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  • 1
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-05-07
    Beschreibung: Various image processing and information extraction systems are described along with the design and operation of an interactive multispectral information system, IMAGE 100. Analyses of ERTS data, using IMAGE 100, over a number of U.S. sites are presented. The following analyses are included: investigations of crop inventory and management using remote sensing; and (2) land cover classification for environmental impact assessments. Results show that useful information is provided by IMAGE 100 analyses of ERTS data in digital form.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 201-218
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  • 2
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-05-07
    Beschreibung: The development of an ERTS/MSS image processing system responsive to the needs of the user community is discussed. An overview of the TRW ERTS/MSS processor is presented, followed by a more detailed discussion of image processing functions satisfied by the system. The particular functions chosen for discussion are evolved from advanced signal processing techniques rooted in the areas of communication and control. These examples show how classical aerospace technology can be transferred to solve the more contemporary problems confronting the users of spaceborne imagery.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 245-255
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  • 3
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-05-07
    Beschreibung: A natural environmental analysis process which allows the decision maker to know the probable consequences of a decision prior to the act is developed. Emphasis is placed on the fit between the natural environment and the social, economic, and functional attributes of man's communities and the transition from nature in its present state to various forms and intensities of development. Applications of the analysis are examined. It is concluded that the analysis is a workable system for land use management.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 219-228
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  • 4
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: SKYLAB mission SEASAT-B altimeter observations in combination with surface gravity measurements provide useful data on the marine geoid and expected ocean perturbations from analyses of seamount structures.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Seasat-A Sci. Contrib.; p 38
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  • 5
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Observations are reported of high-albedo soils denuded by overgrazing which appear bright, in high contrast to regions covered by natural vegetation. Measurements and modeling show that the denuded surfaces are cooler, when compared under sunlit conditions. This observed 'thermal depression' effect should, on theoretical grounds, result in a decreased lifting of air necessary for cloud formation and precipitation, and thus lead to regional climatic desertification.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Science; 186; Nov. 8
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  • 6
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A multistage sampling procedure using image processing, geographical information systems, and analytical photogrammetry is presented which can be used to guide the collection of representative, high-resolution spectra and discrete reflectance targets for future satellite sensors. The procedure is general and can be adapted to characterize areas as small as minor watersheds and as large as multistate regions. Beginning with a user-determined study area, successive reductions in size and spectral variation are performed using image analysis techniques on data from the Multispectral Scanner, orbital and simulated Thematic Mapper, low altitude photography synchronized with the simulator, and associated digital data. An integrated image-based geographical information system supports processing requirements.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 7
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A goal of future synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system design is to yield the radiometrically accurate imagery necessary for use in classification problems. To accomplish this, a reliable calibration technique must be developed. Many such techniques have been proposed (e.g., Stiles and Holtzman, 1982); however, until now, none have been tested on spaceborne SAR digital data. In this paper, a method of significantly increasing the reproducibility of several independent Seasat SAR data sets of a test site using an automated correction procedure is described.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 8
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 9
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The improved spatial resolution of the new earth resources satellites will increase the need for effective utilization of spatial information in machine processing of remotely sensed data. One promising technique is scene segmentation by region growing. Region growing can use spatial information in two ways: only spatially adjacent regions merge together, and merging criteria can be based on region-wide spatial features. A simple region growing approach is described in which the similarity criterion is based on region mean and variance (a simple spatial feature). An effective way to implement region growing for remote sensing is as an iterative parallel process on a large parallel processor. A straightforward parallel pixel-based implementation of the algorithm is explored and its efficiency is compared with sequential pixel-based, sequential region-based, and parallel region-based implementations. Experimental results from on aircraft scanner data set are presented, as is a discussioon of proposed improvements to the segmentation algorithm.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 10
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The scientific instruments comprising the OSTA-1 package flown on the second Shuttle mission (November 12-14, 1981) are listed, and the Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-A) experiments are examined in detail: SIR-A operated for 8 h and obtained images covering more than 10 million sq km at 40-m resolution. The images were recorded on photographic film and processed in holographic form at JPL, and data for Southern Europe and parts of Africa were distributed to French scientists by the Groupement pour le Developpement de la Teledetection Aerospatiale. The main areas of research were environmental studies and geology, and the SIR-A images were used in combination with aerial photography, thematic maps, and Landsat images. The technical specifications of the SIR-B radar planned for STS-17 in 1984 are compared with those of SIR-A and Seasat SAR in tables.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Societe Francaise de Photogrammetrie et de Teledetection, Bulletin (ISSN 0244-6014); 91, 1; 5-9
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  • 11
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The use of remote sensing in resource exploration is reviewed, with emphasis placed on new developments in high spectral resolution remote-sensing techniques for mineralogic and vegetation mapping. Topics discussed include aerial photography and satellite remote sensing, concepts and principles of spectral data collection, spectral properties of rocks and minerals, spectral properties of vegetation, and botanical aspects of geochemical stress. The discussion also covers applications of Landsat multispectral scanner data to lithologic and geobotanic studies and the future development of data acquisition and data interpretation techniques.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Economic Geology and Society of Economic Geologists, Bulletin (ISSN 0361-0128); 78; 573-590
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  • 12
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: In this paper, results of a Monte Carlo simulation of the effect of noise on the relationship between the microwave emissivity of soil and its moisture content are presented. It is found that whenever the magnitude of the noise for the independent variable, in this case the soil moisture, is increased, both the slope of the regression and the correlation coefficient decrease. In particular, when the noise has magnitude equivalent to a coefficient of variation of 0.25, the slope and correlation coefficient are in good agreement with those obtained from the data of a 21-cm airborne microwave radiometer which was flown over a test site in hand county, South Dakota. The comparison was made using a linear relationship to determine the estimated emissivity from the ground measurements of soil moisture. The linear relationship was derived from a radiative transfer model calculation of the microwave emissivities using realistic soil-moisture profiles. The effect of surface roughness was included in the relationship, and the variability of the surface roughness was also simulated by a Monte Carlo technique.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-21; 473-479
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  • 13
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The development of a preprocessing unit for Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data for the Earth Observations Data Laboratory at Johnson Space Center is reported. The background of the project is sketched, including the greatly increased data-handling requirements compared to MSS, the influence of the JPL VICAR system on the system design, and the completeness of the GSFC SCROUNGE (LASLIB) TM data tapes. The design approach and realization are discussed, and the performance and transportability of the preprocessor programs (totaling about 2000 lines of source code in FORTRAN and IBM Assembly languages) are indicated. The system is able to read the TM image tapes, extract areas of interest to particular studies, and register the extracted imagery to suitable references. Ancillary programs include image enhancement, rotation, filtering and pixel-size modification.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 14
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Features of the NASA Regional Application Program for providing state and local land management agencies an opportunity to assess the usefulness of emerging remote sensing technology are described. The Program guidelines necessitated configuring software for local facilities, assuring that the aggncy involved furnished manpower, and applying the technology to local needs. The study focused on the southwestern U.S., particularly for purposes of water management, federal/state ownership/policy, energy development, environmental impact issues, timber and range inventory, fire control, and urban expansion. Demonstration projects were conducted in various topics, according to the state surveyed, with the success of the projects determined by the willingness of the agencies to continue with the technology, which happened in several cases.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 15
