ALBERT

Beschreibung: Neohattoria Kamim. is a monotypic genus of the Jubulaceae (= Frullaniaceae) with a single species, N. herzogii (Hatt.) Kamim., known from central to northern Japan and the southern part of the Kurile Islands. The present genus was segregated from Frullania by Kamimura (1961; sub. nom. Hattoria Kamim. nom. illeg., non Schust., 1961) on the basis of the branching type, the shape of the first leaf and underleaf on branch, the total lack of secondary pigmentation, the uniform cell structure of the stem in cross section, and the strongly toothed leaf lobes. The generic concept of Neohattoria was greatly expanded by Schuster (1970), who included eight species and classified them into two subgenera, subgen. Neohattoria (with a single species) and subgen. Microfrullania Schust. (with seven species); however, Hattori et al. (1972) transferred all species of subgen. Microfrullania to a newly segregated genus Schusterella Hatt. et al., thus retaining the monotypic status of Neohattoria. As already described and illustrated by Hattori (1955), Kamimura (1961), Mizutani (1961), Ladyzhenskaja (1963), Schuster (1970), and Hattori et al. (1972), Neohattoria herzogii is closely related to species of both Jubula and Frullania. Regarding the taxonomic desposition of Neohattoria, Mizutani (1961) and Mizutani & Hattori (1969) placed it with Jubula in a subfamily Jubuloideae of Lejeuneaceae and Hattori et al. placed it in Jubulaceae (s. lat.). But, Kamimura (1961), Schuster (1970, 1979), and Guercke (1978) placed it more close to Frullania, e.g. in a subfamily Frullanioideae of Jubulaceae (s. lat.); more recently, Asakawa et al. (1979b), admitting three distinct families, Jubulaceae, Frullaniaceae, and Lejeuneaceae, placed Neohattoria and Jubula in the Jubulaceae (s. str.) but Frullania and Schusterella in the Frullaniaceae.

Beschreibung: Beim Studium einer Anzahl in Peru gesammelter Convolvulaceen, welche die Direktionen des Botanischen Gartens und Museums in Berlin—Dahlem und des Field Museums in Chicago mir freundlichst zur Bearbeitung überliessen, fanden sich einige neue Arten, deren Beschreibung ich hier nebst kritischen Bemerkungen folgen lasse.

Beschreibung: The originally monotypic eastern Malaysian genus Schiffneriolejeunea Verdoorn 1933 has now become a widespread, pantropical group of about fifteen species by the inclusion of species from the genus Ptychocoleus Trev. nom. illeg. Six species are known from Asia, three of which constitute the sect. Saccatae (Verdoorn) Gradst. & Terken comb. nov. These are the widespread Schiffneriolejeunea tumida (Nees) Gradst., the eastern Malaysian S. cumingiana (Mont.) Gradst. and S. nymannii (Steph.) Gradst. & Terken comb. nov. Schiffneriolejeunea tumida is a rather polymorphic species in which two not sharply defined varieties may be distinguished: S. tumida var. tumida with more or less involuted leaf margins, and S. tumida var. haskarliana (Gott.) Gradst. & Terken comb. nov. with plane margins.

Beschreibung: Cyperus ruderalis Uitt. nov. spec. Annuus, viridis, culmis caespitosis, complanatis, raro trigonis, striatis, apicem versus modice setulosis, 6—10 cm longis, 1—1,5 mm latis, basi 0—2-foliatis. Foliis culmo multo brevioribus vel subaequilongis, 1,5—2,5 mm latis. Umbella simplex vel interdum mediocriter composita, 4—11-radiata, radiis 2,5 (0—3) cm longis, involucri foliis quattuor, uno usque ad 7 cm longo, secundo umbellam superante, tertio subaequante, quarto multo minore. Spiculis 2—3 mm, fructiferis usque ad 5 mm longis, 1,5 vel basi 2 mm latis, turgidis, densissime 10—30-fasciculatis, involucelli foliis squamiformibus ovatis vel oblongis, concavis, subcarinatis, carina setulosa, obtusis vel acutis, multinerviis, margine membranaceis, spiculis aequilongis. Rhachilla lata, flaccida, foveolata, exalata. Glumae dense imbricatae, patentes, late triangulares vel circulares, apice rotundatae, obtusissimae, nervo vix dorso excurrente, concavae, hand carinatae, virides, margine pellucidae, sub-3-nerviae, 1 mm longae. Stamen unicum, anthera oblonga, obtuse mucronata. Nux obovato-ellipsoidea, trigona, mucronata dimidio glumae aequilonga. Stylus nuce aequilongus ramis tribus e gluma exsertis.

Beschreibung: A phytosociological survey based on methods of the Zürich-Montpellier School was carried out in the páramo vegetation of the Cordillera Oriental, Colombia. The study area covers about 10,000 and comprises the páramo between the Nevado de Sumapaz (3°55'N, 4250 m), the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy (6°25'N, 5493 m) and the Páramo del Almorzadero (7°N, 4375 m). The páramo vegetation was studied along various altitudinal transects from the upper forest line (3000-3500 m) up to the lower limit of the snowcap (4800 m). A general description of the study area includes data on geology, geomorphology, soils, climate, flora, phytogeography, morphological characters of the vegetation, fauna and landuse. The evolution and Quaternary history of páramo vegetation and climate is reviewed, incorporating the first data from the Lateglacial and Holocene of the Páramo de Sumapaz. The general altitudinal zonation of the páramo vegetation was studied and is presented for both the dry and the humid side of the Cordillera. The zonal and azonal plant communities are described including their physiognomy, composition and syntaxonomy, habitat and distribution. Eighty five syntaxa from the rank of variant to that of the class are newly described, 17 of which are provisional. The vegetation is not ranked syntaxonomically yet, but described on the basis of preliminary tables. A number of azonal communities, part of them of lesser extent, are described in a similar way. The páramo vegetation is primarily determined by the tropical diurnal high mountain climate. The diversity of the páramo vegetation is related to temperature (altitudinal gradient) and to humidity (dry and wet climate). The presence of zonal bunchgrass páramo, bamboo-bunchgrass páramo or bamboo páramo mainly depends on the complex interrelation between these factors. Finally a synthesis is provided on ecology, morphology and phytogeography of the páramo vegetation of the study area.

Beschreibung: Isoëtes Palmeri with a distribution in the High Andes from the Páramo of Venezuela to the Páramo of Ecuador is described as a new taxon, and dedicated to the then American specialist of the genus, Thomas Chalkley Palmer (1860-1934). The new species belongs to the tropical-Andeanaustral-antarctic section Laeves, described as new here as well. The publication of the new species had to be anticipated to the projected monographic treatment of the South-American representatives of the genus Isoëtes, as A.M. Cleef, Utrecht intends to base a new association, the Isoëtetum Palmeri on this new taxon, observed and collected by him at many instances within the Colombian Páramo between 1971 and 1980 in the context of the preparation of his doctoral thesis now under way.

Beschreibung: Until recently relatively little attention has been paid to the study of chromosomes in liverworts. The first substantial contributions were made by Heitz (1927, 1928) and Lorbeer (1934). In the second half of this century chromosome studies on liverworts were mainly carried out in Europe (e.g. Fritsch 1972; Newton 1977, 1979) and Japan (e.g. Tatuno 1959; Segawa 1965a, b, c; Inoue 1968). Inoue (in Koponen 1979) reports that until now 28% of all bryophyte species in Japan have been investigated as to their chromosome complement. A comprehensive, but rather outdated, survey of chromosome numbers in Hepaticae and Anthocerotae was given by Berrie (1960). Work on a new, updated survey is now underway (Fritsch, in prep.). In the present article results are presented of a cytotaxonomic investigation of European species of the genera Aneura and Riccardia (Aneuraceae). Most specimens were gathered in the Netherlands, but some chromosome counts based on French and German plants are also included.

Beschreibung: During an ecological study of fungi of the tidal mudflats in Kuwait, a Sporothrix species has been recorded twice, in 1977 and 1980. It differs from other species of the genus (de Hoog, 1974, 1978) in several characters and is here described as a new species. A comparison with similar species of the genus is added.

Beschreibung: Among the collections of Knema acquired by the Rijksherbarium since the publication of my new account of the genus Knema, in Blumea 25, 1979: 321 — 478, a few specimens caused problems with the identification, and at closer examination these yielded facts of interest which are published here. Some specimens represented stages not yet known, for instance fruits, or male flowers, while other specimens meant a significant range extension of the species. Two new species and one new subspecies are described. For easy reference, the sequence and numbers of the species presently treated correspond with the numbers as used in the account of 1979. The new species bear the number of the species after which they appear in the general key of 1979, with the addition ‘-bis’.

Beschreibung: The early development (ontogeny) of the carpels of 20 species belonging to 8 apocarpous families was investigated with the scanning electron microscope. The results indicate that on the floral apex a circular or a convex meristem develops into an obliquely ascidiate primordium by unequal growth of its periphery. By further unequal growth it develops into a young carpel. The terminal mouth of a cup becomes the lateral cleft of a carpel. The different forms of the young carpels in different species are defined by the varying degree of development of the adaxial region of the initial meristem and/or its margin on the side of the floral apex. This hypothesis is theoretically evaluated.

Beschreibung: The stomata as occurring on the fronds of the sporophytes of a large number of Polypodiaceae s.s. (Filicales) are investigated. A number of different stomatal types is recognised, (newly) described, and their ontogeny investigated. The different types of stomata are discussed in relation to their possible significance for tracing phylogenetic relationships in the Polypodiaceae following a cladistic analysis.

Beschreibung: A world-revision of Arthraxon Beauv. ( Gramineae) is presented. Three wide-spread species, A. hispidus (Thunb.) Makino, A. lanceolatus (Roxb.) Hochst., and A. lancifolius (Trin.) Hochst. are very variable and have caused the description of a great number of taxa, most of which are here reduced to synonomy. There are now 7 species and 9 varieties; for 6 of the latter new combinations are proposed. No new taxa are described.

