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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biospectroscopy 1 (1995), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We observed fluorescence emission from cyclohexane (CH) and methylcyclohexane (MCH) using picosecond pulses at 298-300 nm from a frequency-doubled cavity-dumped R6G dye laser. The emission maxima for CH and MCH are 209 and 215 nm, respectively, which agree with previous studies using vacuum ultra-violet (VUV) excitation near 150 nm. The fluorescence intensities depended quadratically on peak laser intensity indicating two-photon excitation. The intensity decays resulting from two-photon excitation were measured using frequency-domain fluorometry and were found to be nearly singly exponential ranging from 0.59 to 0.80 ns. Two-photon induced fluorescence of cyclic and linear alkanes may provide new intrinsic spectroscopic probes of biological molecules. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The nature of the chromophore binding site of light-adapted bacteriorhodopsin is analyzed by using all-valence electron MNDO and MNDO-PSDCI molecular orbital theory to interpret previously reported linear and nonlinear optical spectroscopic measurements. A total of 45 binding site models are investigated. The binding site is simulated by including the chromophore, the lysine residue (LYS216), the following nearby amino acids (ARG82, ASP85, ASP115, ASP212, THR90, TRP86, TRP138, TRP182, TYR57, TYR83, and TYR185) and zero, one, or two divalent cations. We conclude that the unique two-photon properties of the chromophore are due in part to the electrostatic field associated with a Ca2+ ion near to the chromophore. Four amino acids and three water molecules contribute significantly to the assigned chromophore adjacent calcium binding site (ASP85, ASP212, TYR57 and TYR185), and two conformational minima are predicted. The higher energy conformation has the calcium ion stabilized primarily by ASP85 and the chromophore imine proton by ASP212. The lower energy conformation has the calcium ion stabilized primarily by ASP212 and the imine proton by ASP85. The latter configuration is more stable due to strong hydrogen bonding between TYR185 and ASP212 coupled with electrostatic stabilization of the divalent cation by TYR57. Although both tyrosine residues are predicted to exhibit some “unprotonated” character, models involving full deprotonation of either TYR57 or TYR185 do not fit the spectroscopic data. We conclude that the cation binding site identified in this study is the second high affinity binding site for calcium, and that the chromophore binding site is, to a first approximation, positively charged. The chromophore “1Bu*+” and “1Ag*-” states, despite extensive mixing, exhibit significantly different configurational character. The lowest-lying “1Bu*+” state is dominated by single excitations (〉 80% for all models studied) whereas the second-excited “1Ag*-” state is dominated by double excitations (〉 70% for all models studied with extensive participation by spin-coupled triplet-triplet excitations). © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy is applied to examine interactions between divalent metal ions (M2+) and the COO- groups in the M2+-binding sites of calmodulin as well as effects of M2+ binding on the main chain conformation. Bands due to the symmetric and antisymmetric stretches of the COO- groups in the amino-acid side chains give information on the coordination of the COO- groups to M2+, and the amide-I' bands are useful for studying changes in the secondary structure of the protein main chain upon M2+ binding. Infrared deconvolved spectra as well as second-derivative spectra are sensitive to structural differences among the M2+-bound forms (M2+ = Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Cd2+). Bands at about 1658, 1553, and 1424 cm-1 are characteristic of the Ca2+-bound form, and are called, respectively, marker bands I, II, and III of the active-type protein. The Sr2+- and Cd2+-bound forms show deconvolved and second-derivative spectra similar to those of the Ca2+-bound form, whereas the Mg2+-bound form gives second-derivative and deconvolved spectra close to those of the inactive M2+-free form. Broad parallelism is found to exist between the marker-band intensities of the M2+-bound forms and the abillities of M2+ to stimulate calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase activity. Assignments of the marker bands are discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biospectroscopy 1 (1995), S. 71-82 
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Fast photovoltage measurements in the pico- and nanosecond time range represent a valuable tool for the study of excitation energy trapping, kinetics of charge separation, and the location of intermediary acceptors in the photosynthetic reaction center. However, data recording and data analysis are complex. In a preceding article (Wulf and Trissl, Biospectroscopy, 1 (1995), pp. xx-xx) we have described the theoretical fundamentals of data analysis. Here we describe the experimental set-up, calibration procedures, and strategies for the determination of the parameters involved. Limitations of the method will be discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Spectroscopic technique coupled with electrochemical oxidation has been used to study the redox-mechanism of 6-mercaptopurine. Electrochemical oxidation of 6-mercaptopurine has been studied in the pH range 2.0-10.0 by linear and cyclic sweep voltammetry, coulometry and constant potential electrolysis. Spectroscopic technique has been used to monitor the clevage of the S—S bond in the UV-absorbing intermediate generated during electrooxidation. The decay has been observed in a pseudo first order reaction. The ultimate products of oxidation in controlled potential electrolysis have been found as 6-mercaptopurine and purine-6-sulfinic acid. Tentative mechanisms for the formation of the products have also been suggested. It is concluded that spectroscopic studies coupled with electrochemical studies provide a uniquely invaluable insight into the redox mechanism of biologically significant molecules. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 7
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biospectroscopy 1 (1995), S. 101-104 
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The conformational A-B transition of natural random-sequence NaDNA can be evoked simply by increasing the water activity in the specimen. Infrared spectroscopic data create a basis for the idea that the relevant solvent action proceeds in a global sense comprising a collective influence of the water molecules belonging to DNA hydration shell rather than by directly bound water molecules. This conclusion is consistent with the results of Molecular Dynamics simulations applied to various DNA fragment-water systems. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We report the measurement of backscattering in-phase dual circular polarization (DCPI) Raman optical activity (ROA) for the simple alanyl peptides L-alanyl-L-alanine ([L-Ala]2), L-alanylglycine (L-Ala-Gly), glycyl-L-alanine (Gly-L-Ala), and L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-alanine ([L-Ala]3) in aqueous solutions. Empirical correlations between ROA features and the amino acid composition of the peptides are described. It is shown that the sum of the DCPIROA spectra for L-Ala-Gly and Gly-L-Ala is nearly the same as the corresponding ROA spectrum for (L-Ala)2. Additionally, the DCPIROA spectrum for (L-Ala)2 is very close to that of (L-Ala)3, as has been observed previously using backscattering unpolarized incident circular polarization (ICPu) ROA. The ROA contributions of the different L-Ala groups, which occur separately in the two glycyl peptides of alanine and jointly in (L-Ala)2, are described in terms of the extent of vibrational coupling between peptide subunits. From these results, it appears that ROA has a more local sensitivity to vibrational coupling than is found in VCD or electronic circular dichroism. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: As a follow-up to fluorescence and fluorescence-excitation spectroscopy at 170 K of all-trans-spheroidene free in solutionsY. Watanabe, T. Kameyama, Y. Miki, M. Kuki, and Y. Koyama, “The 2′Ag- state and two additional low-lying electronic states of spheroidene newly identified by fluorescence and fluorescence-excitation spectroscopy at 170K,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 206, 62-68 (1993). and bound to the light-harvesting complex of Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1,Y. Koyama, Y. Miki, T. Kameyama, R. J. Cogdell, and Y. Watanabe, “Low-lying electronic levels of spheroidene bound to the light-harvesting (LH2) complex of Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1. as determined by fluorescence and fluorescence-excitation spectroscopy at 170K,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 208, 479-485 (1993). 13′-cis-spheroidene in n-hexane solution has been examined for comparison. All-trans-spheroidene exhibits efficient internal conversion from the 3Ag- to the 2Ag- state and fluorescence from both the 2Ag- and Bu+ states, while 13--cis-spheroidene exhibits internal conversion from the “3Ag-” state to the “Bu+” state and fluorescence only from the “Bu+” state. Thus, all-trans-spheroidene can provide two channels of carotenoid-to-bacteriochlorophyll singlet-energy transfer, while 13′-cis-spheroidene can provide only one. This must be a reason for the natural selection of the all-trans configuration for the light-harvesting function. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 10
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    Biospectroscopy 1 (1995), S. 149-156 
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A series of copper bilirubinate complexes (CuBR) was synthesized in solution and in solid state to mimic the black color of the black-pigment gallstone and to explore the formation mechanism of the gallstonein vitro. The variation of the copper contents of these samples indicated that CuBR also exhibits nonstoichiometric characteristics from the FTIR study, i.e., both the so-called acid and neutral copper complex moieties exist in CuBR. The NH groups in pyrrole and lactam groups of bilirubin (H2BR) are binding to the copper ions. An EPR study demonstrates the generation of free radicals and the variation of its electronic structure and conjugation system in the skeleton of H2BR molecule during complex formation. A polymer of CuBR may form through the reaction of H2BR with copper ions. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 11
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    Biospectroscopy 1 (1995), S. 157-162 