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The present work describes the use of an airborne electromagnetic sensing system for measuring snowpack depth, density, and water content. A transmitter sends a sequence of pulses of stepped frequencies, and the reflections are measured by a sensitive receiver. The combination of the snowpack and the earth interacts with the electromagnetic wave so as to modify the characteristics of the reflected signals. The variation of the reflected intensity with frequency provides the desired data. A theoretical analysis of return signal and snowpack parameter relationships is given, and the results of experimental verification of the theory are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: American Water Works Association; vol. 66
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  • 16
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The spectral reflectance of a cropped surface changes as the plant develops. An indicator of crop growth is leaf area index (ratio of green leaf area to soil area). The leaf area index, disease severity, and yield were determined for several winter wheat fields in Kansas during the 1973 growing season. Multispectral scanner (MSS) data from Earth Resources Technology Satellite-1 (ERTS-1) showed a high correlation (r greater than or equal to 0.90) between crop growth and MSS4/MSS5, and crop growth and MSS5/MSS6. Wheat disease severity and yields were significantly correlated at the 5% level with MSS4/MSS6 and with MSS4/MSS7. Further investigation is required before ERTS imagery can be routinely used detecting and estimating disease severity and yield reduction.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Remote Sensing of Environment; 3; 4, 19; 1974
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  • 17
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Synoptic views of the entire polar regions of earth have been obtained free of the usual persistent cloud cover using a scanning microwave radiometer operating at a wavelength of 1.55 cm on board the Nimbus-5 satellite. Three different views at each pole are presented utilizing data obtained at approximately one-month intervals from December 1972 to February 1973. Large discrepancies exist between the long-term ice cover depicted in various atlases and the actual extent of the canopies. The distribution of multiyear ice in the north polar region is markedly different from that predicted by existing ice dynamics models. Irregularities in the edge of the Antarctic sea ice pack occur that have neither been observed previously nor anticipated. The brightness temperatures of the Greenland and Antarctic glaciers show interesting contours probably related to the ice and snow morphologic structure.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: American Meteorological Society; vol. 55
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  • 18
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: ERTS-1 imagery of the volcanic areas of southern Italy was used primarily for the evaluation of space platform capabilties in the domains of regional geology, soil and rock-type classification and, more generally, to study the environment of active volcanoes. The test sites were selected and equipped primarily to monitor thermal emission, but ground truth data was also collected in other domains (reflectance of rocks, soils and vegetation). The test areas were overflown with a two channel thermal scanner, while a thermo camera was used on the ground to monitor the hot spots. The primary goal of this survey was to plot the changes in thermal emission with time in the framework of a research program for the surveillance of active volcanoes. However, another task was an evaluation of emissivity changes by comparing the outputs of the two thermal channels. These results were compared with the reflectance changes observed on multispectral ERTS-1 imagery.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: ESRO European Earth-Resources Satellite Expts.; p 185-197
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  • 19
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Atmospheric radiation was measured as a function of wavelength, position, angle, and time. Radiation was determined by temperature, cloud (aerosol), composition, and surface emissivity measurements. The theory of radiative transfer is reviewed, along with retrieval methods. Instruments onboard space probes for infrared remote sounding of planetary atmospheres are also described.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Calif. Univ. Proc. of the UCLA Intern. Conf. on Radiation and Remote Probing of the Atmosphere; p 471-506
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  • 20
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Lunar photography from Zond 6 showed half the side of the moon which is not visible from the earth, and this made it possible to construct a photogrammetric grid encompassing the entire Western Hemisphere and referenced to points of the visible side, whose coordinates were taken from the Goloseyev catalog. The problem was solved using two pictures taken from approximately 9000 km above the lunar surface. The photogrammetric grid was constructed by joint statistical analysis of the measurements of both pictures and the selenographic coordinates of the catalog points. A special algorithm was developed and a program compiled realizing the maximum likelihood method which permitted working with up to 120 catalog points simultaneously.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 257-272
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  • 21
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Pictures of the lunar surface with an image of practically the entire lunar limb were obtained from the Zond 6 spacecraft. During the time of exposure, the entire lunar surface covered by these photographs was illuminated by the sun. Such single pictures were used to find the external orientation elements and selenographic coordinates of the photographed lunar surface points. The selenographic coordinate system was specified by the Goloseyev catalog and was realized by points of this catalog identified on the pictures and termed reference points. Craters located on the invisible side of the moon and also other points of the Goloseyev catalog, which could be used as control points, were taken as the points being determined. The technique used to compute the selenographic coordinates of the points is outlined.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 272-282
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  • 22
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The linear and angular motions of the Zond 6 and Zond 8 spacecraft imaging camera during the exposure cause displacements of the optical image points. In the case of instantaneous exposure of each individual point and the nonsimultaneous exposure of the complete frame, this leads to finite geometric shifts of the points without causing blurring of the photographic image. Therefore, when measuring the resulting photographic pictures, the problem arises of reducing the picture point positions to a common instant of time. This reduction is performed by means of dynamic corrections to the measured picture point coordinates. These corrections are found by using formulas of dynamic photogrammetry. Their use with the Zond space probe photographs is described.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 245-257
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  • 23
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Estimates were made of the accuracy of reference point grids using the technique of calculating the errors from theoretical analysis. Factors taken into consideration were: telescope accuracy, number of photographs, and libration amplitude. To solve the problem, formulas were used for the relationship between the coordinates of lunar surface points and their images on the photograph.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 231-245
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  • 24
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: This investigation was restricted to the determination of recognitional characteristics of a single type of relief form, dimple craters on the surface of maria. These craters were arbitrarily considered as closed, negative relief forms, circular in plan-view, and symmetric relative to the center. Two techniques were used to determine the shadow configuration in the craters: (1) experimental determination of the shadow edge by illuminating the models of different profile shapes with a parallel light beam; and (2) geometric construction of the shadow edge using a vertical section of the formation in the direction of the solar rays. A morphological map of the surface which includes the following factors can be compiled using the proposed identification technique: crater profile nature, crater diameter, ratio of diameter and depth, sharpness of the lip, and distribution density of the forms.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 205-215
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  • 25
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Results are presented of Soviet investigations into the use of television imagery obtained from meteorological satellites for the interpretation of tectonics, lithology, and structural properties of the earth. The area investigated encompassed the eastern part of Iran, and the western regions of Afghanistan and Pakistan. Interpretation of the features identified during the analysis was accomplished by comparing these features with physical, geographic, geological, and tectonic maps. It was concluded that television pictures of the earth from space can be used for geological and structural analysis.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 190-194
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  • 26
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A method was examined for joint construction of a selenocentric fundamental system which can be realized by a coordinate catalog of reference contour points uniformly positioned over the entire lunar surface, and determination of the parameters characterizing the gravitational field, rotation, and orbital motion of the moon. Characteristic of the problem formulation is the introduction of a new complex of inconometric measurements which can be made using pictures obtained from an artificial lunar satellite. The proposed method can be used to solve similar problems on any other planet for which surface images can be obtained from a spacecraft. Characteristic of the proposed technique for solving the problem is the joint statistical analysis of all forms of measurements: orbital iconometric, earth-based trajectory, and also a priori information on the parameters in question which is known from earth-based astronomical studies.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 215-231