Beschreibung: Differt a typo praesertim columna valde abbreviata, tantum 8 mm. longa, bene torta, aristis brevioribus, circa 25 mm. longis; glumae inaequilongae, inferior 8—10 mm. longa, acuta, superior 13—14 mm. longa, subobtusa, gluma fertilis laevissima, callo acuto 1½ mm. longo, ad 5. mm. longa. Central South Australia: without precise locality, collected bij H. J. HILLIER, no. 46. Type in the Kew Herbarium, presented in 1906.

Beschreibung: Il est évident qu’un pays boréal comme la Hollande ne pourrait être riche en Phalloïdées. Dans l’Europe entière même on n’a trouvé qu’un très petit nombre d’espèces, et l’on peut dire pour cause que les Phalloïdées sont une famille surtout méridionale sinon tropicale. Dans la littérature on trouve environ 6 (ou 7) espèces mentionnées pour l’Europe [p. e. LLOYD, 25c, p. 72], Parmi celles-ci quelques unes sont limitées à la région méditerranéenne, quelques autres ne sont signalées que çà et là comme des trouvailles plus ou moins accidentelles ou rares. Deux espèces seules se rencontrent régulièrement en quantité plus considérable et en plusieurs endroits de l’Europe centrale et occidentale. Aussi ne faudrait-il pas la peine de consacrer une étude spéciale aux Phalloïdées des Pays-Bas, s’il n’était arrivé qu’une des Phalloïdées les plus rares de l’Europe a été trouvée déjà deux fois en Hollande. D’autre part il y a sur les Phalloïdées des Pays-Bas des renseignements qui appartiennent sans doute aux plus anciens qu’on en connaisse. Ils se trouvent répandus çà et là dans de la littérature peu accessible ou rare. Plusieurs auteurs y ont consacré des mémoires, mais souvent sans avoir examiné les publications originales. Par suite il reste encore quelques contradictions à résoudre.

Beschreibung: The Netherlands is to be congratulated in having available within its borders such an outstandingly important collection of historical botanical material as that preserved in the Rijks Herbarium at Leiden. To a greater and greater degree the importance of this great assemblage of botanical specimens becomes manifest as critical work is done on it and on the corresponding collections in other botanical centers, and as various natural groups are treated monographically. In many groups of plants, particularly those represented in the Netherlands East Indies, the Rijks Herbarium is the court of last resort in determining the exact status of many hundreds of described species, because in this collection are deposited the actual types of the very numerous species described by REINWARDT, BLUME, KORTHALS, MIQUEL, BÜSE and other pioneer botanists who did the original basic work on the exceedingly rich flora of Malaysia. In addition to these early botanical collections the institution contains a most important series of specimens collected within the past half century in all parts of Malaysia, extending from Sumatra to New Guinea and including the Philippines. It is an almost hopeless task accurately to indentify these recent collections without reference to the vast stores of historical material preserved in Leiden. While it is true that extensive collections of Malaysian plants are to be found in other botanical centers, such as Kew, the British Museum, the Paris Museum, the Berlin Botanical Garden, the Natural History Museum, Vienna, the New York Botanical Garden, the United States National Herbarium, and at such distant centers as Buitenzorg, Singapore, Calcutta, and Manila, not one of these institutions has such great wealth of historical Malaysian material as is to be found in the archives of the Rijks Herbarium. In extent, that is in the actual number of specimens of Malaysian plants, disregarding the historical aspects of the collection, no botanical institution in the world contains such a mass of Malaysian material as that preserved in Leiden. While it is true that in the past some monographs have been prepared on the basis of an actual examination of material in several institutions, much such work has been done solely on the basis of collections available in one center. The modern tendency is for botanists to go farther afield and in doing really critical work to examine the historical material preserved in the larger botanical centers. This may and usually does involve more or less travel, but many centers now provide for inter-institutional loans, while it is usually possible to secure photographs of really important specimens. Through such cooperation monographic work is rendered much more inclusive, more valuable, and more accurate than in those cases where a monographer has based his work largely or wholly on the collections in one institution; and where his knowledge of those species not represented in his own institution was gained from the descriptions alone. It is axiomatic that no monographic treatment is fully satisfactory unless it is actually based on comprehensive collections where the author, through one means or another, has been able critically to examine actual specimens of most or all of the species considered by him, including as far as possible the actual types on which the original descriptions were based.

Beschreibung: De stichting van ’s Rijks Herbarium kwam tot stand bij Koninklijk Besluit van 31 Maart 1829 (zie Bijlage 1). De basis voor ’s Rijks collecties werd gevormd door de verzamelingen van BLUME, KUHL en VAN HASSELT, en ZIPPELIUS, welke door BLUME uit Nederlandsch-Indië waren meegebracht, terwijl BLUME zelf tot Directeur van het Instituut werd benoemd. De rijke, grondleggende collecties voor de studie van de flora van Nederlandsch-Indië — het Rijks Herbarium — zou in een gebouw te Brussel worden ondergebracht en bij schrijven der Regeering der Stad Brussel No. 670 van 23 Febr. 1830 werd aan BLUME meegedeeld, dat zoodra mogelijk in het Koninklijk Athenaeum de noodige vertrekken tot provisioneele opberging van het Rijks Herbarium ter beschikking zouden worden gesteld. Bij zijn benoeming tot directeur werd aan BLUME een bijzondere onderscheiding verleend, n.l. de titel van Hoogleeraar en toekenning van een ridderorde. Hoewel BLUME’S vertrek uit Indië misschien niet geheel vrijwillig is geweest (zie SIRKS 1915, Indisch Natuuronderzoek p. 141), had hij als eerste directeur van den tuin te Buitenzorg zich zeer verdienstelijk gemaakt en zich doen kennen als een uitstekend botanicus en energiek man. „BLUME’S ijver en werkkracht ten bate van den Plantentuin te Buitenzorg ontwikkeld, tijdens de 4 jaren waarin hij het directeurschap bekleedde, waren buitengewoon.” (TREUB 1892, Korte geschiedenis van ’s Lands Plantentuin p. 8). De catalogus van den Hortus Bogoriensis en de Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indië leggen getuigenis af van zijn werkijver en arbeidsvermogen.

Beschreibung: Owing to their limited possibilities for either active or passive dispersal, their association with the soil habitat, their vulnerability towards a dry atmosphere, and, in fact, on account of their general ecology and ethology, Diplopoda among arthropods are surely one of the most important classes in relation to the study of historical biogeography. For the class as a whole the sea appears to be an unsuperable barrier as is proved by the almost complete absence of endemic taxa on oceanic islands. In many cases lowland plains also act as severe obstacles against the dispersal of millipedes. The presence or absence of diplopods on islands or continents, therefore, may give a strong argument in favour or against any supposed former land connection. The long geographical isolation of the Australian continent and the absence of endemic higher taxa seems to imply that most, if not all, of its diplopod fauna dates from the time this continent was solidly attached to other southern continents, i.e. the Mesozoic. Subsequent penetration of fauna elements from the north or northwest seems utterly unlikely, although perhaps not entirely impossible.

Beschreibung: Au printemps 1929, j'entrepris de dresser la carte d'une partie des Alpes Bergamasques, partie limitée à l'Est par celle que Jong a traitée. La frontière méridionale est formée en partie par la Valsassina jusqu'à Cortenova, en partie par la faille du Val Torta-Baiedo (Baiedo se trouve à 1½ km au SSW d'Introbio). De Cortenova à Premana le Val Rossiga et le Val Marcia séparent mon terrain de celui de mon collègue Buning. Vers le Nord il s'étend jusqu'au Val Varrone et jusqu'à la crête qui va vers la Bocchetta di Trona, en passant par le Pzo. Cavallo et le Pzo. Melasc. Diverses circonstances ne m'ont permis de terminer mes travaux de mise en carte définitive qu'au cours de l'été 1931.

Beschreibung: In deze publicatie zal het mineragraphisch onderzoek der loodzinkertsen met hunne eventueele begeleiders bariet en fluoriet uit het Ladinien der Bergamasker Alpen behandeld worden. Na een historisch overzicht van den mijnbouw, die in deze streken reeds aan het begin onzer jaartelling uitgeoefend werd, zal een korte samenvatting der topographie en stratigraphie volgen, waarna de resultaten van het microscopisch onderzoek volgens de methode Schneiderhöhn een plaats zullen vinden. Het onderzochte materiaal is bijeengebracht door de heeren Beyerinck en Visser en door schrijver dezes, gedurende den tijd dat zij voor geologische kaarteeringswerkzaamheden in de Bergamasker Alpen vertoefden. Het materiaal is afkomstig uit de mijncentra gelegen in het gebied tusschen den Brembo en den Serio. In zijn „La géologie de la vallée du Brembo et de ses affluents entre Lenna et San Pellegrino” (Lit. 2) heeft schrijver dezes reeds uitvoerig de stratigraphie en de topographie van de Valle Brembana beschreven, zoodat met een korte samenvatting der stratigraphie en der topographie volstaan kan worden. Hoewel Beyerinck binnen korten tijd een geologische studie van het centraal gelegen gebied het licht hoopt te laten zien, was hij toch zoo vriendelijk mij eenige stratigraphische gegevens te verstrekken, die in de samenvatting verwerkt werden.

Beschreibung: Prof. Dr. J. H. P. Umbgrove war so freundlich mir die von ihm und Prof. Molengraaff gesammelten Gesteine der Togianinseln und Oena-Oena im Golf von Tomini, Celebes, zur Untersuchung zu übergeben. Das ermöglichte mir eine mehr ausführliche Beschreibung und einige Analysen dieser Gesteine zu geben. Die sämtliche Literatur ist in den „Leidsche Geologische Mededeelingen” Teil III, Seite 249 zu finden, wo selbst Prof. Umbgrove die Vulkaninsel Oena-Oena beschreibt.

