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  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology
  • 2025-2025
  • 1980-1984  (404)
  • 1970-1974  (73)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1930-1934
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  • 1970  (73)
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  • 2025-2025
  • 1980-1984  (404)
  • 1970-1974  (73)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1930-1934
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120101
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen absorption in microbiological systems of zero order reaction rate (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 51-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model of oxygen absorption in microbiological systems of zero order reaction rate is proposed. The partial differential equation was solved to predict the profile of the oxygen concentration boundary layer next to a gas-liquid interface. Generally speaking, the presence of microbial cells always helps to increase the oxygen absorption rate over that of physical absorption. Only when the microbiological reaction is slow as judged by the fact that the reaction time, tr, is much larger than the diffusion time, tD, can one rightfully approximate the oxygen absorption in microbiological suspensions by physical absorption.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120105
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Starch conversion by immobilized glucoamylase (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 85-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Glucoamylase bound to DEAE-cellulose in 0.05 M sodium acetate, pH 4.0, is active in the conversion of starch to glucose. The activity of the DEAE-cellulose-bound enzyme ranges from 16 to 55% of the activity of the free enzyme. Binding of the enzyme narrows the pH optimum to approximately 4.0 and lowers the temperature optimum to 40-50°C as compared to a 60°C temperature optimum for the free enzyme. Concentrations of acetate buffer above 0.1 M disrupt the DEAE-cellulose-enzyme complex. Columns were used with some success for the continuous conversion of starch. Pretreatment of the starch with α-amylase and clarification were necessary to prevent blocking of the column. Columns maintained activity for more than 3 weeks of continuous operation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120108
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  • 4
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    Respiratory relationships of a symbiotic algal-bacterial culture for wastewater nutrient removal (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 541-560 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A continuous symbiotic algal-bacterial system was developed consisting essentially of a mixed Chlorella-activated sludge culture which would efficiently remove nutrients from wastewater under aerobic conditions without supplementary aeration. Oxygen decline data were fitted to a mathematical model used to predict respiratory rates, photosynthetic oxygenation, and steady-state oxygen concentrations. Stable relative biological populations and a dissolved oxygen concentration of about 2 mg/1 were maintained during steady-state operation with daily harvesting of excess biomass. Respiratory and physiological relationships indicated that the carbon dioxide-oxygen balance is a primary control that governs the steady-state operation of a symbiotic algal-bacterial culture. The close association of the algae and bacteria resulted in an algal-bacterial floc with settled rapidly yielding a clear supernatant.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120405
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  • 5
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    Dialysis fermentation. III. Anomalous inhibition of threonine biosynthesis in an auxotrophic mutant of Escherichia coliArticle No. 4979, Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 603-613 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dialysis was attempted as a means to alleviate the product-activated controls presumed to limit the formation of threonine by an auxotrophic mutant of Escherichia coli strain W. The occurrence of inhibition rather than enhancement of yields by dialysis was traced to the fact that threonine actually was not inhibiting its own synthesis. Instead, α,ε-diaminopimelic acid became depleted, but the imbalance could not be corrected by exogenous replacement.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120409
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  • 6
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    A defined medium for the production of lysergic acid alkaloids by Claviceps paspali (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 641-644 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120413
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  • 7
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    Differentiation and product formation in moldsSupported in part by USDA Grant 85890. (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 771-801 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120507
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  • 8
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    Masthead (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120601
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  • 9
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    Microbial cell recovery enhancement through flocculationContribution No. 1532 from the Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 873-887 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The removal of cellular material from fermentation broths is of importance in many fermentation processes. The present work compares the performance of recently developed polyelectrolyte flocculating additives with traditionally available additives. Objectives are to establish criteria for the choice of a flocculating additive and establish optimum conditions for the formation of stable, fast settling floe, and for quantitative separation of cellular material from the medium. Fermentation broths of actively growing Candida intermedia were used to evaluate the effectiveness of fifty commercial flocculating additives at different dosages and pH values. Certain strong anionic and strong cationic polyelectrolytes and mineral hydrocolloids were found to be most effective in their enhancement of settling rates. Some differences in behavior exist between glucose grown cells, hydrocarbon grown cells, and washed cells in buffer suspension. Flocculation of cells from fermentation broths is concluded to be highly dependent upon adsorbed material. A high charge density to interact or compete with adsorbed material and a solubility in the adsorbed material are important factors in choosing an additive for a given application. The fluid mechanics of a flocculating suspension is an important variable since low shear does not provide adequate contacting between cells for floe formation and high shear leads to floe breakup. An apparatus was constructed to grow floe under constant fluid mechanical conditions both in laminar and turbulent flow regimes. Turbulent shear was found to be very important in forming large, compact floe in cases where irreversible ionic bridging is the mechanism as for the strong anionic polyelectrolyte, polystyrene sulfonate. Adequate mixing is required to disperse the flocculating additive, but the level of turbulence is relatively unimportant in cases where reversible colloidal bridging is the mechanism as for the mineral hydrocolloid, bentonite.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120603
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  • 10
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    A method for obtaining protein concentrates from microorganisms (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 947-959 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to isolate proteins from microalgae, yeasts and bacteria, cell disintegration in a special ball-mill was performed. The degree of disintegration of the different microorganisms was compared. The dependence of disintegration on bead size and on the ratio between the volume of suspension and the volume of glass beads was also investigated. Nondisintegrated and disintegrated cells were extracted with sodium hydroxide and the amount of extractable nitrogen and the amount of nitrogen precipitable at pH 4.0 were determined. The dependence of yield on the sodium hydroxide concentration, extraction time, and temperature was studied. When extracting undisintegrated cells, very low yields were obtained and the nitrogen extracted was mostly nonproteinous. For disintegrated cells high yields were obtained. An optimum was found after extraction with 0.3-0.5% sodium hydroxide; at pH 11.0-11.5. The precipitate obtained represented 60-70% of the cell nitrogen. The nitrogen content of the precipitate was 12-14% of the dry weight.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120607
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  • 11
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    Optimization of batch fermentation processes. II. Optimum temperature profiles for batch penicillin fermentations (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 1081-1098 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Optimization methods based on the continuous maximum principle and the calculus of variations were used to calculate optimum temperature profiles for batch penicillin fermentations. These methods were first applied to several general models to develop effective techniques for the numerical solution of the equations. Subsequently, these methods were applied to two particular models, derived from experimental data, and the optimum temperature profiles were determined. The results indicated that an improvement, in penicillin yield of about 15% was possible if the optimum temperature profiles were followed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120613
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  • 12
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    The separation of proteins with heteropolyacids (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 1-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The precipitation of proteins with heteropolyacids has been studied for the purpose of large scale primary purification. A precipitate will form if the pH of the reaction between purified ovalbumin, hemoglobin, trypsin, pepsin, bovine serum albumin, ovomucoid, gelatin or ribonuclease and tungstrophosphoric, tungstosilicic or molybdosilicic acid is close to the isoelectric point of the protein and does not cause the dissociation of the heteropolyacid. Below the isoelctric point, the percent precipitation depends on the conformational changes of the protein. The precipitation of ovalbumin with tungstophosphoric decreases as the ionic strength of the buffer increases and is independent, of the protein concentration. Mixtures of ovalbumin and bovine serum albumin, though having close isoelectric points, can be separated by varying the concentration of the precipitant. The electropositive groups which combine with the tungstophosphoric acid are guanidino, ε-amino and imidazole. No precipitation is given by the α-amino groups. Filtrates of microbial fermentations containing lactase, glucose aerode-hydrogenase, alkaline protease, amyloglucosidase, and transglucosylase have been purified by precipitation with heteropolyacids.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120102
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  • 13
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    Continuous enzyme processing: The isolation of prolyl-tRNA synthetase from Phaseolus Aureus (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 63-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A pilot-plant process has been developed for the continuous extraction and partial purification of prolyl-tRNA synthetase from mung bean. The bean slurry was wet ground in a hammer mill, clarified by two-stage centrifugation, and the protein in the effluent fractionated by precipitation at pH values of 5.2 and 4.2. The throughput was 13 kg dry bean/hr. The improved extraction process and reduced processing time resulted in an enzyme product with a specific activity 16 × that previously obtained in the batch process. The yield was also 50-60 times higher.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120106
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  • 14
