ALBERT

Description: Twelve species of terricolous microlichens from the Angmagssalik District, Southeast Greenland, are reported: Caloplaca friesii, C. livida, Lecanora boligera, Lecidea oligotropha and Leciophysma arctophila, which are new to the lichen flora of Greenland, Rinodina conradi, which is new to the eastcoast, and Baeomyces roseus, B. rufus, Buellia geophila, B. punctata, Caloplaca tornoensis and Mycoblastus tornoensis, new to Southeast Greenland. In a discussion of the greenlandic distribution, unpublished records from the herbarium of Copenhagen (C) are incorporated. Notes on the habitats are given and the pertinent phytosociological units indicated. Some morphological and anatomical characters are commented upon briefly.

Description: The 16 recognized species of Sorocea are listed with their synonyms and distribution. Two new taxa are described: S. steinbachii C.C. Berg and S. hirtella Mildbread ssp. oligotricha Akkermans & Berg. Three new combinations are made: S. muriculata Miquel ssp. uaupensis (Baillon) C.C. Berg, S. trophoides W. Burger ssp. rhodorachis (Cuatrecasas) C.C. Berg, and S. sprucei (Baillon) Macbride ssp. saxicola (Hassler) C.C. Berg. A key to the species is presented.

Description: Three sections with a total number of four species of the genus Phyllanthus have been examined. The pollen grains show a strong resemblance to each other and also the taxonomic arguments to differentiate between the three sections proved to be rather weak. Because of both palynological and taxonomic reasons the sections Ceramanthus Baillon, Cluytiopsis Mueller Arg. and Anisolobium Mueller Arg. have been united into one section; viz. section Ceramanthus Baillon s.l.

Description: Der Zweck dieser Untersuchungen war an erster Stelle die Tatsachen zu vermehren, in denen sich die postglaziale Waldgeschichte in den Niederlanden allmählig widerspiegeln wird. Demnach haben wir unsre Aufmerksamkeit besonders den Baumpollenkörnern gewidmet, ohne jedoch die anderen Fossilien zu vernachlässigen. Allgemeine Schlüsse aus den jetzt vorliegenden Ergebnissen zu ziehen, wäre prämatur. Vergrösserung des Tatsachenmaterials ist vor allem notwendig. Wir hoffen auch weiter daran mitarbeiten zu können.

Description: The species Polypodium banaense C.Chr. is transferred to Crypsinus. The recognition of a genus Phymatopteris Pic. Ser. (= Phymatopsis J.Sm.) separate from Crypsinus is discussed.

Description: The six species of Curtia, including a hitherto undescribed species published here, as well as the monotypic genus Hockinia can be distinguished from each other by the seed coat structure. The anticlinal walls and the cuticle provide the most useful information. Curtia tenuifolia appears to be a complex species, but subsp. tenella can be readily separated from this complex by the seed coat structure. Heterostyly has been found in C. tenuifolia subsp. tenuifolia, C. obtusifolia, and Hockinia montana, but differences in seed coat structure can not be correlated with long-, short-, and equal-styled flowers. The differences in seed coat structure, the length of the seeds, and the number of cells per seed plead for maintaining Hockinia (closely related to Curtia) as a distinct genus. One new species of Curtia is described and a new combination is made.

Description: SETTEN, A. K. van & KOEK-NOORMAN, J.: Studies in Annonaceae. VI. A leafanatomical survey of genera of Annonaceae in the Neotropics. — Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 108: 17—50. 1986. — ISSN 0006-8152. Within the scope of the multidisciplinary research project on systematics of Annonaceae, a survey of the leafanatomical features and their distribution in the neotropical Annonaceae is presented. The studied specimens form a rather homogeneous group, as may appear from the family description given here. A detailed study of the leafanatomical features reveals, that differences are mainly found in the indument, the position and contents of the idioblasts, the structure of the primary vein, the type of crystals in the epidermal cells, and the type of sclereids. Based on character states, phenetic similarities and differences are discussed and compared with the classifications of FRIES (1959) and WALKER (1971).

Description: One new species of Dorstenia from Brazil is described: D. carautae C.C. Berg, and four new combinations are made: D. cayapia Vellozo subsp. asaroides (Hooker) C.C. Berg, D. cayapia Vellozo subsp. paraguariensis (Hassler) C.C. Berg, D. cayapia Vellozo subsp. vitifolia (Gardner) C.C. Berg, and D. ramosa (Desvaux) Carauta, Valente & Sucre subsp. dolichocaula (Pilger) C.C. Berg. A list of and a key to the 22 Dorstenia species distinguished in south-eastern tropical America are presented, together with synonymy and distributional data.

Description: This paper is an addendum to the author’s (1971) paper. At the time that the latter paper was finished, there were difficulties in taking photographs of the newly described male fructifications. Subsequently those difficulties have been solved, and the present paper contains the photographs of the male fructifications of the type specimens of Hastystrobus muirii v. Kon., Masculostrobus harrisii v. Kon., and Pityanthus scalbiensis v. Kon., and the photographs of the male fructifications, as described in the above-mentioned paper, of Ginkgo huttoni (Heer) Sternberg and Brachyphyllum crucis Kendall. All specimens are preserved in the Division of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Botanical Museum and Herbarium, State University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Most of the photographs were taken with the specimens illuminated obliquely in air, but some were taken with the specimens flooded with oil. This procedure is generally applied when the specimen requires enhancement of contrast, so that details are more evident than if the specimen was photographed dry.

Description: Recently a multidisciplinary investigation program on the systematics of Annonaceae was started at Utrecht with special emphasis on the Neotropics. This project will be carried out largely within the framework of the UNESCO-project Flora Neotronica. The first goal is to provide a modern classification of the family as a whole, the second is the publication of a series of monographs for Flora Neotropica. The project has been planned and started in close consultation with leading botanists on the Neotropical flora. The Annonaceae are a family of pantropical distribution with between 2000 and 2500 species in ca. 130 genera as presently understood. In the Neotropics the family is represented by ca. 750 species and 35 genera. It is a family of trees, shrubs, and lianas. Its place is within the order of the Magnoliales and its supposedly closest relative is the family of the Myristicaceae. The Annonaceae, although generally considered primitive in many features, nevertheless offer a number of specialized features as well This makes it a promising object using various kinds of comparative morphological, karyological, and anatomical data. Besides, many species are of medicinal or commercial value, such as various species of Annona and Rollinia, the fruits of which are commonly eaten in most countries of Central America and South America; the Soursop (Annona muricata) is widely cultivated throughout the tropics.

Description: Since the completion of Radlkofer’s monumental work on the Sapindaceae in Engler’s series “Das Pflanzenreich” 50 years have now elapsed, almost 40 since its publication. It is still the basis of virtually all taxonomic studies in the family. Some of the gerontogean genera have since been the subject of revisional work (Leenhouts 1969, 1971), but for the neogean representatives there are only some regional treatments (e.g. Rambo 1952; Barkley 1957; Reitz 1962; Soukup 1969), apart from descriptions of new taxa scattered through the literature. When studying the taxa native to Suriname in connection with the preparation of a supplement to the family treatment published previously in the “Flora of Suriname” (Uittien 1937) it soon became apparent to me that the genus Talisia was particularly incompletely known when Uittien published his account of the family, actually not much more than an extract from Radlkofer’s work. The number of species known or to be expected from Suriname proved to have doubled; this is not due to inadequateness of Uittien’s work but to much more extensive collecting. Two of the species met with since could not be identified with any species dealt with by Radlkofer or described after his time: these are described as new below. In order to establish that they were truly undescribed the descriptions and, where possible, types and/or other authentic specimens of all species described after Radlkofer were checked. A list of these follows; it may serve as a kind of bibliographic supplement to Radlkofer’s monograph. The two species marked with an asterisk have been posthumously listed in the supplement to his work.

Description: Dicranella staphylina Whitehouse, a species recently described from Great Britain, is now recorded from Belgium, Denmark and The Netherlands. A new combination, Anisothecium staphylinum (Whitehouse) Sipman, Rubers & Riemann, is proposed. A study of the costal anatomy revealed that A. staphylinum in this respect most resembles A. rufescens.

Description: The author studied the morphology of Blackstonia perfoliata s.l. and compared its variability with that of the other representatives of the genus. She also carried out ecological studies of “Blackstonia perfoliata ssp. serotina” on the Dutch island Voorne and compared her results with those in the literature relating to B. perfoliata in some adjacent regions, notably the Upper Rhine area. On morphological and ecological grounds B. perfoliata ssp. perfoliata and ssp. serotina are to be regarded as two distinct species, B. perfoliata and B. acuminata.

