ALBERT

Description: Various stages of tropical weathering are described using a number of examples of red soil formation derived from rift basalts in Burundi and laterite bauxites from plateau basalts of South Vietnam. The phenomena of decomposition of primary minerals are comparable in the two regions. Fine-grained montmorillonites, kaolinites, halloysites and hematite were formed during an initial stage of weathering. The two generations of kaolinites, goethites and gibbsites are the main products of a more intense stage of weathering. The gradients of chemical activities in the micro-environment (surfaces of grains, pores, microfissures) seem to be the controlling factors of weathering.

Description: Im letzten Viertel des 19. Jahrhunderts ·entstanden auf dem Potsdamer Telegrafenberg ein astrophysikalisches und ein meteorologisch-geomagnetisches Observatorium sowie ein geodätisches Institut.Die Bedeutung dieser schon bald nach ihrer Gründung weltbekannten Einrichtungen für die deutsche und internationale Polarforschung wird anhand von ausgewählten Beispielen verdeutlicht.

Description: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230891291_The_Orbital_Theory_of_Pleistocene_Climate_Support_frim_a_Revised_Chronology_of_the_Marine_d18O_Record

Description: Summary Holocene sediments of the North Lagoon, Bermuda, were studied with shallow seismic reflection profiles (200 km CSP-survey, UNIBOOM-system) and vibration coring (40 sediment cores, pneumatic vibration corer, Meischner et al., 1981). Seismic Stratigraphy Four seismic sequences are distinguishable by seismic stratigraphy. All seismic sequences correspond to depositional sequences built up during high sea levels in interglacial times. The seismic sequences are separated by unconformities which are often strongly reflective and correspond to emersion planes during glacial phases. The upper sequence (sequence 4) is related to Holocene sediments. The pre-Holocene bedrock is divided into three different seismic sequences (Kuhn et al., 1981): Sequence 1: oldest Pleistocene sequence (pre-Sangamon sea-level highstands), upper boundary with levelled relief (lower boundary not discernible), composed of strongly cemented carbonate sediments, forms the bedrock below Three Hill Shoals Sequence 2: Sangamon (125 ky sea-level highstand), distinct surface morphology, forms the bedrock of a large area below Holocene sediments, Holocene reefs grew up on elevations of the sequence 2 surface, the Holocene reef rim was developed on an elevated rim of sequence 2 Sequence 3: youngest Pleistocene sequence (Sangamon, 105 and 85 ky sealevel highstands lower than recent), deposited mainly in depressions of the bedrock deeper than -15 m below recent Mean Sea Level, levelling the older relief, peat sedimentation in places The distribution of recent reef areas and lagoonal basins is strongly controlled by pre-Holocene topography and geology of the bedrock. During the Holocene approx. 1050 x 106 m3 of carbonate sediments were deposited in the North Lagoon (290 km2) and approx. 1350 x 106 m3 in the reef rim area (170 km2). Sedimentology There are no larger oscillations of the Holocene sea level identifiable in the sedimentological record. The pre-Holocene topography was gradually drowned during the Holocene sea-level rise. At first, the depositional depressions were separated and landlocked. Fresh water peat marshes, fresh water ponds, marine ponds and bays were formed. With rising sea level, the land barriers were more and more eroded, drowned and lost their influence on the back-barrier sedimentation area. Autochthonous and allochthonous peat, lime gyttja and carbonate mud are a typical transgressive back-barrier sediment sequence. After destruction of the barrier, the depositional milieu changed from restricted marine to normal marine, open lagoonal. Sea-grass sediments and nearly mud-free carbonate sand were deposited in shallow water in an exposed environment. Hydrodynamic energy decreases with increasing water depth in the lagoonal basin. A more densely growing reef rim and intralagoonal reef growth added to the protection of the deeper lagoonal floors. Fine-grained sediments were deposited in this environment. They are distributed over a large area of the North Lagoon and form the top of the transgressive lagoonal sediment sequence. Holocene reefs mainly developed on rises of the pre-Holocene surface. In the early Holocene, solid reef build-ups were able to keep up with the rapid rise of sea level. Sand pockets in the reefs were left behind and filled up mainly in the later Holocene. The percentage of fine-grained sediments, produced and resuspended in the reef rim and deposited in the near lagoonal back-reef zone, increased during the Holocene. Two models of Holocene sedimentation in a depression and on an elevation of the pre-Holocene surface illustrate the dependence of vertical facies gradation on pre-Holocene topography. Trends of the mostly polymodal grain-size distributions of the Holocene sediments are a coarsening-upward in the back-barrier and a fining-upward in the lagoonal sediment sequences. Change in the composition of the molluscan fauna in the Holocene sediments (particle size 〉 2000 µm) is an Indication for fades changes. Gastropods are abundant in the basal backbarrier sediments. Bivalves are rare and their diversity 1s low. Sea-grass sediments contain Codakia orbicularis and Astraea phoebia shells. In the sheltered lagoonal environment shell fragments 〉 2000 µm become rare, common species are Gouldia cerina, Pitar fulminata and Finella sp. (approx. 1000 µm). Fine-grained reef-rim derived sediments differ from lagoonal sediments by a higher percentage of Homotrema rubrum fragments and Alcyonaria spicules.

Description: Mr. ABANG MOHD MOCHTAR ABANG PAWOZAN (SAR) is doing a post- graduate course for his Ph.D. at Reading under the guidance of Dr. D.M. KEITH-LUCAS and Dr. E. SOEPADMO on the systematics and ecology of Palaquium (Sapotaceae). Ms. M.G. AGOO (PNH) left the Philippine Flora Project at the end of February, 1994, to continue her Ph.D. studies at PNH. She has been replaced by Ms. M.S. SAMSON. Mr. J.A. ALVAREZ also left to become a forester with the Philippine National Oil Company.