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  • 27
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Two examples of regional interpretation of imagery acquired from satellite photographic and television systems are discussed. The imagery was taken aboard the Zond 7 and Kosmos satellites, and depicted; (1) sand and dust storm activity in the eastern Mediterranean Sea area; and (2) landscape and structural properties of territory of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 182-189
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  • 28
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The possibilities of using images obtained by devices which detect the reflected and self-radiation of the the earth's surface and atmosphere in other parts of the spectrum, other than visible, were analyzed. Considered were: (1) infrared; (2) radiothermal; and (3) magnetic field.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 174-181
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  • 29
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: An electronic transformation and correlation system has been developed for the Meteor space weather system which provides transformation and scaling of the original picture, accounts for satellite flight altitude and inclinations of the optical axes of the transmitting devices, and simultaneously superposes the geographical coordinate grid on the transformed picture.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 155-164
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  • 30
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The requirements on the accuracy of geographical correlation of TV and IR cloud cover images are determined by the objective of the analysis of the weather information contained in these images. In the operational analysis case, the correlation accuracy need not be high. Errors of several tens of kilometers in determining the location of the cloud formation contours are considered acceptable in this case. Such correlation must be provided in real image reception time. Scientific studies require accurate correlation of the cloud formation contours. The errors in determining their position should be commensurate with the imaging system resolution. The geometric aspects of developing methods and equipment for geographical correlation of television and infrared images of cloud cover taken from Meteor satellites are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 146-155
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  • 31
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The geographical control of satellite pictures, using the terminology of aerial photography, can be treated as the problem of analysis of a single picture with the objective of obtaining a ground contour map. Studies have shown the possibility and capability of the method of composing photographic maps from transformed television pictures. Optico-mechanical transformation solves the problem of geographical correlation for operational purposes. However, this technique does not compensate for electronic distortion, and accounts for earth sphericity only approximately. However, for certain purposes (studying ice drift), the maximum possible accuracy is required. Analytic geographical correlation methods using digital computers should be considered promising.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 143-145
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  • 32
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: One criterion of image quality is its geometric similarity to the control test. The ability of television, phototelevision, phototelegraphic, and other systems to transmit geometrically similar images is characterized by the geometric distortion coefficient. Linear distortions result from the inaccuracy of scanning mechanism element assembly, and distortions can be minimized during adjustment operations or may be easily compensated during image reception. Brief descriptions are given of the possible sources of nonlinear distortions which arise in these devices due to the scanning mechanism, objective distortion, or the nodding mirror.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 48-51
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  • 33
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: One of the problems solvable by the spaceborne television system, topographical surveying, makes high demands on image quality, particularly on the geometric distortions introduced by the television camera. It is the geometric distortions which determine measurement accuracy and, consequently, the possibility of creating reliable planetary surface maps. Comparative analysis of the different television systems capable of solving the problem showed that the requirements on quality of the transmitted images are best satisfied by television cameras with opticomechanical scanning. The design of panoramic television systems and the process of image construction by the opticomechanical camera are discussed. Results indicate that panoramic television cameras have the necessary instrumental accuracy and permit determination of the direction to objects with an error practically equal to the resolution.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 51-59
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  • 34
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The problem of determining the iconometric parameters of the imaging device can be solved if the camera being calibrated is used to obtain the image of a group of reference points, the directions to which are known. In order to specify the imaging device coordinate system, it is sufficient in principle to obtain on the picture the images of three reference points which do not lie on a single straight line. Many more such points are required in order to determine the distortion corrections, and they must be distributed uniformly over the entire field of view of the camera being calibrated. Experimental studies were made using this technique to calibrate photographic and phototelevision systems. Evaluation of the results of these experiments permits recommending collimators for calibrating television and phototelevision imaging systems, and also short-focus small-format photographic cameras.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 41-47
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  • 35
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The self radiation of the surface being viewed is used for image synthesis in IR thermovision equipment. The installation of such equipment aboard weather satellites makes it possible to obtain cloud cover pictures of the earth's surface in a complete orbit, regardless of the illumination conditions, and also provides quantitative information on the underlying surface temperature and cloud top height. Such equipment is used successfully aboard the Soviet satellites of the Meteor system, and experimentally on the American satellites of the Nimbus series. With regard to surface resolution, the present-day IR weather satellite equipment is inferior to the television equipment. This is due primarily to the comparatively low detectivity of the IR detectors used. While IR equipment has several fundamental advantages in comparison with the conventional television equipment, the problem arises of determining the possibility for future development of weather satellite IR thermovision equipment. Criteria are examined for evaluating the quality of IR.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 29-41
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  • 36
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The term iconics covers the complex of methods and equipment for obtaining images, integrated on a common methodological basis. The concept combines such methods and equipment for obtaining images as photography, television, phototelevision, thermovision, and radar. The term iconics has been used previously, but in a narrower sense, as the name for the theory of image reproduction systems, primarily in the sense of their optimization. Iconics must include two branches; theoretical and practical. The system optimization problem then takes its place in theoretical iconics along with other problems. The term iconology has been proposed to cover the complex of image interpretation methods and equipment.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 1-20
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  • 37
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: In-space imaging of the surface of celestial bodies can be carried out by both television and photographic equipment. Television equipment of various types has the important property of being capable of transmitting imagery in real time. Frequently this is not possible because of the nature of information transmission over the spacecraft-ground communication line. The inadequate energy handling capacity of the communication lines usually requires storage of the video information aboard the spacecraft for subsequent transmission at a definite time and rate. For this purpose, the television camera can be connected with a magnetic memory, or the television imagery may be stored on photographic film. The television/photographic film system has been termed phototelevision. The choice of a system of one type or the other is dictated by several considerations, the most important of which are the size and weight characteristics, other conditions being the same (power consumption, reliability, etc.). The advantages and disadvantages of the two systems are discussed and examples are given of types of satellites on which the two types have been employed.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 21-28
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  • 38
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Since March 1973 there has been a shift in ERTS results in geology from the initial show-and-tell stage to a period in which scientific studies predominated, and now to an emphasis on effective applications having economic benefits and clearcut relevance to national needs. Many years will be spent on geological tasks resulting from ERTS alone; reconnaissance mapping in inaccessible regions, map revisions, regional or synoptic analysis of crustal fractures, assessment of dynamic surficial processes, systematic search for mineral wealth, use of sophisticated enhancement techniques, recognition of potential geologic hazards, and many more applications that still need to be defined.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 147-167
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  • 39
