • 198
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    Anemomenotatic orientation in beetles and scorpions (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Orientation, by beetles and scorpions, according to wind direction and force are analyzed. Major efforts were made to determine: (1) which physical qualities of the air current influence anemomenotaxis, (2) which physiological mechanism is responsible for such orientation, (3) which sense organs do beetles and scorpions use to perceive wind directions, and (4) what the biological significance of anemomenotaxis in the beetle and scorpion is. Experimental results show that the trichobothria in scorpions perceives wind direction; in the beetle it is perceived by sense organs excited by pendicellus-flagellum joint movements. A compensation mechanism is suggested as the basis for anemomenotactic orientation. It was also suggested that the biological significance of anemomenotaxis in scorpions is space orientation; while in beetles it was found to be part of the appetitive behavior used to search for olfactory sign stimuli.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Animal Orientation and Navigation; p 501-510
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  • 199
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    The case for long range chemoreceptive piloting in Chelonia (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The reproductive ecology and migration habits of Chelonia are investigated. Efforts were made to determine if the turtle navigates by chemoreception and if sensory responses of the migrating animals could be electronically tracked through telemetry. Efforts were also made to: (1) explain why certain small islands or restricted areas of mainland shore are chosen by Chelonia as nesting grounds, even when located a thousand miles or more from the year round feeding grounds of the population; (2) identify guidance mechanisms used by migrants in their periodic open ocean travels; and (3) account for the so called lost year - the virtually complete disappearance of young sea turtles during their first year of life. It was suggested that turtle migration is aided by an olfactory mechanism, sun compass, and ocean currents. The tracking experiment was unsuccessful; the equipment was lost or damaged and stopped functioning after about two hours.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Animal Orientation and Navigation; p 469-483
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  • 200
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    Orientation through chemo reception in fishes (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A system designed to acquire and process data describing locomotor behavior of fish is described. Data are recorded in relation to the fish's response to olfactory stimuli. It was concluded that fish orientation is based on rheataxis or chemotropotaxis.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Animal Orientation and Navigation; p 459-468
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