Beschreibung: The number of fossils that have been described from the Netherlands Territory in America is not very large. The descriptions are, however, scattered over a rather large number of publications, many of which will be found only incidentally by a reader who occupies himself intensely with the geological literature on the Antilles. It has therefore seemed to me to be a useful work to gather the data on these fossils as completely as possible, and the making of this catalogue has been especially agreeable to me, as a very large part of the fossils under discussion have been collected by Prof. Martin, in whose honour this book is edited. Some remarks may precede the catalogue.

Beschreibung: Die Versteinerungen, welche den Gegenstand der folgenden Untersuchungen bilden, stammen aus Asphaltkalken der Insel Buton (holländisch Boeton) und befanden sich teils in der Sammlung vom „Dienst van den Mijnbouw” in Niederländisch Ost-Indien. Andere waren im Besitz von Herrn Prof. Dr. J. H. F. Umbgrove in Delft, der mir alles, mit Einsehluss der erstgenannten Objekte von ihm selber praepariert, übergab, wofür ich ihm hiermit meinen besten Dank ausspreche. Für die Praeparation sind die Objekte einige Wochen in Petroleum gelegt und dann mit Benzin gereinigt, wodurch sie völlig frei wurden, so dass alle Einzelheiten der Skulptur erkennbar sind. Nachträglieh empfing ich noch zwei Exemplare von bereits untersuchten Arten von Herrn Prof. Dr. H. Gerth in Amsterdam. Die Fossilien sind teils von Herrn Dr. Ir. W. H. Hetzel gesammelt, einige von Herrn J. Flemisch, welcher bei der Firma Schuurman Volker beschäftigt war, und andere von Herrn W. F. Germeraad, dem früheren Direktor der „Boeton Maatschappij”. Durch die Anfertigung der mit Hilfe von ultraviolettem Licht erhaltenen Abbildungen und durch Beschaffung von Literatur hat Herr Dr. I. M. van der Vlerk, Lektor in Leiden, mich ganz besonders verpflichtet, desgleichen durch technische Hilfe bei der Herstellung der Photographieen Herr A. C. Rosemeier hieselbst.

Beschreibung: Several investigators have tackled the problem of the main causes that produce the slopes of volcanic cones, especially with a view to explaining the characteristic concave profiles of strato-volcanoes *). A satisfactory result has not been arrived at, however. This became evident to the present author while studying the submarine slopes of volcanoes in the East Indies. A number of submarine sections of isolated volcanic piles were constructed from the echo-soundings of the Snellius Expedition and from the data contained in the fair sheets of the Hydrographical Survey. These sections combined with the corresponding subaerial profiles will be reproduced in the Scientific Results of “the Snellius Expedition, Volume V: Geology, Part 1: Geological Interpretation of the Bathymetrical Results”, together with a discussion of their shapes and the mode of their formation. An explanation of the wet part of the slope is not possible, however, until we understand the agents influencing the dry part. But as we said, this subject has not been adequately treated. An attempt had therefore first to be made to analyse the factors that play a part in the production of subaerial slopes of volcanoes. In order to test the validity of the deductions an experimental investigation was undertaken that will be described below. These experiments were carried out in the laboratory for experimental geology in the Leyden geological institute.

Beschreibung: Phillipsia? parvula Beyrich. — Perm. Timor, lit. 1, p. 87, t. 2, fig. 17a, 17b; Perm. Timor et Rotti, lit. 3, p. 89. Neoproetus indicus Tesch. — Carbon. Sumatra, lit. 11, p. 1082; lit. 30, p. 6; lit. 37, p. 610; Perm. Timor, lit. 38, p. 128, t. 178 (1), fig. 1—5.

Beschreibung: Recent investigations of the distribution of trace elements in metamorphic index minerals of metapelites have revealed, that the plurifacial character of the Hercynian metamorphism in this area is confirmed by the distribution of Yttrium in Hercynian garnets of the metamorphic series.

Beschreibung: The formation of thick piles of flysch-like sediments needs the existence of narrowed seas, active denouement of neighbouring continents, and generalized marginal subsidence. These conditions are present during the initial and final stages of Wilson’s perceptive cycle. In this context, the Late Precambrian flysch of the Iberian Massif must be related to the initial rifting, whilst the Culm of southwestern Iberia was accumulated during an episode of Upper Palaeozoic subduction that remained active after the impingement of Iberia against North America. Culm sediments shed from the uplifted collision zone and fed into a remnant ocean that remained at the nonsutured southern border of Iberia. This model of synorogenic flysch formation has been described elsewhere for similar plate arrangements. On other grounds this model provides a framework that explains the different structural and magmatic trends of the Ossa-Morena Zone (near the active margin) in the context of the rest of the Massif (basement reactivation). In addition to this, it seems to support a partly primary origin for the Iberian arc versus a secondary origin.

Beschreibung: Notwithstanding the fact that representants of this group were already known to Prof. C. G. Ehrenberg, the great micropaleontologist of the first half of the 19th century and subsequent authors have mentioned them from various localities, they have remained almost unknown. Their organic nature too has not always been recognised. In 1843 Prof. Ehrenberg referred them to his group „Polygastern” with the name Actiniscus; in his „Microgeologie”, however, they were considered as inorganic bodies and mentioned as „Crystalldrusen"", „Seheibensternchen"" or „Crystalloids"" (Bibl. 2, p. 115, p. 156, etc.). Very accurate descriptions of these forms are given by Mr. Hill from Barbados, where they are found in the calciferous oceanic deposits lying under the famous Radiolarian deposits in the marls directly overlain by the raised coral reefs (Bibl. 4, p. 177 & 216). He called them „crystalloids"".

Beschreibung: Following the example of Professor K. Martin I have as far as possible used the subdivision given by P. Fischer in his „Manuel de Conchyliologie et de Paléontologie Conchyliologique”. For the stratigraphy I used the system of E. Haug: „Traité de Géologie”. Following the general custom, however, the Rhaetian is counted to the Trias and the Berriasian as formation parting the Jurassic from the Cretaceous.

Beschreibung: Als ich im Jahre 1930 zum ersten Male die Bergamasker Alpen besuchte, um in Gesellschaft mit Herrn Bouman ein Gebiet für meine Dissertation zu wählen, waren die orobischen Alpen eine Offenbarung für mich. Diese in alpinistischer und touristischer Hinsicht vergessene Berggruppe besass soviel Reiz, dass meine Erwartungen bei jedem neuen Besuch wieder übertroffen wurden. Für meine Feldarbeit wählte ich ein Gebiet, das an die schon früher von Leidener Geologen kartierte Region östlich anschliesst (vgl. Fig. 1). Es umfasst einen Teil des Hauptkammes, südlich davon den Oberlauf und das Quellgebiet des östlichen Bremboflusses sowie einen Teil des Beckens der Laghi Gemelli und des Lago Colombo, und nördlich vom Hauptkamm das Venina- und Ambriatal bis zu ihrer Vereinigung. Diese Nebentäler des Veltlins gehören zum Stromgebiet der Adda.

Beschreibung: Die Geologie des ostindischen Archipels hat im Laufe der letzten Jahrzehnte so beträchtliche Fortschritte aufzuweisen, dass es von Jahr zu Jahr schwieriger wird, den neuen Tatsachen und Erkenntnissen zu folgen. Auch die Stratigraphie der mesozoischen Ablagerungen dieses ausgedehnten Gebietes hat sich so rasch weiter entwickelt, dass selbst die neuesten stratigraphischen Uebersichten in den bekannten, zusammenfassenden Werken von Brouwer (21) und Rutten (86) heute in manchen Teilen schon wieder veraltet sind. Eine erneute Zusammenfassung dürfte daher nicht ohne Nutzen sein. Aus diesem Grunde bin ich gerne der Aufforderung nachgekommen, diese Aufgabe hier zu übernehmen, beschränke mich aber auf die Wiedergabe des heute vorliegenden Tatsachenmaterials, so verlockend es auch wäre, weitergehende Schlüsse daran zu knüpfen. Gelten doch die Worte, die K. Martin vor 24 Jahren geprägt hat, als er in seiner Schrift „Mesozoisches Land und Meer im Indischen Archipel” die erste Uebersicht über diesen Gegenstand veröffentlichte, trotz aller späteren Fortschritte auch heute noch in fast gleichem Umfange wie damals: „Das vorliegende Material genügt nicht einmal für eine rohe Skizze; denn das ausgedehnte Gebiet ist noch viel zu oberflächlich untersucht und namentlich sind negative Merkmale, aus dem Fehlen dieser oder jener Formation hergeleitet, vorläufig nur mit grösstem Vorbehalt zu verwenden.”

Beschreibung: Im Folgenden werden alle Arten, die ich in der Literatur beschrieben oder auch nur erwähnt fand, systematisch aufgezählt. Da es sich fast nur um mehr oder weniger unvollständige Röhren von Würmern handelt, lohnt es sich nicht, einzeln anzugeben, was für Reste vorliegen, so angebracht dies sonst erscheint. Noch lebende Formen sind mit einem * bezeichnet; nach meiner Ansicht fragliche mit (?).

Beschreibung: Larvae of the crabs Menippe mercenaria Say (Menippidae), Panopeus herbstii Milne-Edwards, Neopanope sayi Smith (Xanthidae), Sesarma cinereum Bosc (Grapsidae), and Libinia emerginata Leach (Majidae) were reared in the laboratory. Starvation periods different in length and timing within the first zoeal stage were studied as to their effects on later development and survival rate. After 1-3 days of initial feeding, most larvae had accumulated enough reserves to reach the second stage, independently of further food availability. The development of the survivors was delayed in the following stages, and their later mortality rate was higher than the fed controls. Starvation periods commencing directly after hatching of the larvae exert far stronger negative effects than those beginning later. All observations suggest a particularly sensitive phase in the beginning of larval life in brachyurans. When initial starvation periods exceed the point-of-no-return (PNR), the larvae will die later, even if feeding begins long before the energy reserves are depleted. Temporary lack of suitable prey may be an ecological factor controlling the survival of crab larvae as effectively as physical factors.