Description: The Botanical Survey of India, Andaman, and Nicobar Circle, Port Blair, in 1994 inventoried the Kalpong hill forests and Saddle Peak scrub forests for the proposed Hydro-electric Project in the North Andaman group, the Bakultala and Baratang areas in the Middle and South Andamans were explored, while Rutland Isl. in the South provided collections of mainly marine species.

Description: Dr. B.P. DEL ROSARIO (PCARRD, Los Baños) has resumed the post of Programme Leader at the Philippine Country Office per April 1993. Dr. N. WULIJARNI-SOETJIPTO (BO) succeeded Dr. J. KARTASUBRATA (BO) as General Editor per August 1993.

Description: ANDERSON, J.A.R., A checklist of the trees of Sarawak, 364 pp. (1983, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Cawangan Sarawak, for Forest Department, Kuching, Sarawak). Cloth Mal$ 15.00. When Dr. Anderson retired from the Forest Department in 1973 he left the manuscript of this checklist for publication. Unfortunately publication was delayed for 10 years. It contains data on over 2500 arboreous plant species. The text consists mainly of two parts: the first is a list of vernacular names with their scientific equivalents, the second is a list of plant names alphabetically arranged by family. Each species is concisely annotated with its vernacular name(s), maximum diameter, ecology, frequency, soils, etc. Species names have been coded: the first two figures are for the family, the next two for the genus and the last two for the species. A list is given of the trees of the peat-swamp forests of which Anderson was a great expert. A small draw-back is that the literature of the last ten years has not been included. Nevertheless this is a most helpful book. — C.G.G.J. van Steenis.

Description: This issue is dedicated to the memories of: Kostermans, André Joseph Guillaume Henri (Ahmad Jahja Goh Hartono), 1 July 1907, Purworejo, Java – 10 July 1994, Bogor. Kramer, Karl U., 1928 – 11 July 1994, Zürich, Switzerland. Stone, Benjamin Clemens, 26 July 1933, Shanghai – 19 March 1994, Manila.

Description: Small evergreen trees, shrubs or lianas; two genera ( Cansjera and Opilia) are known to be root-parasites. Leaves distichous, simple, usually extremely variable in form and size, entire, exstipulate, pinnately veined; dried leaves mostly finely tubercled by cystoliths located in the mesophyll. Inflorescences axillary or cauliflorous, panicle-like, racemose, umbellate (in Africa) or spicate; bracts narrowly ovate or scale-like, in Opilia peltate, often early caducous. Flowers small, (3—) 4—5) (—6)-merous, mainly bisexual, sometimes unisexual and plants then dioecious ( Gjellerupia, Melientha, and Agonandra) or gynodioecious (Champereia). Perianth with valvate, free or sometimes partly united tepals (in ♀ flowers of Gjellerupia wanting). Stamens as many as and opposite to the tepals (in ♀ flowers only small staminodes); anthers introrse, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Disk intrastaminal, lobed (lobes alternating with the stamens), annular, or cupular. Ovary superior, 1-celled; style short or none, stigma entire or shallowly lobed. Ovule 1, pendulous from the apex of a central placenta, anatropous, unitegmic and tenuinucellar. Fruit drupaceous, pericarp rather thin, mesocarp ± fleshy-juicy, endocarp woody or crustaceous. Seed large, conform to the drupe, without testa; hilum basal, often in a funnel-shaped cavity. Embryo terete, embedded in rich, oily endosperm, nearly as long as the seed or shorter, with 3—4 linear cotyledons, radicle often very short. Distribution. There are 9 genera with about 30 spp., widespread in the tropics. Rhopalopilia is restricted to Africa and Madagascar, Agonandra to South and Central America. In Malesia: 7 genera, 5 of these only known from the eastern Old World (1 endemic: Gjellerupia in New Guinea); Opilia and Urobotrya occur also in tropical Africa.

Description: Monoecious, medium-sized to very large trees (rarely shrubby in very exposed situations). Either four independent cotyledons or two fused pairs (which may be retained in the seed after germination). The growing point of foliage shoots quite distinct between the two genera, being just a few highly reduced leaves in Araucaria and a highly organized bud formed of overlapping scales in Agathis. The leaves vary from scales or needles to broad leathery forms with many parallel veins sometimes on the same plant at different stages of growth. Pollen produced in cylindrical cones from one to as much as twenty cm long with numerous pedunculate spirally placed microsporophylls each with several to many pendent elongated pollen sacs attached to the lower side of an enlarged shieldlike apex which also projects apically more or less overlapping the adjacent microsporophylls. Pollen cones solitary, terminal or lateral, on branches separate from those bearing seed cones, subtended by a cluster of more or less modified leaves in the form of scales, deciduous when mature. Pollen globular, without ‘wings’. Seeds produced in large, well-formed cones which disintegrate when mature, dispensing the seeds in most cases with the help of wing-like structures; the seed cone terminal on a robust shoot or peduncle with more or less modified leaves that change in a brief transition zone at the base of the cone into cone bracts, formed of numerous spirally-placed bract complexes, usually maturing in the second year. Individual seed cone bract leathery or woody and fused with the fertile scale which bears one large inverted seed on its upper surface. Distribution. The 40 species in two genera are well represented in Malesia (13 spp.) and extend eastward and southward into Fiji, New Caledonia (18 spp.), Australia, and New Zealand, with 2 spp. also in the cooler parts of South America, giving the family a distinct Antarctic relationship. Only one species of Araucaria (in South America) occurs completely outside of the tropics, while the majority of the species in the family belong in the lowland tropics and others grow in the tropical highlands.