Description: A new species of Asterophorum, A. mennegae, is described from the Sipaliwini Savanne (Suriname). The position of Asterophorum within the family is briefly reviewed, and a key to the 2 species is given.

Description: The pollen analyse of a raised-bog on the High Vosges crest shows the vegetation regional development since 3200 years. A prehistoric civilization, the Gallo-roman period, the great migrations and the Carolingian period are reflected in the pollen diagram by N.A.P. minima and maxima. A discussion on curves fluctuations of the main A.P. follows.

Description: Wenn man bei dem Studium von Monographien und sonstigen systematischen Arbeiten darauf achtet, in welcher Weise die verschiedenen Autoren den Begriff „Varietät” benutzen, bemerkt man sofort, wie in dieser Hinsicht grosze Willkür herrscht. Nicht nur ist die Begrenzung des Begriffes sehr variabel (cf. Danser, Du Rietz) sondern auch der Wert, welchen man ihm beimisst, und zwar besonders in Hinsicht auf die Frage, ob in bestimmten Fällen wohl ein genetischer Zusammenhang zwischen Art und Varietät besteht oder nicht. Dazu kommt speziell in der letzten Zeit noch ein dritter Faktor hinzu, der Verwirrung hervorruft. Diesen findet man in der experimentellen Methode, welche die Arteinheiten kennen zu lernen ermöglicht (cf. Turesson, Du Rietz). Diese Methode gebraucht nämlich zum Teil die gleichen Begriffe, wie die beschreibende Systematik. Meiner Ansicht nach dürfen wir nun nicht mehr in dieser Weise fortfahren; wir müssen vielmehr zur Übereinstimmung kommen in Bezug auf die Trennung der Methoden der experimentellen und der beschreibenden Systematik. Es ist die Aufgabe des nächsten botanischen Kongress, hier eine entscheidende Regelung zu treffen, damit wir nicht in einigen Jahren vor unentwirrbaren Schwierigkeiten stehen. Darum will ich meinen Standpunkt in dieser Hinsicht hier auseinandersetzen. Die unmittelbare Veranlassung zu der vorliegenden Arbeit ist in mündlichen und schriftlichen Angriffen verschiedener Systematiker auf meinen Standpunkt, den ich in meiner Doktorarbeit (Lanjouw 1931) hinsichtlich des Gebrauches der Varietät genuina eingenommen habe, gelegen. Dort habe ich auf S. 4 behauptet, dass es unlogisch ist, innerhalb einer Art eine Var. genuina usw. zu unterscheiden. Ich habe diese Meinung auch noch festgelegt in der ersten These, von der hier die Uebersetzung folgt: „Es ist verwirrend und unrichtig, eine Art ganz in Varietäten zu zerlegen. Eine Varietät darf man nur annehmen, wenn sie sich von einer wirklich bestehenden Art unterscheidet, und diese letzte darf man nicht Var. genuina usw. nennen”. Wie schon gesagt, ist diese Meinung späterhin bestritten worden, und weil diese Frage von allgemeinem Belang ist für den Begriff „Varietät”, komme ich hier darauf zurück.

Description: The wood and leaf anatomy of representatives of the 9 genera of the Opiliaceae are described in detail. It is possible to separate the genera on the base of both wood- and leaf anatomical characters. Herein the presence of cystoliths of varying shape and size is important. Some comments on the taxonomy and possible phylogeny of the familiy are given.

Description: Peculiar slit-like apertures in the walls of the fibre tracheids of Dicranostyles mildbraediana described in a previous paper, were recognized by the co-author as the result of a ‘soft-rot’ fungal attack. Consequently these structures are not a characteristic feature of this species.

Description: A small set of bryophytes collected on the islands of Malta and Gozo in April-May, 1968, and April, 1969, by K. U. Kramer and L. Y. Th. Westra (Utrecht) was handed to the author for identification. The results are presented here as a supplement to a paper on the vascular plants of the Maltese islands (Kramer et al. 1972). The collections are deposited in the herbarium of the State University of Utrecht. In the past few years many new data have been published on the bryophytes of the Mediterranean islands, cf. Sunding (1967,1971), Koppe (1965), Lübenau & Lübenau (1970), Düll (1967), Gradstein (1971), and Townsend (1965). The liverwort flora of the Mediterranean coasts is being studied thoroughly by Jovet-Ast & Bischler (cf. 1968). Yet the bryophyte flora of the Maltese islands received very little attention in the literature. A brief survey of the main data follows here.

Description: In his introductory statements to 'The Symposium on the Phylogeny and Classification of the Filicopsida' which was held in London, 1972, HOLTTUM, when dealing with 'dubious groups of relationships which would particularly repay investigation', mentioned the Polypodiaceae first (HOLTTUM, 1973: 6). Talking about Polypodiaceae the present authors deal with the Polypodiaceae sensu stricto only, thus excluding the Cheiropleuriaceae, Dipteridaceae, Grammitidaceae, and also the Loxogrammaceae, taxa which were formerly (or are still) included in the Polypodiaceae sensu lato. As delineated in this way, this almost exclusively pantropical family consists of about 600 species and an indefinite number of genera.

Description: The new species Coussapoa manuënsis C.C. Berg is described.

Description: IUCN, says the paper Categories, Objectives and Criteria for Protected Areas, ”is dedicated to the wise use of the Earth’s natural resources and to the maintenance of the Planet’s natural diversity.” What to think of the sequence? Use first, maintain second? And this comes from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources? ”The World National Parks Congress, taking place in Bali, Indonesia, October 11-22, 1982, will provide case studies from around the world to illustrate how the various categories of protected areas are meeting the needs of countries of all economic, social, cultural, and political backgrounds,” writes J.A. McNeely, the secretary of the Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, in a special issue of the Swedish journal Ambio (11: 237. 1982). ”No longer just playgrounds for vacationers and means for conserving natural heritage, protected areas have become an inseparable part of the modern human ecosystem.”

Description: Harold St. John has (in Le Naturaliste Canadien 98, 1971, 571-580) given an evaluation of J.R. & G. Forster plants described in their Characteres generum which is newly dated to have been issued March 1, 1776. We feel induced to correct some inaccuracies. Gingidium montanum (l.c. 574, no. 21) — later transferred to Ligusticum as L. gingidium by Forster f., Prod. (1736) 22; DC., Prod. 4 (1830) 159, as an illegitimate homotypic synonym — is unnecessarily named as a new (superfluous) combination Angelica forsteriana St. John. Hooker f., Handb. New Zeal.Fl. (1867) 97, had this (according to the present Code, art. 72) correctly named Angelica gingidium, as because of the earlier Angelica montana Brot. (1804) he could not use the epithet montanum. For the rest Dawson (New Zeal.J.Bot. 5, 1967, 90) has reinstated the generic name Gingidium. He has still more recently changed the name Gingidium Forst., non Hill (1756), into Gingidia as Hill’s herbal has been said to be declared nomenclaturally valid.

Description: Mrs. Delia D. Adefuin, Museum Research Assistant, Manila, is pursuing her M.S. in Botany degree. She is currently the Secretary of the Fern Society of the Philippines. She is working on the Fern Flora of Metro Manila and is preparing the manuscript of a pictorial encyclopedia which will include descriptions of species and horticultural recommendations. Miss Barbro Axelius (S) collected and studied Xanthophytum and Lerchea (Rubiaceae) in Sarawak, Kalimantan and Sumatra, August 1982- February 1983.

Description: Tropical Botany in Aberdeen University. This was started by Professor J.W.H. Trail, who held the chair from 1877 to 1919, and travelled in the Amazon Valley (1873-75) mainly collecting cryptogams and studying palms. He was succeeded by Prof. W.G. Craib (1920-33) who was never in the tropics but devoted his work to the Flora of Siam, based on the collections of A.F.G. Kerr, and assisted by Miss E.C. Barnett. After a considerable lag, tropical botany was revived by the energetic efforts of Dr. P. Ashton as lecturer in systematics and ecology of the eastern tropics, establishing ties with Malayan colleges in teaching and research. This is at present perpetuated by two lecturers, Dr. K. Jong and Dr. M.D. Swaine, the latter’s experience lying largely in the tropics of West Africa. In addition Dr. N.M. Pritchard, Dr. J.B. Kenworthy and Dr. G. Hadley have been on secondment to the University of Malaya, while Dr. I. Alexander made research visits to India, Ghana and Peru. Over the years the Department has provided undergraduate and research training to innumerable students from many different tropical countries, some of which attained responsible posts, e.g. Prof. E. Soepadmo. Important courses in tropical biology are given, not available elsewhere in the U.K. (started 1973). The benefits for Aberdeen students is important: amongst others they led to expeditions to various parts of the tropics, recently to Sabah and to the Ivory Coast. Royal Society Tropical Rain Forest Collaborative Research Programme. Arising out of a feasibility study by Dr. T.C. Whitmore and P.F. Cockburn, the theme ’Recovery of tropical rain forest after disturbance’ was adopted as the initial basis of the programme. Possible territories for the research include Sabah and the Philippines. Detailed plans for a 5-year project are being prepared in consultation with colleagues in Southeast Asia.