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The ERTS program provides data that can be used to derive information relative to the actual use of the land resource, in a practical and timely manner. ERTS data provide coverage of total land areas, and its repetitive nature enables the detection and monitoring of changes taking place in land use. Generally, the techniques and the procedures used to extract information from ERTS data may be categorized as pertaining to either the interpretations of ERTS imagery or to the use of digital data and computer techniques. Examples are given of the use of ERTS-1 data for land use classification in: (1) New England areas; (2) Chesapeake Bay and Washington, D.C.; (3) Mississippi Gulf Coast; (4) Los Angeles, California; (5) Houston, Texas; and (6) Phoenix, Arizona.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 138-146
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  • 40
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: ERTS-1 applications in snow and ice monitoring, surface water monitoring, including monitoring of wetland areas and flood inundated area mapping, and also watershed monitoring for runoff prediction are discussed. Results also indicate that geological features can be noted which relate to ground water. ERTS-1 data can be used successfully in operational situations by water resources management agencies.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 126-137
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  • 41
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The necessary elements to perform global inventories of agriculture, forestry, and range resources are being brought together through the use of satellites, sensors, computers, mathematics, and phenomenology. Results of ERTS-1 applications in these areas, as well as soil mapping, are described.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 116-125
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  • 42
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: In response to the urgent need for a faster and more economical means of generating strip mine and reclamation maps, a study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of using ERTS computer compatible tape for automatic mapping. The procedure uses computer target spectral recognition techniques as a basis for classification. The area encompassed by this investigation includes five counties in eastern Ohio that comprise nearly 7,500 square kilometers (3,000 square miles). The counties have been disrupted by coal mining since the early 1800's, and strip mining has been practiced in all of them. The environmental effects of strip mining are also discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 87-101
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  • 43
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The National Marine Fisheries Service has been studying the application of aerospace remote sensing to fisheries management and utilization for many years. The 15-month ERTS study began in July 1972 to: (1) determine the reliability of satellite and high altitude sensors to provide oceanographic parameters in coastal waters; (2) demonstrate the use of remotely-sensed oceanographic information to predict the distribution and abundance of adult menhaden; and (3) demonstrate the potential use of satellites for acquiring information for improving the harvest and management of fisheries resources. The study focused on a coastal area in the north-central portion of the Gulf of Mexico, including parts of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. The test area used in the final analysis was the Mississippi Sound and the area outside the barrier islands to approximately the 18-meter (10-fathom) curve.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 76-86
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  • 44
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The Army Corps of Engineers research and development efforts associated with the ERTS Program are confined to applications of investigation, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of water resource projects. Problems investigated covered: (1) resource inventory; (2) environmental impact; (3) pollution monitoring; (4) water circulation; (5) sediment transport; (6) data collection systems; (7) engineering; and (8) model verification. These problem areas were investigated in relation to bays, reservoirs, lakes, rivers, coasts, and regions. ERTS-1 imagery has been extremely valuable in developing techniques and is now being used in everyday applications.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 62-75
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  • 45
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: This investigation was undertaken to determine the types and amounts of information valuable to petroleum exploration that are extractable from ERTS data and to determine the cost of obtaining the information from ERTS relative to costs using traditional or conventional means. In particular, it was desirable to evaluate this new petroleum exploration tool in a geologically well-known area in order to assess its potential usefulness in an unknown area. In light of the current energy situation, it is felt that such an evaluation is important in order to best utilize technical efforts with customary exploration tools, by rapidly focusing attention on the most promising areas in order to reduce the time required to go through the exploration cycle and to maximize cost savings. The Anadarko Basin lies in western Oklahoma and the panhandle of Texas (Figure 1). It was chosen as a test site because there is a great deal of published information available on the surface and subsurface geology of the area, there are many known structures that act as traps for hydrocarbons, and it is similar to several other large epicontinental sedimentary basins.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 50-61
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  • 46
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Satellite imagery and other remote sensing tools and techniques have provided a powerful tool to assist geologic research; significantly increased the mapping efficiency of field geologists; shown new lineaments associated with known shear and fault zones; delineated new structural features; provided a tool to reevaluate tectonic history; helped to locate potential ground-water sources and areas of aquifer recharge; defined areas of geologic hazards; shown areas of heavy siltation in major reservoirs; and, by close interval repetition, aided in monitoring surface mine reclamation activities and the environmental protection of the intricate marshland system. The Georgia Geological Survey has been engaged in regional mapping for the new state geologic map. ERTS-1 images enlarged to compatible mapping scales have increased field geologic mapping efficiency by at least 25%. There are a number of areas where data from ERTS-1 imagery has allowed a notably higher level of precision than has been available with any amount of field work on the ground.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 41-49
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  • 47
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Alaskan applications of ERTS data are summarized. Areas discussed are: (1) land use; (2) archaeology; (3) vegetation mapping; (4) ice reporting and mapping; (5) permafrost; (6) mineral and oil exploration; (7) geological surveys; (8) seismology; (9) geological faults and structures; (10) hydrology and water resources; (11) glaciology; (12) water circulation in Cook Inlet; and (13) fish and mammal populations.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 12-40
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  • 48
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Under a four-year collaborative agreement between the United States and Canada, the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) reads out and distributes the ERTS data of Canada. The Canadian receiving station is at Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, and covers most of Canada except for the East Coast. Production statistics on Canadian ERTS imagery, a summary of several cost benefit case histories, and recommendations for the future of the international aspects of ERTS are discussed and evaluated.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 7-11
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  • 49
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Monitoring biomass of wetlands ecosystems can provide information on net primary production and on the chemical and physical status of wetland soils relative to anaerobic microbial transformation of key elements. Multispectral remote sensing techniques successfully estimated macrophytic biomass in wetlands systems. Regression models developed from ground spectral data for predicting Spartina alterniflora biomass over an entire growing season include seasonal variations in biomass density and illumination intensity. An independent set of biomass and spectral data were collected and the standing crop biomass and net primary productivity were estimated. The improved spatial, radiometric and spectral resolution of th LANDSAT-4 Thematic Mapper over the LANDSAT MSS can greatly enhance multispectral techniques for estimating wetlands biomass over large areas. These techniques can provide the biomass data necessary for global ecology studies.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 4 p
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  • 50
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Thematic mapper scenes for Washington, D.C. and Macon, Georgia were examined to determine their radiometry and geometric accuracy. Specific band ratios were used to determine their effectiveness in defining vegetation and rock mineralogy. the TM 3/4 band ratio was used to define vegetation and the 5/2 band ratio was used to define limonitic rocks. The 5/7 band ratio was evaluated to test the effectiveness of the 1.6 and 2.2 mm bands in detecting clay and carbonate bearing rocks. Preliminary results show that clay minerals containing absorption bands at 2.2 mm, which are centered in the TM band 7, can be readily detected when the band ratio images are suitably contrast stretched. Bright rocks, such as marbles, which contain absorption bands in the 2.33 mm region, near the wavelength of TM band 7, are only evident upon harsher contrast stretching of the 5/7 band ratio. Geobotanical studies of Washington, D.C. show that monospecific forest canopies can be differentiated.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 5 p
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  • 51
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: There are small differences between the average DN for the 16 detectors in each band, typically 0.8 DN; the standard deviations also differ typically by 0.4 DN. Differences of mode in a band are as large as 6 DN. Some DN levels appear to be strongly favored over adjacent levels. Differences between forward and reverse scans are approximately 0.1 DN in the mean, and 0 to 0.6 DN in the standard deviation. Geometrically resampled images (P data), in which the fixed correspondence between lines and single detectors is lost, are statistically similiar to the ensemble of detectors in each band in A data. The magnitude of inter-detector variation is readily seen by making an image of the first derivative in the vertical (line) direction of a flat field and stretching progressively wider ranges to gray; most detectors differ from their neighbors by 1 to 2 DN. The film output from the GSFC filmwriter used for TM images was found to have scale errors in both sample and line directions corresponding to four pixels in a TM image, and skew corresponding to three pixels.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 2 p