Description: Many botanists must have wondered why as yet no volume of Flora Malesiana was dedicated to the outstanding botanist Carl Ludwig Blume, undisputed pioneer in planning the compilation of a ‘Flora Malesiana’. The writing of this Dedication would have been greatly facilitated if a full biography of BLUME had been existent, but none is available; there is not even a bibliography of his works. Only recently, in 1979, two biographical attempts were made, by J. MACLEAN and by A. DEN OUDEN, but only for the period 1820-1832; together with other biographical and obituary notes they are here assembled in Appendix B. I have also compiled a bibliography: Appendix A.²

Description: List of fern species collected on Penang Hill, West Malaysia, between mid January / late February 1992. 105 species in 54 genera, 18 families, with brief notes on habitats and ecology.

Description: Erect or straggling herbs, shrubs or trees, sometimes monoecious or dioecious, the herbs sometimes rhizomatous; branches sometimes jointed at the nodes, sometimes without vessels ( Sarcandra). Leaves simple, decussate or sometimes whorled in fours, serrate, crenate or dentate, the teeth often thickened at the apex, penninerved, usually petiolate; petioles more or less connected at the base at least by a transverse line or connate into a distinct sheath; in Ascarina often alternating with leafless internodes which have the petiolar sheath; stipules minute to fairly conspicuous, subulate, borne on the petiole bases or sheath, occasionally pectinate. Flowers much reduced, without perianth, fully unisexual or essentially bisexual with the reduced anther-bearing organ adnate to the side of the ovary; arranged in spicate, paniculate, or capitate axillary or terminal inflorescences. — Male flowers bracteate or not, apparently consisting of 1—5 stamens, or in Hedyosmum consisting of numerous anthers in a cone-like structure; if 3 then the whole forming a fused 3-lobed organ sometimes enveloping the female flower by its edges, the central anther with 2 or aborted loculi and the laterals with single loculi, simply lobed or with connectives slightly to considerably produced so that the whole organ is 3-fingered; if with only 2 anther locelli then these on either side of a thickened filament plus connective. — Female flowers naked or enclosed by a cupular bract, the perianth adnate to the ovary, often minutely or shortly dentate at the apex and the ovary thus inferior; ovary 1-locular; stigma sessile or style short; truncate, 2-lipped, depressed or subcapitate (or horseshoe-shaped in one species), rarely linear or clavate. Ovule solitary, orthotropous, pendulous, bitegmic and crassinucellate. Drupes fleshy, small, ovoid or globose, sometimes more or less 3-sided in Hedyosmum, free or united into a mass by the bracts; endocarp hardened and crustaceous. Seeds subglobose, exarillate, with copious fleshy or oily endosperm and minute embryo, the cotyledons divaricate or scarcely formed. Distribution. Four genera with about 80 species. Since VESTER’S (1940) small-scale map the family (Ascarina) has been found in Madagascar. It is mainly tropical but Ascarina extends south to North Island of New Zealand (fig. 6) and Chloranthus and Sarcandra extend north to Japan, China, Korea and the eastern U.S.S.R. (Ussuri).

Description: Trees or shrubs (or rarely suffrutices outside Malesia). Leaves simple, alternate, often coriaceous, glabrous or with an indumentum on undersurface, margin entire; petioles often with 2 lateral glands. Stipules 2, minute and caducous to large and persistent, usually linear-lanceolate. Inflorescence racemose, paniculate or cymose; flowers bracteate and usually bibracteolate; bracts and bracteoles small and caducous or larger and enclosing flower or groups of flowers and persistent. Flowers actinomorphic to zygomorphic, hermaphrodite or rarely polygamous, markedly perigynous. Receptacle campanulate to cylindrical or rarely flattened cupuliforum, often gibbous at base; calyx lobes 5, imbricate, often unequal, erect or reflexed. Petals 5 (absent in some Neotropical species), inserted on margin of disk, commonly unequal, imbricate, deciduous, rarely clawed. Stamens indefinite, 2—60 (to 300 in Neotropics), inserted on margin of the disk, in a complete circle or unilateral, all fertile or some without anthers and often reduced to small tooth-like staminodes; filaments filiform, free or ligulately connate, short and included to long and far exserted; anthers small, 2-locular, longitudinally dehiscent, glabrous or rarely pubescent. Ovary basically of three carpels but usually with only one developed, the other two aborted or vestigial, variously attached to (the base, middle or mouth of) receptacle, usually sessile or with short gynophore, pubescent or villous; ovary unilocular with two ovules or bilocular with one ovule in each locule. Ovules erect, with micropyle at base (epitropous). Style filiform, basally attached; stigma 3-lobed or truncate. Fruit a fleshy or dry drupe of varied size, interior often densely hairy; endocarp much varied, thick or thin, fibrous or bony, often with a special mechanism for seedling escape. Seed erect, exalbuminous, the testa membraneous; cotyledons amygdaloid, plano-convex, fleshy, sometimes ruminate. Germination hypogeal with the first leaves opposite or alternate or epigeal with opposite first leaves. An extensive review of the generic limits of the family has been published: G.T. PRANCE & F. WHITE, The genera of Chrysobalanaceae: a study in practical and theoretical taxonomy and its relevance to evolutionary biology, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 320 (1988) 1—184. This contains full details of taxonomic history, morphology, anatomy, pollen, ecology and distribution of the family. A condensed version of these subjects is given here. Details of the Neotropical members of the family are given in: G.T. PRANCE, Chrysobalanaceae, Flora Neotropica 9 (1972) 1—410. The African members of the family were treated in: F. WHITE, The taxonomy, ecology and chorology of African Chrysobalanaceae (excluding Acioa), Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 46 (1976) 265—350.