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) spectra of bilirubin-metal ion (Cu2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Cd2+) complexes (MBR) are reported. These spectra reveal significant differences between MBR and bilirubin (BR) itself. But SERS spectra of bilirubin-Cu2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ complexes are similar to each other. The mole ratio of bilirubin-metal in the complexes M2+ : BR = 1 : 1 was measured. Empirical assignments of the major SERS bands are given. The spectrum of CuBR in solution is consistent with a square planar structure. It should be noted, however, that H2O or COOH of another BR molecule occupy the positions above and below the plane in solutions of complexes of this type and forms Cu—O bond.By comparing the SERS spectra of bilirubin-copper (or zinc) and biliverdin-copper (or zinc) complexes, the similar Raman frequencies and relative intensities were attributed to the oxidation of the bilirubin-copper (or zinc) complex to the green biliverdin-copper (Zn) complexes. It is shown that . © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The amino-acid sequences of the L- and M-subunits of the reaction centers (RC) from four purple photosynthetic bacteria were compared by the use of CLUSMOL/S (Clustering System for Molecules/Sequences), and conserved and character-conserved amino acids were extracted. Extended Hückel molecular orbital (MO) calculations were made, based on the three-dimensional structure of the Rhodopseudomonas viridis RC, for eleven composites of pigments, in which the sidechains (except for aliphatic sidechains) of the above amino acids within a distance of 6 Å from both of each pair of electron donor and acceptor were included. Calculations of the electronic coupling between each pair of donor and acceptor as well as evaluations of mixing of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of one chromophore with the orbitals of another chromophore and amino-acid sidechains elucidated the roles of the sidechains in the electron transfer reactions: (1) L181-Phe and M208-Tyr function as a pair of bridges in the electronic coupling among pigments bacteriopheophytin in the M-branch (HM), accessory bacteriochlorophyll in the M-branch (BM), one of the special-pair bacteriochlorophylls in the M-branch (PM), one of the special-pair bacteriochlorophylls in the L-branch (PL), accessory bacteriochlorophyll in the L-branch (BL), and bacteriopheophytin in the L-branch (HL), and can affect the special-pair bacteriochlorophylls (P) → HL electron transfer; (2) M250-Trp plays a crucial role in the HL → primary quinone (QA) electron transfer, but L216-Phe does not facilitate the HM → secondary quinone (QB) electron transfer; (3) the Fe2+ ion and the ligating histidines facilitate the QA → QB electron transfer; (4) L162-Tyr plays a key role in the third heme in the cytochrome subunit (Heme) → P (PM plus PL) electron transfer. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 13
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    Biospectroscopy 1 (1995), S. 187-206 
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The oxidized radicals of aromatic amino acids, 4-methylimidazole and phenol were generated by UV irradiation at low temperature. The radicals were monitored by EPR spectroscopy. For the first time, infrared (IR) modes characteristic of the tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, and histidine radicals were obtained by FTIR difference spectroscopy between the ground state and the radical state. The effects of D- (on Tyr and phenol) or 15N- (on His) labeling on the IR modes of the radicals were studied, as were the influence of hydrogen bonding and of pH. These parameters were studied to model the possible radical structures and environments in proteins. The radicals obtained with tyrosine, phenol, and 4-ethylphenol present six main IR modes: a combination mode at ∼ 2110-2106 cm-1; the v8b(CC) mode at 1550-1556 cm-1, the v7a(CO) and v19b(CC) modes both at 1515-1500 cm-1, which are distinctly affected by D-labeling of the phenol ring; the 14(vCC + δCH) mode at 1290-1288 cm-1, which is strongly modified when the radical is hydrogen bonded; and the 9a(CC) mode at 1163-1159 cm-1. These IR modes partly confirm the assignments made by resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy and should help to obtain precise structure and force field calculations for the radicals. The deprotonated 4-methylimidazole radical (4-MeIm·) is obtained at pH 12. It has characteristic IR modes at 1593 v(CC), 1425 δCH3, 1376 δCH3, 1315 cm-1, 1213 cm-1 and 1098 cm-1 δ(CH). The methyl modes seem strongly downshifted upon radical formation, while the ring modes appear less affected. In particular, the C4C5 double-bond character is conserved. The protonated 4-methylimidazole radical formed at pH ≤ 6 is characterized by signals at 1433 cm-1, 1380 cm-1, 1310 cm-1, 1227 cm-1, and 1172 cm-1. The histidine and tyrosine radicals present similar IR modes as the corresponding model of their sidechain. For all the amino acids, the vas(COO-) and vs(COO-) modes of the terminal carboxylate were respectively up- and downshifted by ∼ 20 cm-1 upon the radical formation. This effect suggests that, in a protein, the amide bond of the amino acid could also be influenced by the radical formation. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 14
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    Biospectroscopy 1 (1995) 
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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  • 15
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    Biospectroscopy 1 (1995), S. 351-356 
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Though the strong affinity of Congo red and thioflavin S for amyloid deposits has been known for a long time, the binding mechanism of these biological dyes to amyloid sites is still not understood. In the present work, the competition of these two dyes for binding in Alzheimer amyloid is investigated. Analyses by optical microscopy and microspectrofluorimetry were performed on several series of stained diseased brain sections. Microspectrofluorimetric analyses showed that bound Congo red and bound thioflavin S have characteristic spectra in which the fluorescence maxima are distinct of those for the free dyes. Both, optical microscopic analyses and fluorescence measurements of stained brain sections indicated that Congo red and thioflavin S compete with each other at the same interacting site on diseased cerebral tissue. The staining efficiency of the replacing dye seems to be a maximum for a concentration of about 1%. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 16
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    Biospectroscopy 1 (1995), S. 365-373 
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate, without any destructive interference, interactions of the cryoprotective agents, glycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide with Bradyrhizobium japonicum. The intracellular spectrum of glycerol, obtained by subtracting the spectrum of control bacteria from that of glycerol-treated bacteria, showed no differences in infrared features compared to that of pure glycerol. This was not the case when dimethyl sulfoxide treatment was used. The intracellular spectrum displayed important modifications compared to that of the pure chemical. Spectral analysis showed that glycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide uptake required only a few minutes. Moreover, the infrared features resulting from the presence of pure glycerol, in bacteria, were still existent for up to 2 or 3 hours after thawing process. The deconvoluted Amide I and Amide II bands of bacterial proteins reflected important changes in secondary structure after treatment of bacteria with dimethyl sulfoxide (increase in β-sheet and loss of random coil content). In contrast to glycerol, the cryoprotective action of dimethyl sulfoxide probably involves interactions with a wide range of intrabacterial species. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The transmission infrared spectra of exfoliated endocervical mucin-producing columnar epithelial cells and the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectra of the single-columnar cell layer on the endocervical tissues have been measured and compared with the corresponding infrared spectra of the ectocervical squamous cells and squamous epithelium. The infrared spectra of the exfoliated cervical cells obtained from the present work are comparable with those directly measured from the epithelia on the cervical tissues by ATR technique. The transmission infrared spectra of endocervical columnar epithelial tissue containing some components of the underlying connective tissue have also been measured and compared with the ATR/FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared) spectra of the endocervical columnar epithelial tissue. The effects of the contaminated connective tissue on the infrared spectra of the endocervical columnar epithelial tissue have demonstrated that ATR/FTIR is a more desirable method than the transmission method to obtain meaningful and good-quality infrared spectra of tissue samples, especially samples consisting of thin layers of different types of tissues. Substantial differences in the infrared spectra between the columnar cells and squamous cells on the endocervical and ectocervical tissues, respectively, were evident. The strong glycogen bands in the infrared spectrum of the ectocervical squamous cells are absent in the spectrum of the endocervical columnar cells. This spectral change is similar to that observed in malignant squamous cells. Therefore, if the decrease in the intensity of the glycogen bands is used as the only criterion for the determination of cellular abnormalities in the cervix, the presence of a large number of normal endocervical columnar cells in the cervical specimen would lead to a false result. Consequently, in addition to the glycogen bands, other features in the infrared spectra should be considered for the evaluation of abnormalities in exfoliated cervical epithelial cells. In order to identify the spectral features that are unique to endocervical columnar cells, the infrared spectra of an aqueous solution of glycogen, the mucus from the endocervix, and the connective tissues from both the endocervix and the ectocervix have also been measured and analyzed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 18
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    Biospectroscopy 1 (1995), S. 375-385 