Description: It is with the utmost regret that we announce the sudden and quite unexpected death of Dr. Marius Jacobs, editor of this Bulletin. See the obituary on page 3869. He was co-editor of the Flora Malesiana Bulletin for nr. 17 (1962) to nr. 22 (1968) and took full responsibility onwards of nr. 27 (1974). He showed great ability in enlarging its scope and we have many letters in our archives expressing appreciation and admiration for the lively and informative style in which he edited the Bulletin. I had to take over the editorial work for this number at short notice, but I was greatly helped by a number of Rijksherbarium colleagues, which help is gratefully acknowledged. In this way the delay has been kept to a minimum. It is, however, possible that some news items etc. have not been printed and that information submitted to Dr. Jacobs has not been entered due to this sudden change of editorship. I offer my apologies if this has happened and hope that (if still relevant) the news will again be forwarded to the new editor, Dr. J.F. Veldkamp, Rijksherbarium, who will take over starting next number.

Description: In mid-1971 Dr. K. Iwatsuki made a four-weeks’ collecting trip in Thailand, 10 Sept.- 10 Oct. From Oct. 1971 till mid-January 1972 a joint Leyden exploring expedition was made by Mr. C.P. van Beusekom and Mr. R. Geesink to various parts of Thailand.

Description: I must apologize that this Bulletin appears late. Material had been assembled for it and I had anticipated to compose this number about Christmas 1971. But on my birthday, 31 Oct. 1971, it was announced as a complete surprise that the firm of Brill was authorised to publish a book on the Javanese Mountain Flora of which the core is 57 hand-coloured plates on which 456 different species are depicted. The fieldwork was done, and drawings were composed in 1939-1941. After the war no publisher could be found; a precursor with 4 plates appeared in Endeavour (21, 1962, 183-193). The condition attached to this allowance was that I should promise stante pede to deliver the text by end December 1971 or at least as soon as possible, because the promotors of the plan intended to present me with the printed book on the occasion of my retiring from office, 1 Sept. 1972. So the rather peculiar situation arose that I had to make my own present. With my already tight time schedule for my last year of office I hesitatingly agreed. The available text was, however, very incomplete, having been written in the war prison camp, thirty years ago. Moreover it was at that time intended to be very popular for a pocket size atlas, as Schröter’s ’Pflanzenführer fur Alpenwanderer’ which had stood model for the purpose. With the generous life-size plates and folio format book now envisaged to edit, this text had to be completely rewritten in much enlarged scope and all captions carefully checked with the present literature and with the herbarium. Though the plates are explained by the captions, the general text also needed illustration and so figures had to be made or selected and photographs sorted. I had to give this project absolute priority. Notwithstanding the most liberal assistance rendered to me by my senior staff members, to whom I could entrust several time-consuming official duties, the composition of the text was real slave labour for seven days a week until late for five months. The captions were delivered end January, the general text May 22nd. The colour plates are printed and come out magnificently, practically as good as the original water-colour drawings, and the captions are by now in page proof, so that I hope the work will indeed be printed early September and available in October. Publication of Flora Malesiana proceeds well. In April 1971 the third instalment of the Fern volume appeared (Lindsaea-group by Dr. Kramer) and the text for a fourth instalment by Prof. Holttum & Drs. Hennipman is almost finished in MS. The final instalment of vol. 6 is in press and will appear presumably in September. Of vol. 7 the first instalment containing revisions of 12 families appeared in Jan. 1972. The second instalment of vol. 7 is in print (Fagaceae, Passifloraceae) and will appear in autumn. There is the prospect of publishing in the rather near future three very large families: Moraceae, Cyperaceae and Dipterocarpaceae. From the third chapter of this Bulletin it can be observed that progress with revisional work is satisfactory, though speed of publication still falls short of my expectation.

Description: Families and higher taxa have been entered under their name. Names of families which have been revised in volumes 4, 5, 6, and 7 have been entered and are printed in bold type, so that as far as this is concerned this index is complete for all preceding volumes as well.

Description: Monoecious trees or rarely shrubs, in Mai. evergreen, sometimes buttressed or with stilt-roots; growth mode flushwise, with perular buds. Hairs simple or stellate or fasciculate, rarely with resiniferous colleters, or scales on pits on the underside of the leaf. Leaves simple, spirally arranged, rarely in whorls of 3 or distichous, sometimes crowded near the top of each flush, penninerved, in Mal. entire or rarely crenate or sinuate. Stipules present, caducous or rarely rather long persistent, rarely interpetiolar or peltately attached. Inflorescence a cyme or a simple or branched spike, bracteate, ♂, ♀, androgynous (with the ♀ flowers borne on the lower part) or mixed. Flowers unisexual or functionally so. — ♂ Flowers: solitary or in dichasial clusters of 2-30 along the rachis, sessile or pedicelled; perianth campanulate or tubular, 6(-9)-lobed, or irregularly incised; stamens (4-)6-12(-90), filaments filiform, long exserted, free or rarely connate at the base; anthers linear to reniform, dorsi- or basifixed, lengthwise dehiscent; pistillode absent or present, densely hairy. — ♀ Flowers: sessile, solitary or in dichasial clusters of 2-15, surrounded by a cupule; ovary inferior, 2-6(-9)-celled, usually hairy; ovules anatropous, 2 per cell, apical and collateral; perianth usually regularly 6-lobed, sometimes poorly developed; staminodes 6-12, or absent; styles as many as ovary cells, terete, rather short, conical or tongue-shaped; stigmas capitate, punctiform, or covering the inner surface of the styles. Cupules solitary or in dichasial clusters, often woody, rarely reduced or absent, from saucer- or cup-shaped to enclosing the fruit, indehiscent or splitting into 2-8 or more ± equal segments, rarely consisting of 2 free segments, variously muricate, spiny, squamose, or with concentric or spiral lamellae, very rarely almost smooth. Fruit an indehiscent nut (achene), 1-3-celled, sometimes falsely multiseptate, rounded or sharply 2-3-angular. Seed one, exalbuminous; embryo-large; cotyledons large, flat-convex, plicate or ruminate; germination epigeal or hypogeal. Recent distribution. Seven genera with possibly c. 700 spp., the majority on the northern hemisphere. In the Old World the distribution extends southwards from 62°N in Scandinavia southheastwards to Kashmir and then northeastwards to the Sea of Okhotsk at c. 55°N. In Africa, Fagaceae are confined to the northern rim in the western Mediterranean region. In Asia Fagaceae are absent from the dry parts of the Middle East, from the Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon, from the desert and colder parts of China, from Manchuria, and from the extreme northern parts of Japan. In America, the distribution extends from Canada and the United States southwards to Central America, as far south as a few scattered localities in Columbia, in South America. On the southern hemisphere, Fageceae are present in Malesia, in the scarce wet parts of East Australia, in Tasmania, New Caledonia, and in New Zealand (otherwise absent from Pacific islands); in South America they occur from Fuegia and Staten I. northwards to Argentina and on the western slopes of the Andes in Chile up to 33°S. Fig. 1.