Description: Trees, shrubs or lianas, rarely herbaceous climbers; monoecious, rarely dioecious or polygamous. Indumentum usually of solitary, simple hairs, sometimes also of two-branched hairs, stellate bundles of hairs, or scale hairs (then young parts, buds, and inflorescences viscid). Leaves spirally arranged, rarely opposite or whorled, simple, biternate, digitate or (bi)pinnate; true stipules usually absent, pseudo-stipules sometimes present. Leaflets alternate to opposite, symmetric to distinctly asymmetric, entire or dentate to serrate or crenate. Inflorescences axillary, often together pseudoterminal, terminal or ramiflorous, thyrsoid, with or without branches; bracts and bracteoles present. Flowers usually unisexual, rarely bisexual, actinomorphic or zygomorphic. Sepals 4 or 5, rarely more, free to almost totally connate, equal to distinctly unequal, and then the outer 1 or 2 much smaller than the inner three, herbaceous to petaloid, in bud imbricate, valvate or apert. Petals absent or 2-6, free, usually clawed, often with 1 or 2 scales or auricles (= inrolled margins), scales crested or not. Disc complete or interrupted, lobed or annular to semi-annular, rarely with appendages or an erect (tubular) rim. Stamens 5-10(-74), usually 8, nearly always inserted within the disc, often exserted in male flowers; filaments glabrous or hairy; anthers basifixed, opening introrsely or latero-introrsely lengthwise; in female flowers present as staminodes with non-opening anthers. Ovary superior, 1-3(-8)-celled, lobed or not; style usually apical, rarely inserted between the lobes, stigma entire with (1), 2 or 3 lines or grooves, or (1-), 2- or 3-lobed; in male flowers rudimentary. Ovules 1 or 2 per locule, ascending, anatropous, campylotropous or amphitropous. Fruits capsular or drupaceous, or consisting of 2 or 3 samaras, when capsular usually loculicidal, rarely septicidal or septifragal. Seeds globose to obovoid, sometimes compressed, often with an arillode or a sarcotesta; endosperm absent; embryo usually thick, straight, sometimes sigmoid or convolute, cotyledons above each other (notorrhizal embryo) to laterally besides each other (lomatorrhizal embryo). Distribution â 140 genera with c. 1350 species, widespread in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, especially well represented in South America. In Malesia 42 genera with ca. 235 species.

Description: Perennial herbs, more commonly woody at the base, undershrubs or shrubs, erect, scrambling or scandent, sometimes high lianas. Rhizome not rarely tuberous. Branches often slightly swollen and jointed at nodes. Hairs simple, uni- or multicellular, short ones often with a hooked apex. Leaves simple, spiral or alternate, petioled (without an abscission zone), exstipulate; midrib usually prominent beneath, elevated or flat above; nervation commonly palmate, or pinnate, nerves often obliquely extending towards the margin. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, solitary, fasciculate, or in axillary or cauligerous, racemose, paniculate or cymose inflorescences, usually only one or two flowers open at a time; bracts present and often persistent; pedicel often hardly distinct from the ovary. Calyx petaloid, gamosepalous, 3- (or 6-) lobed or 1-lipped; lobes valvate or induplicate. Petals (in Mal.) absent. Disk (?) 0, rarely present (e.g. a few Thottea spp.). Stamens 6 (4 or 5 in some extra-Mal. Aristolochia spp.) or 6—c. 36 (—46), in 1 whorl or in 2 (3 or 4) whorls (Thottea); filaments free or slightly mutually united at the base, and/or almost completely adnate to the style column to form a gynostemium; anthers free (Thottea) or dorsally united with the style column (Aristolochia), each consisting of 2 thecae with 4 pollen sacs, extrorse, rarely introrse (extra-Mal. spp.), dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary inferior (rarely half-inferior in extra-Mal. genera), 4—6-carpellate, 4—6-celled, syncarpous (or ± apocarpous in extra-Mal. Saruma); placentae parietal (distinct when young, then intruding and connivent axially, thus often seemingly axile); ovules usually many, anatropous, in 1 or 2 vertical rows in each locule of the ovary, horizontal or pendulous; style-column 3—many-lobed, sometimes some of the lobes redivided; stigmas or stigmatic tissue apical, lateral, or on the surface of style lobes. Fruits capsular or siliquiform (follicular or cocci in extra- Mal. genera), 4—6-celled; dehiscing apically towards the base (basipetal, e.g. Thottea) or basally towards the apex (acropetal, e.g. most Aristolochia); septicidal, rarely septifragal (some extra-Mai. Aristolochia) or bursting irregularly (extra-Mal. Asarum); rarely indehiscent (W. African Pararistolochia). Seeds many in each locule (1-seeded in extra-Mal. Euglypha), often coated with remains of placental tissue (membranous when dry), horizontal or pendulous, variously shaped; ovate, deltoid or triangular, flat, convex-concave, or longitudinally curved, or oblong (and triangular in cross-section), rugose, finely verrucose, or smooth, immarginate (Thottea; Aristolochia, p.p.) or winged (Aristolochia, p.p.); albumen fleshy, copious; embryo minute, cotyledons two, distinct. Distribution. There are 7 genera, Aristolochia worldwide, Asarum over the northern hemisphere, Thottea in continental Southeast Asia and Malesia, Pararistolochia in tropical Africa, and 3 monotypic genera, viz. Saruma in China, Holostylis and Euglypha in South America. As to number of species, Aristolochia is by far the largest with some 300 spp., largely concentrated in the New World, especially in Central and South America, in Malesia with 28 spp.; Asarum (incl Hexastylis and Heterotropa) with possibly some 70 spp. in northern temperate regions, Thottea with 26 spp., of which 22 in Malesia, and Pararistolochia with 12 spp. in West Africa.