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  • 52
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: An approach is described for providing periodic inflight absolute radiometric calibrations of the LANDSAT-4 sensors by reference to selected, instrumented ground areas. Results of some early ground measurements and computer simulations are presented. Selection of a suitable ground reference site, accurate measurement of the spectral reflectance of the selected area, determination of atmospheric characteristics during the morning of the sensor overpass, reduction of the measured data and their use in an appropriate atmospheric radiative transfer program, and comparison of the radiance level data with the digital counts of for the images of the selected areas are discussed. Preliminary measurements of gypsum are being made as an aid in defining the characteristics of field equipment to be constructed and calibrated for use over the White Sands Missile Range.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 3 p
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  • 53
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Data collected on the spectral characteristics of the LANDSAT-4 and LANDSAT-4 backup thematic mapper instruments, the protoflight (PF) and flight (F) models, respectively are analyzed and summarized. Tests were conducted on the instruments and their components to determine compliance with two sets of spectral specifications: Band-by-band spectral coverage and channel-by-channel within-band spectral matching.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 2 p
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  • 54
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The TM band 6 shutter background and the 34.7 C internal black body signal were measured over 50 day dates. Variability of the shutter background temperature was from 7 C to 11 C. For ten specific images, the digital counts of the calibration data were measured. The average pulse value of the black body peak decreased from 174 to 149 counts while the shutter background counts varied as a function of shutter temperature from 77 to 85. Relative internal gains between the four channels were calculated and compared to prelaunch values. They showed gains over 9 months of up to 5%. Frequency histograms of number of pixels vs. digital counts from a night scene were used to determine gain relative to the mean and to discern a systematic along-scan pattern in a difference between forward and reverse scan counts of up to 0.5. A corrected digital image was obtained. A temperature estimate for and area of Lake Erie of 18.5 C to 19.9 C was obtained. Local temperature records showed 21 C.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 3 p
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  • 55
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Differences in overall sensor response, due to both factors within the sensor system, and external factors such as atmospheric effects, must be dealt with before change detection techniques using image differencing can be successfully implemented. The approach used to be coregister data to a base, followed by between image scatterogram generation and evaluation, and image differencing. Data from LANDSAT 2 and 3 were registered to LANDSAT 4 data. The area was limited to a small protion of the scene near the City of Santa Cruz because this was the only area cloud and haze free on all the images. Visual examination of each image, as well as the between image scatterograms, provide information on radiometric characteristics of each sensor. The image differencing, after normalizing for radiometric differences, provides a visual depiction of geometric distortions.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 2 p
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  • 56
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Two full frames of radiometrically corrected (Type A) LANDSAT-4 MSS data were analyzed digitally and visually for evidence of residual calibration differences between detectors, quantization effects, and other sensor-related artifacts. Both standard statistical and Fourier analysis techniques were employed. Opportunities for coincident coverage by LANDSATS 3 and 4 were identified in the contiguous 48 states. Paired acquisitions for two scenes were obtained and analyzed to establish relationships between signal values from common areas imaged by the two MSS Systems. Initial findings on detector-to-detector differences, coherent noise, and LANDSAT 4 to LANDSAT 3 calibration are summarized. Results show that LANDSAT 4 MSS produces data of generally good quality with dynamic ranges and target responses similar to those of previous sensors.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 3 p
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  • 57
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Key spectral, radiometric, and geometric characteristics of the TM sensor are examined. Spectrally, band 5 is slightly wider than specified and its upper edge at 50% of miximum of 1784 nm includes some unintended overlap with water absorption bands. Thermal band 6 is half the expected width. Radiometrically, the TM has extreme linearity and stability in comparison with previous MSS photomultiplier systems. Forward and reverse scans on TM show some unexplained radiometric differences of up to four digital levels. Primary focal plane bands show a monotomic decrease in gain of about 5% in the five months since launch. The relative internal gains of bands 5 and 7 varied with a period of about 60 days and an amplitude of about 6%. Radiometric calibration must be applied before histogram equalization algorithms to preserve radiometric accuracy. Geometrically, channel 4 in band 2 has a smaller modulation transfer function than desired. There is apparent misregistration of .75 pixels along scan and 0.2 pixels across scan.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 2 p
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  • 58
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The characterization objectives of the LANDSAT 4 Science Office at GSFC are to: (1) determine the accuracy and precision of sensor and spacecraft performance, image data quality, and derived information; (2) recommend LANDSAT 4 system improvements; and (3) communicate results to the research community. In-house activities are directed toward full access and utilization of the prelaunch and in-orbit engineering test data on the sensor and spacecraft. Principle scientists in remote sensing are involved as part of a major scientific characterization effort, and workshops were held for these investigative teams. A symposium is scheduled prior to turnover of the TM to NOAA.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 2 p
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  • 59
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The LANDSAT 4 thematic mapper sensor possesses approximately twice the spectral resolution, three times the spatial resolution, and four times the spectral sensitivity of the MSS sensor on earlier LANDSAT satellites. Spectral bands on the TM, particularly those at wavelengths of 1.6 and 2.2 micrometers are useful for: (1) distinguishing crops such as rice and soybeans; (2) surveying areas that are cultivated in strip crop fashion; (3) determining clay variations and abundances and rock classifications; and (4) differentiating nutrients and sediments found in coastal waters. The sensor can identify surface features 30 meters on a side, which roughly corresponds to a standard city block. Highway construction, land excavation, urban growth, and the health and extent of vegetation can be detected.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 3 p
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  • 60
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: SEASAT-A can be used for determining the geoid to much higher accuracy on a world wide basis and in a relatively short time. Two basic objectives can be considered: (1) determination of the geoid to at least 1 meter. This accuracy will satisfy most geodetic requirements for applications purposes; and (2) determination of the geoid to better than 1-meter an oceanographic objective required for measurement of sea surface topography and sea slope, quasi-stationary departure from the geoid, ocean circulation, air and sea interaction, etc. The geodesy objective in this case will be to define a reference equipotential surface as a means by which the oceanographic requirements can be achieved.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Seasat-A Sci. Contrib.; p 79-84
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  • 61
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The results of a study to evaluate Landsat digital data, categorized by land cover, for input to the Maryland Automated Geographic Information (MAGI) system, the state georeferenced data base, are presented. Good correspondence is found between the MAGI system and Landsat data for six of seven categories: forest, water, crop/pasture, medium-density residential, low-density residential, and transitional (disturbed land, construction). Discrepancies between the results are found for commercial/industrial/institutional areas which are due to differences in interpretative methodologies, not to deficiencies in either data source. It is concluded that Landsat data are suitable for future Maryland land cover inventories, and can also be used to augment MAGI system data.
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  • 62
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: One of the objectives of the Saginaw River Basin study is related to the development of a computer model to predict flood damages. The computer model is to be operational in June 1985. In order to achieve this objective, the input of land-use data into a data base consisting of 198,000 grid cells will be required. A planning technique using Spatial Analysis Methodology (SAM) was developed by the Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) to systematically handle these data. The HEC-SAM system uses the spatially oriented map data in a series of data management and analysis software programs for input to the Corps hydrologic and environmental models. Attention is given to data base development, Landsat digital data, the placement of the Landsat data into the grid cell data base, and the development of the land cover classification. The Landsat-2 MSS scene covering 85 percent of the Saginaw River Basin was geometrically corrected to a UTM coordinate system.