Description: The Botanical Survey of India continued to make collections during 1982, with the following results: Andaman & Nicobar Is.: Shola Bag, Mt Harriet, Jirkathang, Poona Nallah, Saddle peak, Diglipur, Rutland I. & Little I., 2875 specimens. Arunachal Pradesh: Various areas of Kameng Distr., Subansiri Distr., 9750 specimens. Assam: Garampani, 60 specimens. West Bengal: Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Hollong, Jaldapara, Chilapata, Salkumar, Daidaighat, Barasat, 2665 specimens. Bihar: Madhuban, Nimiaghat, Paresnath Hills, 315 specimens. Dehra Dun: Chakrata, Missoori, 325 specimens. Gujrat: Catchment and submergence areas of Sipu Reservoir Project, 1505 specimens. Kerala: Trichur, Idduki, Silent Valley, Valra Reserve Forest, Cannanore, Trivandrum, 3770 specimens. Madhya Pradesh: Kanha National Park, Chhodarpur Distr., 1190 specimens. Maharashtra: Areas of Jalgaon Distr. and Buldhana Distr., 4390 specimens. Manipur: Cherrapunjee, Mawphlong, Sorharim, areas of West Khasi Hills Districts, 2000 specimens. Rajasthan: Bharatpur, Desert National Park, 1605 specimens. Sikkim: Rangpo, Singtham, Bumbing, Manuring, Duga, Pandam, Takchi, Meli, areas of Gangtok, Chungtham, Lachi, Thanga, Panthang, 2590 specimens. Uttar Pradesh: Gori & Kali Valley, Chittoragarh Distr., 500 specimens.

Description: Dr. J.A.R. Anderson, Kuching, was on leave in spring 1971; he would return in the middle of the year for a final short tour. Dr. Anderson’s merits for the development of Botany in Sarawak are extremely large; it is a great pity to see such most experienced personalities leave the scene. We are thankful for his important endeavours and wish him a happy retirement. Prof. Dr. C.D.K. Cook, Zürich, is preparing a manual for the identification of aquatic plants.

Description: Mostly climbing herbs or lianas with axillary tendrils, rarely erect herbs, shrubs or small trees, glabrous or hairy, in Mal. not spiny. Branching usually by a supraaxillary serial bud. Leaves (mostly) spirally arranged, simple or compound, pinninerved or palminerved, entire or lobed; petiole or blade-base often with 1-many glands, and often glands on margin and lower surface of the blade. Stipules present. Inflorescences essentially axillary, cymose, sessile or peduncled, 1-many-flowered, ending in (a) tendril (s) or not. Bracts and bracteoles mostly small. Flowers often stiped, articulate to the pedicel, actinomorphic, bisexual or functionally unisexual (either with staminodes or a vestigial ovary, and then plants mostly dioecious) or polygamous. Perianth mostly 2-seriate, mostly persistent, the segments free or partially connate (Adenia p.p.), inserted on the rim of the saucer- or cup-shaped or tubiform hypanthium. Sepals (4—)5( 6), imbricate. Petals (4-)5(-6), mostly imbricate. Corona inserted on the hypanthium, mostly a complicated structure, composed either of filaments, hairs, or appendages, or membranous, annular, or composed of scales (disk), or in addition with ‘septa’ (Adenia p.p.), rarely corona absent (Adenia p.p.). Stamens 4-10, inserted mostly at the base of the hypanthium, or on an androgynophore (mostly hypogynous), (mostly) opposite the sepals; filaments free or partially connate into a tube; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent, sometimes apiculate. Ovary superior, subsessile or on a gynophore or androgynophore, 1-celled, 3(-5)-carpellate; placentas 3(-5), parietal; ovules many, anatropous; integuments 2; styles 1 or 3 (-5), very short to distinct, sometimes partially connate; stigmas ± globose, or capitate, or papillate, or much divided. Fruit a loculicidally 3(-5)-valved capsule, or berry-like. Seeds mostly numerous, mostly compressed, often beaked, enveloped by a (membranous or juicy) aril; funicles often distinct; testa crustaceous (coriaceous), mostly striate, reticulate or pitted; endosperm (copious) horny; embryo straight; cotyledons foliaceous. Cf. HARMS in E. & P. Nat. Pfl. Fam. ed. 2, 21 (1925) 470-507. Distribution. About 10 genera and 500 spp., almost entirely confined to the tropics: in America c. 350 spp. (mainly Passiflora, a few species in Dilkea, Mitostemma, Tetrastylis), in Africa (incl. Madagascar) c. 110 spp. (mainly Adenia c. 80 spp., Tryphostemma c. 20 spp., Deidamia, incl. Efulensia, Crossostemma, c. 6 spp., incl. Schlechterina, 2 spp.), in Asia and Australia c. 40 spp. (Passiflora c. 20 spp., Adenia 14 spp., Hollrungia 1 sp., Tetrapathaea 1 sp. in New Zealand).

Description: Herbs, sometimes with scaly rhizomes, bulbs, bulbils or stolons, or woody perennials, shrubs, lianas or trees. Leaves penninerved, digitately or pinnately trifoliolate, imparipinnate or paripinnate, basal, alternate, subopposite or apically tufted. Stipules sometimes present. Petioles with basal joint, petiolules articulated. Inflorescences basal, axillary or pseudoterminal, cymose to pseudumbellate, rarely racemose, 1-many-flowered, bracteate and bracteolate. Flowers ♂♀, very rarely also ♂ specimens (Dapania), actinomorphic, 5-merous, hetero-tri-, -di-, or homostylous, sometimes cleistogamous. Pedicels articulate. Sepals imbricate, free or connate at base, sometimes with apical calli (Oxalis), persistent. Petals contort, quincuncial or cochlear, free but usually cohesive above the base (‘pseudosympetal’), clawed (sometimes minutely so), glabrous or inside sometimes with minute papillae or pilose. Filaments 10, obdiplostemonous, connate at base into an annulus, persistent, the epipetalous (shorter) sometimes with a basal gland near the insertion of the petals, or sometimes with 2 scales or dark lines on the annulus (Dapania), rarely without anthers; the episepalous (longer) with a dorsal tooth (Oxalis) ) or hunchbacked; anthers dorsifixed, versatile, 2-celled, dehiscing extrorsely by longitudinal slits. No disk. Ovary 5-celled, superior; styles 5, terminal, persistent, free, in LF¹ and MF erect, in SF patent to recurved, rarely reduced (♂ flowers); ovules 1-2-several per cell in 1-2 rows, epi- and anatropous, pendulous, superposed, bitegmic. Fruit capsular, loculicid, 5-celled, dry, rarely fleshy and indehiscent. Seeds usually with an aril; endosperm copious, fleshy, rarely absent; embryo straight. Distribution. 6(7?) genera with c. 850 spp. Of the Malesian representatives Oxalis, the largest genus, is most numerous in S. America and S. Africa and Biophytum in S. America and Madagascar; Dapania has 2 spp. in Malesia and 1 in Madagascar; Sarcotheca (11 spp.) is endemic in Malesia, while Averrhoa (2 spp.) assumedly also originated here; it is now cultivated pantropically.

Description: Trees or shrubs, evergreen (Mal. spp.); leaf-scars large. Leaves crowded towards the end of the shoots, spiral, simple, exstipulate, serrate with glandular teeth, often with an apical gland, more rarely entire; nerves a little decurrent along the midrib, both midrib and nerves ± impressed above, ± prominent beneath. Indumentum of branchlets, leaves and inflorescences consisting of simple, and/or long, fascicled and ± patent, and/or minor, ± depressed stellate hairs. Flowers bisexual, regular, 5(-6)-merous. Inflorescences sometimes simple solitary terminal racemes, but mostly consisting of a terminal raceme and several lower approximate racemes, each of the latter from the axil of a ± reduced or caducous leaf, thus forming together a panicle-, fascicle- or umbel-like inflorescence; bracts mostly caducous during anthesis, rarely subpersistent. Calyx lobes 5 (-6), persistent, quincuncially imbricate, united at the base only. Petals 5 (-6), generally free, sometimes cohering to some degree, alternate with the calyx lobes, rather early caducous, generally sweet-scented. Stamens 10(—12) in 2 whorls of 5(-6), the outer whorl opposite the petals, the inner one opposite the calyx lobes; filaments adnate to the corolla at the extreme base; anthers dorsifixed, overturned outwards in bud, erect in anthesis, introrse, upper part of cells ± divergent, opening with apical, slitlike pores; pollen grains single, tricolporate, psilate. Ovary superior, 3-celled, with axile placentation; ovules ∞, small, anatropous; style simple, mostly shortly, very rarely hardly divided into three apical lobes, sometimes more deeply so and trifid, each lobe stigmatic at the top. Fruit a 3-valved, loculicidal capsule, the septae of which become loose from the persistent central axis, subtended or ± enclosed at maturity by the persistent calyx. Seeds ∞, small, subovoid to irregularly angular or subtrigonous, with a foveolate-reticulate testa (all Mal. spp.). Endosperm fleshy. Embryo cylindrical. Distribution. A small, monogeneric family in the Ericales, of (sub)tropical Asiatic-Malesian, and temperate and tropical American distribution, and with 1 sp. in Macaronesia (Madeira, and formerly in Teneriffe).