Description: In this study descriptions, drawings and observations are presented of rare, critical or less well-known macromycetes that were encountered during mycocoenological investigations carried out in roadside verges planted with Quercus robur L. (53 plots) or Fagus sylvatica L. (23 plots). In this first part, special attention is paid to the genus Cortinarius S.F. Gray emend. Fr.

Description: Type material of Tulasnella cystidiophora Höhn. & Litsch. has been studied. The species is characterized by often moniliform gloeocystidia and clamp-less hyphae (at least in the subhymenium).

Description: A new species, Alstonia undulifolia Kochummen & Wong, is described from the Malay Peninsula. Two sections of the genus occur in the Malay Peninsula, Alstonia sect. Monuraspermum Mon. and Alstonia sect. Alstonia, the latter being the correct name for what was previously known as sect. Pala (Adr. Juss.) Benth. Various characteristics, including growth architecture, are examined for their usefulness in distinguishing these two sections of the genus. In comparing A. angustiloba Miq. and A. pneumatophora Berger, both of which have not been properly differentiated by characteristics of the reproductive organs, A. pneumatophora var. petiolata Mon. is reduced to synonymy under A. angustiloba. A key to the seven species of Alstonia native to the Malay Peninsula is provided.

Description: In 1985 during the Fourth Expedition to S Aceh, Sumatra, in the neighbourhood of the G. Leuser National Park a representative of Sarcotheca (Oxalidaceae) was collected. It clearly is a member of the S. laxa complex previously known only from Malaya and the Riouw Archipelago. It differs from all by the golden puberulous, soon glabrescent innovations, the thicker, broader, more ovate leaflets, and the structure of the inflorescences (short, slender, subequally branched). In the technical characters it seems closest to var. sericea (Ridley) Veldk., but it differs by the leafblades with fewer pairs of nerves, the sparsely white puberulous inflorescence axes and branches (the hairs can easily be distinguished separately and seem longer), the pedicels with the lower part distinctly much longer than the upper, the rounded petals, and the apparently larger fruits. It does not seem to be identical with the collection from the Riouw Archipelago mentioned earlier [Veldkamp, Blumea 15 (1967) 533; Fl. Males. I, 7 (1971) 171], which has the typical long and narrow leaves of the other varieties of S. laxa, although also rather coriaceous. The infructescence seems similar, but the sepals in fruit are hairy mainly in the midline and not regularly all over as in var. brigittae. Another collection from the same area is De Wilde & De Wilde-Duyfjes 20674 (L).

Description: In this volume the author concentrates on the comparative study of tropical flowers. He gives a practical approach (see Introduction, page 3) to recognize tropical flowers at three levels: a) Organization (‘Bauplan’), with emphasis on history and macroevolution (see Chapter 2); b) Construction (‘Gestalt’), i.e. architecture (see Chapter 3); and c) Mode, with emphasis on ecology and microevolution (see Chapters 4 & 5). Its scope is the understanding or biological interpretation of characters and character variation of flowers for the phylogenetic reconstruction of the angiosperms at these levels. The author claims that knowledge of the phylogenetic history and of the interactions between animals and plants may be of vital importance for the evaluation of conservation actions and that the modem threats to biodiversity urges more and better knowledge of the biology of flowers in the widest sense. In Chapters 2-7 an enormous number of facts about flowers have been brought together, most from literature but also from original sources, providing a unique insight into the (reproductive) morphology, biology and evolution of flowers, as much as possible indicating the major presumed evolutionary trends.

Description: Six new species of Dysoxylum (Meliaceae) from the Flora Malesiana region are described and illustrated; two new combinations are made; one species formerly ascribed to Aglaia (Amoora) is assigned to Dysoxylum, a second to Xylocarpus, and a third to Santiria (Burseraceae).

Description: A critical study of the nongeniculate Corallinaceae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) from the Spermonde Archipelago, Southwest Sulawesi, Indonesia, has been carried out. More than 750 collections, including type- and other relevant collections, were examined. In total 16 taxa belonging to 7 genera of nongeniculate Corallinaceae are reported. These are Lithophyllum (4 species), Hydrolithon (3 species), Mastophora (2 species), Neogoniolithon (1 species), Spongites (2 species), Lithothamnion (1 species), and Mesophyllum (3 species). The synonymy, type collection(s), type locality (ies), specimens examined, a detailed description, and remarks are given for each taxon. Two collections are referred to an unidentified taxon, probably belonging to the genus Spongites.

Description: Revision of the Malesian species of the genus Steganthera, which centres in New Guinea; precursor to treatment in Flora Malesiana. There are 16 species accepted; 5 are described as new, 12 names are reduced, 3 are excluded and 9 are imperfectly known.

Description: In a recent thesis B.S. Fey (Zürich) has developed a new theory about the origin of the cupule in Fagaceae. He has concluded that the appendages (spines, lamellae, etc.) on the outside of the cupule are regularly arranged and that they reflect a condensation (concrescence) of a dichasial flower system, so that cupule and fruit(s) form together the representation of one ancestral inflorescence; the cupular appendages would then largely represent the bracts of the ancestral inflorescence. This stands in contrast with former opinions, in which the cupule was interpreted as of separate vegetative origin from the nut(s) which was (were) the remain (s) of the inflorescence.

Description: Recent studies in Sabah and Sarawak have demonstrated the presence of an undescribed species of Podocarpus.

Description: This study deals with the systematics of the free-veined Polypodiaceae lacking any soral paraphyses and represented only in the paleotropics. It includes the recognition and description of two species of Thylacopteris Kunze ex J. Sm. a full synonymy and a discussion of its systematic position.