Beschreibung: Resistance to starvation in early larval stages of six species of brachyuran crabs representing four families was observed at various constant temperatures. In the optimal temperature range of 25-30°C for these warm temperate crab larvae, survival time of starved zoeae was longer than the development duration time in fed zoeae, while at lower temperatures the relationship of these two duration periods became inversed. This response pattern is found in larvae of the mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii and is considered to be typical for warm temperature brachyuran larvae. It indicates that reserved utilization is strongly controlled by temperature, but not to the same degree as development.

Beschreibung: Early diagenetic ultrastructural alterations of benthic foraminifers of the genera Elphidium and Ophtalmina from the shallow water sediments of the Kiel Bight were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Pure solution patterns were deduced from supplementary experiments.Several carbonate destroying processes can be specified by ultrastructural patterns of the shell surfaces. Based on these patterns three zones are established, each showing different mechanisms of shell fragmentation: 1) zone of abrasion, 2) zone of disintegration, 3) zone of corrosion. This zonation depends on the water depth and is caused primarily by water agitation and by undersaturation of the bottom water with respect to carbonate.

Beschreibung: The influence of starvation on larval development of the spider crab H. araneus (L.) was studied in laboratory experiments. No larval stage suffering from continual lack of food had sufficient energy reserves to reach the next instar. Maximal survival times were observed at four different constant temperatures (2°, 6°, 12° and 18°C). In general, starvation resistance decreased as temperatures increased: from 72 to 12 days in the zoea-1, from 48 to 18 days in the zoea-2, and from 48 to 15 days in the megalopa stage. The conclusion, based on own observations and on literature data, is that initial feeding is of paramount importance in the early development of planktotrophic decapod larvae. Taking into account hormonal and other developmental processes during the first moult cycle, a general hypothesis is proposed to explain the key role of first food uptake as well as the response pattern of the zoea-1 stage to differential starvation periods.

Beschreibung: Data on structure and chemistry of oil bodies are being provided for twenty species of leafy Hepaticae, most of them belonging to Lejeuneaceae. Oil bodies are described as new for Symbiezidium, which stands out among Lejeuneaceae by its large, Bazzania-type oil bodies. The observed occurence of segmented as well as homogeneous oil bodies in Archilejeunea and Dicranolejeunea constitutes a further break-down of what was generally considered a stable generic character in Lejeuneaceae. Detected chemical compounds include a large number of unidentified terpenoids. Sesquiterpene lactones, traditionally considered important chemical markers for Frullaniaceae, were newly detected in Lepicolea (Lepicoleaceae), Clasmatocolea (Lophocoleaceae) and Omphalanthus (Lejeuneaceae). Of particular chemotaxonomic interest is the discovery of large quantities of pinguisane-type sesquiterpenes in Brachiolejeunea subg. Plicolejeunea, Trocholejeunea and Acrolejeunea, corroborating the close morphological relationship among these three groups, as well as the occurence of two morphologically and chemically distinct races in Gongylanthus granatensis. Obeserved intraspecific chemical variation in Marchesinia brachiata is considered dubious and possibly related to the different states of preservation of the material. Further taxonomic notes include new synonymy in Dicranolejeunea (D. cipaconea (Gott.) Steph. = D. circinnata (Spruce) Steph. syn. Nov.) as well as a key to the five Andean species of Omphalanthus Nees. The morphological circumscription of Omphalanthus is expanded by the inclusion of Brachiolejeunea paramicola Herz. (= O. paramicola (Herz.) Gradst. comb. nov.), characterised by the pluriplicate perianth.

Beschreibung: Descriptions and photographs of oil-bodies of Lopholejeunea subfusca, Marchesinia brachiata, Archilejeunea parviflora, Taxilejeunea asthenica, Echinocolea asperrima, Mastigolejeunea auriculata, Cheilolejeunea clausa and Stictolejeunea squamata are given. From the latter species sporophyte characters are reported for the first time.

Beschreibung: In dieser Arbeit gebe ich den zweiten Teil einer Revision der niederländischen Heterobasidiomyceten und Homobasidiomyceten -Aphyllophoraceen. Der erste Teil, der in holländischer Sprache erschien (Mededeelingen Nederl. Myc. Vereeniging Bd. 18—20, 1931), war in Anlage und Behandlung kürzer gehalten. Auch diesmal beruht die Bearbeitung auf denselben Sammlungen, wie die Revision usw. von Oudemans und die darauf folgenden Veröffentlichungen hauptsächlich von der Hand von Frl. C. Cool in den Mededeelingen van de Nederlandsche Mycologische Vereeniging. Es stellte sich nämlich heraus, dass ein grosser Teil des Materials, auf dem diese Arbeiten basieren, in mehr oder weniger gutem Zustande erhalten geblieben war. Ausserdem habe ich selber im Laufe der Jahre, in denen ich mich mit den oben genannten Gruppen beschäftigte, ein Herbarium zusammengestellt, in dem die in diesem Teile behandelten Arten mit etwa 2000 europäischen Nummern vertreten sind. Man kann mir vorwerfen, dass ich Zitate aus der holländischen Literatur über das vorliegende Gebiet weitgehend vernachlässigt habe; doch hat dies seine guten Gründe, denn eine Verbesserung aller Bestimmungen meiner Vorgänger und ein Eingehen auf alle ihre Veröffentlichungen hätte viel mehr, meines Erachtens überflüssigen, Platz erfordert. Durch genauere Fundortangabe des untersuchten Materials und im Falle der Herbaria, auf denen Oudeman’s Revision beruhte, auch der abweichenden, ursprünglichen Determination, habe ich diesem Uebelstande weitgehend abhelfen wollen. Wenn es erforderlich schien, wurde auch bei rezenteren Funden die ursprüngliche Bestimmung angegeben.

Beschreibung: Schefflera elliptica Harms var. microphylla Muller nov. var. Differt a forma typica foliolis 6—8, parvis (5—3 X 3,5—2,5 cm), siccitate superne flaveolis.

Beschreibung: Dr. Peter S. Ashton of Harvard in June 1980 for three frantic weeks (re)named all Dipterocarpaceae in the BO-Herbarium and, thanks to great help from the staff, succeeded. Dr. R.C. Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr. can hardly be called a junior when on 11 September 1981 he will reach the age of 70. Although kidney failure necessitates dialysis twice a week, he can be regularly seen (as far as smoke permits) at the Rijksherbarium, with great kindness and enthusiasm applying his great memory to pre-identification work.

Beschreibung: Two species of Astrosporina and two species of Inocybe from the southern slopes of the Himalayas are described and illustrated. Astrosporina shoreae and I. claviger are described as new. The new combination A. calospora is proposed.

Beschreibung: The wood anatomy of 47 genera of the neotropical Melastomataceae is described in detail. The wood anatomy of the neotropical part of this pantropical family supports the subdivision into two groups: the subfamily Memecyloideae (the genus Mouriri) and the subfamily Melastomatoideae (all other genera). A relationship of Mouriri with other representatives of the family is not supported by the wood anatomical characters, because of differences in fibre type, vessel distribution, and the fibre length/vessel member length ratio, and the presence of included phloem in Mouriri. The subfamily Melastomatoideae is a fairly homogeneous group. Although some characters are very pronounced in some tribes and scarce or absent in other tribes, most tribes show a wide overlap in their wood anatomical features. An important means to distinguish to a certain extent between tribes is the size and shape of the intervascular pits combined with the size and shape of the vessel—ray and vessel—parenchyma pits. Three groups can be recognized: type 1. all pits round to slightly oval; type 2. intervascular pits round to oval, and the vessel—ray and vessel—parenchyma pits more elongated, oblong to scalariform; type 3. all pits round to oblong and scalariform. Other diagnostic characters are the parenchyma distribution, and the distribution of the fibre pits. The tribe Blakeeae can be separated from the other tribes due to the presence of druses and 2-4-seriate rays. The relationship between wood anatomical characters and habit and habitat, as well as possible phylogenetic trends in the family and classification of the neotropical tribes are discussed.

Beschreibung: Haines (1924), Fischer (1928), Mooney (1950), Panigrahi et al (1964), and other workers’ from their studies on the vegetation and flora of Orissa recorded 25 genera and 54 species belonging to the family Orchidaceae. Exhaustive collections made by me since 1968 have yielded a wealth of varieties of forms of orchids, which I have identified with 100 taxa (excluding certain novelties) belonging to 31 genera. I describe here one new species and a variety of the genus Habenaria Willd. Both the taxa resemble in general Habenaria foliosa A. Rich., but differ from it by a number of diagnostic characters.

Beschreibung: Typhonium trilobatum, T. flagelliforme, T. roxburghii, and T. blumei are taxonomically distinct, but their epithets (including that of T. divaricatum, nom. illegit.) frequently have been interchanged, primarily because of nomenclatural problems involving synonymy and (mis)typifications. It is concluded that the last monographer (Engler, 1920) used the correct names for the four species, except for what he called T. divaricatum, here called T. blumei.

Beschreibung: Beside Saraca celebica from Celebes, presently a second species from East Malesia is described. As based on the revison by Zuyderhoudt (Blumea 15, 1967: 413 – 425), with 8 accepted species, there are now 9 species of Saraca, ranging from India and Indo-China into Malesia east to the Lesser Sunda I. (Flores) and the Moluccas (Halmaheira). The new species, Saraca monadelpha, was initially recognized through a specimen from Halmaheira which was difficult to determine as a Saracca because of its deviating partly fused stamens and its origin beyond the known area of the genus. Of S. celebica the pods were not known until recently collected in Central Celebes The fruits of S. monadelpha are still unknown.