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  • 63
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Extensive studies conducted by several researchers using truck-mounted active microwave sensors have shown the sensitivity of these sensors to soil moisture variations. The logical extension of these results is the evaluation of similar systems at lower resolutions typical of operational systems. Data collected during a series of aircraft flights in 1978 and 1980 over four rangeland watersheds located near Chickasha, Oklahoma, were analyzed in this study. These data included scatterometer measurements made at 1.6 and 4.75 GHz using a NASA aircraft and ground observations of soil moisture for a wide range of moisture conditions. Data were analyzed for consistency and compared to previous truck and aircraft results. Results indicate that the sensor system is capable of providing consistent estimates of soil moisture under the conditions tested.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 64
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A vegetation gradient model, based on a new surface hydrologic index and NOAA/AVHRR meteorological satellite data, has been analyzed along a 1300 km east-west transect across the state of Texas. The model was developed to test the potential usefulness of such low-resolution data for vegetation stratification and monitoring. Normalized Difference values (ratio of AVHRR bands 1 and 2, considered to be an index of greenness) were determined and evaluated against climatological and vegetation characteristics at 50 sample locations (regular intervals of 0.25 deg longitude) along the transect on five days in 1980. Statistical treatment of the data indicate that a multivariate model incorporating satellite-measured spectral greenness values and a surface hydrologic factor offer promise as a new technique for regional-scale vegetation stratification and monitoring.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 65
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The capabilities of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) for land cover mapping were investigated by comparing the accuracy of land cover information for the Washington, DC area derived from NOAA-7 AVHRR data with that from Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) data. Unsupervised Level I land cover classifications were performed for MSS and AVHRR data sets collected on July 11, 1981. A detailed accuracy assessment was conducted based on ground truth delineated on six USGS 7.5 minute series topographic maps. Preliminary results produced overall land cover classification accuracies of 75.6 percent and 76.1 percent for AVHRR and MSS, respectively. While the accuracies for predominant categories such as agriculture, forest, and urban were similar for both sensors, discrimination of the less commonly occurring categories such as barren, wetland, and water was improved with the MSS data set. The AVHRR, however, performed as well as or better than the MSS in classifying large homogeneous areas. The application of AVHRR data with its lower processing cost and more frequent worldwide coverage appears promising for global land cover mapping.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 66
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The design and operation of a laser detection system for migrating birds are presented. A battery-powered class-III laser (operating at 904 nm, pulse-repetition rate 5 kHz, pulse duration 100 nsec, and peak power 25 W) and a photodiode receiver are mounted on poles at height 10 m and distance 850 m and equipped with 135-mm f/2.8 collimating lenses; beam diameter at the receiver is 1.7 m. The microprocessor-controlled system is found to detect the passing of an object as small as 30 sq cm in cross section at a distance of 425 m.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Journal of Wildlife Management (ISSN 0022-541X); 47; 4, 19
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  • 67
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The objective of the study was to evaluate the utility of thematic mapper data as a source of geologically useful information for mountainous areas of varying vegetation density. Much of the processing was done in an a priori manner without prior ground-based information. This approach resulted in a successfull mapping of the alteration associated with the Mt. Emmons molybdenum ore body as well as several other hydrothermal systems. Supervised classification produced a vegetation map at least as accurate as the mapping done for the environmental impact statement. Principal components were used to map zones of general, subtle alteration and to separate hematitically stained rock from staining associated with hydrothermal activity. Decorrelation color composites were found to be useful field mapping aids, easily delineating many lithologies and vegetation classes of interest. The factors restricting the interpretability and computer manipulation of the data are examined.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 68
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 69
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A multispectral mapping method is proposed which is based on the new concept of BEND (Bidimensional Effective Normalised Difference). The method, which involves taking one sample point at a time and finding the interrelationships between its features, is found very economical from the point of view of storage and processing time. It has good dimensionality reduction and clustering properties, and is highly suitable for computer analysis of large amounts of data. The transformed values obtained by this procedure are suitable for either a planar 2-space mapping of geological sample points or for making grayscale and color images of geo-terrains. A few examples are given to justify the efficacy of the proposed procedure.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 70
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Two Visible-Near Infrared (VNIR) scanners, the NS-001 and the M2S, were flown over the Rosemont porphyry copper deposit as part of the NASA/JPL/GEOSAT test site program. This program was established to determine the feasibility and limitations of mapping hydrothermal alteration with multispectral scanners. Data from the NS-001 at 0.83 and 2.2 microns were used to identify Fe(3+) and OH enriched outcrops. These areas were then correlated with three alteration assemblages. The first correlation, hematite-epidote, was the most obvious and appeared as a strong ferric iron signature associated with hematite stained Cretaceous arkoses and andesites. The second correlation, qtz-sericite, showed a combined ferric-hydroxyl signature for a phyllicly altered quartz monzonite. The third correlation, skarn, was identified only after a review of calc-silicate mineral VNIR spectra. Altered limestones that outcrop west of the deposit have a similar ferric iron-hydroxyl signature as the quartz-sericite altered quartz monzonite. This skarn signature has been interpreted to indicate the presence of andradite, hydro-grossularite and idocrase. Data from the second scanner, M2S, was used to search for variation in ferric iron mineral type. Resulting imagery data indicated that hematite was the dominant ferric iron mineral present in the Rosemont area.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 71
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: An understanding of the factors of vegetation response to changes in the geochemistry of the environment may give exploration geologists and other researchers an additional and effective tool for rock type discrimination. The factors of vegetation response can be grouped into three principal categories: structural or morphological factors, taxonomic factors which include indicator flora as well as vegetation assemblages, and spectral factors which represent the manner in which the vegetation interacts with electromagnetic radiation. The response of these factors over areas of anomalous mineralization is often unique and may be due to nutrient deficiencies and/or imbalances, toxicity and stress caused by anomalous mineral concentrations in the soil, low water retention, and plant competition. The successful use of geobotanical techniques results from the integration of the geobotanical observations with other techniques. The use of remote sensing in such a program must be predicated on those factors which can be discriminated within the constraints of the spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolutions of the sensing system and with appropriate analytical techniques.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 72
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Microwave radiometric measurements over bare fields of different surface roughness were made at frequencies of 1.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 10.7 GHz to study the frequency dependence, as well as the possible time variation, of surface roughness. An increase in surface roughness was found to increase the brightness temperature of soils and reduce the slope of regression between brightness temperature and soil moisture content. The frequency dependence of the surface roughness effect was relatively weak when compared with that of the vegetation effect. Radiometric time-series observations over a given field indicate that field surface roughness might gradually diminish with time, especially after a rainfall or irrigation. The variation of surface roughness increases the uncertainty of remote soil moisture estimates by microwave radiometry. Three years of radiometric measurements over a test site revealed a possible inconsistency in the soil bulk density determination, which is an important factor in the interpretation of radiometric data.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 13; Sept
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  • 73
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Landsat MSS data transformed into Kauth-Thomas greenness were averaged over 5 n.mi x 6 n.mi. sample segments from the U.S. Great Plains winter and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) regions, and related by regression analysis to yields reported by county, crop reporting district (CRD) and state levels. Evidence of a linear relation between winter- and spring-wheat yields and Landsat spectral data at a broad scale is shown for 1978 and 1979. A common slope of about 1.6 (Bu/A)/unit greenness is discerned for the relation between yield and spectral greenness. Tests at both a smaller scale on sets of field-level spectal data and yield and at a large scale on 25 mi. x 25 mi. gridded spectral data from the NOAA-6 AVHRR sensor support the relation. The implications of these results to yield estimation from satellite spectral data are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 13; Sept
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  • 74
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Multitemporal Landsat multispectral scanner data were analyzed to test various computer-aided analysis techniques for detecting significant forest canopy alteration. Three data transformations - differencing, ratioing, and a vegetative index difference - were tested to determine which best delineated gypsy moth defoliation. Response surface analyses were conducted to determine optimal threshold levels for the individual transformed bands and band combinations. Results indicate that, of the three transformations investigated, a vegetative index difference (VID) transformation most accurately delineates forest canopy change. Band 5 (0.6 to 0.7 micron ratioed data did nearly as well. However, other single bands and band combinations did not improve upon the band 5 ratio and VID results.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 49; Sept
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  • 75