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Ultraviolet resonance Raman spectra have been measured for human serum albumin (HSA) and its complexes with three types of ligands. Tyr and Trp Raman bands of ligand-free HSA are strongly enhanced with 240-nm excitation compared with those of aqueous amino acids, indicating that the side chains of some Tyr residues and the unique Trp at position 214 are hydrogen bonded in hydrophobic environments. The high intensity of Tyr and Trp Raman scattering remains unchanged in a wide pH range of 3.5-9.0 and the microenvironments of the Tyr and Trp residues seem conserved in this pH range. The Tyr Raman intensity of HSA increases upon binding of palmitic acid, indicating hydrophobic interactions between the Tyr phenol ring and the aliphatic chain of the bound fatty acid. Binding of warfarin, on the other hand, does not affect the Tyr Raman intensity. Instead, an increase is observed for the Raman intensity of Trp-214, which is located at the opening of the warfarin binding site. Concomitantly a conformation-marker Raman band of Trp-214 changes in frequency and the warfarin Raman intensity increases, suggesting direct hydrophobic interactions between Trp-214 and warfarin. Complexation of ibuprofen and HSA increases the Raman intensity of Tyr but not of ibuprofen, which is ascribed to the formation of a hydrogen bond between the carboxylate of ibuprofen and the phenolic OH of Tyr-411, the unique Tyr residue at the ibuprofen binding site. Hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding of Tyr and Trp residues play a key role in ligand binding of HSA. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The Raman bands associated with different rotamers of hexadienoyl ethyl thiolester, CH3—CH=CH—CH=CH—C(=O)—S—CH2—CH3, have been partially assigned using recent conformational and vibrational spectroscopic analyses of ethyl thiocrotonate CH3—CH=CH—C(=O)—S—CH2—CH3.1 In particular, rotational isomers involving the =CH—C(=O) and —S—CH2— axes have been characterized. The assignment of the vibrational modes of different conformers of hexadienoyl ethyl thiolester was further facilitated by variable-temperature (+20°C to -90°C) Raman studies on the neat thiolester. High-quality Raman spectra of hexadienoyl-coenzyme A bound to the enzyme enoyl-CoA hydratase were obtained using 647.1-nm excitation and Raman difference spectroscopy. The findings provided by analysis of the ethyl thiolester model compound enable us to conclude that conformational selection occurs for the CoA analog upon binding, resulting in the presence of a single-rotamer population in the hexadienoyl moiety on the enzyme. The hexadienoyl-CoA was labeled with 18O in the C=O group and, separately, with 13C at the C2 position. A comparison of Raman data for the free and bound ligands, isotopically labeled and unlabeled, indicates that strong π-electron polarization occurs in only a part of the hexadienoyl chain, viz, in the C=C—C=O fragment, upon binding. The polarization gives rise to important contributions from canonical (resonance) forms of the type —C+—C=C—O-. In contrast, the C4=C5 linkage (where the carbon atom numbering is C6—C5=C4—C3=C2—C1=O) seems little perturbed in the bound ligand. The causes and mechanistic advantage of the observed localized polarization are discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 20
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    Biospectroscopy 1 (1995), S. 413-421 
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Fluorescence-line-narrowing (FLN) spectra are presented for Sn cytochrome c (Snc) obtained under Q0-0 and Q0-1 excitation and for Zn cytochrome c (Znc) under Q0-1 excitation. Vibrational frequencies of the ground and first excited states are reported for Snc. Additional excited-state Znc frequencies are also presented, thus contributing to a previous FLN Znc investigation. The spectra of Snc shows more phonon broadening than for Znc, but vibrational frequencies of the S0 and S1 states could be obtained and the distribution function of the 0, 0 transition was determined. Snc and Znc showed good agreement in their excited-state vibrational frequencies. Some S1 vibrational frequencies of Znc are seen to downshift with respect to ground-state vibrations, suggesting that the porphyrin S0 to S1 expansion observed in other porphyrin systems also occurs in cytochrome c derivatives. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Nearly complete vibrational assignments have been obtained for a heme model, nickel etioporphyrin-I (NiEPI), using variable-wavelength resonance Raman (RR), and FT-Raman (FT-R), as well as infrared (IR) spectroscopy, on a series of isotopomers labeled at positions in the skeleton (15N, β-13C, meso-d4, 15N-meso-d4) and in the peripheral substituents (methyl-d12, ethyl-d8, and ethyl-d12). The vibrational bands are assigned to the porphyrin skeletal and substituent modes on the basis of the mode description scheme developed for nickel octaethylporphyrin (NiOEP) with the aid of a normal-mode analysis of NiEPI, explicitly including the peripheral substituents, i.e., the methyl and ethyl groups. The previously reported NiOEP force field was refined to account for the observed isotope shifts of NiEPI isotopomers. An important result is the requirement of relatively large, long-range force constants for methine bridge bonds on opposite sides of the porphyrin ring. These 1-8 and 1-9 interaction force constants are required to reproduce the frequencies and isotope shifts of six Cα-Cm stretching modes and especially to predict the relative order of the two highest-frequency Eu modes, v(Cα-Cm) (v38, ∼ 1570 cm-1) and v(Cβ-Cβ) (v37, ∼ 1600 cm-1). Most of the substituent (methyl and ethyl) vibrations are located in the RR and IR spectra. Strong RR enhancement of some substituent modes can be attributed to hyperconjugative interaction of the aliphatic groups with the porphyrin a1u orbital, as well as vibrational mixing of substituent modes with the nearby skeletal modes. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Surface-enhanced Raman spectra (SERS at Creighton colloidal silver) and UV/visible spectra have been recorded for an antimicrobial agent (pefloxacin) at a biologically active concentration (ca. 10-6 mol/L-1). The adsorption of pefloxacin on the silver surface occurs both via the carboxylate group and the carbonyl of the pyridinone ring. The conjugated part of the molecule is tilted and gives rise to a charge transfer between the drug and the plasmon surface. However the orientation of the drug on the colloid varies with the concentration of pefloxacin, salt addition, and pH. Adsorption via only the carboxylate is privileged in presence of strongly competitive anions such as C1-. Thus the carbonyl of the pyridinone ring is desorbed, and the charge transfer is not detected. In basic medium the competitive OH- ion leads to similar orientation changes. For acidic pHs few residual molecules having a carboxylate function, or few carboxylic species bonded via the pyridinone C=O group, remain adsorbed on the aggregated and unstable silver surface. The spectroscopic analyses and the measurements of the particle size of the colloid show that added salt increases the aggregation and enhances the pefloxacin SERS signals if the anion is not competitive. In the presence of NaNO3 an increase of the plasmon oscillations of the metal and a larger number of adsorption sites could explain the SERS amplitude. The competitive anions C1- and OH- to a lesser extent limit the colloid aggregation, pefloxacin adsorption, and SERS enhancement. The influence of the charge transfer on the Raman intensity appears to be weak. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 23
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    Biospectroscopy 3 (1997), S. 299-306 
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: DNA ; silica ; binding ; Raman spectroscopy ; infrared ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We studied by infrared and Raman spectroscopy the interaction of calf thymus DNA with various types of silica particles, ranging in size from 7 nm to 60 μm. Preliminary experiments with different samples showed that substantial variations can take place in the 1000-1100 cm-1 region of the attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectrum of silica, where a strong band due to a stretching vibration of the Si-O groups occurs. The position and intensity of this band were found to be dependent on several parameters, such as the size distribution of the solid particles, their proximity to the surface of the ATR crystal, and their degree of packing after sedimentation from the aqueous suspension. Changes observed in the spectra of aqueous solutions of DNA interacting with silica particles are explained by a shift of the main silica band in the mixtures. This interpretation differs from that of a previous study, where important intensity variations of the DNA bands at 1086 and 1053 cm-1 were explained by the formation of hydrogen bonds between the silanol groups of silica and the phosphate groups of DNA. Raman spectra of aqueous solutions of DNA mixed with fumed quartz particles of an average size of 0.007 μm showed but a minor change in intensity (ca. 5%) of the DNA symmetric phosphate band, which supports the conclusion reached in our infrared study. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biospectroscopy 3: 299-306, 1997
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  • 24
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    Biospectroscopy 3 (1997), S. 329-329 
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: No abstract.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: doxorubicin ; intercalation ; resonance Raman ; SERRS ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The interactions of doxorubicin and its derivatives, hydroxyrubicin and adriamycinone, with DNA were studied by resonance Raman (RR) and surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) spectroscopy. The π-π interaction between the chromophore of the drug and DNA base pairs has been shown to downshift the skeletal stretching mode ∼ 1440 cm-1 by 8, 5, and 4 cm-1 for doxorubicin, hydroxyrubicin, and adriamycinone, respectively. The additional effects of intercalation with DNA on the RR and SERRS spectra for hydroxyrubicin are similar to those for doxorubicin. However, different effects are observed for adriamycinone. These results indicate that the sugar moiety is necessary to maintain the maximum van der Waals contact between the chromophore and the DNA base pairs and that the amine group in the amino sugar is more favored than the hydroxyl group. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biospectroscopy 3: 307-316, 1997
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  • 26
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    Biospectroscopy 3 (1997), S. 331-346 