Beschreibung: L’Herbier de l’État fut fondé par décret royal du 31 mars 1829. Les collections de BLUME, KUHL et VAN HASSELT, et ZIPPELIUS, réunies sous les auspices de la „Natuurkundige Commissie voor Nederlandsch Indië” (commission instituée en 1820 dans le but de propager l’étude des sciences naturelles relatives aux Indes néerlandaises) servirent de base à ces collections de l’État. Le Dr. C. L. BLUME, né à Brunswick en 1796, avait en 1822 succédé à REINWARDT comme directeur du Hortus Bogoriensis, mais se vit forcé de quiter les Indes en 1826 pour causes de santé. Il fut nommé directeur de l’ Herbier de l’ État néerlandais, qui devait être fondé et établi à Bruxelles. A l’ occasion de sa nomination le gouvernement lui accorda le titre de professeur et pour l’ honorer tout particulièrement, le décora de l’ Ordre du Lion néerlandais. L’ une et l’ autre distinction étaient parfaitement motivées par les grands services que BLUME avait déjà rendus à l’ État. A Buitenzorg il avait fait oeuvre utile en dressant le catalogue du Jardin botanique. Par ses „Contributions à la Flore des Indes néerlandaises” il avait établi sa réputation de grand botaniste. Les riches collections apportées par BLUME et qui constituaient le point de départ pour l’étude de la Flore des Indes néerlandaises, mirent dès le début le nouvel Herbier au rang des grands herbiers de l’ époque, tandis que le directorat de BLUME, botaniste d’un renom établi, justifiait de grandes espérances.

Beschreibung: Le Centenaire du Rijks Herbarium de Leyde, un des plus anciens herbiers de l’Europe continentale, remet en relief l’importance des collections scientifiques de plantes séchées. Cet Herbier est d’environ 40 ans plus âgé que celui de l’État belge, conservé au Jardin botanique de l’État à Bruxelles, constitué en janvier 1870 grâce à l’intervention énergique d’un botaniste de mérite, doublé d’un homme politique de valeur, BARTHÉLEMY DUMORTIER.

Beschreibung: The grasses constitute a very well defined natural group of plants, but the division of this family into tribes and subtribes is a difficult problem. We know that ROBERT BROWN divided the family into the Panicaceae and the Poaceae. BENTHAM already indicated that in the former the tendency to imperfection lies in the lower flowers of the spikelets, whereas in the Poaceae the tendency is in the opposite direction, but he observes at the same time that this principle is too indefinite to serve as a practical character to recognize both groups. In combination with other characters, especially those taken from the fruits (the caryopsis, enclosed by the scales), these two groups become however more stabile. KUNTH gave us no less than 13 tribes, many of them indeed very natural and accepted in recent works. The earlier agrostologists have given a considerable importance to the presence or absence of awns on the back or on the apex of the flowering glume (lemma). We know however at present that this character, although important to recognize species, is not very valuable for the different tribes and must be used with great reserve.

Beschreibung: Since BLUME’S fundamental work of the flora of Dutch India was published, many additions of genera and species of Rutaceae-Aurantieae were made by later authors, but no attempt has been made to enumerate the species and varieties of the whole group based upon the up-to-date herbarium materials. The author has had an opportunity lately to make a tour through Europe, and on this occasion collections of principal herbaria were examined. Many pending questions were solved by investigating type specimens, and a number of new types were added to the old list. Before publishing a complete record of the study, the issue of separate articles of principally geographic standing is now in progress, and this paper forms one of this series. The following is a tentative list of species of Rutaceae-Aurantieae now definitely recorded from Dutch East Indies, with exception of certain new species which are now under investigation. From convenience, plants form British possesions in Borneo and in New Guinea, Bismark Archipelago, Solomon Islands and Portuguese Timor are included in this enumeration. The author expresses his cordial gratitude to Dr. Goethart and Dr. Henrard of the Rijks Herbarium of Leiden, and Prof. Went, Prof. Pulle and Mr. Lanjouw of the University of Utrecht for offering facility and help in executing his work at their institutions. Micromelum diversifolium MIQ. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. I: 221, (1864).

Beschreibung: In this report narcotisation, fixation and preservation experiments with marine zooplankton are described. Narcotisation turns out to be useless for mixed plankton samples. M.S. 222 works well as narcotisation medium for organisms to be photographed. Fixation with 4% formalin proved to be a necessary treatment. Afterwards the best preservation method is to use a propylene phenoxetol plus propylene glycol solution in distilled water or a 2% formalin solution in filtered seawater. Further study is necessary of the use of sea-water as a solution medium, of the pH changes, the osmotic value of the solutions, the longterm use and the subsequent processability of the organisms for histological purposes.

Beschreibung: A list of species, subspecies, synonyms and homonyms of the subgenus Lunatipula Edwards, 1931, s.l., is presented. The distribution of each species is given in subregional quotations.

Beschreibung: Eine Zusammenstellung der fossilen Echinodermen des ostindischen Archipels gibt heute selbstverständlich auch nicht annähernd ein getreues Bild von dem wirklichen Umfange der Echinodermenfaunen, welche in den uns zugänglichen Ablagerungen dieser ausgedehnten Inselwelt begraben sind. Dafür ist die letztere noch viel zu wenig erforscht. Der älteste Vertreter der Echinodermen, den wir aus dem ostindischen Archipel zur Zeit kennen, ist eine von Dr. Tan beschriebene, aber noch nicht veröffentlichte und daher in der folgenden Liste noch nicht aufgeführte Poteriocriniden-Art aus dem Oberkarbon von Djambi (Sumatra). Präkarbonische Echinodermen sind möglicherweise aus Neu-Guinea zu erwarten, aber im ganzen übrigen Archipel scheint nach Allem, was wir heute über das Vorkommen und die Art der präkarbonischen Sedimente in diesen Gebieten wissen, die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass solche und damit vielleicht auch Vertreter der im ostindischen Archipel noch nicht nachgewiesenen Cystoidea eines Tages entdeckt würden, gering.

Beschreibung: The author has paid a short visit to the island of Saba in the month of April 1885. Saba is the northernmost of the curved row of neovolcanic islands, which stretches from Saba towards Grenada and the Grenadines. This row of islands together with a more or less parallel, though much less marked, outer curved row of non-volcanic islands separate the Caribbean Deep from the Atlantic Ocean. The island Saba is the upper portion of a much denuded volcanic cone, which rises to a height of 850 m. above sea-level, from a depth of over 600 m. Saba lies at a distance of 4 km., from the northeastern rim of the Saba-bank. The latter forms a remarkable submarine plateau, about 2100 km² in extent. The Saba bank is very flat, and shallow, its depth being partly somewhat less than 20 m. and nowhere more than 50 m. The channel separating the bank from the island of Saba is 4 km. wide and its depth avarages from 600 to 650 m. The submarine slope of the island is steep in all directions, the isobath of 200 and of 500 m. lying at distances of no more than 1¼ and 3½ km. resp. out of the shoreline. The island covers about 16 km²; its slopes are steep in all directions, and it is surrounded at most places by inaccessible, often almost perpendicular escarpments, leaving little room for a narrow beach invariably covered with huge boulders. It stands to reason that the island is difficult of access. There is not one perfectly safe anchorage; the best anchorage is found on the westcoast in a place which is more or less sheltered from the prevailing easterly tradewinds. Rowing boats can attain the land there safely but, even in fair weather, it is rarely possible to reach the shore without getting a wetting from the breakers. From this landing-place a steep path leads to the principal settlement, called the Bottom, lying at an altitude of 215 m. This path is called „the Ladder” and hence the landing-place itself is generally known as the Ladder.