Description: Shrubs, small trees, or lianas, in Malesia evergreen, or herbs. Stipules present. Leaves in Malesia spirally arranged, sometimes distichous, simple, the margin often shallowly incised; generally stalked. Inflorescences axillary variously modified bundles, or racemes, or panicles, sometimes terminal, or flowers solitary in the leaf axils; bracts small; pedicels often articulated, whether in the lower or in the upper part; bracteoles, if present, small and in the lower part of the pedicel. Flowers bisexual or rarely dioecious, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, particularly in the corolla; the parts often persistent in fruit. Sepals 5, the median one adaxial (posterior), free or occasionally for a small portion connate, often ciliate. Petals 5, free, generally sessile, the median one abaxial (anterior), often longer and differently shaped, the base then mostly with a sac or spur. Androecium often cylindrical, stamens 5, episepalous; filaments often more or less connate into a tube, in the Malesian genera with zygomorphic flowers, those near the odd petal with a recurved fleshy appendage; anthers introrse, in Malesia nearly always the connective at the top produced into an approximately triangular membranous appendage converging with the others, cells sometimes with a small appendage at the top. Gynoecium superior, sessile, ovary small, subglobose, one-locular, with generally 3 carpels, the median one adaxial, each carpel with a parietal placenta in the middle bearing 1-many anatropous ovules; style straight or, in the zygomorphic flowers S-shaped with the stigma curved towards the odd petal and club-shaped with variations. Fruit in Malesia capsular, the carpels thickened to boat-shaped leathery or woody valves (in the latter eventually the endocarp separated from the pericarp) which spread and often compress upon dehiscence. Seeds 1-many, sessile, one to a few mm in size, often with distinct raphe, sometimes with funicular outgrowths; rich in endosperm; embryo straight. Distribution. A pantropical family; only Viola is cold-loving. Hybanthus extends into the subtropics‘ so does Melicytus (Pacific Plant Areas n. 103, Blumea Suppl. 5, 1966) in Polynesia and New Zealand. Hymenanthera (congeneric with the former? l.c. n. 104) is temperate in SE. Australia and New Zealand. Number of genera 16, 8 of them American; the largest are Viola, currently credited with c. 400 spp., Rinorea with c. 200, Hybanthus with perhaps 70, and there are about 50 more in the other genera altogether. Total number of species c. 720, in Malesia 31, two of these introduced.

Description: Trees, or whether or not climbing shrubs, or lianas. Leaves spirally arranged, rarely opposite, simple, entire or lobed (in Mal. never crenate or serrate), pennior palmatinerved, exstipulate. Inflorescences mostly axillary, sometimes terminal, rarely extra-axillary, or from old wood, in spikes or spike-like racemes, or often in cymes, both spikes and cymes not rarely collected to panicles or heads, very rarely reduced to few-flowered fascicles or to a solitary flower. Flowers bi- or unisexual, in the latter case at least functionally so, i.e. the plants dioecious, actinomorphic, (4-)5(-6)-, by reduction rarely in part 3-merous, cyclic (with sepals or calyx lobes and petals) or rarely spiral (with petals only in Pyrenacantha, or without petals in the ♀ flowers of Platea and some spp. of Iodes and Gomphandra). Pedicels, if any, articulated with the calyx. Sepals 4-6, free or mostly connate below to various degree to a 4-6-lobed calyx, the lobes imbricate or valvate, generally persistent. Petals 4-6, free or connate below to various degree, sometimes to a tube, the lobes valvate, very rarely subimbricate, tip inflexed, mostly caducous, sometimes persistent. Stamens as many as sepals or petals, episepalous, inserted basally or sometimes in the upper part of the tube; filaments subulate, fleshy, often flattened, or filiform, not rarely with clavate subglandular elongate hairs distally; anthers 2-celled, cells often diverging below, basifixed, latrorse or introrse, in Polyporandra dismissing the pollen from numerous operculate pores. Disk whether or not present, either annular or cup-like, free or adnate to the ovary, or a unilateral fleshy scale. Ovary free, 1-celled (in Pseudobotrys, Gonocaryum and Citronella 2-celled with an empty tube-like unilateral cell) (in Mai.); ovules 2 (rarely 1 abortive), apical, pendent, anatropous, apotropous, unitegmic; style 1 or none; stigma punctiform, subcapitate or peltate, entire or slightly 2-5-lobed or -crenate, often depressed to one side. Drupe ellipsoid to globose, often laterally compressed and almond-like; exocarp generally thin-fleshy; endocarp thin-crustaceous to thick-woody, sometimes spongious or fibrous, often veined or ribbed lengthwise or reticulate-lacunose outside, smooth or with tubercles or blunt aculei inside, the seed pitted then. Seed 1, exarillate, generally with abundant endosperm, which rarely is ruminate; embryo straight; cotyledons whether or not foliaceous. Distribution. About 56 genera with c. 300 spp., all woody, predominantly in the tropics, rapidly decreasing in number towards the subtropics; 5 genera with part of their species in the temperate zones of Africa, Asia, Australia and S. America.

Description: Perennial waterplants with a tuberous, elongate or cylindrical and often branched rootstock or rhizome which produces a tuft of leaves and the inflorescences. Leaves submerged and/or floating (very seldom emerged), with a mostly distinct midrib and one or more pairs of parallel main nerves, connected by numerous cross-veins. Inflorescence long-peduncled, emerging above the water surface, in bud enveloped by a caducous or rarely persistent spathe, composed of 1 (in Mal.) or 2-11 spikes. Flowers (in Mal.) bisexual, spirally arranged, turned towards all directions. Tepals 2, mostly persistent, rarely caducous. Stamens 6, in 2 whorls. Ovaries 3(-4-5), free, sessile, narrowed into the style with a stigmatic ridge on the inner side; ovules 2-8 per carpel. Fruits with a mostly distinct, lateral or terminal, often curved beak. Seeds without endosperm; testa mostly a single envelope, sometimes, however, split into two envelopes, the inner one, brown and closely fitting the embryo, the outer loose, transparent and reticulately veined; embryo with the plumule fitting in a groove or not, or without plumule (the embryos of all species with a double testa seem to have no plumule). Distr. About 40 spp. described, from Africa (Ethiopia to the Cape), Madagascar, India & Ceylon, through SE. Asia (to c. 30° NL) and Malesia to SW., N. and E. Australia (to 34° SL), centering in Africa and Madagascar.

Description: Annual or perennial, often grass-like herbs, only the monotypic African genus Microdracoides tree-like; the perennial spp. with short- or long-creeping, mostly sympodial rhizome not rarely emitting stolons. Stems solid, exceptionally hollow, sometimes septate, often trigonous, more rarely 2-sided or terete, or 4-, 5-, or multangular, usually nodeless below the inflorescence. Leaves often 3- ranked, more rarely distichous or polystichous, basal and/or cauline, usually sheathing at the base, the sheaths closed (in Mal.), very rarely open, the blades as a rule sessile, linear (grass-like) or setaceous, rarely lanceolate and petioled, rarely much reduced or even absent; sheath and blade whether or not separated by a rim of short hairs or by a membranous ligule almost completely fused to the upper surface of the blade. Flowers simple, inconspicuous, each subtended by a bract (glume), arranged in small spiciform units (spikelets), in subfam. Caricoideae strictly unisexual, in subfam. Cyperoideae tribe Hypolytreae composed of monandrous lateral ‘flowers’ and a terminal ovary, in tribe Cypereae reduced to bisexual synanthia, a few of which may be functionally male or female by abortion of the other sex. Spikelets often (always?) cymose (‘pseudo-spikelets’), (1-) few- to many-flowered. Inflorescence paniculate, anthelate, capitate, or spicate, with few to many spikelets, rarely reduced to a single spikelet, often subtended by 1-several leafy involucral bracts, Perianth consisting of bristles, hairs, or scales, but often absent. Stamens often 3, not rarely reduced to 2 or 1, very rarely more than 3 to numerous; filaments ligulate, free, only in a few Carex spp. connate, sometimes strongly elongating after anthesis; anthers basifixed, introrse, opening lengthwise by a slit. Ovary solitary, superior, usually 2- or 3-carpellate, unilocular; style not rarely thickened at the base, the thickened part whether or not articulated with the ovary; stigmas 2 or 3 (rarely more), only in a few spp. style unbranched; ovule solitary, erect from the base of the ovary, anatropous. Fruit indehiscent, a nut (often termed achene), sessile, or seated on a disk, free, or surrounded by a modified prophyll (perigynium, utricle). Seed erect, with thin testa not adhering to the pericarp; embryo small, at least partly surrounded by abundant mealy or fleshy endosperm. Dist ribution. About 70-80 genera with probably some 4000 spp., throughout the world.