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: urinary calculi ; FTIR spectroscopy ; Raman spectroscopy ; infrared ; calculi analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The application of infrared and Raman spectroscopic techniques to the analysis of urinary calculi is reviewed and their relative efficiency and adaptability to routine analysis are discussed. Using the classification of urinary calculi based on their main constituents, infrared and Raman spectra of calcium oxalates, phosphates, uric acid, urates, and cystine are reported. Some characteristic bands are suggested as useful for analytical purposes. References to other constituents such as drugs are included. Although this review is aimed principally at human stones, it also extends to literature references dealing with urinary calculi from canine, feline, and equine animal species. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biospectroscopy 3: 331-346, 1997
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  • 27
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    Biospectroscopy 3 (1997), S. 317-323 
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: growth hormone releasing peptide ; tryptophan ; 2-methyl tryptophan ; GHRP-6 ; hexarelin ; EP7458 ; ultraviolet photolytic degradation ; rate constants ; differential photolysis ; photolysis products ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Aqueous solutions of three tryptophan-rich growth hormone releasing hexapeptides, GHRP-6 (His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2), hexarelin (His-D-2-Me-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2), and EP7458 (His-D-Trp-Ala-2-Me-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2), were exposed to varying durations of ultraviolet (UV) light. Using NMR spectroscopy, first-order rate constants for the UV photolytic degradation of the tryptophan(s)/2-methyl tryptophan residues within each peptide were obtained by plotting the decrease in the area of the indole N-H resonances with respect to UV photolysis time. A significant differential photolytic effect was observed between the two tryptophan residues of GHRP-6 and the tryptophan/2-methyl tryptophan residues of EP7458. A somewhat smaller differential photolytic effect was observed between the tryptophan/2-methyl tryptophan residues of hexarelin. In addition, the three peptides were degraded at different rates, suggesting that the effect of UV light on each peptide is dependent on whether a tryptophan or 2-methyl tryptophan is the second or fourth residue in the primary sequence. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biospectroscopy 3: 317-323, 1997
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  • 28
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    Biospectroscopy 3 (1997), S. 347-369 
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: urinary calculi ; infrared spectroscopy ; kidney biopsy ; etiology ; papillary calculi ; drug-induced calculi ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Crystal-induced kidney disease is a frequent occurrence in human pathology. It is becoming more and more apparent that knowledge of kidney stone composition and structure appears to be the key for establishing the etiology of stone disease. A number of analytical methods may be applied to stone analysis, but only a few of them are able to quickly and easily provide extensive information on both stone structure and composition relevant for clinical diagnosis. More than 12,000 calculi were analyzed using a combination of microscopic examination, sequential infrared (IR) analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of each part of stone, and quantification of all components present. We also investigated 50 biopsies using FTIR microscopy. Our results confirm that IR spectroscopy is a reliable and accurate technique for both molecular and crystalline identification. Some limitations of standard procedures, because of very small samples or due to absorption band overlap, can be solved using FTIR micromethod or a particular method like IR microscopy. In such cases, the spectrum identification must be conducted in different manners. Until now, spectral identification procedures based on computerized spectra libraries must be used with caution because of false results, mainly for mixtures of mineral compounds. Trained eyes always provide the best results for reading spectra from common stones. In routine practice, accurate identification of all components present in calculi is necessary for understanding urolithiasis mechanisms, but only semiquantitative assessment is sufficient to guide physicians toward establishing correct etiology. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biospectroscopy 3: 347-369, 1997
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: brown pigment stone ; PAGE ; mid-IR spectroscopy ; far IR spectroscopy ; FT-Raman ; bezoar ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Spectroscopic studies of various types of gallstones carried out in China are reviewed. Three basic classes of gallstones are surveyed: cholesterol stones, brown pigment stones, and black pigment stones. The emphasis of this review is on brown gallstones. The primary spectroscopic methods used in the studies surveyed are Fourier transform infrared absorption and Fourier transform Raman scattering. Chemical components studied in gallstones include cholesterol, bile pigments, glycoproteins, proteins, bilirubin metal complexes, and salts of calcium and other metals. Further studies are needed characterize the relationship of these components to more complex features of gallstones. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biospectroscopy 3: 371-380, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1737-1746 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: free volume ; dual mode ; diffusion ; glassy polymer ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The development of a new model for the diffusion of gas molecules in glassy polymers is presented which utilizes concepts from free volume theory and relies on a dual-mode interpretation of sorptive dilation in glassy polymers. Three assumptions are made in the development of the model. First, the free volume available for molecular transport processes is taken as constant below the glass transition temperature. Second, two populations of gas molecules are assumed to exist - one which contributes to the maintenance of an iso-free volume state upon sorptive dilation and one which does not contribute owing to sorption into regions of unrelaxed volume. Third, the former population is assumed to be mobile while the latter is not. The resulting model predicts, at constant temperature, a diffusion coefficient that is independent of solute volume fraction. This is in contrast to the widely used dual-mode sorption model with partial immobilization for gas transport in glassy polymers which leads to a diffusion coefficient that is dependent on solute mole fraction through the molar gas concentration. The new model is used to interpret gas transport data from permeation experiments for carbon dioxide, methane, and ethylene in three polycarbonates. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1737-1746, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1793-1805 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: rutile ; surface modification ; diblock copolymer ; inverse gas chromatography ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Various functional diblock copolymers have been used as surface modifiers for rutile pigment in an effort to condition the solid for eventual use in multicomponent polymer systems. Coated surfaces were analyzed by inverse gas chromatography at infinite and finite dilution of the vapor phase, and by XPS. At high coverages (about 10% by weight of the pigment), the diblocks were randomly oriented at the air interface, effectively masking the surface of the rutile. At low diblock concentrations acid/base interactions dominated the orientation of the adsorbed molecule at the rutile interface, thereby also affecting the orientational states at the air interface. In this condition, the performance of the pigment in specified host polymer systems may be expected to vary with the selection of the diblock copolymer modifier. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1793-1805, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1843-1854 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: crystallization ; DNA ; fractionation ; gel-electrophoresis ; morphology ; phase transition ; SALLS ; sonication ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polydisperse DNA of reasonable molecular weights was prepared from a mammalian source via sonication and fractionation. A method for characterizing the molecular weight using gel electrophoresis is described. Quiescent crystallization was studied in thin films of one of the fractions induced by rapidly changing the hydration state isothermally. We report the occurrence of the semicrystalline nature of DNA. The crystal growth occurring via aggregates is best described as sheaves and spherulites from DNA gels in the relative humidity range (RH) corresponding to A-DNA. These habits exhibit primary nucleation and secondary growth, which closely resemble those of melt-crystallized, synthetic macromolecules and, in a follow-up report, will be shown to be lamellar in nature. Small, needle-like crystals are observed for B-DNA hydration levels, and are unstable at lower hydration levels. A transformation from needle to lamellar crystals can occur, even when the primary nucleation of lamellar forms is otherwise absent at that hydration level, through a cylindrical phase exhibiting selective reflection of colored bands. The hydration level plays, in part, the role of the supercooling in this system and the long-known hysteresis in the formation and dissolution of the A-DNA (crystals) can now be viewed in light of those factors known to operate in semicrystalline systems. A morphological phase diagram is developed and is in accord with the known physical evidence. Because this preparation and these morphological observations are without precedence, substantial detail into methodology is included for this first article in the series. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1843-1854, 1997
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  • 33