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    Engineering factors in single-cell protein production. I. Fluid properties and concentration of yeast by evaporationContribution No, 1523 from the Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Masachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusrtts. (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 123-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The processing of fermentor-grown, edible yeast involves the removal of water. This can be accomplished through concentration followed by drum or spray drying. This study presents the essential physical properties of yeast solutions necessary for calculation of production economics. In addition, our initial studies of vacuum concentration show that some of the cell leakage necessary for good drying characteristics occurs. The residence time during concentration is also sufficient, to yield 1-2 log cycles of kill which are mandatory since the final product, should contain no viable cells.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120110
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  • 15
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    Masthead (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120201
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  • 16
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    Kinetics of the conversion of glucose to gluconic acid by Pseudomonas ovalis (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 273-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The concept of a “critical oxygen concentration” is conventionally considered to hold for the submerged aerobic fermentation of glucose to gluconic acid. Above the critical level the fermentation rate is supposedly independent of oxygen concentration. In this work it is shown that, at a given agitation rate, the fermentation is independent of dissolved oxygen when above the critical. However, an increase in the agitation rate results in an increase in the fermentation rate. This increase was shown to be accompanied by an increase in the gluconolactone concentration in the broth. Gluconolactone, an intermediate in the reaction pathway, is hydrolyzed nonenzymatically to gluconic acid. Evidence is presented to suggest that the increased gas-liquid interfacial area brought about by increased agitation causes an increased net rate of lactone formation. This in turn results in an increased rate of hydrolysis of the lactone to gluconic acid. A model is presented hypothesizing that negatively charged cells adsorb at the gas-liquid interface. These cells attract hydrogen ions, causing a lowering of the pH in the film around the bubbles. It is this lowered pH which is considered to bring about increased fermentation rates when the interfacial area is increased. Supporting evidence is presented.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120208
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  • 17
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    Masthead (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120301
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  • 18
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    An analysis of models describing predator-prey interaction (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 353-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mathematical models of the interaction between predator and host populations have been expressed as systems of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Solutions of such systems may be periodic or aperiodic. Periodic, oscillatory solutions may depend on the initial conditions of the system or may be limit cycles. Aperiodic solutions can, but do not necessarily, exhibit oscillatory behavior. Therefore, it is important to characterize predatory-prey models on the basis of the possible types of solutions they may possess. This characterization can be accomplished using some well-known methods of nonlinear analysis. Examination of the system singular points and inspection of phase plane portraits have proved to be useful techniques for evaluating the effect of various modifications of early predator-prey models. Of particular interest is the existence of limit cycle oscillations in a model in which predator growth rate is a function of the concentration of prey.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120305
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  • 19
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    Preparation and characterization of isolubilized L-amino acid oxidase (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 399-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The enzyme L-amino acid oxidase of Crotalus adamanteus was covalently coupled to porous 96% silica glass particles. The insolubilized enzyme was active on several L-amino acids including: leucine, isoleucine, cysteine, phenylalanine, tryptophane, and methionine. No activity was observed with D-amino acids, L-asparagine, or L-proline. Maximum activity was observed at pH 7.8. Stability of the enzyme derivative was demonstrated by continuous operation of an enzyme column for 35 days, during which the bound enzyme oxidized over 5000 times its own weight of substrate.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120307
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  • 20
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    A continuous, multistage tower fermentor. II. Analysis of reactor performance (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 465-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method for analyzing the reactor behavior of a continuous, multistage tower fermentor is described. A model consisting of a system of interconnected, ideal subreactors is set up on the basis of the fermentor's configuration and flow pattern. The residence time distribution curve is used to test the validity of the model and the relative quantities of flow streams and regions in the model are determined. A least-square fitting procedure between measured and calculated distribution curves is used to identify the proper model. The application of this method to real cultivation conditions is also discussed. Using this approach, the multistage tower fermentor is shown to be equivalent to a cascade of four perfectly mixed tanks with a backtracking stream between stages. The extent of backflow under various conditions has also been determined.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120311
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  • 21
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    Microbiological leaching of a zinc sulfide concentrateJoint contribution from the laboratories of the B. C. Research, Vancouver, B. C., and the Department of Chemical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. C. (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 501-517 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The microbiological extraction of zinc from a high-grade zinc sulfide concentrate has been investigated, using a pure strain of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Conditions such as temperature, pH, pulp density, nutrient, concentration, and specific surface of solids have been studied in terms of their effects on zinc extraction rate and in some instances on final zinc concentration in solution. Where appropriate, optimum conditions for leaching have been specified.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120403
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  • 22
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    Dialysis fermentation. I. Enhanced production of salicylic acid from naphthalene Pseudomonas fluorescensArticle No. 4977, Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 577-589 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The conversion of naphthalene to salicylic acid by Pseudomonas fluorescens was studied as a model for dialysis fermentation. In a demonstration experiment, the continual removal of the product by dialysis and by intermittent replenishment of the dialysate reservoir caused cyclical changes in the concentrations of viable cells and product. The cumulative total amount of both cell mass and salicylate, however, continued to increase steadily until the experiment was terminated after 15 days. At this time the rate of product formation was highest and still increasing, although less than 10% of the cells were viable. The terminal amount of salicylate was about 20-fold greater than the maximum reached in the control fermentation, and was calculated to be 2.6-fold more productive even if the control were optimally recycled. Methods were projected to achieve still further improvements.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120407
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  • 23
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    An antoclavable version of the Mackereth oxygen probe (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 633-634 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120411
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  • 24
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    The effect of small amounts of sodium hypochlorite on the growth of Earl's “L” cells in suspension growth (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 635-639 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Of several candidate disinfectants for use in tissue culture work, especially suspension cultures, sodium hypochlorite solution was selected to test its effect on growing cells. Metabolizing cells reduce, sodium hypochlorite oxidizes ; therefore NaOCl leakage into such systems must be neutralized with no untoward effects on the cells. Dilutions of routine disinfectant-grade sodium hypochlorite were tested against cell cultures. Those exposed to 15.62 to 31.25 ppm of NaOCl grew with no apparent cell damage.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120412
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  • 25
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    The influence of high substrate concentrations on microbial kineticsPrepared for presentation at the 154th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, September 1P, 1969, New York, N. Y. (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 679-712 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: High substrate concentrations inhibit growth and may distort the metabolism of microorganisms. Mechanisms causing substrate inhibition are discussed and used to derive several mathematical models representative of the entire concentration range, including stimulation of growth by low substrate concentrations. These kinetic models are tested with a variety of batch culture measurements of specific growth rate and respiration rate at widely-ranging substrate concentrations. Using one of the kinetic models, equations are developed for batch, continuous, and exponential-feed reactors. Comparison of results obtained in continuous culture with results from exponential-feed culture systems is shown to offer a novel experimental method for evaluating the effect of the cell age distribution on the properties and metabolic activity of a culture.
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    Optimization of batch fermentation processes. I. Development of mathematical models for batch penicillin fermentations. (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 803-830 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two kinds of mathematical models have been developed for batch penicillin fermentations: (1) general models, based on averaged, nondimensionalized cell and penicillin synthesis curves from plant, scale fermentors and (2) particular models developed from specific sets of experimental data from two sources. Parameter-temperature functions used with the general models were assumed to have general shapes which could apply to many fermentations, i.e., they were based on the familiar temperature response of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Parameter-temperature functions for the particular models were determined from experimental data for batch runs at various temperatures.
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    Microbial production of D-mannitol and D-fructose from glycerol (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 913-920 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In view of the recent development that some petrochemical products are efficiently available as substrates for the fermentation industry, glycerol manufactured from propylene by chemical synthesis would also be hoped for the purpose. This paper describes some of the factors influencing mannitol production from glycerol by Torulopsis yeasts and a microbial conversion of glycerol to D-fructose via mannitol, in which two sequential steps of yeast and Acetobacter fermentation are involved. Torulopsis mannitofaciens CBS 5981 and Torulopsis vcrsatilis CBS 1752, exceptionally good mannitol producers, were selected for the study. High concentrations of nitrogen sources and KH2PO4 in the medium markedly decreased mannitol yield in spite of good utilization of the substrate. T. mannitofaciens produced mannitol in yield of 31% of the glycerol consumed at optimal condition. The fermentation by washed yeast cells gave much higher mannitol yield of more than 50%. A sequential fermentation process was carried out without isolation and purification of the intermediate and yielded.51.7%. D-fructose from the glycerol.