Description: In the former century Byblis was mostly included in the Droseraceae, for example by BENTHAM & HOOKER. f. (Gen. P1. 1, 1859, 220); even ENGLER had it in that position in 1912 (Syllabus ed. 7, 329). PLANCHON had in 1848 (Ann. Sc. Nat. III, 9, 1848, 80, 90) already pointed to affinity with Cheiranthera of the Pittosporaceae; HALLIER f. merged Byblis and Roridula with Tremandraceae, curiously referring this to an Ochnaceous assemblage (Abh. Gebiete Naturw. Hamburg 18, 1903, 53). About the same time LANG argued (Flora 88, 1901, 179) that on morphological and anatomical grounds Byblis cannot belong to Droseraceae, but should be referred to Lentibulariaceae. DIELS (Pfl. R. Heft 26, 1907, 51) and DOMIN (Act. Bot. Bohem. 1, 1922, 1) definitely concluded to the alliance with Pittosporaceae, and so did HUTCHINSON (1926, 1959) and SCHULTZE-MENZ (Syllabus 1964): resemblance with Drosera is superficial, sympetaly unimportant. HALLIER f. and HUTCHINSON include the S. African genus Roridula also in the family Byblidaceae, but others regard this as an allied family.

Description: The ultrastructure of the spore walls of Beenakia dacostae (Beenakiaceae, Gomphales) has been studied. Spore walls are mainly composed of a distinct episporium and a thick, dark, ornamented ectosporium. The general structure is identical with that of other members of the Gomphales, such as Gomphus and Ramaria

Description: A general consideration is given on various aspects of the taxonomy of Operculate Discomycetes. The thesis is advanced that the genus, rather than the species, may represent the basic evolutionary unit. More detailed considerations are devoted to a few topics, for instance to the systematic position of the genera Cyttaria and Medeolaria.

Description: In Malesia the genus Tephrosia is represented by 20 species, native or introduced and naturalized, including 6 subspecies and 5 varieties; 4 species are restricted to Malesia. Two of these species are newly described: T. barbatala and T. elliptica; the former includes one new variety (var. glabra). Two new subspecies and one new variety are distinguished: T. filipes subsp. longifolia, T. purpurea subsp. barbigera, and T. maculata var. elongata. Two taxa are given a new status: T. maculata var. appressepilosa and T. pumila subsp. aldabrensis. Four species, T. dichotoma, T. repentina, T. coarctata, and Kiesera sumatrana are for the first time sunk into synonymy. A key to the taxa, synonymy, and full descriptions with plates and distribution maps are given.

Description: During identification and study of the materials of the genus Blepharis Juss. in the Central National Herbarium (CAL) of the Botanical Survey of India the authors came across some specimens (Lawson 314) from Tavancore, which was identified as B. molluginifolia aff But critical study revealed that the typical molluginifolia is a different species from which the new taxon can be distinguished by several characters. The species is named after M.A. Lawson who collected the specimen for the first time.

Description: One new species of Aristolochia, A. singalangensis, from Sumatra is described here. This is the only Malesian species to have the fruit dehiscing from the apex towards the base. Remarks are given for some Asiatic and Malesian species, all belonging to Aristolochia except one to Thottea, on their taxonomy, nomenclature, typification, characteristics for identification, relationship, distribution, etc. The phenomena and significance of aristolochiaceous plants-butterflies relationship have been discussed. Germinated pollen grains have been found in dehisced anthers of open flowers in both Aristolochia and Thottea. Pollination of the Aristolochiaceae has been concisely reviewed.

Description: Since Hornemann (Fl. Dan. 9, 1816, p. 3, pl. 1501) published the name Zostera marina var. angustifolia together with a very poor drawing and the extremely short diagnosis ‘foliis subenerviis’ several interpretations of the identity of this taxon have been given. Some authors regarded it as a separate species closely related to Z. marina L., e.g. Reichenbach (1c. Fl. Germ. 7,1845, p. 3, as Z. angustifolia), and Tutin (J. Bot. 74, 1936, p. 227—230, as Z. hornemanniana). Others thought that it was a hybrid between Z. marina and Z. noltii Hornem., e.g. Ascherson (in Boissier, Fl. Orient. 5, 1882, p. 25), Prahl (Krit. Fl. Schlesw.- Holst. 2, 1890, p. 211), and Rouy (Fl. Fr. 13, 1912, p. 290, as Z. hornemanni). Recently I myself expressed the opinion that Hornemann’s variety was merely a brackish-water form of Z. noltit (Den Hartog, Sea-grasses of the world, 1970, p. 68). Thanks to the kindness of Mr. A. Hansen I was able to study two sheets of original material of Hornemann’s taxon and as a result all the above-mentioned interpretations can be ruled out. One of the two sheets is marked ‘cotypus’ and is labelled ‘Zostera marina angustifolia, e sinu Othiniensi, Hornemann’, the labelling in the characteristic handwriting of Prof. J. W. Hornemann himself. The specimens mounted on this sheet are all extremely narrow-leaved Z. marina. The specimens on the other sheet are very similar, and were collected from the same place; the labelling, however, is in the handwriting of N. Hofmann Bang, who was a close friend of Hornemann and owned the manor Hofmannsgave near the type locality.

Description: There are only two genera of the Aristolochiaceae, Aristolochia and Thottea, so far known to occur in Malesia. In the course of a revision of this family for the Flora Malesiana, some new species of both genera have been found. Eight new ones of Thottea were published in a precursor on that genus (Blumea 27, 1981, 301-332, f. 1-72). There are four new species of Aristolochia from Borneo and one more new Thottea from Sumatra to be described here.

Description: This work is the first of its kind in so far that it gives an account of the chemotaxonomy of a large family of plants and its implications on the taxonomy of that family. The ideas for this book were derived from a symposium, to which all the 19 authors contributed, ‘The Comparative Biochemistry of the Leguminosae’, which was held at the John Innes Institute, Hertfordshire. The first chapter, by V. H. Heywood, gives a ‘Systematic Purview’ of the family. Chapter 2—14 provide a description of the known distribution of both low molecular weight and macromolecular constituents. In several chapters the methods used are also extensively discussed. Often the information of the various chapters has been obtained by workers belonging to other disciplines than taxonomy, and little attention has been given to taxonomic methods. Several of the chapters lack a summary and a discussion of the taxonomic implications.

Description: A subdivision of the pollen types encountered in Lecythidaceae is proposed. The presence of a demarcation line between an original colpate and a derived syncolpate pollen type is confirmed. The significance of pollen characters for taxonomic subdivision is evaluated and it is concluded that the subdivision proposed by Niedenzu in 1892 agrees best with the pollen evidence. Pollen morphology does not yet provide any clear indications of wider affinities of the family, except in a negative sense.

Description: In the herbarium in Kiel the holotype of Sphacelaria paniculata was located. Australian material, known under the names Halopteris hordeacea (Harvey) Sauv., H. spicigera (Aresch.) Moore or H. gracilescens (J. Ag.) Womersl. has as correct name Halopteris paniculata (Suhr) P. v. R. comb. nov.

Description: This book is an exploration into the field of Plant Morphology. It deals with the placentation of the ovules in ten families of Centrospermae — including the Cactaceae — and in the Primulaceae. The core is formed by a very close observation and a complete documentation of the histogenesis of the ovary wall, the septs, and the placentae in four Caryophyllaceous species. Furthermore, the result is compared with similar known and newly discovered features in other species and in the other families. It appears that the ovary is composed of a cup of sterile phyllomes which surrounds a central body. This central part is built up by two alternating sets of five axial placentae bearing the ovules. The septs grow from the cup inwards and fuse with the placentae and their ovules. The pattern of the vascular bundles is in full accordance with the histogenetic results. Variations on this theme occur in the other species and families, the ultimate stage in reduction being an ovary with a solitary terminal ovule. However, the Primulaceae do not fit in this scheme; they cannot be considered as Centrospermae.