Beschreibung: In the bay of Emmahaven near Padang (W. Sumatra) is a small coral reef. On the North side of this reef a small, sandy island occurs called Pasir Ketjil. It has lately been surrounded by brick walls, besides which a stone pier has been built in a S.W. direction (cf. fig. 1, a map of 1899 and fig. 2 and 3, the present condition). Since the building of that pier, coral sand has accumulated against it on the S-side. This reef lacks shingle ramparts. From this situation of the sandy island with regard to the reef, and from the placing of the younger coral sand accumulations (A in fig. 3), it may be concluded that the maximal wind-effect is strongest from the direction of the open sea, about S.W. Data about the wind frequency kindly supplied by the director of the Kon. Magn. Meteor. Observatorium at Batavia are given on p. 13. From these data have been derived the average wind frequencies per year (p. 15) recorded for 6, 9, 15 and 22 O'clock. The proportions of these data may be seen in the graphs fig. 4, 5, 6 and fig. 7. The monsoons do not occur in the coastal plain of Padang. The wind system in Padang is entirely dominated by land and sea wind but the sea wind is always stronger than the landwind so that it may safely be assumed that the direction of the wind of 9 and 15 O'clock predominates (maximal wind-effect). So it appears to have been the wind effect of the seawind, i. e. the product of the wind frequency given above and the velocity of the wind, about which we lack detailed data here, which we have recognised in the structure and situation of Pasir Ketjil (cf. fig. 2 and 3 with fig. 5 and 6). Although the frequency of the land wind is rather great (fig. 4 and fig. 7) its strength must be very little, for in the structure of Pasir Ketjil no influence, that can be assigned to the land wind, is apparent. We find here at the same time a confirmation of the conclusion we drew some time ago, namely that: data on the wind-frequency only (the prodominant direction of the wind) may sometimes give an indication as to the probable wind effect, but only when the wind in question is not obstructed by mountains. Finally the year-averages of the wind-frequencies of land- and seawind have been taken together in the graph fig. 8. So the part on the right side of the N.S. axis (landwind) can be practically ignored for geological considerations. The structure of the island Poeloe Pasir concurs with that of Pasir Ketjil. Along the coast of Emmahaven occur old and sligthly raised coral limestones. On plate 4 a section of this fossil reef is represented (equal scale for length and height) based on 15 seperate bore-holes; the data have been published by professor Sluiter. From this valuable section we may gather the following particulars: I. The reef has not grown on a rocky volcanic substratum or against the andesitic coastal lavas, but rests entirely on the muddy bottom of the bay, as is also the case with the reefs in he Bay of Batavia, the Thousand-Islands, and the Spermonde Archipelago. II. On the silty bottom rests a layer wherein mud and coral débris have been found. This shows that, in the innitial stage, only a few, branched coral species could grow while the vigorous sedimentation of silt was going on. III. These branched corals gradually attained to larger numbers and formed the basis for the actual, more cohesive reef, which was recognised in the drillings as „coral débris, branched type.” Just as with the reef near Krakatoa (bibl. 5) which grew under the unfavourable influence of strong sedimentation, and with the fossil corals of the Domaring and Menkrawit layers of E. Borneo, which grew under similar circumstances, we see here also that the branched types of growth (unfortunately we are not able to furnish a statement of genera in this case) are the pioneers. In the later, further stages of development of the reef, it is these types again that grow on the outside of the reef (see section of bore holes 9—12). IV. Only in the older stage of development of the reef, bigger globular coral growths appear by the side of the branched varieties. This is again shown by a different indication in the section. V. Later on, to all probability the reef was then already dead and „raised”, hill side waste has fallen over it (section of bore hole 3 and 4). VI. For the sake of clearness I have circumscribed the real, more compact reef with a thick line. Thus it is clearly shown that the basis of the reef, especially in the centre, lies deeper than the adjacent bottom of the bay. Sluiter has tried so explain this by supposing that the reef, when once it was growing into a compact mass has, to a certain extent, gradually sunk into the bottom of the bay. The same phenomenon was noticed while drilling on small islands in the bay of Batavia (bibl. 2). Incidentally I have already pointed out that: „this may be caused „for a large part by aggradation of the bottom as the rivers always „bring a large quantity of silt into the bay.” (bibl. 3, pag. 40). In reality sinking of the reef as well as aggradation of the bottom by a supply of silt in the bay, have probably taken place. Judging from the available data it does not seem possible to me to ascertain the extent of their respective influences. But, the configuration between bore-holes 12—14 and 3—5 of the section given here, as well as the structure and the situation of the island Edam in the bay of Batavia (see bibl. 2, fig. 3) seem to me to point to a real sinking of the reef into the soft bottom. The opportunity to pay a short visit by motor launch to the neighbouring island Poeloe Pisang (besar 1)) happened to present itself (see fig. 9). Against a nucleus of volcanic rock there is, at the South and East side, a plateau of coral limestone bordering on the sea. Part of this limestone has disappeared, probably, in consequence of the marine erosion. In this way a wave-cut rock bench has developed, which, however, is still situated above the normal low-water mark (see section fig. 10). At high tide sea covers this rock bench; the line to which the water then extends is marked by a „storm” rampart of fine white coral shingle. In this area there occur also erosion canals, simmilar to those of Tji Laoet Eureun (S. coast of Java) described at length by Dr. J. Cosijn and the present writer (bibl. 8). See Pl. 2, fig. 13 (breakers in the distance). If we suppose that the reef had originally grown to the level of normal low-water mark, then it follows from the present situation that the amount, either of the sinking of the level of the sea or of the rise of the level of the land, must have been between 3 and 5 metres. The exact determination of this amount was not possible because at the spot where it could have been ascertained best i. e. close to the nucleus of the island, observation was obstructed by débris that had fallen down. We are brought to a simmilar conclusion in Emmahaven itself where in some places (see Pl. 3, fig. 14) effects of abrasion are still to be seen above the present level of the sea. So these observations again support Daly's theory of a recent world wide sinking of the ocean-level.

Beschreibung: Within the strongly migmatized axial zone of the Hesperian massif in western Galicia a graben-like structure has been distinguished, characterized essentially by the presence of non-migmatic rocks that comprise orthogneisses with blastomylonitic textures, leucocratic gneisses, plagioclase-blastbearing paragneisses, pelitic schists, and numerous amphibolitic layers and lenses. In the southern and central part of the graben and at the borders in the north the majority of the amphibolites are metamorphosed mafic dike swarms that intruded in the Early Palaeozoic after the emplacement of biotite granites but before the intrusion of subalkaline and peralkaline granites. Few amphibolites are of sedimentary origin. The other amphibolitic rocks in the north are of inferred Proterozoic age and have a different appearance. They consist of retrograde eclogite facies mafites and garnet- and epidote-amphibolites that are typically associated with leucocratic gneisses and younger subalkaline orthogneisses. It is inferred that the northern part of the graben mainly represents a lower basement segment that underwent Precambrian and Early Palaeozoic catazonal metamorphism and subsequent retrogradation, while the central and southern parts represent higher basement levels of mesozonal metamorphic grade.

Beschreibung: The Magnetic Metallogenic Province of southwestern Spain has a large number of iron mines, in which magnetite and pyrite are the main ores. The largest of these mines, the Cala Mine, is placed in a Lower Cambrian environment, in the contact between a granitic apophysis and limestones. As a result, an important zone of skarn rocks (bearing pyroxene, amphiboles, garnet, epidote, etc.) is formed, and dealing with these rocks are the main stratiform orebodies. There is an old discussion about the origin of the mineral deposits. Some authors believe in a sedimentary genetic type, while others propose a contact-pneumatolitic process, related with the granitic stock. In this paper we try to prove that a primary sedimentary origin is possible for the magnetite. So, we discuss three points: – The environment of the possible deposition, that was a shallow sea, low energy and closed environment, with a high degree of elementary life. – The most probable atmosphere in the Cambrian time, with which the superficial waters would be in equilibrium. – The theoretical, thermodynamical model related with the precipitation of iron ores in this environment. As a conclusion, the simultaneous sedimentation of magnetite and pyrite can be theoretically proved, and the possible variations of temperature, partial pressure of CO2, Eh and pH are also considered. Some interesting considerations about the Precambrian Banded Iron Formations, and their possible origin in an anoxigenic atmosphere are also provided in this paper.

Beschreibung: Vários autores descreveram, em vários sectores do Noroeste Peninsular, a sucessão de fases de delormacão penetrativa que afectaram os terrenos do Paleozóico, e tentaram estabelecer as relacões entre a deformacão e o metamorfismo regional plurifacial. É possível correlacionar aquelas diferentes fases de deformacão seguindo-as lateralmente e tendo em conta as referidas relacões deformacãometamorfismo regional. Assim reconhece-se a sucessão de três etapas de deformacão F1, F2, F3. Nos níveis estruturais superiores F1 está bem conservada e F2, F3 sao essencialmente deformacões pós-cristalinas, mas nos níveis estruturais inferiores as estruturas F1 foram transpostas por F2 que dá a xistosidade regional. Nestes últimos domínios o pico do metamorfismo regional é atingido durante ou após F2. A idade das diferentes fases é variável consoante as zonas paleogeográficas e tectónicas, sendo sempre mais recente de Oeste para Leste, escalonando-se do Devónico médio(?) ao Estefaniana. Conclui-se pela inexistência de uma fase de orogenia Caledónica no Paleozóico do Noroeste Peninsular, que outros autores têm pretendido evidenciar.

Beschreibung: In the following list of fishes and reptiles, known to occur as fossils in the Indoaustralian Archipelago, I have chiefly followed Smith Woodward (Bibl. 18) for the taxonomy. The teleosts, however, have been arranged according to Boulenger (The Cambridge Natural History, Vol. VII, 1904), with some slight alterations. I have not strictly followed the rules of zoological nomenclature and f. i. not changed Macrurus into Coryphaenoides. Palaeontologists are more conservative in this respect, and probably they are right.

Beschreibung: Les plus importantes relations biométriques pour les juvéniles de Penaeus (Melicertus) aztecus subtilis, P. (M.) brasiliensis et P. (M.) duorarum notialis de la mangrove guadeloupéenne, ont été calculées. Les relations concernant les tailles (longueur céphalothoracique – longueur totale – longueur abdominale) ont montrée peu de différences entre les espèces. Toutefois, certains indices biométriques se sont révélés très utiles pour la détermination spécifique des jeunes crevettes. Une étude de la croissance a été réalisée à partir de la distribution hebdomadaire des classes de tailles des crevettes, en utilisant la méthode des progressions modales de Petersen et l’équation de Von Bertalanffy. Cette croissance a été comparée avec celle obtenue par des élevages au laboratoire.