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    Growth and acid production by Lactobacillus (L.) delbrueckii in a dialysis culture system (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 961-974 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growth and lactic acid production by L. delbrueckii was studied in a dialysis culture system and the inhibitory effect of lactate confirmed by removing lactate from the culture medium by dialysis. It has been shown that lactate inhibits growth after the log phase and that the maintenance of low lactate concentrations after this point permits higher specific growth rates and higher maximum cell concentrations. Acid production is also significantly higher in a dialysis culture system. Finally, a modification of the Luedeking-Piret model, incorporating the lactate inhibition effect, is proposed.
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    Extended culture: The growth of Candida utilis at controlled acetate concentrationsThis work was supported by Engineering Research Grant No. Gk 4926 from the National Science Foundation. (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 975-999 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Extended culture, a special type of semicontinuous culture, permits prolonged maintenance of a constant or programmed environment in a growing culture by a controlled addition of one or more substrates. Differences between extended culture and continuous culture data are a measure of differences in the properties of cell populations with different cell age distributions but identical steady-state environments. Both extended culture and continuous culture were used to study the growth kinetics of Candida utilis (ATCC 9226) under conditions of substrate inhibition at controlled concentrations of sodium acetate in a carbon-limited mineral salts medium supplemented with 0.01 g/1 yeast extract. Acetate concentrations ranged from 1.2 g/l to 10.8 g/l (expressed as acetic acid), while yeast concentrations varied from 0.3 to 7.8 (g dry cells)/1. Rate parameters such as growth yields (Y), specific growth rates (μ), and linear growth rates (K), were calculated by computer from the data and theory presented herein. Specific growth rates as high as 0.54/hr were observed, although extended culture growth was more nearly linear than exponential in these experiments. Growth yields usually varied between 0.2 and 0.4 (g dry cells)/(g acetate), although values were as high as 0.8 for a brief period during one experiment. Growth yields at a given acetate concentration were correlated by an equation of the form 1/Y = 1/YG + m/μ. A maintenance coefficient (m) of 0.17 (g acetate)/(g dry cell-hr) was observed at acetate concentrations of 4.5 and 10. g/1. A typical maximum growth yield (YG) of 0.51 (g dry cell)/(g acetate) was obtained at 4.5 g/1 acetate, but an unusually high YG of 1.33 was found at 10. g/1 acetate. Oxygen uptake measurements are compared with these cell yield measurements. Linear growth rates in expended culture were correlated by the equation K = 0.89-0.70 (S/S0) where K has units of (g dry cell)/(l-hr), S is the instantaneous acetate concentration, and S0 is the initial acetate concentration. The extended culture kinetic data are shown to be substantially different from continuous culture kinetic data. Reason for these differences are discussed in light of diffrences in the cell age distributions, as well as possible differences in experimental conditions.
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    Continuous fermentation to produce xanthan biopolymer: Laboratory investigationPresented at the Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New York, N. Y. September 7-12, 1969. (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 75-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Xanthan biopolymer has been produced by single-stage continuous fermentation with Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 in a medium of glucose, minerals, distillers' solubles, and urea for as long as 20 days. At the highest dilution rate studied (D = 0.0285 hr-1), the steady state rate of xanthan production was 0.36 g/kg/hr and the steady state yield, basis glucose consumed, was 68%. Observations indicate that xanthan production rate is a function of pH and D.
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    Continuos IBE fermentation by immobilized growing Clostridium beijerinckii cells in a stirred-tank fermentor (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 281-299 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The potential of continuous isopropanol-butanol-ethanol (IBE) fermentation by Ca-alginate-immobilized Clostridium beijerinckii cells in a continuous stirred-tank reactor is investigated. A mathematical model is presented to describe steady-state reactor performance. It appeared to be possible to use the biocatalyst particles repeatedly for successive fermentations (at least three times for a total duration of two months). Reactor productivity was 6-16 times higher than that of a batch fermentation (free cells), while the solvents yield was also increased. Measurements of substrate, product, and biomass concentrations were only partially in agreement with the model; however, a solid basis for further technological developement of the process has been laid.
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    Production of Spirulina biomass: Maintenance of monoalgal culture outdoors (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 341-349 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of sodium bicarbonate concentration, population density, and temperature on the maintenance of an outdoor monoculture of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis were studied. A clear response by Spirulina to the concentration of bicarbonate was evident, with 0.2M bicarbonate representing the lowest concentration in which a monoculture could be maintained. When the temperatures fell during the winter period to some 20-25°C below the optimum for Spirulina, Chlorella sp. gradually increased and became the dominant species in the culture. Raising the temperature by covering the pond with transparent polyethylene resulted in a sharp decline in the population of Chlorella, and a gradual resumption of species dominance by Spirulina. In winter, there was an inverse relationship in the pond between the population density of Spirulina and the extent of contamination by Chlorella sp.; but no such effect was observed under field conditions at temperatures higher than 25°C.
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    The half-saturation coefficient for dissolved oxygen: A dynamic method for its determination and its effect on dual species competition (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 403-416 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple approach was developed to determine the half-saturation coefficient for dissolved oxygen (KDO) for three bacteria by maintaining a constant oxygen concentration in continuous culture, and employing a dynamic method to obtain the specific growth rate (μ) for each species. Measurement of μ at selected dissolved oxygen concentrations (DO) resulted in a typical Monod curve for a plot of μ vs. DO. Values for KDO and μmax were obtained from the Lineweaver-Burk reciprocal plot. The bacteria studied included representative strains of three microorganisms isolated in pure culture from poorly settling activated sludge: two filamentous microorganisms, Sphaerotilus natans and a second Sphaerotilus sp., and an unidentified floc-forming microorganism. The KDO values obtained for Sphaerotilus sp., S. natans, and the floc former were 0.014, 0.033, and 0.073 mg/L, respectively. Dual species competition experiments were conducted in continuous culture under low and high DO conditions. Successful growth competition by these microorganisms under DO-limiting conditions was consistent with experimentally determined KDO values. The finding of lower KDO values for the two Sphaerotilus species, compared to the floc former, confirmed the hypothesis that these filamentous microorganisms can outgrow floc-forming microorganisms in activated sludge when DO in the aeration basin is low.
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    Factors affecting cell attachment, spreading, and growth on derivatized microcarriers. I. Establishment of working system and effect of the type of the amino-charged groups (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 469-480 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A working system for studying the effects of factors involved in the chemical nature of microcarriers on cell attachment, spreading, and growth was established. The system is based on polyacrylamide beads, prepared by the emulsion polymerization technique. Sieved beads of desirable mean diameter were derivatized to generate controlled amounts of primary and tertiary amino groups. These microcarriers were used for the propagation of four different cell strains: BHK, MDCK, CEF, and MRC-5. It was found that BHK cells attach and spread significantly faster on primary amino-derivatized beads than those with tertiary amino groups, and at a lower degree of charging. Cell yields of MDCK cells (with pronounced epithelial morphology) propagated on primary amino-derivatized beads were higher than that obtained for the tertiary amino-derivatized microcarriers. On the other hand, CEF and MRC-5 cells (with pronounced fibroblast morphology) achieved higher cell yields on the tertiary amino-derivatized microcarriers.
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    Anodic reactions in microbial fuel cells (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 559-568 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Potentiometric and amperometric measurements were made with microbial fuel cells containing E. coli or yeast as the anodic reducing agent and glucose as the oxidizable substrate. The catalytic effects of thionine and resorufin on the anode reaction were investigated. Results on the potentiometry, polarization, and coulombic output of the cells support a mediator-coupled mechanism for the transfer of electrons from the organism to the electrode in preference to a mechanism of “direct” electrochemical oxidation of glucose or its degradation products. Experiments with 14C-labeled glucose show that when a microbial fuel cell produces a current under load, exogenous glucose is metabolized to produce 14CO2. The Coulombic yields of the cells indicate a high degree of energy conversion in these systems.