Description: Though the embryo provides one of the main generic characters of Haplolobus, up till now nothing was known about its germination or seedling (blastogeny). That is why the first author, when revising the genus Haplolobus (Leenhouts, 1972) contacted Mr. J. S. Womersley, Chief Division of Botany, Department of Forests, at Lae, Papua and New Guinea, and asked him for either viable seeds, or seedlings. We are very obliged to him and to the Department of Forests for providing us with both, including herbarium and spirit material of seedlings and a herbarium specimen of the parent tree. The latter was collected under nr. NGF 49210 (Henty) at Markham Point near Lae, and could be identified as Haplolobus floribundus H. J. Lam ssp. floribundus group A. The seedlings were collected 8 weeks after being sown in the Lae Botanic Garden; they were preserved under nr. NGF 49275. It is a pity that the seeds sown in the Botanic Garden at Leiden did not germinate.

Description: Carpels develop centripetally as oblique slightly ascidiform structures provided with a seat-like support. The terminal mouth of the ascidiform primordium becomes the lateral cleft of the carpel. Solitary terminal carpels develop as lateral structures. The sections Tasmannia and Drimys of the genus Drimys differ by the varying degree of ascidiform development. Austrobaileya is like Drimys. The structure of the carpel margins with submarginal placentation may have evolved from a slit like that in Winteraceae. Allometric development of an oblique ascidiform structure may have formed a large basal ovary, and may thus have moved the stigmatic part apically. A possible cupular origin of carpels is discussed.

Description: A historical survey of the family is followed by a discussion of the systematic position, the affinities within the family, the morphology, anatomy, phytochemical characters, flower biology, geographical distribution, dispersal, and growth. A key to the species is given. Each taxon has been described and provided with its full synonymy. All specimens have been cited except in those cases where more than 5 collections were made in one partial area (country, province, district, or small island). A complete identification list will be issued separately. In this revision of Taccaceae 1 genus and 10 species are accepted; 8 species are restricted to Indo-Malesia (SE. Asia to the Solomons), 1 to tropical South America, and 1 species occurs from the tropical west coast of Africa eastwards to Easter Island in the eastern Pacific. Two new species have been described, one from Borneo and one from the Solomons and New Guinea, and one new combination has been proposed. The genus Schizocapsa and a large number of specific names have been reduced. The species synonymy is considerable and comprises not less than 49 specific epithets. This situation is due to the fact that some widely distributed species have proved to be very variable. The material which I had at my disposal was considerably larger than previous workers, especially Limpricht, had in hand. As a result of this rich material numerous locally described species could no longer be maintained.

Description: The species at present known as Metrosideros elegans was the basis for Ballardia Montr., Mem. Acad. Lyon 10 (1860) 204. The later described species of the M. elegans group were placed in Metrosideros Banks ex Gaertn., Fruct. I (1788) 170, t. 34, and Beauvisage (1901) finally sank Ballardia in Metrosideros when he combined B. elegans Montr., Mem. Acad. Lyon 10 (1860) 205, with M. laurifolia var. minor Br. et Gris, Bull. Bot. Soc. Fr. 12 (1865) 300 under the binomial Metrosideros elegans. The group has remained in Metrosideros since that time. So far as is known the group is restricted to New Caledonia. The species may occur at quite low elevations, but are most common between about 300 and 1,500 metres altitude in forest or shrubland.

Description: It has been suspected for some time that Tetrameles nudiflora occurs in the Cape York Peninsula region of Queensland. The late Mr. L. S. Smith (Queensland Herbarium) referred some sterile specimens to this species, but, as far as is known, he never saw fertile material from Queensland. Mr. G. C. Stocker (Forestry and Timber Bureau, Atherton) collected good fruiting material of this species in the McIlwraith Ra. (13°50' S, 143°20' E) in November 1971 (Stocker 820). This appeared to be the first collection of fertile material. However, subsequent discussion with Mr. J. G. Tracey and Dr. L. J. Webb (Rain Forest Ecology Section, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) revealed that they had collected flowering material from large leafless trees in October 1968 at Claudie River (12°43' S, 143°17' E) and in October 1969 at McIlwraith Range and Rocky River ( Webb & Tracey 8230A, 9293A, and 9746A). Inspection of the Webb and Tracey specimens revealed that they were in fact Tetrameles nudiflora. Field evidence suggests that two of the suites of specimens, i.e. Webb & Tracey 9293A and Stocker 820, were from the same tree on the western slopes of McIlwraith Range. The specimens all agree with the description of Tetrameles nudiflora by van Steenis (Fl. Mal. I, 4, 1953, 385).

Description: The mites listed in the present paper have been collected by the junior author and Drs. N. J. J. KOK during a stay in Surinam from 6.VII—1.XI.1971 with financial aid of the Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research (WOTRO). The collection enlarges our knowledge on parasites of nasal cavities of hosts from Surinam (FAIN & LUKOSCHUS, 1971).

Description: Se trata de las espécies del grupo nebulosus del género Gelastocoris. Según el autór este grupo contiene una espécie con dos subespécies. Gelastocoris nebulosus nebulosus (Guérin) con sinónimas G. flavus (Guérin), G. apureensis Melin, G. monrosi De Cario, G. paraguayensis De Carlo y G. vianai De Carlo, tiene una distribución de la Venezuela y las Guayanas hasta el Paraguay y el NE de la Argentina. Gelastocoris nebulosus quadrimaculatus (Guérin), con sinónimas G. bergi De Carlo y G. bolivianus De Carlo, tiene una distribución andina, de Perú hasta el Chile (Santiago) y el NO de la Argentina.

Description: The buthid scorpions of the genus Centruroides are widely distributed in the Antillean area. They are also the most common scorpions in the majority of these islands. Nevertheless they remained almost forgotten until recently (STAHNKE 1970; ARMAS 1976, 1977, 1980, 1981, 1982; FRANCKE & SISSOM 1980). For the purpose of this paper the Lesser Antilles are defined as the islands situated between the Virgin Islands and Trinidad & Tobago, according to BOND’S 1978 zoogeographical point of view.

Description: Anolis equestris Merrem, the Cuban giant anole, was described in 1820. The formal description is based upon an account of the lizard by CUVIER (“le grand Anolis a crête”) in 1817. MERREM’S description is very brief but sufficiently detailed to assign the name to the Cuban species rather than to any other Antillean giant anole. The lizard was redescribed by BELL (1827) as Anolius [sic] rhodolaemus, based upon material collected by W. S. MACLEAY. NOBLE & HASSLER (1935) named Anolis luteogularis from a long series from western Cuba. This species was relegated to subspecific status under A. equestris by BARBOUR & SHREVE (1935), who also named A. e. hassleri from the Isla de Pinos (based upon two specimens) and A. e. noblei from eastern Cuba (based upon three specimens). SCHWARTZ (1958) named A. e. thomasi from Camagüey Province and later (1964) reviewed the status of the species in Oriente Province, naming A. e. smallwoodi, A. e. palardis, A. e. baracoae, A. e. galeifer, and A. e. saxuliceps. As presently understood, there are ten subspecies of A. equestris throughout Cuba and the Isla de Pinos. Comments by SCHWARTZ (1964) indicated that there were several Oriente specimens which did not agree with the concepts of the subspecies defined by him and suggested that there was still a great deal to be learned about the distribution and variation in A. equestris at least in Oriente, the physiographically and ecologically most diverse of the Cuban provinces. The junior author became interested in A. equestris when he encountered lizards from various Cuban localities which did not agree in detail with taxa already named. In addition, the discovery of two “subspecies” equestris and luteogularis) occurring syntopically in the same wooded area suggested that perhaps the entire complex needed serious restudy and revision. Accordingly, GARRIDO made extensive collections of A. equestris from much of Cuba and the Isla de Pinos (whence previously only very few specimens have been available) as well as on Cayo Cantiles in the Archipiélago de los Canarreos. In addition, GARRIDO succeeded in securing large series of some populations which had previously been known from single individuals or very small samples.

Description: For about two years (1967—1968) investigations were conducted on the ecology of mosquitoes in relation to the transmission of arboviruses in Surinam (DE KRUIJF 1970). Part of this study dealing with the daily activity of biting mosquitoes is presented here. Daily activity of biting anopheline females has been widely studied because of their ability to transmit malaria (MATTINGLY 1949, SENIOR-WHITE 1953, GILLIES 1957, SLOOFF 1964, and many others). Intensive studies on culicine mosquitoes transmitting arboviruses and other pathogen agents have been carried out in Africa and elsewhere (among many others HADDOW 1945, 1954, 1956, 1961a and b, 1961, MCCLELLAND 1960, BOORMAN 1961, SAMARAWICKRAMA 1967, TAYLOR & JONES 1969). Data on the diel activity of culicine mosquitoes in South America are relatively scarce; species transmitting jungle yellow fever, Haemagogus species and Sabethes chloropherus,' having been studied most completely (KUMM & NOVIS 1938, BATES 1944, 1949, CAUSEY & SANTOS 1949, GALINDO et al. 1951, TRAPIDO & GALINDO 1957, GALINDO 1957, FORATTINI 1966b). AITKEN et al. (1968) have published some data on other species whereas FORATTINI (1962, 1966a and b) reviewed the scattered data on the daily activity of biting mosquitoes belonging to as many species as possible. It appeared that in the northern region of South America knowledge on the subject is very scarce.