Beschreibung: Wat ons hier samenbrengt, mag als een blijde gebeurtenis in de geschiedenis onzer Universiteit worden aangemerkt. Het komt toch niet zoo dikwijls voor, dat een nieuw lid aan het complex der universitaire gebouwen wordt toegevoegd. Deze keer geschiedde het nog juist op tijd, want het huidige inzicht in de economische gesteldheid van de wereld is niet zoodanig, dat bewindslieden nog langer belangrijke sommen meenen te mogen toestaan voor inrichtingen van hooger onderwijs en wetenschappen. Sommige van mijn hoorders zullen vermoedelijk denken: terecht. Ik meen ten onrechte, omdat de geestelijke ontwikkeling van een volk slechts mogelijk is, wanneer van bovenaf, dat wil zeggen te beginnen met het hooger onderwijs en dan afdalend via middelbaar onderwijs naar het lager onderwijs, de wedloop met de andere Westersche volken bijgehouden kan worden. Stilstand beteekent onherroepelijk relatieve achteruitgang en naast ruimere zorg voor de beoefening en ontwikkeling der wetenschappen behoort zeker ook ruimere zorg voor de kunsten. Zonder door den staat ruimer gesubsidieerde instituten van kunst zal ons volk geestelijk niet op peil blijven. Tot de voorwerpen van staatszorg, die te stiefmoederlijk bedeeld worden, behooren ook de musea. Het bezitten van schatten, zooals die bijv. hier in Leiden zijn vergaard in zeer brandbare pakhuizen, of wel goed bewaard, maar niet tentoongesteld, is niet te verdedigen. Dat bezit legt verplichtingen aan den eigenaar als houder onzer cultuurwaarden op, verplichtingen, die intusschen tientallen van jaren onvervuld bleven. Ik kan mij dat slechts verklaren, door gebrek aan belangstelling in dergelijke zaken bij de politieke partijen. Er zit politiek geen of weinig muziek in, hetgeen maakt, dat de bewindslieden meer aandacht aan andere dingen moeten besteden. Intusschen pleit dit niet voor het peil onzer tegenwoordige samenleving. Deze korte opmerkingen moesten mij van het hart, alvorens op het bijondere onderwerp, dat ons heden samenbracht, terug te keeren. Wanneer men zelf alle reden tot dankbaarheid heeft, past het links en rechts te kijken om te zien, of ook anderen zich in dezelfde gelukkige positie bevinden.

Beschreibung: This paper is based on field data collected during a basic survey of mining exploration carried out by the authors for the Instituto Geologico y Minero de España. The investigated area belongs to the southeastern part of the Ordenes Complex and is mainly composed of metabasites and ultramafic rocks. Inside the area, three great ultramafic bodies can be mainly considered. They are more or less parallel and trend in a NNE direction, being separated by zoisite-bearing amphibolites. Asbestos showings are numerous in the eastern ultramafic body, which forms the Careon range, the length of the fibra ranging up to 14 mm. Only two minor asbestos occurrences have been found in the central body, and, finally, a few asbestos veinlets have been seen in the western ultramafic body, with fibres not reaching 1 mm in length. Chrysotile asbestos mineralization in the area always belongs to the ‘cross-fibre’ type. Brief descriptions of asbestos occurrences and geological framework are made, and hypotheses about asbestos genesis in the area are finally set up.

Beschreibung: Parmi toutes les zones non encore étudiées des Alpes Bergamasques, ce sont surtout les Valle del Bitto di Albaredo e di Gerola qui m'ont attiré, attendu qu'ils présentent une région des Alpes Bergamasques encore complètement négligée jusqu'à présent, à savoir: la zone cristallophyllienne de la Catena Orobica. Un autre attrait pour moi a été le fait, que, avec la mise en carte de cette région la première section transversale des Alpes Bergamasques devenait une chose faite. Cette section transversale englobe du mord au sud les zones étudiées par Klompé (72), Jong (71), Cosijn (28) et Hofsteenge (57). Cependant ces raisons-ci n'étaient pas les seules, à motiver la mise en carte de la zone cristallophyllienne nord. En effet, la situation du terrain à proximité de la limite alpine-dinarique, présumée par divers auteurs, a été un des motifs principaux pour mettre en carte justement un des terrains situés le plus au nord à fin de trouver une solution possible à ce problème. Non seulement le travail en valait la peine parce qu'il m'était possible de contribuer à résoudre le problème des Dinarides, mais encore par le fait, que beaucoup de structures dans le cristallophyllien des Alpes Bergamasques, encore inconnues jusqu'à ce jour, purent être découvertes, et aussi, par quelques trouvailles pétrographiques qui remettaient au premier plan le problème des pseudotachylites entre autres. Néanmoins je ne nierai pas m'être trouvé exposé à de multiples déceptions, vu qu'il me fut fréquemment impossible de pénétrer plus avant dans la stratigraphie des couches pré-permiennes des Alpes Bergamasques, déceptions d'autant pins grandes en raison de la monotonie que comportent les travaux de la mise en carte dans la région cristallophyllienne. Le travail sur le terrain fut fait au cours des étés de 1930 et de 1931. Dans le but de construire un schéma de la tectonique des Alpes Bergamasques dans ses rapports avec le problème des Dinarides, on fit plusieurs excursions dans les parties Est et ouest des Alpes Bergamasques au cours des étés de 1929, 1930 et 1931, alors qu'une excursion géologique générale, organisée par l'Université de Leyden en 1930 me fournit l'occasion de faire plus amplement connaissance avec quelques régions porphyriques, situées entre le lac du Côme et le Lac Majeur. Pendant l'été de 1931 mon attention fut attiré en outre plus spécialement par la zone insubre de Cornelius. Les multiples localités décrites par lui furent visitées, surtout entre Sondrio et le lac de Côme, alors que plus à l'Est il fallut se contenter de quelques excursions d'orientation superficielle. A la fin de ce travail, dans l'aperçu tectonique des Alpes Lombardes on s'est efforcé de donner un compte-rendu aussi complet que possible de ce qui est connu des Alpes Bergamasques par rapport à la tectonique alpine générale.

Beschreibung: In the Autumn of 1979, bird observations were made in the Azores during a marine biological expedition within the scope of the CANCAP-Project of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie. Six out of the nine islands of the archipelago were visited

Beschreibung: Isoëtes Cleefii, known so far from four localities in the Colombian Páramo of the Cordillera Oriental between 3745 m s.m. and 4245 m s.m., is described as a further new taxon of the section Laeves. It is dedicated to the Dutch botanist and collector Antoine Marie Cleef (1941 – x ) who added substantially to the knowledge of ecology and distribution of the Colombian Quill-worts thanks to his rich collections gathered between 1971 and 1973.

Beschreibung: The genus Nipponolejeunea Hattori was established by Hattori (1944) based on Pycnolejemea pilifera Steph. from Japan. Its primary important generic characters include 1) the two gynoecial innovations, 2) the triplicate perianth, and 3) the long cilia on leaf- and underleaf-margin. Hattori (1944) also assigned Pycnolejeunea subalpina Horik. to Nipponolejeunea, thus admitting two Japanese species in that genus. Since then, the genus Nipponolejeunea has been repeatedly discussed, especially by Mizutani (1961) and Schuster (1963) from taxonomic points of view. The branching and innovation types of Nipponolejeunea were described by Mizutani (1970); Inoue (1976) proposed the subgeneric separation of the two species, as subgen. Nipponolejeunea (with N. pilifera) and subgen. Mizutania (with N. subalpina). Surprisingly, Grolle (1981) recently found a fossil species of this genus in Europe, N. europaea Grolle, embedded in an amber, from the southern part of Scandinavia. The species belongs in the subgen. Mizutania and, according to Grolle (1981), might even prove to be conspecific with N. subalpina. Regarding the taxonomic position of Nipponolejeunea, Mizutani (1961) placed the genus in the subfamily Jubuloideae together with Jubula and Neohattoria, but Schuster (1963) proposed an independent subfamily in the Lejeuneaceae for this genus, Nipponolejeuneoideae Schust. & Kachroo, which has now become generally accepted (cf. Gragstein, 1979; Schuster, 1979).

Beschreibung: A lamellate paraphyllium on the dorsal side of the shoots in Brachiolejeunea laxifolia is described and its origin discussed. It is probably a useful species character, unique in the Lejeuneaceae.

Beschreibung: Arbor terrestris. Ramuli foliosi circa 1 cm diam., subglabri. Lamina oblanceolata vel subobovata, 10-28 cm longa, 3,5-9 cm lata, brevissime acuminate, basi (sub)acuta, faciebus subglabris; vennae laterales 10-16 pro latere; petiolus 1-1,5 (-2,5) cm longus; stipulae 1,5-4 cm longae, (sub)persistentes, subglabrae. Syconia axillaria bina, (sub)glabra, circa 2 cm diam.

Beschreibung: As a result of a revision of the neotropical saprophytes (Triuridaceae, Burmanniaceae, and Gentianaceae) several new species have to be described and some new combinations have to be made.

Beschreibung: Als ich im Jahre 1930 in der Lage war, auf Java etc. zu sammeln, richtete ich im Anfang meine besondere Aufmerksamkeit auf die epiphyllen Lejeuneen. Obwohl „de Frullaniaceis VII” damals eben veröffentlicht war, sammelte ich auch viele Frullanien, in der Hoffnung noch „etwas Neues” zu finden. Studien an meinen frischen Aufsammlungen in Tjibodas, Buitenzorg und Bandoeng und besonders in den Gärten etc. in Tjibodas und Buitenzorg zeigten mir den zweifelhaften Wert mancher kleinerer Sippen aus „de Frullaniaceis VII”. Es ist ohne weiteres klar, dass die meisten Frullanien in recht verschiedenen Modifikationen auftreten können. Andererseits konnte ich auch zweifelsfrei feststellen, dass es sich bei manchen Arten um Komplexe von erblich verschiedenen Sippen handelt, die in manchen Fällen durch ziemlich einfache Experimente wohl zu trennen sind. Die kurze Zeit, welche ich damals in Tjibodas verbringen konnte, ermöglichte nur einige vorläufige Versuche, welche mir aber die feste Überzeugung gegeben haben, dass Experimente uns Näheres über manche polymorphe Sippen lehren können. Es wäre nicht so schwierig, die wichtigsten Modifikationen und erbliche Abweichungen bei manchen Arten zu studieren. Ich glaube aber nicht, dass wir hier, wo es sich durchweg um Epiphyten handelt, solche klare Ergebnisse erwarten können, wie Buch sie bei seinen klassischen Scapania-Experimenten erzielte. Mit schizostipen Lejeuneen sind diese Versuche viel schwieriger. Die Holostipae schliessen sich aber in vielen Hinsichten an die Frullanien an, und so entschloss ich mich, in Zukunft besonders die Revision und Bearbeitung von Frullanien und holostipen Lejeuneen in die Hand zu nehmen, in der Hoffnung, dabei selber einen Teil der notwendigsten Experimente anstellen zu können! Glücklicherweise haben auch meine und die Schiff ner’sehen Schizostipae einen Bearbeiter gefunden. Seit dem Erscheinen von „de Frullaniaceis VIII” habe ich mir stets Rechenschaft abgelegt, welche Probleme im Herbar und welche experimentell zu lösen sind. Ich halte es für den grössten Fehler der modernen bryologischen Systematik, dass man imallgemeinen Zu sehr danach strebt, Lösungen, welche erst in späteren Dezennien experimentell zu erzielen sind, nun schon arbitrarisch nach dem Studium von Herbarmaterial zu diktieren. Es muss uns völlig gleichgültig sein, ob bestimmte Lösungen vielleicht erst in einem folgenden Jahrhundert experimentell zu erreichen sind. Der im Herbar arbeitende Taxonom ist fertig, wenn er das Problem, das später experimentell zu lösen ist, klar umschrieben hat. Hat er die Fragestellung vollständig angegeben, so muss er entweder mit Experimenten oder mit Revisionen anderer Gruppen anfangen.