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    The effects of limiting nutrients, dilution rate, culture pH, and temperature on the yield constant and anthocyanin accumulation of carrot cells grown in semicontinuous chemostat cultures (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 569-579 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: With carrot cells grown in semicontinuous culture with phosphate as limiting nutrient. Dougall and Weyrauch (1980) found that the steady-state culture density was different at different dilution rates. They suggested that the yield constant for biomass was different at different dilution rates. Here the yield constant for biomass for PO43-, NH4+, Mg2+, and glucose-limited semicontinuous cultures has been measured directly at two dilution rates. The yield constants for PO43-, NH4+, and Mg2+ but not for glucose are different at the two dilution rates. The effects of pH and temperature on the biomass yield constant was measured to extend the number of system parameters examined. Biomass yield constant was changed little with change from 25 to 28°C or from pH 4.2 to pH 5.5. The steady-state levels of anthocyanin were also measured. The responses of anthocyanin levels to the system parameters are different to the biomass responses. The data suggest that at different values of each of the system parameters, the composition and metabolic activities of the cells at steady state in semicontinuous cultures are different.
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    Assay of solid-substrate fermentation by means of reflectance infrared analysisThe mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned. (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 603-607 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Anaerobic growth of Alcaligenes faecalis var. denitrificans at the expense of ether glycols and nonionic detergents (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 627-630 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Sorption of Talaromyces emersonii cellulase on cellulosic substrates (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 271-280 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The sorption characteristics of the cellulase system of Talaromyces emersonii on various cellulosic substrates were examined. Analysis of reaction mixture supernatants by electrophoresis and enzyme assay showed that all components of the cellulase system were rapidly adsorbed by cellulose and then gradually returned to the liquid phase as the hydrolysis of the substrate progressed. The extent of adsorption in the rapid phase was influenced by pH, temperature, the nature of the substrate, and its concentration.
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    Purification and properties of extracellular β-glucosidase from Scytalidium lignicola (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 307-313 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Confining mycelial growth to porous microbeads: A novel technique to alter the morphology of non-newtonian mycelial cultures (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 967-983 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In an effort to alter the filamentous morphology of Penicillium chrysogenum cells, a technique was developed to confine the growth of the mycelia to porous celite beads. The pore matrix of these beads was found to be very effective for entrapping mycelial cells and spores. The entrapped spores were used to initiate the fermentations in shake flask cultures. Significant increases in final cell densities were obtained in the confined cell cultures reaching up to 60 g/L cells. This is nearly double the cell concentration attainable in free cell cultures grown in the absence of beads. Cell loadings up to 0.55 g cells per bead were obtained in the confined cell cultures. In the later stages of the fermentations, the specific oxygen uptake rates in the confined cell cultures were found to decrease with respect to free cell cultures.
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    A simple, sensitive, and accurate alcohol electrode (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1049-1055 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The construction and performance of an enzyme electrode is described which specifically detects lower primary aliphatic alcohols in aqueous solutions. The electrode consists of a commercial Clark-type oxygen electrode on which alcohol oxidase (E.C. 1.1.3.13) and catalase were immobilized. The decrease in electrode current is linearly proportional to ethanol concentrations between 1 and 25 ppm. The response of the electrode remains constant during 400 assays over a period of two weeks. The response time is between 1 and 25 min. Assembly of the electrode takes less than 1 h.
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    Continuous production of L-tryptophan from indole and L-serine by immobilized Escherichia coli cells (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1013-1025 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Escherichia coli B 10, which has high activity of tryptophan synthetase, was grown in a 50-L batch culture in order to determine in which growth phase the cells have the highest specific tryptophan productivity. Accordingly, whole cells of the stationary phase were used for immobilization in polyacrylamide beads. After immobilization, these immobilized cells had 56% activity of tryptophan synthetase compared with that of free cells. First, the properties of immobilized cells were investigated. Next, discontinuous productions of L-tryptophan were carried out by using immobilized cells. In discontinuous production of L-tryptophan by the batch, the activity remaining of immobilized cells was 76-79% after 30 times batchwise use. In continuous production of L-tryptophan with a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), the activity remaining of the immobilized cells was 80% after continuous use for 50 days. The maximum productivity of L-tryptophan in this CSTR system was 0.12 g tryptophan L-1 h-1.
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    Immobilization of the exo-maltohexaohydrolase by the irradiation method (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1095-1107 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Exomaltohexaohydrolase (E.C.3.2.1.98) was immobilized by radiocopolymerization of some synthetic monomers which were mixed in various combinations. Irradiation was carried out while the mixture of monomers and enzymes was frozen in petroleum ether-dry-ice bath. Recovery of the immobilized enzyme was 44-75%.The optimum pH of the enzyme slightly shifted to the acidic side. The pH stability was improved remarkably by immobilization. The enzyme was stable retaining more than 90% of its original activity in the range pH 4-11. The optimum reaction temperature of the enzyme increased about 2°C. Heat stability was also improved by immobilization, and that the enzyme retained about 40% of its original activity after treatment at 75°C for 15 min. The immobilized enzyme was stable to the repeated use of 20 cycles. The Km value of the enzyme for short-chain amylose was almost the same as that of native enzyme. When soluble starch was used as the substrate, the Km, value of the enzyme was three times as large as that of native enzyme. Effects of various metal ions and inhibitors on the immobilized enzyme were also studied compared to the native enzyme.
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    Cellulose hydrolysis by the cellulases produced by Talaromyces emersonii when grown on different inducing substrates (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1169-1173 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Masthead (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983) 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250501
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    Fermentation process air filtration via cartridge filters (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1215-1221 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The use of cartridge air filters for process air sterilization in commercial fermentation has proliferated in recent years. Sterile air cartridge filter performance is discussed. The use of dispersed oil particle (DOP) tests for in situ integrity testing is described and discussed.
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    Preparation and properties of trypsin chemically attached to EEDQ activated styrene-methacrylic acid copolymers (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 713-724 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Styrene-methacrylic acid copolymers of varying combinations crosslinked with p-DVB (1-2%) and porous structure were synthesized to be used as carriers in trypsin immobilization. The styrene-methacrylic acid copolymers containing free carboxy groups were activated by conversion into the mixed carbonic anhydride with N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) at pH 4.0. The degree of activation of copolymers were determined from the amount of p-aminobenzoic acid each could bind. The activated copolymers were incubated with trypsin in phosphate buffer (pH 8.0) at 4°C for 24 h. The optimum conditions for enzymatic activity measurements determined and the activity tests were carried out in 1.5 × 10-2M CaCl2 solution (pH 8.0) at 0.05 ionic strength with a pH-stat instrument. The dependence of the activity of styrene-methacrylic acid (SMA)/trypsin derivatives to pH was investigated and it was observed that the optimum pH of the immobilized trypsin derivatives moved to the basic region compared to the native trypsin. It was found that as the ionic strength increased, the shift in the optimum pH decreased and the activity increased. The Michaelis constants for the SMA-trypsin derivatives were determined with aid of Lineweaver-Burk diagrams. The thermal, storage, and operational stabilities of SMA-trypsin derivatives were assessed. It was found that the above stabilities for all the immobilized trypsin derivatives were better than that for the native trypsin.
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    Some fluidization characteristics of biological beds (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1321-1330 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The free-fall terminal velocity of particles coated with a nitrifying biofilm was investigated. The drag force exerted by the liquid on a biocoated particle was found larger than that for an uncoated particle. A new formula for the drag coefficient was proposed. The wet density of biofilm was estimated as 1.14 g/cm3. A proposed modification of the Zaki-Richardson method was successfully used for calculations of the porosity of a fluidized bed.