Description: Alocasia simonsiana A. Hay is described and illustrated. A previously published key to Alocasia in Australasia is amended to include the new species.

Description: A revision of the genus Kunstleria Prain is presented here. Seven species occur in the Malesian region, while one is found in Kerala (India). Two new species are described, K. geesinkii and K. sarawakensis, while four others are put into synonymy: K. borneensis and K. atroviolacea are regarded as synonymous with K. forbesii, and K. elmeri and K derryi are conspecific with K. ridleyi. A key, distribution maps and descriptions are given.

Description: Pholidota kinabaluensis is transferred to the new monotypic genus Entomophobia. Coelogyne phaiostele, C. ridleyana, and Pholidota triloba are identical and transferred to the new genus Geesinkorchis, that also comprises the new species G. alaticallosa. The monotypic genus Sigmatochilus is reduced to Chelonistele, in which C. dentifera and C. lurida var. grandiflora are described as new. Chelonistele crassifolia is regarded as a variety of C. sulphurea.

Description: The following species, described in Dendrobium but belonging to Cadetia, have not yet been formally transferred: Cadetia citrina (Ridley) Schuiteman, comb. nov. Dendrobium citrinum Ridley, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, ser. 2, 9 (1916) 175. Dendrobium fluctuosum J.J. Sm., Bot. Jahrb. 66 (1934) 186, syn. nov. — Cadetia fluctuosa (J.J. Sm.) P.F. Hunt, Kew Bull. 26 (1971) 179, syn. nov. Note – Cadetia citrina is a distinctive, large-flowered species, related to C. cyclopensis (J.J. Sm.) Schltr., but with relatively much shorter, elliptic petals and broadly rounded side-lobes to the lip. More than half a dozen collections of C. citrina were studied, including the types of Dendrobium fluctuosum and D. citrinum. They are quite constant morphologically, differing only somewhat in the size of the flowers. The description of Dendrobium citrinum is of a relatively small-flowered specimen, that of D. fluctuosum of a large-flowered one. Most of the specimens seen by me were intermediate in size. This very pretty species is widely distributed in New Guinea, from the Cenderawasih [Vogelkop] Peninsula in Irian Jaya to the Southern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea, between 1100 and 2000 m asl. Cadetia doormanii (J.J. Sm.) Schuiteman, comb. nov. Dendrobium doormanii J.J. Sm., Nova Guinea 14 (1929) 397.

Description: The genera Padbruggea Miq., Whitfordiodendron Elmer, and Millettia sections ‘urybotryae’ and ‘ustromillettia’ were united under Callerya Endl. by Geesink (1984). This article presents the necessary new combinations for Callerya sensu Geesink. An outline of the taxonomic history of the genus is given together with some notes on the taxonomic and phylogenetic position. The genus is separated from the remaining bulk of Millettia on account of its thick paniculate inflorescences and diadelphous stamens. A majority also shares conspicuous bracts and bracteoles and a more or less bilaterally symmetric calyx. A key to the nineteen species recognized and full descriptions of the species are provided in the taxonomic part.

Description: The genera Hunteria and Lepiniopsis of the family Apocynaceae are in Malesia represented by one species each. Distribution and ecology are cited in full.

Description: Five new species of Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) are described, while attention is drawn to a sixth, possibly also new one. A key to all recognized species is given.

Description: This book is essentially a much expanded and updated version of Dressier’s well known ‘The Orchids; natural history and classification’ (1981), without the parts on natural history. Dressier divides the orchid family in five subfamilies: Apostasioideae, Cypripedioideae, Epidendroideae, Spiranthoideae, Orchidoideae. The Epidendroideae have swallowed the Vandoideae, which he recognized in his earlier book. At the tribal and subtribal level there are many changes too. Most of these changes reflect increased knowledge and the results of in-dept studies, and are therefore likely to be improvements. The classification proposed is the most thorough and best-argued one currently available. Much is still tentative, however, and even the number of subfamilies and their circumscription can by no means be considered definitive. Dressler is an open-minded scientist, who never hides his doubts and uncertainties about his own system. He would be the first to point out weak spots in his scheme. In the same spirit I should like to offer some comments and criticisms.

Description: Nepenthes pectinata Danser is shown to be based on mixed specimens belonging to two other previously validly described taxa (viz. N. gymnamphora and N. singalana). It is reduced here and the syntypes are referred to the respective valid taxa. A new species of Nepenthes from Taram, Central Sumatra, N. adnata, is described.

Description: The morphology and leaf anatomy of Myxopyrum is described and a key to the species is given. Of the 15 species previously described four species and two subspecies are recognised: M. nervosum Bl. (synonyms M. horsfieldii, M. zippelii) with one subspecies coriaceum (Bl.) Kiew (synonym M. ellipticum), M. ovatum Hill (synonyms M. macrolobum, M. cordatum, M. philippinensis), M. pierrei Gagnep. (synonym M. hainanense) and M. smilacifolium Bl. (synonym M. serrulatum) with one subspecies confertum (Kerr) Kiew. Myxopyrum enerve Steen. is Chionanthus enerve (Steen.) Kiew. Descriptions for the extra-Malesian species, M. smilacifolium, is given.

Description: This study comprises a taxonomic revision of Rhysotoechia (Sapindaceae) preceded by a phylogenetic analysis. Fifteen species are recognised and three imperfectly known species are discussed. Five new species from New Guinea are described. Two species from the Philippines, Borneo and one species from Australia are reduced. There are no excluded species. A key, based on both flower and fruit characteristics, gives access to the species. The study was restricted to the macromorphological characters, leading to a data matrix with 25 characters. The cladistic analysis was run with the computerprogram HENNIG86. Eventually one cladogram has been accepted.