Beschreibung: Amborellaceae were completed by J. Jérémie (Paris) for the Flore de la Nouvelle Calédonie; so were Atherospermaceae, Chloranthaceae, Monimiaceae. Annonaceae. At L, Dr. W.A. van Heel is engaged on an anatomical study of the flower structures.

Beschreibung: The entries have been split into five categories: a) Algae — b) Fungi & Lichens — c) Bryophytes — d) Pteridophytes — e) Spermatophytes & General subjects. — Books have been marked with an asterisk. The scope of this Bibliography has hitherto been to cover the East and Southeast Asiatic area, Malesia, the Pacific and Australasia. Unfortunately the number of entries for this instalment has increased far beyond the available space, in part due to an increase of very short papers. To my regret the bibliography had to be curtailed and become more selective, by which it can no longer be as complete as was the original purpose. Among the papers on the colder and drier marginal areas, and among minutiae and mere name listings for local areas a selection has been made.

Beschreibung: ARMITAGE, F.B. & J. BURLEY (compilers), Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon (syn. P. khasya Royle; P. insularis Endlicher), xiv + 199 p., 4 maps, many fig. (1980; Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Oxford OX1 3RB, England). Tropical Forestry Papers 9. Paperback. £ 10.00, plus postage. This pine of SE. Asia and Luzon gives a light multi-purpose wood and a resin; during this century, plantations have been set up in many tropical, seasonally dry, montane regions. The present book discusses occurrence, silviculture, properties, and breeding; foresters, for whom it is clearly intended, now have a handsome manual, with many references.

Beschreibung: Sinar Pasoh is the name of an annual Newsletter of the research centre in Pasoh Forest, Malaya (see pages 3394-3395). Number 2 (February 1980) has 30 pages. It describes facilities, work done, with a useful literature list (total by now 110 items) and invites research plans. Contact Mohd. Gharali, PPPPasoh, Simpang Pertang, Negri Sembilan, Malaysia. The newsletter itself is distributed free of charge by the Director, Forest Research Institute, Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia. Mangrove Mapping is a joint project with Queensland Fisheries Service, to be carried out by R. Dowling and J.A. Elsol (BRI). Currently a technical bulletin it is being prepared to go with maps of the mangroves of Moreton Bay which have already been printed. A paper on the mangroves of Princess Charlotte Bay was presented at the Mangrove Symposium in Port Moresby by J.A. Elsol and P. Saenger.

Beschreibung: During a collecting trip in the High Pyrenees (France) the second author has collected several fruit bodies of Ascobolus xylophilus Seaver on a log of rotten coniferous wood in a mountain stream. Till then this fungus was only known from the original specimens, collected by Prof. E. Bethel & Dr. F. J. Seaver, September 1910 in the Geneva Creek Canyon, Colorado, U.S.A. (van Brummelen, 1967: 153). As the material of the type specimen is rather scarce and consists of a few very old fruit bodies, from which it was difficult to make a complete description, the species has been redescribed and pictured from the newly collected European material.

Beschreibung: The name Psathyrella melanophylla proposed in our previous paper (1976: 370) to replace the misapplied name P. caudata, is in its turn replaced by the name atrolaminata as a result of the discovery that in our previous paper a collection belonging to P. longicauda had erroneously been selected as the type of P. melanophyllum, which renders the latter name a synonym of P. longicauda. It is argued that Ricken’s plate 68 fig. 1 (1913) does not represent P. atrolaminata as erroneously stated by Kühner & Romagnesi (1953: 359) and us (1976: 370) but P. longicauda. A redescription of both species is given.

Beschreibung: The ultrastructure of apical cells of six species of Sphacelaria (S. arctica, S. cirrosa, S. nana, S. racemosa, S. radicans, and S. rigidula) is studied here. In most details such as ultrastructure of chloroplasts, mitochondria, microbodies, nuclei and centrioles all Sphacelaria species studied are similar. Only in sections of S. rigidula, however, do pyrenoid-like structures occur.

Beschreibung: Het onderzoek werd uitgevoerd in de Polder Schagen, een polder in Noord-Holland, ten zuiden van de stad Schagen ( Topogr.krt 14 D; bijlage I A) . Doelstelling van het onderzoek was om door middel van een ""fijnmazige"" macrofaunabemonstering te toetsen of de globale bemonstering zoals die in het kader van de provinciale milieuïnventarisatie door de Provinciale Waterstaat van Noord-Holland in dit gebied werd uitgevoerd, voldoende representatief is. Uit de resultaten van een dergelijk onderzoek in de ""Vereenigde Harger & Pettemerpolder (Noord-Holland), bleek namelijk dat de globale monstername van Provinciale Waterstaat in dat gebied minder soorten en kleinere aantallen opleverde (Broodbakker & Coosen, 1981). Vanwege de gecompliceerde hydrologie van deze polder (zoutgehalte-gradiënten) was dit verschil verklaarbaar. Om te toetsen of in een polder waarvan de hydrologie eenvoudiger is, de monstername van Provinciale Waterstaat meer representatief is, werd de ""Polder Schagen"" in onderling overleg als onderzoeksgebied gekozen. In deze polder werden door de sectie hydrobiologie van de Provinciale Waterstaat vijf punten op macrofauna bemonsterd. Ter vergelijking werden voor dit onderzzoek vijftien gevariëerde punten op macrofauna bemonsterd. Alle genoemde punten zijn aangegeven in bijlage 1. In dit rapport zal getracht worden om het voorkomen van bepaalde macrofaunalevensgemeenschappen met behulp van clusteranalyse te registreren en met rangcorrelatietoetsen te relateren aan fysisch-chemische factoren. Tevens zullen de resultaten met de literatuur vergeleken worden.

Beschreibung: Although sponges are by no means unimportant organisms, in biomass and diversity, of the Curaçao coral reefs, very few scientific studies have been undertaken in this area involving sponges. To date, apart from taxonomie studies by Arndt (1927) and myself (Van Soest, 1978, 1980), only the boring sponges received attention (e.g. studies of De Groot, in progress). The main reason for this, no doubt, is the confused taxonomy of West Indian sponges. While taxonomie studies are in full progress (but are necessarily slow), it is now already possible to present sufficient data to allow certain identification of the more common reef forms by non-taxonomists for ecological or other purposes. It is one of the objects of the present paper to provide these data; they take the form of a pictorial key of 30 species (following the idea of H. Reiswig for Jamaican sponges), some accompanying descriptions of the habit, and references to published photographs.

Beschreibung: Op menig eiland van den Indischen Archipel zijn tertiaire bekkens van sterke daling en sedimentatie geconstateerd. In de literatuur is hun veelal de naam geosynclinaal gegeven. Hun geschiedenis kan als een afzonderlijk verschijnsel en als een afgerond onderwerp beschouwd worden, zelfs indien men de geschiedenis dezer tertiaire z.g. geosynclinalen zou willen opvatten als een onderdeel van de zoo veel langer durende en zeer ingewikkelde historie van dit resteerende deel der Tethys. Ofschoon ik hier niet in stratigraphische bijzonderheden zal treden, zal het toch niet te vermijden zjjn, zoo nu en dan bepaalde niveau’s van het tertiair aan te duiden. Ik gebruik hiertoe de bekende letterindeeling van het Indische Tertiair 1).

Beschreibung: The ultramafic-mafic zone of the Hercynian Beja Massif includes 1) the Quintos amphibolite-diorite-serpentinite Complex, 2) the Odivelas layered gabbro Complex, and 3) the Peroguarda (meta) basalt-andesite Complex. The rhythmic and cryptic zoning of the Odivelas Complex is described, as well as its sedimentary structures and cumulate textures. The gabbros are of the high-alumina type; they have tholeiitic affinities at lower levels and alkalic affinities (due to a Nametasomatism) at upper levels. The Odivelas Complex has probably crystallized under conditions of the granulite facies.

Beschreibung: Bear Island, in Norwegian called and in Dutch ‘Bereneiland’, is situated in the Barents Sea at 74°25' N and 19°00' E. The island is rather isolated: about 450 km to the south the most nearby land is the Norwegian Nordkapp and to the north about 230 km of sea must be crossed before reaching the the most southern point of Spitsbergen. Bjørnøya belongs geographically to Svalbard (meaning “Cold Coast”), the group of islands in the Arctic Ocean under Norwegian sovereignity. The most important and best known island of this group is Spitsbergen. The name of the island was established in 1596 when two Dutch sailingvessels discovered the island during an attempt to find a passage east to China along the north. Gerrit de Veer was writer on board of one of these ships of which the captain was Jacob Heemskerck and the navigator Willem Barentsz. De Veer accurately described the killing of a “white bear” near the island and tells that they consequently named the island “Beyren Eylandt”.