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    Enzyme management in the iotech process (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1393-1399 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the Iotech process, steam explosion of wood chips potentials hydrolysis of the cullulose by enzymes. A small portion of the exploded wood is used as substrate for the production of enzymes for hydrolysis of the remaining wood. Explosions conditions degrade some of the hemicellulose, creating factors (probably related to furfural) that impair enzymatic hydrolysis and destablized the cellulases. Fortunately, simple washing with water paremits more rapid hydrolysis while enzyme stability is greatly improved. Enzymes can be recovered from the hydrolysis residue by adjusting the pH to neutrality, and additional enzymes from hydrolysis filtrate can be adsorbed on fresh exploded wood en route to hydrolysis. A simple mass balance calculation shows proportions of various activities in a mix of fresh and recycled enzymes.
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    Masthead (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250601
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    Continuous transformation of benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol by Rhodotorula mucilaginosa immobilized in an ultrafiltration cell (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1441-1452 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Microbiological transformation of benzaldehyde accomplished by the fungus Rhodotorula mucilaginosa immobilized in the ultrafiltration cell was studied. A polysulfone membrane formed on a sintered PVC support was used for the separation of the transformation product from the cellular material. Kinetic investigations have led to results which are typical of continuously fed stirred tank reactors (CFSTR) - the value of the maximum reaction rate (Vmax) and apparent Michaelis constant (K′m) are practically independent of the substrate retention time (calculated in terms of the flow intensity value). A strong relationship was found to occur between Vmax and biomass concentration in the reactor. Study of the apparent enzyme stability shows that the decrease in the biocatalyst activity is chiefly caused by penetration of the cells through the membrane. The experimental results were approximated in terms of the adopted mathematical model. Based on this model, the half-lives (t1/2) of enzyme activities were determined. The t1/2 value varies from 35 to 82 days and depends both on the permeate flux through the membrane and on the separation properties of the membrane.
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    Effect of immobilization on stability and kinetic properties of α-L-fucosidase from Turbo cornutus (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1501-1508 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An amount of α-L-fucosidase from T. cornutus liver was copolymerized with glutaraldehyde using bovine serum albumin as the carrier protein. The properties of the native, the soluble enzyme polymer complex, and the insoluble enzyme polymer complex were studied and compared under various conditions of pH, temperature, substrate, and inhibitor concentration. Native α-L-fucosidase was heat labile and lost more than 85% of its activity when incubated at 55°C for 5 min. In contrast, under equivalent incubation conditions, both the soluble and the insoluble enzyme polymer complexes exhibited enhanced resistance to thermal inactivation and after 5 min lost only 65 and 40% of their original activity, respectively. Polymerzation also resulted in the shift of pH optima towards the acidic range, a decrease in activation energy and a change in the apparent Km values towards the p-nitrophenyl-α-L-fucopyranoside substrate.
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    Producton of single-cell protein from cellulose by Aspergillus terreus (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1509-1519 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cellulose fermentation studies were conducted with a thermotolerant strain of Aspergillus terreus. Batch cultivation of A. terreus using purified or complex cellulose showed that 80-88% of the available cellulose was utilized in 30-36 h with an average doubling time of 7.5-8.3 h. The protein content in the biomass ranged from 23 to 38%. Semicontinuous cultivation studies, in which 90% of the biomass was withdrawn at the end of growth cycle, indicated that 84% of added cellulose was utilized with the biomass containing 32% crude protein. No loss in cellulose consumption, growth rate, or protein production occurred through two growth cycles. Continuous cultivation of A. terreus showed that 78-84% cellulose consumption occurred over growth temperatures ranging from 35 to 45°C. Maximum specific growth rates (0.14 h-1) occurred at 40 and 45°C with a minimum doubling time of 4.9 h.
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    Theory and modelling of ethanol evaporative losses during batch alcoholic fermentation (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1597-1612 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Evaporative loss of ethanol during batch alcoholic fermentation has been modelled, employing modern concepts of kinetics and stoichiometry and the best available phase equilibrium thermodynamic data. Theoretical results demonstrate that loss is proportional to the second power of the sugar concentration utilized and that the logarithm of loss is proportional to reciprocal absolute temperature. Good agreement is demonstrated among the theory, the numerical model, and the literature results. A master correlation for predicting ethanol loss is presented.
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    Effects of temperature and ethanol concentration on the maintenance and yield coefficient of Zymomonas mobilis (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1655-1660 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    A useful sampling device for small fermentors with thick mycelial suspensionsNCL Communication No. 3084. (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1677-1678 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250622
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    Efficiency of lipid synthesis by yeasts (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1693-1700 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The efficiency of lipid synthesis by ethanol-grown yeasts is characterized using the coefficient of the lipid energetic yield (η1). This coefficient is defined as the fraction of energy in an organic substrate that is converted to lipids. The advantages of η1 compared with the “fat coefficient” (Fs) as well as the biomass energetic yield (η) compared with Ys are discussed.
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    Current practice in designing bottom-entering fermentor drives (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1205-1214 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Top entering drives have become almost traditional for fermentor applications, however bottom entering drives have distinct features that merit consideration. The prinicipal advantages of bottom drives are delineated and design criteria discussed. Illustrations based on experience with several hundred fermentors ranging in power from fractional to 100 HP and in scale from 10 to 30,000 gallons are presented. Specific areas dealt with include configuration, alignment, seals, and shaft design.
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    A minicomputer system for analyzing and reporting pilot plant fermentor data (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1237-1250 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In 1979, a minicomputer system was developed for Hoffmann-La Roche by ABEC, Inc. for the purpose of achieving on-line analysis and reporting of data from 16 70-L pilot-plant fermentors (New Brunswick Scientific Co.). The system consists of a PDP 11/60 computer with 96K core capacity, two RL01 disk drives, two RX01 floppy-disk drives, LA-36 DECwriter terminal, Tektronix CRT, and Versatec printer plotter. DEC, PDP, RSX, RL01, RX01, LA-36, and DECwriter are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation. The computer software comprises three distinct groups of programs. RSX-11M is a disk-based operating system that allows quick response to realtime events, such as process monitoring and data acquisition, while carrying out less time-dependent activities, such as program development and graphical output. The AIM (Biles, Inc.) system is used to acquire and convert the voltage signals produced by pilot-plant instrumentation into engineering units. Analysis and graphical output are executed by ABEC and Versatec supplied programs. The most beneficial task performed by the computer is the production of graphical output of a variety of measured and analyzed data. This has led to an increase in personnel productivity and design of more meaningful experiments. An ancillary function of the system is to pick up data logged by a PDP 11/03 computer from a remote fermentation production plant by means of a MODEM interfaced communication link. Production data are analyzed and presented in a form identical with pilot-plant data. The experience with the system is discussed in this article.
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    Effect of pretreatment on the hydrolysis of cellulose by Penicillium funiculosum cellulase and recovery of enzyme (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1863-1871 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Penicillium funiculosum produces a complete cellulase which brings about 97% hydrolysis of cotton and has high β-glucosidase, xylanase, laminarinase, and lichenase activities. This article deals with the effect of different pretreatments on the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse by P. funiculosum enzymes and the recovery of enzyme from the insoluble residues. Enzymic saccharification of bagasse pretreated with hot 1N NaOH followed by neutralization with HCI and steam treated under pressure (7 kg/cm2) gave 63 and 59% saccharification, respectively, in 48 h. Hemicellulose is not lost in these pretreatments. With a 30% slurry of steam-treated bagasse, a semisolid mass containing 14% sugar was obtained. A 90% recovery of CMCase, β-glucosidase, and filter paper activity from the hydrolysates was obtained under the following conditions: (1) maintaining the ratio of enzyme to substrate high by stepwise addition of substrate, (2) brief grinding of the residual substrate with glass powder, and (3) addition of 0.4% Tween-80 to the eluting buffer. The high recovery of cellulolytic enzymes indicates that the adsorption of these enzymes on cellulose is not irreversible.
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    Masthead (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250801
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    Precipitation, chelation, and the availability of metals as nutrients in anaerobic digestion. I. Methodology (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1947-1957 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A methodology has been developed for the quantitative assessments of the individual effects of precipitation and chelation of metal ions in an anaerobic digester.