Description: In subgenus Malachobatus twenty Malesian species are recognized, one of them ( Rubus moluccanus L.) with four varieties. Synonymy, descriptions, habitat notes, etc. are given. New names: R. moluccanus L. var. discolor (Bl.) Kalkm. and var. angulosus Kalkm. A key is given to the Malesian species.

Description: The Indo-Malesian genus Walsura Roxb. is revised and the closely related new genus, Pseudoclausena, is segregated from it. Walsura consists of three sections of which one ( Ruswala) is newly described, and thirteen species of which three (W. dehiscens, W. pachycaulon and W. sarawakensis) are newly described. One new combination is made (W. trifoliolata subsp. acuminata). The Malesian genus Pseudoclausena consists of one species (P. chrysogyne), formerly Walsura chrysogyne, and W. velutina is reduced to a new forma of it. A summary of the taxonomic history of the species is given. Notes on morphology (including micro-features of the leaf surface and pollen), wood, fruit and seed anatomy and chromosome and chemotaxonomic studies are included and seed dispersal systems are considered. Variation within the genera and speciation and biogeography are discussed. Notes on economic botany are given. All species are described and a key is presented.

Description: In Southeast Asia (excluding India) 44 taxa are recognized, 39 species, of which four are newly described ( I. kerrii, I. luzoniensis, I. emmae, and one unnamed species A, which will be treated by Nguyen Van Thuan, Paris), four subspecies, one of which is new (I. sootepensis subsp. acutifolia) and three are new combinations ( (I. suffruticosa subsp. guatemalensis, I. trifoliata subsp. unifoliata, I. trita subsp. scabra) ), and one variety which is a new combination I. spicata var. siamensis). A key, descriptions and full synonymy are given as well as 4 distribution maps and 5 figures.

Description: After a few years of serious illness Dr. W. L. van Utrecht, born 13 December 1926 in Tiel, died still very unexpected at the age of 67 year on 10 August 1994. After a study of chemistry and biology he joined from 1952 till 1963 the working group for Cetacea of the Netherlands Organisation of Applied Sciences (TNO), and the University of Amsterdam in the periods 1953-1956 and 1963-1988. In the season 1953/54 his first large expedition took place with the catcher “Enern”, a three month trip for whale marking, and two month visit to South Georgia. As an inspector he made a cruise to the Antarctic ocean with the Dutch whalefactory ship “Willem Barendsz” in the seasons 1959/1960 and as a scientist in the period 1962/1963. In 1966 he got his PhD at the same day as his wife C. N. Van Utrecht-Cock. In the period 1955-1963 important contributions were made to the Scientific Subcommittee of the International Whaling Commission. His last important field work was done during a scientific cruise in 1980 to the North Atlantic Ocean, studying bathypelagic fish and eel larvae. Van Utrecht was a broadly educated person, discussing politics, arts and economics with the same ease as biological problems, always having the literature and newest developments at hand to enlighten the discussions. His main interest foccussed on Whales and whaling, growth in all kind of animals, and marine biology as is clear from his literature list. A great number of manuscripts he left, however, in an unfinished state, not inclined to complete minor details in general theory or results. For this reason he did not publish on, for example, the history of whaling and sciences, development of universities, general principles of symmetry in biology. Many students still have great profit from his allround interest and knowledge.

Description: Five halacarid species, found in the mesopsammal of Caribbean Islands, are described, viz. Halacarellus tropicalis n. sp., Copidognathus grandiosus n. sp., Agaue arubaensis n. sp., Scaptognathus ornatus n. sp., and Limnohalacarus cultellatus Viets, 1940. H. tropicalis is the first member of the genus Halacarellus reported from tropical beaches.

Description: Seven springs in the Middle Atlas and five in the Rif have been studied. These show a great diversity of crenal habitats: water temperature ranges from 8.7° to 21°C, and the flow from 1 l/s to 1,800 l/s. Based on hydrologic and thermic characteristics, a spring typology is provided. The invertebrate community consists of 60 species, among which 4, found in the Rif, are new to science: Protonemura sp. (Plecoptera), Obuchovia sp. (Diptera, Simuliidae), Rhyacophila fonticola n. sp., and Philopotamus ketama n. sp. (Trichoptera). The new Trichoptera are both described. Two rare endemic species (the planarian Acromyadenium maroccanum and the coleopteran Elmis atlantis) have been found in a cold-water spring in the Middle Atlas; two black-fly species ( Cnetha carthusiensis and Simulium lamachei), new to North Africa, have been collected in a cold-water spring in the Rif. The cold-water spring community shows a high rate of endemism. Seven endemic cold-stenothermous species constitute a most characteristic crenon fauna in northern Morocco. The fauna of warmer springs (18° ≤ temp. ≤ 21°C) contains potamophilous and thermophilous species, a few of them belonging to the Ethiopian fauna. A comparative study of spring and rhithric communities of Morocco shows that, in the Middle Atlas and the Rif, cold-water springs became refugia for cold-stenothermous, west-palaearctic species; in the past, these species occupied a larger territory which has been reduced after recent climatic and hydrologic changes.