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The NASA Johnson Space Center made an observational study of the radar-backscattering properties of corn and soybeans in commercial fields in a test site in Webster County, IA. Aircraft-based radar scatterometers measured the backscattering coefficient of the crops at three frequencies, 1.6 GHz (L-band), 4.75 GHz (C-band), and 13.3 GHz (Ku-band), at 10 sensor look-angles (5 to 50 degrees from the nadir in steps of 5 degrees), and with several polarization combinations. Among other findings, it was determined that: (1) row direction differences among fields affected significantly the radar-backscattering coefficient of the fields when the radar system used like-polarization at look-angles from 5 to 25 degrees; (2) row-direction differences had no effect on radar backscattering when the system used either cross-polarization or look-angles greater than 25 degrees regardless of the polarization; (3) wet surface-soil moisture conditions resulted in significantly poorer spectral separability of the two crops as compared to dry-soil conditions; and (4) on the dry-soil date, the best channel for separating corn from soybeans was the C-band cross-polarized measurement at a look-angle of 50 degrees.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: (ISSN 0196-2892)
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  • 76
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Results are given for three separate investigations of remote sensing over wetlands, including the delineations of roseau cane and mangrove from both Landsat and aircraft MSS data, and the delineation of wetland communities for potential waste assimilation in a coastal river floodplain from Landsat MSS data only. Attention is also given to data processing and analysis techniques of varying levels of sophistication, which must increase with surface cover diversity. All computer processing in these studies was performed on a minicomputer configured with the adequate memory, image display capability, and associated peripherals, using state-of-the-art digital MSS data analysis software.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: (ISSN 0196-2892)
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  • 77
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Recent advancements in microwave remote sensing of soil moisture include a method for estimating the dependence of the soil dielectric constant on its texture, the use of a percent of field capacity to express soil moisture magnitudes independently of soil texture, methods of estimating soil moisture sampling depth, and models for describing the effect of surface roughness on microwave response in terms of surface height variance and horizontal correlation length, as well as the verification of radiative transfer model predictions of microwave emission from soils and methods for the estimation of vegetation effects on the microwave response to soil moisture. Such researches have demonstrated that it is possible to remotely sense soil moisture in the 0-5 cm soil surface layer, and simulation studies have indicated how remotely sensed surface soil moisture may be used to estimate evapotranspiration rates and root-zone soil moisture.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: (ISSN 0196-2892)
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  • 78
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Data from the NOAA-6 spacecraft Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) were tested for effectiveness for vegetation classification. Vegetation, climatological, and meteorological data were gathered for three days over 12 locations, and the normalized differences between the AVHRR bands 1 and 2 were determined. A vegetative greenness index was compared with a hydrologic factor and vegetation characteristics as measured by ground truth. A multivariate vegetation gradient model was formulated, incorporating AVHRR and climatological data. The hydrologic factor was calculated in terms of the precipitation, evaporation, maximum and minimum temperatures, and the hydrologic capacity. The observations were taken over Texas, which has a wide range of climates. A high correlation was found in the vegetation-HF index. The AVHRR data are concluded to be an effective tool for analysis of vegetation/climate relationships.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Remote Sensing of Environment; 13; Mar. 198
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  • 79
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The thermal IR multispectral scanner (TIMS) has been developed for airborne geologic surveys. The resststrahlen band between 8-11 microns is exhibited by interatomic stretching vibrations of Si and oxygen bound up in the crystal lattice of silicate rocks. The crystal structure of the component minerals influence the depth and position of the detected band. The TIMS has six channels, an 80 deg field of view, and a sensitivity sufficient to detect a noise equivalent change in spectral emissivity of 0.002-0.006. The six bands measured are 8.2-8.6, 8.6-9.0, 9.4-10.2, 10.2-11.2, and 11.2-12.2 microns, using HgCdTe detectors. The data are analyzed with respect to emissivity variations as a function of wavelength, using the component transformation technique called a decorrelation stretch, with spectral differences being displayed as different colors. Sample scenes from Death Valley and the Nevada Cuprite mining district are compared with visible and near-IR color composites of the same areas, revealing the superior distinctions that are available with the TIMS.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 222; Oct. 7
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  • 80
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A physically based sensor response model of a row crop was used as the mathematical framework from which several inversion strategies were tested for extracting row structure information and component temperatures using a series of sensor view angles. The technique was evaluated on ground-based radiometric thermal infrared data of a cotton row crop that covered 48 percent of the ground in the vertical projection. The results showed that the accuracies of the predicted row heights and widths, vegetation temperatures, and soil temperatures of the cotton row crop were on the order of 5 cm, 1 deg, and 2 deg C, respectively. The inversion techniques can be applied to directional sensor data from aircraft platforms and even space platforms if the effects of atmospheric absorption and emission can be corrected. In theory, such inversion techniques can be applied to a wide variety of vegetation types and thus can have significant implications for remote sensing research and applications in disciplines that deal with incomplete vegetation canopies.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Remote Sensing of Environment; 13; Mar. 198
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  • 81
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-10
    Beschreibung: An image matching system specifically designed to match dissimilar images is described. A set of blobs and ribbons is first extracted from each image, and then generalized Hough transform techniques are used to match these sets and compute the transformation that best registers the image. An example of the application of the approach to one pair of remotely sensed images is presented.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Symp. on Math. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis; p 311-326
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  • 82
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-10
    Beschreibung: Quantile data analysis and functional statistical inference methods are introduced and applied to provide representations of spectral data which may lead to simple statistical discriminators effective for the estimation of ground truth from satellite spectral measurements. To estimate the ground truth of a pixel, the probability of each possible ground truth is estimated, given observed (estimated) quantile theoretic statistical characteristics of the multispectral image data corresponding to the pixel and its neighboring pixels. A strategy for determining which statistical characteristics discriminate best is described. Results are reported of quantile data analysis of an extensive collection of training files of image data.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Proc. of the NASA Symp. on Math. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis; p 191-242
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  • 83
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-10
    Beschreibung: Parametric mixture models appropriate for data presented in homogeneous blocks of varying sizes from several unidentified source populations are considered. For most applications, the data elements within each block are dependent. Models are proposed for multivariate normal data incorporating two types of dependence, exchangeability of elements within blocks, and a Markov structure for blocks. The consequences of assuming exchangeability, when in fact the Markov structure holds, are explored. Computational problems for each model are considered, and results of a simple test of the exchangeability hypothesis for LANDSAT data are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Symp. on Math. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis; p 123-142
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  • 84
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-11
    Beschreibung: Geometric and probabilistic models for subpixel accuracy are developed. The geometric models bound the error in offset estimation using the pixels in an observed digital straight line. One probabilistic model bounds the estimate of error offset for continuous images. The other model bounds the error for discrete images given that one is in the correct pixel.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Symp. on Math. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis; p 327-412
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  • 85
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-11
    Beschreibung: In LANDSAT imagery, spectral and spatial information can be used to detect the drainage network as well as the relative elevation model in mountainous terrain. To do this, the mixed information of material reflectance and topographic modulation in the original LANDSAT imagery must be first separated. From the material reflectance information, big visible rivers can be detected. From the topographic modulation information, ridges and valleys can be detected and assigned relative elevations. Finally, a relative elevation model can be generated by interpolating values for nonridge and nonvalley pixels.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Symp. on Math. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis; p 3-51
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  • 86
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-10
    Beschreibung: Mixture models of the form h = sum to M terms, one for each positive integer from 1 to N lambda sub j f (j) sub theta sub j where theta sub j is a translation parameter are considered. An approach is discussed which makes use of a Caratheodory theorem on the trigonometric moment problem to determine M and theta sub j j = 1,2,...,M. This theorem is also applied to show that translates of many common distributions lead to identifiable mixtures.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Symp. on Math. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis; p 55-76
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  • 87