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    Continuous production of high-glucose syrup by chitin-immobilized amylase (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1973-1980 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple method of preparing a chitin-immobilized α-amylase and glucoamylase from the protease- and glycosidase-less Mutant HF-15 of Aspergillus awamori var. kawachi was developed and used for the production of high-glucose syrup. The glucoamylase was tightly bound onto chitin without the aid of a crosslinking agent because the enzyme contained a specific binding site for chitin. Continuous production of high glucose concentrate from a highly concentrated α-amylasetreated gelatinized starch substrate (about 45% total solids) was undertaken successfully with the use of a column-packed chitin-immobilized amylase. The activity of the column was stable for more than 20 days of continuous operation and the product was found to be only glucose with an average dextrose equivalent value of more than 97%. The final product showed no isomaltose or panose contamination, indicating that the immobilized amylase had no transglucosidation activity. The immobilized amylase was most active in the conversion of gelatinized starch to glucose at 55°C and pH 2.5 to 5.0. Drying the chitin-immobilized amylase resulted in the decrease of activity and shortening of storage life, whereas a storage life of up to 80 days was attained without affecting its original activity when kept under moist condition at 4°C.
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    The effect of carbon dioxide on the production of an extracellular nuclease of Staphylococcus aureus (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1083-1093 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The production of the extracellular nuclease secreted by Staphylococcus aureus (Foggi strain) was studied in a fermentor in an attempt to improve yield and allow large-scale production of the enzyme. In shake flask cultures, 600 units/mL of the enzyme were produced routinely. However, only 450 units/mL of the enzyme at best were obtained in a small-scale fermentor (3 L). The supplementation of the air supply to the fermentor with carbon dioxide [20% (v/v)] increased levels of enzyme in the culture medium to 770 units/mL. Subsequently, this result was reproduced in larger fermentors (10 and 150 L). The possible mechanisms of the effect of carbon dioxide upon the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (Foggi) and the production of the enzyme are discussed.
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    Bioconversion of cellulose into ethanol by Clostridium thermocellum - product inhibition (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1109-1126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Direct anaerobic bioconversion of cellulosic substances into ethanol by Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405 has been carried out at 60°C and pH 7.0 (initial for 100 L) under continuous sparging of oxygen free nitrogen in a culture vessel. Raw bagasse, mild alkali-treated bagasse, and solka floc were used as substrates. The extent of conversion of raw bagasse (cellulose, 50%; hemicellulose, 25%; lignin, 19%) was observed as 52% (w/w) and 79% (w/w) in the case of mild alkali and steam-treated bagasse (cellulose, 72%; hemicellulose, 11%; lignin, 12%), respectively. Use of bagasse concentration above 10 g/L showed a decreased rate in ethanol production. An inoculum age between 28-30 h and cell mass content of 0.027-0.036 g/L (dry basis) were used. The results obtained with raw and pretreated bagasse have been compared with those of highly pure Solka Floc (hemicellulose, 10%). Studies on the product inhibition indicated a linear fall of the percent of survivors with time. An Arrhenius type correlation between the cell decay rate constant and the product concentration was predicted. Even at low levels, the inhibitory effects of products on cell viability, the specific growth rate, and extracellular cellulase enzyme were observed.
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    A Process for large-scale isolation of β-galactosidase from E. coli in an aqueous two-phase system (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1789-1800 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method suitable for large-scale isolation of β-galactosidase from a suspension of disintegrated E. coli cells has been developed. In an aqueous two-phase system consiting of PEG 6000 and potassium phosphate, all cell debris and the major part of the proteins and nucleic acids were partitioned to the denser salt phase. Seventy-five percent of the β-galactosidase was recovered in the lighter PEG phase, giving a purification ratio of about 12.
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    Kinetics of hydrolysis, oxidation, and adsorption during olive oil degradation by activated sludge (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1829-1839 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kinetics of the degradation of olive oil by an acclimated activated sludge were studied. Kinetic constants for the lipid removal from the mixed liquor and for that from the supernatant and for the hydrolysis step were evaluated using Michelis-Menten equations. The maximum specific reactions rates (vmax) and the saturation constants (Km) were vmax = 1.20 mg lipid mg-1 MLVSS day-1 and Km = 1290 mg/L for lipid removal from the mixed liquor; vmax = 1.54 mg lipid mg-1 MLVSS day-1 and Km = 801 mg/L for that from the supernatant; vmax = 1.57 mg olive oil mg-1 MLVSS day-1 and Km = 1750 mg/L for the hydrolysis of olive oil (where MLVSS refers to mixed liquor volatile suspended solids). The adsorption of olive oil by the activated sludge contributed to the lipid removal from the supernatant. The specific rate of this adsorption was also estimated. The hydrolysis, rather than the oxidation of free fatty acids, was the rate limiting step in the degradation of olive oil when the concentration of olive oil was lower than about 800 mg/L.
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    Effect of oxygen removal on hydrogen photoproduction in algae (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1897-1904 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Hydrogen photoproduction from water in Scenedesmus cells requires removal of oxygen by a reagent in contact with the algae. Both deoxyhemoglobin and deoxymyoglobin stimulated hydrogen production by reversible absorption of oxygen. Their effectiveness was greatly increased when other oxygen-combining reagents were present in a separate chamber with deoxyhemoglobin and deoxymyoglobin serving as reversible oxygen transfer agents.
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    Analysis of protein distribution in budding yeast (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1295-1310 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Flow cytometry is a fast and sensitive method that allows monitoring of different cellular parameters on large samples of a population. Protein distributons give relevant information on growth dynamics, since they are related to the age distribution and depend on the law of growth of the population and the law of protein accumulation during the cell cycle. We analyzed protein distributions to evaluate alternative growth models for the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and to monitor the changes in population dynamics that result from environmental modifications; such an analysis could potentially give parameters useful in the control of biotechnological processes. Theoretical protein distributions (taking into account the unequal division of yeast cells and the exponential law of protein accumulation during a cell cycle) quantitatively fit experimental distributions, once appropriate variability sources are introduced. Best fits are obtained when the protein threshold required for bud emergence increases at each new generation of parent cells.