Description: Three members are informally distinguished in this formation (A, B, and C from base to top). They are present at the western part of the outcrop (thickness ca. 246 m). On the eastern and southeastern part, only member A and basal part of member B are present and the thickness is reduced to ca. 20 m. A sharp surface of discontinuity separates member A from member B. The Portilla Formation abounds in reef-building elements associated with other groups. Five major carbonate facies types are established that belong to a complex biostromal ‘reef’ facies. Vertical and lateral facies changes are demonstrated. The carbonate facies was deposited in a shallow-marine environment. Towards end of deposition of member A, sharp changes in depositional conditions occurred, soon followed by a notable influx of siliciclastics. A distinctive barrier ‘reef’ pattern was established during deposition of member B. It protected a back-reef area from the open shallow sea. This back-reef environment was separated from an area of dominantly siliciclastic deposition in the southeast by an extremely shallow marine or shoal area which might have been emergent. During deposition of member B there occurred a rhythmic alternation of the back-reef carbonates and the carbonates continuous with the ‘reef’ barrier, probably reflecting minor changes in sea level likely due to epeirogenetic movements of the bottom. Eventually organic growth and associated carbonate sedimentation exceeded the rate of subsidence and as a result the ‘reefs’ laterally shifted seawards, followed by the back-reef facies. The facies pattern suggests an increasingly emergent tendency of the marginal part of the carbonate basin due to bottom movements. The barrier ‘reef’ pattern of member B probably terminated due to changes in relative subsidence during deposition of member C. A strong supply of siliciclastics during the deposition of the Nocedo Formation brought an end to the carbonate sedimentation of the Portilla Formation. The variation in thickness in the Portilla Formation has been mainly due to a slow and prolonged differential subsidence of the carbonate depositional basin. The absence of a large part of member B and member C in the easterly and southeasterly directions is probably largely due to non-deposition of sediments. Seventeen species are described of rhynchonellid brachiopods, out of which four species are new. Three new genera are established. Wherever available some critical German rhynchonellid species have been sectioned for comparison. The rhynchonellid and atrypid brachiopod fauna from the Portilla Formation show a great affinity with the Middle Devonian fauna of Eifel region, Germany. The Spanish fauna could be assigned to the mixed or Eifel facies, or close to this type. Striking similarity exists also between the Spanish fauna and the Middle Devonian fauna from the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. The rhynchonellids and atrypids strongly suggest that the Eifelian — Givetian boundary lies in the basal part of member B. It is suggested that member A is of Eifelian age and that members B and C, apart from the basal part of member B are of Givetian age.

Description: During the Late Devonian, deposition in the Cantabrian Mountains was largely controlled by movements along faults. By way of intermitting subsidence of the area south of the Sabero-Gordón line and the connected progradation of the coast during the Frasnian and early Famennian, three regressive sequences were deposited. On account of these sequences the Nocedo Formation is divided into three units. Before the late Famennian transgression, after which the upper part of the Ermita Formation was deposited, the area was peneplained. Six facies maps show the changes in palaeogeography during the Late Devonian.

Description: The area described comprises the SE plunging extension of the anticlinorium of Mondoñedo-Lugo-Sarria and several structural units to the NE of it. The stratigraphy compares with that of neighbouring areas. Certain new observations have been made regarding the west flank of the East Galician-West Asturian miogeosyncline at the end of the Precambrium and during the Early Palaeozoic. Stromatolites or algae played an important part in the formation of carbonate deposits during late Precambrian (Cándana limestone) and Lower Cambrian time (Vegadeo limestone). An imprint, possibly attributable to a specimen belonging to the Precambrian Ediacara fauna, was found in the Cándana Schist Formation. A shallow or relatively high zone existed during that time in the region around Incio. The same general area formed a high again at the end of the Ordovician, causing erosion and a marked disconformity of the Silurian. The Hercynian structures can be explained by assuming roughly WSW-ENE compression and shortening. In the NW of the area this is expressed in the first place by the recumbent folds of the Lugo-Sarria anticlinorium, and in the SE by the narrowness of the steep folds and their slightly changed direction in the general area of Seoane and El Cebrero. Normal crossfaults are related to the folding and the compression. They show locally a deviation in accordance with the direction of shear stress. Horizontal displacement along such faults in an EW direction was probably of little importance. Finally a few observations are given on the occurrence of Pb-Zn ores at the mine of Rubiales.

Description: Species of the heteropod families Carinariidae and Pterotracheidae collected in the Mid North Atlantic Ocean in 1980 have been studied. The distribution of the species is given, as well as the morphological variation. It is concluded that two subspecies of Carinaria lamarcki actually have to be considered distinctly recognisable and sympatric species, to be called C. lamarcki and C. challengeri. The vertical distribution of the heteropods studied proves not to be restricted to the photic zone and diurnal vertical migration occurs among the larger species. The horizontal distribution of the two Carinaria species and of at least two populations of the Pterotrachea species coincides with the southern branch of the North Atlantic Current, while others are restricted to the subtropical waters. Consequently, the present heteropods have to be considered good indicators of water masses and currents.

Description: Moult cycle and morphogenesis in larval instars (zoea I, zoea II, megalopa) of the spider crab Hyas araneus were studied in the laboratory. Changes in the epidermis and cuticle were documented photographically at daily intervals to characterize the stages of the moult cycle. Stage A (early postmoult) is a very short period during which the larva takes up water. During late postmoult (B) and intermoult (C) the endocuticle is secreted, and there is conspicuous epidermal tissue condensation and growth. The onset of early premoult (D sub(0)) is characterized by epidermal apolysis, occurring first at the bases of the setae in the telson of zoeal instars or in the rostrum of the megalopa.

Description: Larval and early post-larval growth has been investigated in H. araneus L. (Majidae) reared in the laboratory. Growth was measured as dry weight (DW), ash-free dry weight (AFDW), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H), gross biochemical constituents (protein, lipid, carbohydrate, chitin, ash) and energy (calculated separately from carbon and biochemical composition). During larval development, i.e. from freshly hatched zoea-I to late megalopa, all these criteria of biomass increase by factors ranging between 5 and 14; carbohydrate shows the lowest, chitin the highest increment. There are indications of loss in organic body weight during the latest period preceding metamorphosis to the crab stage. When no food is offered during this time, megalopae lose significantly more biomass than control larvae. This suggests that food is still required, but feeding activity is reduced to a level below maintenance ingestion rate. Following metamorphosis, the juvenile crab accumulates biomass at a far higher absolute rate (expressed as µg/d) than all larval stages.

Description: The development of hard bottom communities has been studied on test panels in Helgoland Harbour (German Bight) since 1977. Settlement and growth of epibenthic species was examined monthly. Natural variation in different seasons, years, and at three stations (the latter, only in 1981 and 1982) was investigated. At Station A (Binnenhafen), barnacles (Balanus crenatus ) and polychaetes (Polydora ciliata ) were always among the first settlers in spring. They were followed by other barnacles (Elminius modestus, Balanus improvisus ) and by colonical ascidians (Botryllus schlosseri ). The latter species often dominated from August to October, and tended to overgrow the barnacle populations.

Description: The larval development f the spider crab Hyas araneus L. was studied in the laboratory at different constant temperatures (2,6,12, and 18 °C). Linear relationships between log temperature and log stage duration were described by means of regression equations. They were used in a simple simulation model predicting larval moulting and metamorphosis at different temperatures. The most important predictions were : (1) Settlement of H. araneus takes place mainly from late May to mid-June; (2) assuming wide annual fluctuations in the average spring temperature ( plus or minus 2 °C), a total settlement period ranging from late April to early July can be expected; (3) delay of larval development due to a decrease in temperature is stronger than the acceleration caused by an equally great increase; and (4) both delay and acceleration effects become weaker during the hatching season and from stage to stage.