Description: To verify the potential of fatty acids as trophic markers, feeding experiments were carried out with the dominant herbivorous copepods Ca/anus finmarchicus, C. hyperboreus and C. glacialis from the Greenland Sea during two Arctic expeditions in June/July 1991. Depending on the fatty acid composition of these copepods, the diatom Thalassiosira antarctica or the dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae were offered as food to induce deviating fatty acid compositions. Since the copepodite Stages CV of C. finmarchicus had very low amounts of the 16: 1(n-7) fatty acid but high amounts of 18:4(n-3), the specimens were fed on T. antarctica rich in 16: 1(n-7) over a period of up to 42 days. At the end of the feeding experiment the portion of the 16:1(n-7) fatty acid had strongly increased by 11%, while the 18:4(n-3) fatty acid was almost depleted. In contrast, high amounts of the 16: l(n-7) fatty acid in C. hyperboreus (CV) suggested feeding on diatoms, therefore its diet was changed to A. carterae dominated by high amounts of the 18:4(n-3) fatty acid. After 47 days the portion of 18:4(n-3) increased by 8%, whereas 16:1(n-7) decreased by 3%. In female C. glacialis the changes in the fatty acid composition after feeding with A. carterae were less pronounced as compared to the other species, due to a severe lipid loss during the experiment. The feeding experiments document the incorporation and turnover of dietary fatty acids under controlled laboratory conditions and provide clear evidence for the potential of specific fatty acids as trophic marker lipids.Keywords: Arctic; Copepod; Feeding; Lipid; Fatty acid; Alcohol; Trophic marker

Description: Three dominant Antarctic copepods, Calanoides acutus, Rhincalanus gigas and Metridia gerlachei (copepodite stages V and females), were collected during summer (January/ February) in the southern Weddell Sea south of 70°S Detailed analyses of their lipid and fatty acid/ alcohol compositions were carried out. The trophic positions of these copepods were elucidated by means of the lipid compositions (marker lipids). High amounts of wax esters were found in C. acutus (92% of total lipids) and in R. gigas (84-86%). The level of wax esters in M. gerlachei was relatively low (27-42%), while the accumulation of triacylglycerols tended to be higher (19-22%). Characteristic lipid components of C. acutus were the long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids and fatty alcohols 20:1 (n-9) and 22:1 (n-il). These components together with elevated amounts of the 18:4 (n-3) and, to a lesser degree, of the 16:1 (n-7) fatty acids, typical of phytoplankton lipids, indicatc herbivorous feeding for C. acutus. Other abundant fatty acids were 20:5 (n-3) and 22:6 (n-3). Thc fatty acid composition of M. gerlachei was characterized by very high amounts of these 22:6 and 20:5 acids. Other important fatty acids werc 18:1 (n-9) and 16:0, but only small amounts of 16:1 (n-7) and 18:4 (n-3) occurred. In contrast to C. acutus the fatty alcohols of M. gerlachei consisted almost exclusively of the short-chain components 14:0 and 16:0. M. gerlachei is known as an omnivorous species, which was clearly reflcctcd by its lipid and fatty acid/alcohol pattern. Few data arc available on the feeding of R. gigas, but it is usually describcd as an herbivorous small-particle feeder. R. gigas showed fatty acid/alcohol characteristics typical of either C. acutus or M. gerlachei. Higher amounts of the 16:1 (n-7) and 18:4 (n-3) fatty acids suggest herbivorous feeding, whereas the dominance of short-chain alcohols (14:0 and 16:0) resembled the lipid pattern found in the omnivorous M. gerlachei. Hence, the lipid composition of R. gigas showed an intermediate pattern, which implies a tendency towards an opportunistic feeding mode, positioned somewhere between the other two species.

Description: Changes in high latitude surface salinity have a strong effect on the North Atlantic Deep Water Formation (NADWF) which appears to be very important in driving the global thermohaline conveyor belt. Natural variations of sea surface salinity and sea ice have been observed in the North Atlantic, namely the Great Salt Anomaly (GSA) of the late sixties and seventies. When dealing with climate variability one must consider the sensitivity of the climate system to perturbations.In order to include the atmospheric heat transport mechanisms we coupled an atmosphere energy balance model with a 3-D ocean general circulation model which includes a thermodynamic sea ice model. We explore the feedback mechanisms in the ocean-atmosphere-sea ice system affecting the thermohaline circulation (THC) under perturbations in sea surface salinity at high latitudes.

Description: Abstract. The air chemistry investigations, performed on R/V Polarstern during the expedition ARK X/1 in July/August 1994, comprised a mapping of the vertical ozone distribution by ozone soundings and the surface mixing ratios of H2O2 and NO above the East Greenland Sea between 70°N and 80°N. The observed H2O2 mixing ratios varied from about 100 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) up to around 1000 pptv. Surface ozone concentrations can be correlated with the source region of the advected air masses. Ozone mixing ratios from around 33 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) up to 60 ppbv have been observed in air parcels emanating from industrialized regions. In contrast, pristine Arctic air masses showed low ozone mixing ratios of about 23 ppbv. The tropospheric part of the vertical ozone profiles occasionally exhibited significant maxima above the planetary boundary layer. Apart from cases where intrusions of stratospheric ozone were obvious, photochemical ozone formation along trajectories originating from polluted regions was most probably the reason for layers with enhanced ozone concentrations. The measured surface NO mixing ratios were extremely low, typically between 3 and 8 pptv. Thus local photochemical surface ozone production could be largely ruled out. In conclusion it can be stated that in summer, intrusion of ozone rich stratospheric air and advection of polluted air masses from lower latitudes appeared to be the dominant ozone sources of the marine Arctic troposphere.

Description: A hot-water drill developed during the past 2 years at Alfred Wegener Institute was used to penetrate the Ekstrom Ice Shelf several times near the Georg von Neumayer Station. The drilling operation was successful, and the initial large diameter (〉35 cm) allowed easy access to the ocean. One hole was used to install an ultrasonic echo-sounder which recorded the ablation at the ice-shelf bottom continuously. Another hole was used for emplacement of a thermistor string throughout the 237 m thick ice shelf for ice-temperature measurements. Several CTD profiles in the 175 m deepwater column, and the analysis of water samples, provided valuable data for the understanding of ice-shelf-ocean interactions.