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    Production of biomas and β-D-galactosidase by Candida pseudotropicalis grown in continuous culture on whey (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1341-1357 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The production of biomass and β-D-galactosidase by the lactose-utilizing yeast Candida pseudotropicalis NCYC 744 in whey medium was studied. Apparent optimization of growth conditions and medium was done in continuous culture. Optimaql pH and temperature were 2.6 and 36-38°C, respectively, Limitations in Cu, Zn, and possbily Mn were detected in deproteinized whey medium. Additions of tryptophan estimulated growth of the yeast. Under optimal conditions in medium supplemented with excess tryptophan, Cu, Zn, and Mn the maximum values obtained: yeast concentration, 4.6 g/L; yeast productivity, 1.4 g/L h (at D = 0.35 h-1); enzyme volumetric productivity, 2100 U/L h (at D = 0.25 h-1); maintenance coefficient, 5-10 mg lactose/g cell h; saturation constant (Ks) for lactose, 4.76mM; maximum specific growth rate, (μmax), 0.47 h-1. No significant increase in specific enzyme activity (U/mg cell) was observed after medium optimiztion evidencing the importance of regulatory controls in enzyme synthesis.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250514
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    Oxygen electrode dynamics: Three-layer model - chemical reaction in the liquid film (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1401-1418 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general model of the transient behaviour of an oxygen probe is derived on more general assumptions than those previously considered. The present state of the art is shorly discussed in its relation to the newly derived equations: (1) the reducibility of the three-layer diffusional model to two-layer ones is discussed, and the two-layer model considering the membrane and the liquid film is verified experimentally, (2) experimental and theoretical treatments of transient probe characteristics determination are examined, and (3) the influence of chemical reactions of the first order as well as of zero order (microorgaganism respiration) in measured media on transientd probe characteristics is quantified.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Two-stage continuous fermentation of Saccharomycopsis fibuligeria and Candida utilisApproved by the Director of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station as Research Paper No. 8254. (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 2641-2651 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Biomass production and carbohydrate reduction were determined for a two-stage continuous fermentation process with a simulated potato processing waste feed. The amylolytic yeast Saccharomycopsis fibuligera was grown in the first stage and a mixed culture of S. fibuligera and Candida utilis was maintained in the second stage. All conditions for the first and second stages were fixed except the flow of medium to the second stage was varied. Maximum biomass production occurred at a second stage dilution rate, D2, of 0.27 h -1. Carbohydrate reduction was inversely proportional to D2, between 0.10 and 0.35 h -1.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260251112
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  • 74
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    On the criticism of “some measurements of photosynthetic efficiency” (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 2775-2776 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260251118
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  • 75
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    On the relation of temperature and RNA content to the specific growth rate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 2785-2788 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260251120
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  • 76
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    Conversion of organic acids to h2 by Rhodospirillaceae grown with glutamate or dinitrogen as nitrogen source (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 2843-2853 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Axenic cultures of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. Rhodospirillum rubrum, and Rhodomicrobium vannielii grown with glutamate as the nitrogen source converted lactate, acetate, and butyrate to H2 and CO2. Conversion rates ranged from 100 to 926 mL H2 Lr-1 day-1 (where Lr is the reactor contents), and efficiencies varied from 23 to 100% When grown with N2, conversion rates up to 760 mL H2 Lr-1 day-1 and efficiencies up to 100%were achieved. Upon aging, cultures appear to rapidly increase in hydrogen uptake activity and furthermore decrease in nitrogenase activity, both factors leading to a slowdown of hydrogen production. This was particularly the case for diazotrophically grown photobacteria.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260251203
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  • 77
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    Enhancing gas-liquid mass transfer rates in non-newtonian fermentations by confining mycelial growth to microbeads in a bubble column (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 2873-2887 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The performance of a penicillin fermentation was assessed in a laboratory-scale bubble column fermentor, with mycelial growth confined to the pore matrix of celite beads. Final cell densities of 29 g/L and penicillin titres of 5.5 g/L were obtained in the confined cell cultures. In comparison, cultures of free mycelial cells grown in the absence of beads experienced dissolved oxygen limitations in the bubble column, giving only 17 g/L final cell concentrations with equally low penicillin titres of 2 g/L. The better performance of the confined cell cultures was attributed to enhanced gas liquid mass transfer rates, with mass transfer coefficients (kLa) two to three times higher than those determined in the free cell cultures. Furthermore, the confined cell cultures showed more efficient utilization of power input for mass transfer, providing up to 50% reduction in energy requirements for aeration.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260251206
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    Temperature profiles of ethanol tolerance: Effects of ethanol on the minimum and the maximum temperatures for growth of the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces fragilis (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1665-1667 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250620
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    Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of cellulose to ethanol using Penicillium funiculosum cellulase and free or immobilized Saccharomyces uvarum cellsNCL Communication No.: 3073 (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1679-1684 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No. Abstract.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250623
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  • 80
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    Anaerobic treatment of raw domestic sewage at ambient temperatures using a granular bed UASB reactor (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1701-1723 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Results obtained in a 120 liter 2 m high UASB-reactor with raw domestic sewage and using a granular sugar beet waste cultivated seed sludge, reveal the feasibility of this type of anaerobic treatment for domestic sewage. Under dry weather conditions 65-85% COD reduction can be achieved at temperatures in the range of 8-20°C and at hydraulic loads as high as 2 m3 · m-3 · day-1. In the case of heavy rainfall the COD-reduction drops to 50-70% and occasionally, viz.at very low influent COD, even below 50%. The net methane production amounts to 7.1-7.3 m3 · PE-1 · year-1, and the excess sludge production ranges form 5.0-8.6 kg TS · PE-1 · year-1. Regarding the results obtained anaerobic treatment of raw sewage not only looks an attractive proposition for tropic areas but also for moderate climatic areas.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250703
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  • 81
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    Growth and phosphate uptake of a high phosphate accumulating bacterium, Arthrobacter globiformis PAB-6 in continuous culture (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1781-1788 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A high phosphate accumulating bacterium, Arthrobacter globiformis PAB-6, was grown in a chemostat under glucose-limitation. Two different growth patterns at steady state with various dilution rates were obtained. In one case, cells having a coccus shape tended to washout at a low dilution rate, 0.2 (h-1). In another, cells with a rod shape grew faster and gave a good steady-state growth at a dilution rate of 0.4. Such a close relationship between growth rate and cell morphology was found both in continuous and batch cultures. The amount of phosphate uptake per cell mass was almost constant irrespective of the dilution rate, but the rate of the uptake was maximum at about the dilution rate of 0.4. A clone of PAB-6 was isolated from the continuous culture with high dilution rate and had maximum specific growth rate of 0.7 in a simple glucosesalt medium.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250708
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  • 82
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    Modeling of experiments on biofilm penetration effects in a fluidized bed nitrification reactor (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1841-1861 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A four-component, diffusion-reaction model with double Michaelis-Menten kinetics was used to describe the experimental data obtained from a laboratory biofilm, fluidized-bed nitrification reactor. Theory and experiment demonstrated that the stoichiometric ratio (3.5 mg O2/mg NH4+-N) can be employed as a criterion to determine whether the limiting substrate is oxygen or ammonia. For the present work, in the range of concentrations where limitation occurred, 4 mg/L NH4+-N and 14 mg/L O2, the ratio of oxygen to ammonia in the bulk liquid determined which substrate was penetration-limiting - O2 if 〈3.5 and NH4+ if 〉 3.5. Halforder kinetics with respect to the limiting substrate described the apparent overall rates. Simulations provided biofilm concentration profiles which demonstrated the role of the oxygen-ammonia ratio. Experiments indicated that, generally, high NO2- concentrations can be expected. These depend on the residence time, biofilm area, and oxygen concentration. This dependency was investigated with the model, as was the parametric sensitivity with respect to the saturation constants. Particularly important for the NO2- levels were the ratios of the saturation constants for oxygen.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250713
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  • 83
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    Some effects of metal ions on the estimation of reducing sugars in biological media (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1905-1911 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250717
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  • 84
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    A new sensor - the “filtration Probe” -  for quantitative characterization of penicillin fermentation. III. An automatically operating probe (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1981-1987 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The filtration characteristics of the penicillin broth can be monitored semicontinuously using an automatic filtration probe. This probe operates aseptically and the broth samples (filtrate and filter cake) are recycled to the fermentor after each filtration. The collected data - filtrate volume and filter cake volume versus filtration time - can be related to the total biomass concentration in the fermentor.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250808
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  • 85
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    Improving immobilized biocatalysts by gel phase polymerization (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1995-2006 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new method is presented for the treatment of gel-type supports, used for immobilizing microbial cells and enzymes, to obtain high mechanical strength. It is particularly useful for ethanol fermentation over gel beads containing immobilized viable cells, where the beads can be ruptured by gas production and the growth of cells within the gels. This method consists of treating agar or carrageenan gel with polyacrylamide to form a rigid support which retains the high catalytic activity characteristic of the untreated biocatalysts. The size and shape of the biocatalyst is unaffected by this treatment. The method involves the diffusion of acrylamide, N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide and β-dimethylaminopropionitrile (or N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-ethylenediamine) into the performed biocatalyst beads followed by the addition of an initiator to cause polymerization within the beads. Treated gels have been used for the continuous fermentation of glucose to ethanol in a packed column for over two months. During this operation, the gel beads maintained their rigidity, and the maximum productivity was as high as 50 g h-1 L-1 gel. There was no appreciable decay of cell activity.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250810