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Attention is given to the error that can occur in all radiometric measurements owing to the presence of nearby objects. When a researcher positions himself on the side of a target point opposite the sun, his body gives rise to two erroneous effects. First, it blocks a portion of the incoming diffuse sky radiance to the target point, and second, it reflects incoming diffuse and direct solar irradiance and ground exitance onto the target point. It is noted that the same phenomenon occurs for any nearby object, whether it be a field truck, a building structure, or a row of trees. This error deriving from nearby objects is often not recognized by researchers or is considered insignificant with no knowledge of its magnitude. The approach taken here is to mathematically model the radiant transfers that take place between the global irradiance, panel, or scene and the object and to report the magnitude of this error for various solar zenith angles, wavelengths, size and distances of objects (steradian blockage), and spectral reflectances of the scene and object. The scene, object, and panel are assumed to be Lambertian, and the object is always located on the side of the target point opposite the sun.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 22; Jan. 1
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  • 88
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A microwave system is proposed to measure the amount of liquid-phase water in a snowpack operating in the range of 1 to 10 GHz. Attenuation of the beam between source and receivers is produced by the water in the snow. The relationships of frequency, distance, and volume percent of water are calculated for an assumed detector sensitivity, together with the estimated cost of a representative system. A laboratory test is described that shows the attenuation for snow at maximum wetness at 9.35 GHz. A configuration is proposed that involves a vertical tube containing microwave and radioactive sources and another vertical tube containing microwave and gamma-ray detectors, so that density and wetness profiles are obtained simultaneously over essentially the same path.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 89
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The performance characteristics of the Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-A), carried aloft on the STS-2 flight, are described and the results of its initial use are evaluated. The SIR-A is an SAR system operated at 1278 MHz (L-band), i.e., a wavelength of 23 cm. A seven panel antenna 9.4 m long was used, and scans were performed at a 50 deg angle of incidence to the center of a 50 km swath. Resolution is 40 m, and imagery is generated on a scale of 1:500,000. Sample images of a Brasilian island and the California coast are provided. Comparisons of the SIR-A imagery with Seasat SAR composite imagery demonstrate that the SIR-A is more sensitive to local roughness and only slightly dependent on terrain slope.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 49; Jan. 198
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  • 90
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The scientific payload on the Space Shuttle Columbia carried into Earth orbit is discussed. Part of the payload was the Shuttle Imaging Radar system (SIR-A). The objectives of the SIR-A experiment were to acquire radar images of a wide variety of different geologic terrains around the Earth, to demonstrate the capability of the Shuttle as a platform for conducting spaceborne scientific investigations, and to analyze and interpret the data in the radar images. The SIR-A sensor imaged about 10 million sq km of the Earth's surface. High resolution images were acquired over portions of every continent and some of the oceans between latitudes 41 N and 35 S. The SIR-A incidence angle ranges from 47 deg to 53 across an image swath of approximately 50 km.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Spaceborne Imaging Radar Symp.; p 83-85
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  • 91
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The variability of directional sensor response for a cotton row crop in Phoenix, Arizona was measured for various solar zenith angles. The geometric structure of the canopy was described with regard to height, width, spacing, and shape of rows. In addition, radiometric temperature data were collected on four scene components: sunlit and shaded vegetation and sunlit and shaded soil. These data were used to test the predictions and assumptions of a modified version of the row crop model of Jackson et al. (1979), which predicts the thermal infrared response of a sensor as a function of sensor view angle, component temperature, and geometrical structure of the canopy. The field data showed sensor response differentials as great as 16.2 C when going from a zenith view angle of 0 deg to one of 80 deg normal to the row direction. The rms deviation between the predicted and measured sensor response for all measurement periods and view angles was 0.96 C.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 4; Apr
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  • 92
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The significance and magnitude of diurnal variations of vegetation canopy structure are reviewed. Diurnal leaf inclination-azimuth angle distributions of a soybean and cotton canopy were documented using a simple measurement technique. The precision of the measurements was on the order of + or -5 deg for the inclination and + or -14 deg for the azimuth. The experimental results and a review of the literature showed that this distribution can vary significantly on a diurnal basis due to vegetation type, heliotropic leaf movement, environmental conditions, and vegetation stress. The study also showed that it is erroneous to treat two separate distributions of azimuth and inclination angles rather than one three-dimensional distribution of leaf orientation. The latter distribution needs to be routinely collected in studies which document variations of diurnal spectral reflectance with changes in solar zenith angle.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 4; Apr
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  • 93
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Nine predominantly cloud-free NOAA-7 advanced very high resolution radiometer images were obtained during a three-month period during the 1981 rainy season in the Sahel of Senegal. The 0.55-0.68- and 0.725-1.10-micron channels were used to form the normalized difference green leaf density vegetation index and the 11.5-12.5-micron channel was used as a cloud mask for each of the nine images. Changes in the normalized difference values among the various dates were closely associated with precipitation events. Six of the images spanning an 8-week period were used to generate a cumulative integrated index. Ground biomas samplings in the 30,000 sq km study area were used to assign total dry biomass classes to the cumulative index.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 13; 461-474
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 94
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The results of a factorial experiment to evaluate the effects of spatial, spectral, and radiometric resolution on training-data spectral separability and classification accuracy are reported. Aircraft scanner data from five flightlines at 19.8 km over California including croplands, rangeland, forest, water, and urban areas were systematically degraded over a range approximately from Landsat MSS to Thematic Mapper specifications. Reference data were collected on the ground and from aerial photography. The degradations, training-site delineation, data-analysis procedures, and accuracy-assessment techniques are described; the results are presented in tables and graphs and discussed. It is found that while accuracy was increased by higher spectral resolution in 70 percent of the cases and uniformly by increased radiometric resolution, it was decreased by higher spatial resolution. This phenomenon is attributed to classification methods.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 95
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Given any set of three 2 degree binned anomaly sea surface temperature (SST) data sets by three different sensors, estimates of the mean square error of each sensor estimate is made. The above formalism performed on every possible triplet of sensors. A separate table of error estimates is then constructed for each sensor.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temp.; 2 p
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 96
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Sea surface temperature data are contained in the following categories: tapefile format, raw file format, bin format, GRD format, MFM file format, SZM format, MRG file format, and DIF file format.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temp.; 9 p
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 97
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The High-Resolution Infrared Sounder (HIRS), a 20-channel infrared sounder, and the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU), a 4-channel microwave sounder, were first launched on the TIROS-N Satellite in November 1978 as an upgraded operational temperature sounding system. Essentially identical instruments have flown on NOAA-6 and NOAA-7 and are scheduled to fly on future operational satellites through the eighties. While HIRS2 and MSU were designed primarily for the purpose of measuring atmospheric temperature profiles, the observed radiances are also sensitive to other meteorological parameters such as sea surface temperature, ground temperature, cloud height and cloud amount, ice extent over ocean, snow cover over land, etc. A physically based processing system for analysis of HIRS2/MSU data was developed to determine the above atmospheric and surface parameters, which when substituted in the radiative transfer equation, match the satellite observations to a given noise level. All parameters are retrieved in a mutually interacting fashion.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: JPL Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temp.; 11 p
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 98
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The algorithm was developed to determine sea surface temperature (SST) from the Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) data. The SST algorithm has evolved over the last several years. The final version that will be applied to the 1979 SMMR data (more tuning may be needed for later data) is described. Four different stages in the development are reported: Versions I to IV; each version has evolved out of its predecessor either because newly processed data became available or because significant problems were uncovered in earlier versions.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: JPL Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temp.; 20 p
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Three satellite SST data sets were analyzed, all derived from the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) on the Nimbus-7 satellite. The SMMR is a ten-channel instrument flown also on the SEASAT satellite (now defunct) and was designed to measure SST in addition to other oceanographic and meteorological parameters. The three SMMR data sets were referred to as SMMR-I, -II, and -III. SMMR-I and -II were produced by T. Wilheit and A. Milman, SMMR-II being an updated and refined version of SMMR-I. A description of the algorithms used is provided. SMMR-III was provided by C. Prabhakara and was obtained by a different retrieval approach from the others. For consistency with the file code conventions and to avoid confusion, SMMRs I, II, and III were renamed SMMR-A, SMMR-D, and SMMR-C, respectively.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temp.; 9 p
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Analysis techniques for the sea surface temperature (SST) intercomparison were discussed. Systematic differences between various measurement techniques were identified and examined. This in turn might reveal areas for needed improvement in the SST retrieval algorithms or, at the very least, a clearer understanding of the limitations of each sensor.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temp.; 6 p
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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