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    Effects of ethanol and other alkanols on the ammonium transport system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 2085-2089 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250817
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  • 87
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    Prevention of phosphate interference in HPLC sugar analysis studies (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 2091-2092 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250818
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    Competition between two microbial populations in a nonmixed environment: Effect of cell random motility (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 2103-2125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In a nonmixed environment, bacterial population growth can be influenced significantly by cell motility properties as well as by growth kinetic properties. Therefore, in a situation of competition between two bacterial populations for a single chemical nutrient in a nonmixed environment, the outcome may depend upon the respective cell motility properties. In this article, the authors have presented a simple mathematical model for competitive growth of two randomly motile (i.e., possessing no chemotactic behavior) populations in a finite nonmixed region. An understanding of the behavior of this model should provide insight into the behavior of a number of common microbial competition problems. Analysis of this model yields the following results: (1) There may be as many as three possible non-trivial steady-state (or long-time) configurations: when species 1 survives, species 2 dies out; when species 2 survives, species 1 dies out; and species 1 and species 2 coexist. (2) The coexistence state can exist even though one species possesses a smaller intrinsic growth rate constant at all nutrient concentrations, if that same species is sufficiently less motile than the other species. (3) In fact, the species with the smaller maximum specific growth rate may grow to a larger population than the other. (4) The possibility of coexistence can be decided essentially from the results for single population growth.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Enzyme immobilization by the coulomb force (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 2209-2219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new immobilization technique has been developed. It involves immobilizing enzymes on a porous polytetrafluoroethylene membrane with a nonporous polyurethane coat by the use of an electrostatic force, i.e. the Coulomb force. The immobilized enzyme can be recovered by supplying a reversed electrical potential. The reaction characteristics of the immobilized amyloglucosidase were studied using maltose as a substrate. The Michaelis constant becomes larger than that of the native enzyme, and depends on the electrical potential gradient in the solution.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250907
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  • 90
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    Production of sugars from wood using high-pressure hydrogen chloride (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 2757-2773 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Saturating wood particles with HCl gas under pressure was found to be an effective pretreatment prior to subjecting wood to dilute acid hydrolysis. Pretreament is necessary to release sugars from wood because of the tight lattice structure of cellulose. The HCl gas makes the cellulose more susceptible to subsequent acid hydrolysis and the glucose yield is doubled when dilute acid hydrolysis is preceded by HCl saturation at high pressure. The saturation was most effectively performed in a fluidized bed reactor, with pure HCl gas fluidizing an equal volume of ground wood plus inert particles. The fluidized bed effectively dissipated the large amount of heat released upon HCl absorption into the wood. Batch reaction times of 1 h at 315 psia gave glucose yields of 80° and xylose yields of 95° after dilute acid hydrolysis. A model was developed which proposed gas diffusing through the solid as limiting the reaction rate and this was found to effectively describe the HCl-wood reaction in the fluidized bed. The HCl was found to form a stable adduct with the lignin residue in the wood, in a ratio of 3.33 mole of lignin monomer. The adduct was broken upon the addition of water.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Sodium cyanoborohydride in the immobilization of proteins to glutaraldehyde-activated aminoalkyl silica (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 2795-2800 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No Absrtact.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260251122
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  • 92
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    Precipitation, chelation, and the availability of metals as nutrients in anaerobic digestion. II. Applications (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1959-1972 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The relative importance of the individual effects of precipitation and chelation of metal ions in anaerobic digestion is assessed. Experimentally determined soluble metal ion levels are compared with predicted levels obtained by using a previously described methodology.1 It is found that soluble metal complexes may increase the level of soluble metals in the presence of CO32- and S2- by a factor of up to 104. The formation of a soluble complex may increase or decrease the availability of the metal ion in question for microbial uptake. Two case studies are presented, one using a defined medium and one a complex medium. It is possible, in the case of the defined medium, to accurately predict the free metal ion concentration using the methodology previously developed.1 While the identification of the presence of natural chelating compounds in a complex medium is not routinely possible, the significant discrepancy between the measured level of the soluble metal ion Fe2+ and the calculated level in the case studies presented indicates that natural chelating compounds may play a vital role in providing available metal ions to the microorganisms of an anaerobic digester.
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    Optimization of conditions and cell feeding procedures for alcohol fermentation (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 2007-2023 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Alcohol fermentation was studied with an emphasis on the separation of cell growth and alcohol production stages. Experiments were conducted to establish the optimal conditions for alcohol production in batch fermentations and to simulate continuous fermentations with cell feeding at various stages. It was found that the glucose concentration should be kept under 10% (w/v), and the temperature should be between 40 and 42.5°C for maximum specific alcohol productivity. If the cell concentration is increased, a decrease in specific alcohol productivity is observed. Higher cell concentrations are needed for higher final alcohol concentrations. Among the cell feeding procedures into alcohol production stages, a cocurrent design was found to be better than recycle and countercurrent designs.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250811
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    Kinetic study on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose by cellulose from Trichoderma viride (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 2041-2053 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pure cellulose (Avicel) was hydrolyzed batchwise at 50°C and pH 4.8 by cellulase from Trichoderma viride (Meicelase CEP). Then the effects of the crystallinity of cellulose as well as the thermal deactivation and product (cellubiose and glucose) inhibition to cellulose on the hydrolysis rate were quantitatively investigated. While these factor had evidently retarded the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose to a significant extent, the hydrolysis rates observed could not be explained. For practical purposes, an empirical, simple rate expression was developed which included only one parameter: a overall rate retardation constant. This empirical rate expression held for the hydrolysis of at least two kind of cellulosic materials: Avicel and tissue paper.
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    Alkali treatment of corn stover to improve sugar production by enzymatic hydrolysis (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 2067-2076 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Alkali treatment of corn stover improves the avaliability of cellulose and hemicellulose for enzymatic attack. Treatments were carried out for 1 to 60 min at temperatures and NaOH concentrations ranging from 100 to 150°C and 0 to 2%, respectively. Solubilization of the stover and sugar production by enzymatic hydrolysis (Trichoderma viride cellulase) of the solid residue and the dissolved solids were used to measure the effect of caustic treatment. At 150°C and 2% NaOH concentration, 65% of the original stover was dissolved after 5 min and 52% saccharificatin (g sugar/g stover) of the residue and dissolved solids by enzymatic hydrolysis was achieved compared to 20% for untreated corn stover.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250815
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  • 96
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    A Kinetic study of papain immobilized in paraffin wax (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 2099-2101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250820
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  • 97
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    Immobilization of Escherichia coli cells with penicillin-amidohydrolase activity on solid polymeric carriers (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 2231-2242 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Whole cells of Escherichia coli containing the enzyme penicillinamidohydrolase EC 3.5.1.11 were immobilized on the surface of modified macroporous copolymers of glycidylmethacrylate with ethylenedimethacrylate and of copolymers of methacrylaldehyde (MA) with divinylbenzene (DVB) by means of glutaraldehyde. These polymeric carriers were modified before cell binding by using ammonia or polyamines, especially ethylenediamine and hexamethylenediamine (HMDA). The highest specific activity and the largest yield in cell immobilization were achieved with the macroporous copolymer of MA and DVB modified with HMDA. The material thus obtained was used in repeated conversions of benzylpenicillin to 6-aminopenicillanic acid in a stirred batch reactor.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250909
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate levels in Thermonomonspora curvata during cellulase biosynthesis (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 2271-2276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250912
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  • 99
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    Dynamics of biodegradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate in the presence of glucose (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 2337-2346 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It has been observed experimentally that the biodegradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D) is inhibited by the presence of glucose. However, this effect is masked by the fact that larger concentrations of active biomass are produced when glucose is available. The implication of such a “mixed” growth in a continuous flow system is that much higher dilution rates can be applied for an efficient chlorinated-organic removal when other conventional substrates are present. The mean cell residence time is reduced and the area of stability of the process is extended into higher dilution rates, as well as into higher influent concentrations. Finally, the presence of the mixed substrate changes dramatically the “washout” conditions for both substrates. All these facts point out that the biodegradation of chlorinated organics is more efficient in a mixed substrate environment.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260251005
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  • 100
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    Rotating drum fermentor for plant cell suspension cultures (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 2359-2370 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A rotating drum fermentor designed for plant cell suspension cultures was constructed and tested. The oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa) and power requirements in the fermentor were determined with the water system under various conditions and the relationship between them in the fermentor was clarified. Also, the relationship between kLa and the apparent viscosity in the fermentor was investigated in the cell suspension system. The rotating drum fermentor was found to be superior to the mechanically agitated fermentor in the capacity of oxygen supply under high viscosity and low hydrodynamic stress conditions. This finding was also confirmed by the experiments with plant cell suspension cultures.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260251007
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