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: kraft lignin ; thermoplastics ; polymer association ; poly(vinyl acetate) ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Interest in the development of lignin-containing polymeric materials has been upheld more or less continuously for the past 20 years. Tendencies toward high moduli and poorly defined thermal transitions have been regarded as imposing inevitable limitations upon the use of lignin derivatives for such purposes. Incorporation of more than 25-40% (w/w) lignin had usually resulted in materials that were brittle and weak. For the first time, however, from homogeneous blends containing 85% (w/w) underivatized industrial kraft lignin with poly(vinyl acetate) and two plasticizers, a series of thermoplastics has been fabricated with promising mechanical properties. The tensile behavior of these new polymeric materials depends directly upon the degree of association between the intrinsic kraft lignin components. In extending to values about 25 MPa and 1.5 GPa, respectively, the tensile strengths and Young's moduli vary linearly with the effective M̄w for the kraft lignin species, under conditions where the proportions of the individual molecular components, both associated and discrete, do not change. Moreover, melt-flow index measurements indicate that these polymeric materials are amenable to thermal processing by extrusion molding. Thus a significant step has been taken toward developing a new generation of thermoplastics that are lignin-based in a very fundamental way. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1899-1910, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1933-1942 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: self-diffusion ; viscosity ; polymer melt ; entanglement ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Dynamic properties in the melt state for two saturated hydrocarbon polymers, poly(ethylene-alt-propylene) (PEP) and head-to-head polypropylene (HHPP), were investigated by viscoelastic and diffusion measurements. Several nearly monodisperse linear samples of each species were used. Zero-shear viscosity η0 and self-diffusion coefficient D varied with temperature in accord with the WLF equation, and they also varied with molecular weight M in a manner that was consistent with the behavior of other species. The product η0D was of particular interest because extensive previous results for two other species, polystyrene and polyethylene, had led Pearson et al. to suggest that η0D/(η0D)Rouse is a universal function of the number of entanglements per molecule M/Me. With values for the Rouse model product for each species calculated from chain dimensions, and entanglement molecular weight from the plateau modulus, we show that the data for PEP and HHPP also support the Pearson universal form. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1933-1942, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1963-1971 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: dynamic mechanical analysis ; fluorinated poly(ethers) ; intermolecular cooperativity ; relaxation behavior ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The relaxation behavior of six fluorinated aromatic poly(ethers) was investigated using dynamic mechanical analysis. The glass transition temperature was found to increase as the size and rigidity of linking groups increased and varied between 168°C for a dimethyl linking group and 300°C for a bicyclic benzoate ether-linking group. For the α-relaxation the steepness of time/temperature plots and broadness of the loss curves could be qualitatively correlated with chemical structure in a manner predicted by the coupling model of relaxation. Well-separated sub-Tg transitions were also observed, as a shoulder on the low temperature side of the α-peak, and as a broad, low loss transition around -100°C. The higher temperature process was similar to the structural relaxation often found in quenched glassy polymers, while the position, intensity, and breadth of the subambient process was sensitive to chemical structure. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1963-1971, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 507-515 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: poly(acrylic acid) ; FTIR ; polyelectrolyte ; conformation ; conformers ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic measurements have been undertaken to estimate the conformational energies of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) cast films in the temperature range of 40-130°C. The temperature dependence of the IR spectra in the C=O stretching region has been analyzed to yield the side-chain and backbone conformational energies. The estimated energies are close to those previously obtained by polarized Raman spectroscopic measurements for PAA solutions. Combining the FTIR value of conformational energy with the simplified rotational isomeric state (RIS) model proposed in the Raman analysis provides a persistence length in accordance with earlier SAXS experiments. The data also agree with the Gibbs-DiMarzio predictions, further substantiating the validity of the analysis. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys, 35: 507-515, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2195-2200 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: ESR ; mechanoradicals ; PMMA ; drilling apparatus ; computer simulation ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In this study, initially, we tried to obtain the mechanoradicals of PMMA (poly(methyl methacrylate)). For this purpose, we designed a simple drilling apparatus. Using this apparatus, we prepared some PMMA samples at 77 K in vacuum. Later, by using an ESR (electron spin resonance spectrometer), we observed ESR signals for these samples at 77 K. This means that mechanoradicals have been successfully produced by mechanical fracture in PMMA using our drilling apparatus. Secondly, we tried to identify the radicals from these spectra through using theoretical analyses and, some computer simulations have been done by suggesting two different theoretical models for these ESR signals. Finally, by using experimental and theoretical data, we showed that our simple apparatus could be used to obtain mechanoradicals from polymers. Results were seen to be in very good agreement with the literature. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2195-2200, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2219-2231 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: nylons ; crystallinity ; DSC ; x-ray diffraction ; complications ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is one of the most widely used technique for measuring crystallinity in the polymer industry. The major source of error in the crystalline index (CIDSC) of low crystallinity polymeric articles, is the development of further crystallinity during the DSC scan. Although, this type of cold crystallization is obvious, and thus accounted for in polymers like polyethylene terephthalate, nylons are a difficult class of materials in that respect. The major contributing factors to the failure of DSC in measuring low levels of crystallinity in nylons are identified to be (1) silent crystallization between the glass (Tg) and melting (Tm) transitions, (2) extreme difficulties in packing a moisture-free nylon in the sample pan (the response due to traces of moisture being a broad endotherm competing with a broad exothermic crystallization), and (3) a sub-Tm exotherm, especially in low crystallinity nylons, due to relaxation of the processing-induced stresses. These factors, specific to nylons, mask the observation of cold crystallization and lead to substantially higher than real crystallinities. This manuscript deals with such complications and corrective actions using commercial nylon 6 films of CIDSC = 0-40%. X-ray diffraction measurements have been included to support the validity of our improved DSC methodology. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2219-2231, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2281-2292 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: conformation ; phonon dispersion ; α-helix ; normal modes ; poly(L-leucine) ; density of states ; heat capacity ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Poly(L-methionine) (PMet) is one of the two sulfur containing polyamino acids. Raman, FTIR spectra, and heat capacity measurements of PMet have been well interpreted through the normal mode analysis and the density of states derived therefrom. Earlier interpretation of heat capacity data is limited because it is based on the Tarasov model, wherein the concept of group frequency and skeletal similarity are used. A special feature of some dispersion curves is their tendency to bunch in the neighborhood of the helix angle. This has been attributed to the presence of strong intramolecular interactions. Repulsion between the dispersion curves is also observed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2281-2292, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2297-2307 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: crosslinked polymers ; photopolymerizations ; living radical polymerizations ; mechanical properties ; dynamic mechanical analysis ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Crosslinked polymer networks are used in a wide variety of applications. To use these materials effectively, a fundamental understanding of their structural evolution and the relationship between material properties and structure is essential. In this article, a novel technique employing “iniferters,” i.e., living radical polymerizations, to photopolymerize these networks is utilized to study the property and structural evolution of these highly desirable materials. Living radical polymerizations are used in this work since this technique avoids the problem of carbon radical trapping encountered while using conventional initiators. Dynamic mechanical measurements are performed on highly crosslinked methacrylate networks to glean information regarding their structural heterogeneity. By performing these measurements on homopolymerized samples at various stages of the reaction and on copolymerized samples of multifunctional methacrylates, the mechanical properties are characterized as a function of double bond conversion and comonomer composition. From such analyses, with respect to both temperature and frequency, quantitative conclusions regarding the structure of the networks are drawn. This effort is aimed at exploiting the living radical polymerizations initiated by p-xylylene bis(N,N-diethyl dithiocarbamate) (XDT), to study the mechanical property evolution and structural heterogeneity of crosslinked polymers which is nearly impossible otherwise. Polymers examined in this study include networks formed by homopolymerization of diethylene glycol dimethacrylate (DEGDMA) and polyethylene glycol 600 dimethacrylate (PEG600DMA) as well as copolymers of DEGDMA and PEG600DMA. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2297-2307, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 771-776 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Nafion ; positron annihilation ; free volume ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: We report a new result on positron annihilation studies in acid- and cation-neutralized (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, UO22+, Ni2+) Nafion membranes using positron lifetime and Doppler-broadened annihilation radiation (DBAR) measurements. The free-volume structure is characterized using a simple quantum mechanical model of positronium (Ps) in a spherical well. Our studies indicate that formation and expansion of clusters is always associated with a change in free-volume structure resulting in smaller free-volume holes. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 771-776, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 749-761 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polycarbonate ; polyglutanimide ; polymer blends ; copolymer ; compatibilization ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Imide units copolymerized with MMA units have been selected in order to improve compatibility between PC and acrylics through specific interaction or internal repulsion. Good dispersion of acrylic inside a PC matrix has been observed upon melt mixing, which can be partially explained by the good rheological agreement between these two polymers. Transmission electron microscopy has shown that the system remains phase separated from 5 to 95 wt % of PC. Phase diagrams for three different imide concentrations have been drawn. Results obtained by DSC (conventional and with enthalpy relaxation) are similar to those obtained by optical cloud point detection. The phase diagrams show the raise of the PC/PMMA demixtion curve (LCST type) when percentage of imide increases in the acrylic phase. Theoretical calculations on binary interaction energy density show a slight improvement of the interaction between acrylic and PC when imide percentage increases. Cloud point measurements on 50/50 PC/acrylic blends varying the imide concentration show that the improvement of compatibility deduced from the raise of the demixtion curve (LCST type) is more related to a kinetic effect (the high Tg of imidized samples is reducing macromolecule mobility) than specific interactions. The calculated favorable interactions are probably too weak to be detected with cloud point measurements. The microstructures obtained after crystallization of the PC phase under solvent vapors in phase separated PC/acrylics blends can also be explained by Tg effects. Moreover, solvent vapor exposure could be a powerful tool to determine the real thermodynamic behavior of the blends at room temperature. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 749-761, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 777-788 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: PMDA-ODA polyimide ; intrinsic molecular properties ; sheet mapping ; fabrication processes ; three-dimensional orientation functions ; anisotropic coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) ; anisotropic mechanical moduli ; anisotropic compliances ; anisotropic dielectric constants ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A practical methodology for the correlation and prediction of the process-property performance of advanced materials is developed. The model polymer studied is PMDA-ODA polyimide. The connecting link between the process and the properties is the structural state of the polymer. An essential ingredient for a quantitative characterization of the system is a knowledge of its phase state and intrinsic molecular properties. The intrinsic molecular properties define the limiting performance properties available to the polymer. Anisotropic films and sheets produced by five different fabrication processes are examined. Maps of the molecular symmetry axis, the orientation function, and the thickness distributions of two 50-in.-wide sheets fabricated differently are measured nondestructively for process comparison. Four other film fabrication processes are examined and their three-dimensional orientation states determined and correlated. A three-dimensional orientation function triangular plot permits simultaneous representation of the different fabrication processes on the same figure and allows the investigator to choose the most economic and efficient fabrication route. The structure-property study includes the structural correlation and intrinsic molecular property determination of the anisotropic coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), the anisotropic mechanical moduli and compliances, and the anisotropic dielectric constants. 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 777-788, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 831-839 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polymer blends ; analog calorimetry ; heat of mixing ; mean-field binary interaction model ; polystyrene ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Analog calorimetry is used to study the interaction between styrene and acrylonitrile repeat units. Electrostatic charge calculations were used as a guide to divide the polymer repeat units and analogs into groups. A mean-field binary interaction model was used to evaluate group interaction energies. The enthalpic interaction energy for the styrene-acrylonitrile pair from this study is 7.63 ± 0.12 cal/cm3 which is consistent with values obtained from phase behavior studies of poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) blends. The cyano group, C(TRIPLE BOND)N, of the acrylonitrile repeat unit has a permanent dipole. The results of this study suggest that the orientation of this dipole with respect to the backbone of the acrylonitrile unit strongly affects its interaction with styrene repeat unit. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 831-839, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 849-864 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: ABC block copolymers ; self-assembly ; microphases ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The random phase approximation has been used to extend the Leibler theory for the stability limit of a homogeneous melt of A-B diblock copolymers to examine the onset of microphase and macrophase separation in a variety of ABC block copolymer systems. The stability limit is located by the divergence of the collective structure factor of the melt. We introduce and analyze three models for ABC block copolymers: linear triblocks, random comb copolymers where a fixed number of A and B teeth are placed randomly along a C backbone, and statistical comb copolymers, with A or B teeth spaced regularly, but with sequences constructed using a two parameter Markov process. We compute order-disorder stability boundaries for the segregation strength parameter χABN at threshold as a function of χACN, χBCN, composition, and other model parameters, and compare the results for the three different architectural models. An interesting “reentrant order-disorder transition” is located in several model phase diagrams, and is associated with a peculiar situation in which more incompatibility causes less segregation. In the case of statistical combs, macrophase separation into two liquid phases can be favored over microphase separation. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 849-864, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1373-1381 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: PDLC ; LC droplet ; LC configuration ; electro-optical response ; conductance ; dielectric constant ; dielectric loss ; switching voltage ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films (5CB/PMMA, 60/40) of different droplet size were prepared by a solvent-induced phase separation method under different N2 flow speeds. The effects of droplet size on the thermal transitions of the LC and various dielectric properties such as dielectric constant, conductance, dielectric loss, and the electric field induced in a droplet were examined. The configuration of the LC in the film with smaller droplets can be identified by comparing the dielectric constant of the film with the one predicted by Boettcher's mixture formula. In addition, the effect of droplet size on the electro-optical response of the PDLC film was investigated. Variations of the conductance and the dielectric constant of the film were analyzed under various AC frequencies, with the purpose of elucidating the polarization mechanism of the LC molecules in the droplet. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1373-1381, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1415-1421 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: epitaxy ; recrystallization ; high-density polyethylene ; isotactic polypropylene ; morphology ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The recrystallization behavior of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) on the highly oriented isotactic polypropylene (iPP) substrates at temperatures below the melting temperature of HDPE has been investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy. The results obtained by the bright-field observation and the electron diffraction show that upon annealing the HDPE-quenched films on the oriented iPP substrates at temperatures below 125°C, only a small amount of HDPE recrystallizes on the iPP substrate with [001]HDPE//[001]iPP, while annealing the HDPE-quenched films at temperatures above 125°C, all of the HDPE crystallites recrystallize epitaxially on the iPP substrate with [001]HDPE//[101]iPP. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: 35: 1415-1421, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1433-1438 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polyelectrolyte gel ; reduced viscosity ; dipole-dipole attraction ; medium polarity ; copolymerization ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Copolymerization of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS, monomer 1) with 2-hydropropyl methacrylate (HPM, monomer 2) was conducted in ethylene glycol/water (1 : 1 in weight) at 70°C. The reactivity ratios estimated from the copolymer composition at low conversion are r1 = 2.31 ± 0.25 and r2 = 11.70 ± 1.05. The azeotropic composition was found at the monomer mole ratio AMPS/HPM equal to 8/2. Viscosity of these copolymers was measured in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and DMSO/tetrahydrofuran (THF) mixed solvent at 25 ± 0.05°C. Polyelectrolyte behavior was observed for all the copolymers, even in the mixed solvent containing 65 wt % of THF. The reduced viscosity at constant polymer concentration decreased with increasing THF content in the mixed solvent. The copolymers having AMPS repeat units more than 42 mol % precipitated in the mixed solvent when the THF was beyond 68 wt %. The viscosity reduction and precipitation in the copolymer solutions with increasing THF can be attributed to the dipole-dipole attraction between ion-pairs formed in less-polar medium. This is helpful in understanding the volume phase transition in highly charged hydrogels caused by mixing solvents. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1433-1438, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1261-1267 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: FTIR-ATR spectroscopy ; gravimetric sorption ; diffusion ; polymer ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In this study, vapor sorption FTIR-ATR (Fourier Transform Infrared Attenuated Total Reflectance) spectroscopy was combined with a conventional gravimetric sorption balance to examine diffusion in polymers. Mutual diffusion coefficients of methyl ethyl ketone in polyisobutylene were measured using both methods at various penetrant activities and temperatures in the range 40-60°C. Actual penetrant concentrations were determined from the sorption balance. The diffusion coefficients from the two techniques agree very well with each other. In addition, the diffusivity data from both techniques could be correlated successfully as a function of temperature and concentration with the Vrentas and Duda free-volume model. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1261-1267, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1269-1277 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: poly(4-methylpentene-1) ; hydrogenated oligo (cyclopentadiene) ; blends ; miscibility ; mechanical properties ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: This article discusses the influence of the oligomeric resin, hydrogenated oligo(cyclopentadiene) (HOCP), on the morphology, and thermal and tensile mechanical properties of its blends with isotactic poly(4-methylpentene-1) (P4MP1). The P4MP1 and HOCP are found not miscible in the melt state. P4MP1/HOCP blends after solidification contain three phases: the crystalline phase of P4MP1, an amorphous phase of P4MP1, and an amorphous phase of HOCP. From optical micrographs obtained at 150°C, it is found that the solidified blends show a morphology constituted by P4MP1 microspherulites and small HOCP domains homogeneously distributed in intraspherulitic regions. DSC and DMTA results show that the blends present two glass transition temperatures (Tg) equal to the Tgs of the pure components. The tensile mechanical properties have been investigated at 20, 60, and 120°C. At 20°C both the HOCP oligomer and the amorphous P4MP1 are glassy, and it is found that all the blends are brittle and the stress-strain curves have equal trends. At 60°C the HOCP oligomer is glassy, whereas the amorphous P4MP1 is rubbery. The tensile mechanical properties at 60°C are found to depend on blend composition. It is found that the Young's modulus, the stresses at yielding and break points slightly decrease with HOCP content in the blends and these results are related to the decrease of blend crystallinity. The decrease of the elongation at break is accounted for by the presence of glassy HOCP domains that act as defects in the P4MP1 matrix, hampering the drawing. At 120°C both the amorphous phases are rubbery. It is found decreases of Young's modulus, stresses at yielding and break points. These results have been related to the decrease of blend crystallinity and to the increase of the total rubbery amorphous phase. Moreover, it is found that the blends present elongations at break equal to that of pure P4MP1. This constancy is attributed to: (a) at 120°C the HOCP domains are rubbery and their presence seems not to disturb the drawing of the samples; (b) a sufficient number of the tie-molecules and entanglements of P4MP1 present in the blends. In fact, although the numbers of tie-molecules and entanglements decrease in the blends, increasing the HOCP oligomer, they seem to be enough to keep the material interlaced and avoid earlier rupture. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1269-1277, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1311-1331 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: branched prepolymers ; hydrosilylation cure ; densely crosslinked polymers ; thermal and mechanical properties ; tough-brittle transition ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The thermal and mechanical properties of two densely crosslinked polycarbosiloxane systems were investigated in relation to the molecular structure. The networks were prepared from functional branched prepolymers and crosslinked via a hydrosilylation curing reaction. The prepolymers having only vinyl functionalities (poly[phenylmethylvinyl]siloxanes) were crosslinked by using crosslinking agents with reactive silicon-hydrogen groups. In prepolymers having both silicon-vinyl and silicon-hydrogen groups (poly[phenylmethylvinylhydro)]siloxanes crosslinking took place intermolecularly. The thermal and mechanical properties of the polymer networks were found to be dependent on the phenyl —Si—O3/2 (branches) content in the prepolymer, the number of elastically effective crosslinks, the elastically effective network chain density and molecular weight between crosslinks, length of the chain segments introduced by the hydrosilylation crosslinking reaction, and the number of dangling ends. As a consequence of the dense crosslinking, the mechanical properties were also strongly dependent on the glass transition temperature. A tough-brittle transition was observed around the glass transition temperature of the polymer networks. The properties of the poly(phenylmethylvinylhydro)siloxane networks were found to be superior to those of the poly(phenylmethylvinyl)siloxane networks. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1311-1331, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1361-1372 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polymer ; infrared ; attenuated total reflection (ATR) ; dichroism ; molecular orientation ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The orientation of molecular chains in polymers cannot be easily extracted from ATR spectra measurements. One can infer the orientation parameters by using plausible models that describe the type of the statistical distribution of the molecular chains in the sample. In this work, we are interested in the case of weakly aligned polymers. Therefore, we first adjusted the partial axial orientation model usually applied for strongly oriented polymers to the samples under our investigations and second, related the parameters describing the orientation configuration to the dichroic ratios in four particular molecular chain distributions: randomly, totally, partially, and elliptically oriented. A new method that leads to the determination of these dichroic ratios from ATR spectra is presented. This method is based only on the use of three distinct polarizations of the beam. Thus, all the practical difficulties usually encountered in the other methods are eliminated. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1361-1372, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1405-1414 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: silk fibroin ; FT-IR spectroscopy ; hydrogen bonds ; polyacrylonitrile ; poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl acrylate) ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: FT-IR spectroscopy was used to study the specific interactions in polyacrylonitrile-silk fibroin (PAN-SF) and poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl acrylate)-silk fibroin (PANMA-SF) blends. No specific interaction was found in PAN-SF blends. In PANMA-SF blends, however, a new 1703 cm-1 band, assigned to be hydrogen-bonded carbonyl groups of PANMA, appears, and its intensity depends on the compositions of the blends and the MA contents in PANMA. Furthermore, when the sample was heated, considerable changes in position and intensities of the hydrogen-bonded bands, in both stretching regions of the carbonyl group of PANMA and the hydroxl group of SF, were found, and these changes were irreversible on cooling. Finally, we suggested that the bands of hydrogen bonds in PANMA-SF blends may be the average result of several kinds of possible hydrogen bondings. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1405-1414, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1423-1432 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: crystallite ; Kevlar ; moisture sorption ; poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) ; wide-angle x-ray diffraction ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Wide-angle x-ray diffraction studies were performed for as-spun wet poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) fiber. The effects of sorbed water on the equatorial diffractions from the (110) and (200) crystal planes and on the meridional diffractions from the (002), (004), and (006) crystal planes were analyzed during desorption and absorption. There was no significant change in the d-spacing from the respective crystal plane irrespective of the moisture (water) regain. The ratio of the diffracted intensity from the (110) diffraction to that from the (200) diffraction remarkably increased by removing the sorbed water. The crystallite size estimated from the (110) diffraction, L110, also increased as the moisture regain decreased, while the L200 did not increase. The longitudinal size of paracrystallite, D001, also remarkably increased with the decrease in moisture regain with the lattice distortion factor, gII, kept unchanged. These results strongly suggested the growth of the crystallite via hydrogen bonds in the lateral (b-axis) direction. The growth of the lateral size of crystallite also accompanied the longitudinal growth of crystallite during desorption. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1423-1432, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1449-1461 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: adhesion ; oxide coating ; fragmentation test ; molecular orientation ; substrate temperature ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Fragmentation tests in the uniaxial mode were performed on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films coated with a 100 nm thin silicon oxide layer. The coating's fragmentation process was analyzed in light of the mechanical behavior of the polymer substrate. It was shown that, upon unloading samples strained to less than 4% nominal strain, strain recovery leads to the closure of coating cracks. The usual fragmentation diagram, which shows the crack density (CD) versus applied strain, was used to identify the various energy dissipation mechanisms controlling the fragmentation process. An alternative presentation of CD versus true stress provided accurate measurements of both fragmentation and saturation onsets. The interfacial strength was modeled from the CD at saturation according to the Kelly-Tyson approach, including a Weibull distribution of the coating strength. The prediction was compared to the substrate shear stress at saturation. Effects of substrate yield, temperature, and molecular orientation are discussed. It was shown that the coating deposition by evaporation on the PET substrate did not induce structural changes at the polymer interface, whereas heat treatments increased the polymer crystallinity in the interfacial zone, resulting in higher interfacial strength. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1449-1461, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1533-1543 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polysilane ; lamellar microstructure ; crystal structure ; crystallization kinetics ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The thermal behavior and physical structure of atactic poly(methyl-n-propylsilane) (PMPrS) have been investigated by complementary techniques. Temperature-dependent wide-angle X-ray scattering as well as thermal analysis clearly indicate that atactic PMPrS crystallizes below 40°C in a monoclinic lattice with PMPrS adopting an all-trans planar zigzag conformation. Above 40°C, the polymer is in the isotropic amorphous state. A restricted analysis of the structure factors of PMPrS has been performed, indicating that the zigzag planes most probably lie in (110) planes. The chains pack with little interpenetration, and the crystals may be considered as bundles of long, closely packed prisms. The restricted interlocking of neighboring chains results, in turn, in a poor register of the chains along the c-axis. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy reveals that the crystallized polymer adopts a lamellar microstructure, with parallel lamellae tending to form tight bundles. Both electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering indicate crystal thicknesses of about 60 Å. Finally, PMPrS was found to crystallize with a nucleation-controlled type of kinetics. Avrami exponents were calculated as n ≈ 1, suggesting a fibrillar growth geometry compatible with the absence of spherulitic superstructure. A double-melting behavior is also observed for PMPrS. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1533-1543, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1575-1588 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: poly(naphthalic anhydride) ; crystal structure ; electron diffraction ; confined thin film melt polymerization ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Single crystals of poly(naphthalic anhydride) (PNA) have been grown using our confined thin film melt polymerization technique. Lamellae, 70-100 Å thick, are found for the crystals polymerized at 180°C with thinner lamellae for a 200°C polymerization temperature. In addition, irregular lath-shaped crystals are found for both polymerization temperatures, apparently formed by a solid-state polymerization process within the original needle-like monomer crystals. The crystal structure of PNA has been studied by electron diffraction (ED) and computer modeling based on seven different zonal ED patterns. It is found that, in most cases, two or three different zonal patterns are superimposed with a common plane, suggesting variable chain tilting even in individual lamellae. Shearing of the material shortly after the initiation of polymerization, permitted obtaining an additional [010] zone ED pattern. A monoclinic unit cell with one chain, two repeat units is proposed based on measurements of 21 independent reflections; the space group is Pc11; a = 6.26 Å, b = 4.33 Å, c = 18.60 Å, and α = 122.5°. The computer-simulated (Cerius2) molecular conformation and chain packing are described with the corresponding simulated electron diffraction patterns being in good agreement with the observed ones. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1575-1588, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1589-1592 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: poly(tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate) ; poly(2-ethylbutyl acrylate) ; characteristic ratio ; glass transition temperature ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis, characteristic ratio C∞ and glass transition temperature (Tg) of poly(tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate) (PTHFA) and of poly(2-ethylbutyl acrylate) (P2EBA) are reported. P2EBA has slightly lower flexibility (C∞ = 9.2) than PTHFA (C∞ = 8.6), mainly because of the higher bulkiness of its side group and the closer proximity to the main chain. The C∞ results compared with the corresponding polymethacrylates show an increase in flexibility due to the absence of the α-methyl group. Comparison with poly(methyl acrylate) clearly shows the influence of the bulkiness of the side group on the chain flexibility. The lower Tg of P2EBA than that of PTHFA may be explained by the higher flexibility of the 2-ethylbutyl side group. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1589-1592, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1621-1631 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: pulsed photothermal radiometry ; thermal diffusivity ; polymer films ; chain orientation ; thermal anisotropy ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: We have developed a pulsed photothermal radiometry technique for determining the thermal diffusivity parallel to the surface of a polymer film that involves flashing a line-shaped laser beam on the surface of the sample at right angle to its length, and monitoring the temperature change with time at a distance from the line source using an infrared detector. Combining this with our previous laser-flash radiometry method for thermal diffusivity measurement perpendicular to the film surface, we can now measure the thermal diffusivity of a polymer film along all directions. These two techniques have been used to study uniaxially and biaxially oriented poly(ethylene terephalate) and uniaxially drawn ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene films. For uniaxially oriented poly(ethylene terephalate), the thermal diffusivity along the draw direction is substantially higher than that in the transverse direction, which in turn, is slightly higher than that in the thickness direction. For a polyethylene film with a draw ratio of 200, the axial thermal diffusivity is extremely high, being about five times that of stainless steel. The anisotropy of the thermal diffusivity of this film exceeds 90. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1621-1631, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1649-1650 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2245-2258 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) ; ethanol ; n-pentane ; solubility ; diffusivity ; mobility ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The diffusion coefficient of ethanol and of n-pentane in PTMSP, at 27°C, was measured as a function of concentration up to a penetrant content of about 12% by weight, for polymer samples obtained through different processes; differential sorptions and desorptions with vapor phases were considered. In the case of ethanol a nonmonotonous behavior was observed for the diffusivity, while in the case of n-pentane the same property was found to monotonously decrease with increasing the penetrant content. The sorption isotherms were also reported, indicating that n-pentane exhibits a typical dual mode behavior, while ethanol follows an unusual s-shape curve. The chemical potential of the dissolved penetrants, calculated directly from the isotherms, shows the very different importance of the energetic interactions of the two penetrants with the polymer units. In spite of the remarkably different concentration dependencies observed for both solubility and diffusivity of the two penetrants, the mobility factors are in both cases monotonously decreasing with the penetrant concentration, and follow very similar trends. The significant differences observed for the concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficients are, thus, associated to the thermodynamic contributions, which are very different for n-pentane and ethanol. Different polymeric films, obtained through different solvent evaporation processes, show quite different solubility, diffusivity and mobility for both ethanol and n-pentane. On the other hand, the ratio between the mobility of the two penetrants as well as the slope of mobility as function of the concentration remains the same for all the different samples inspected. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2245-2258, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2193-2194 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2385-2389 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: optical polymer films ; nonlinear optical polymer ; crosslinked polymer ; polymer waveguides ; solubility ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: No abstract.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polyimide membrane ; ultraviolet light irradiation ; crosslinking ; physical changes ; gas permeability ; sorption property ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Two types of polyimide membranes; one crosslinkable and the other noncrosslinkable using ultraviolet light irradiation (UV irradiation), were prepared and investigated concerning the effect of UV irradiation on their gas permeabilities and selectivities. Permeability and diffusion coefficients for O2, N2, H2, and CO2 were determined using the vacuum pressure and time lag method. Sorption properties for carbon dioxide were carried out to evaluate the changes in the free volume in the membranes due to the irradiation. In both membranes, permeability coefficients for all gases used in this study decreased and permselectivity, particularly for H2 over N2, increased with increasing UV irradiation time without a significant decrease in the flux of H2. The coefficients depended on the membrane thickness, suggesting asymmetrical changes in both membranes due to UV irradiation. It was suggested by an attenuated total reflection (ATR) FTIR method and analysis of the gas sorption properties of the membranes that the physical changes due to UV irradiation at the irradiated side in both membranes significantly affected their gas permeation properties compared with the chemical changes, especially the crosslinking in the crosslinkable type. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2259-2269, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2271-2280 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polymer ; blends ; interface ; morphology ; interfacial tension ; breaking thread ; coalescence ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The breaking thread and the sessile drop methods have been used to evaluate the interfacial tension between a polypropylene (PP) and a polyethylene-terephthalate (PET). An excellent correlation was found between the two. The breaking thread technique was then used to evaluate the interfacial tension of these blends at various levels of a styrene-ethylene butylene-styrene grafted with maleic anhydride (SEBS-g-MA) compatibilizer. In order to evaluate the relative roles of coalescence and interfacial tension in controlling dispersed phase size reduction during compatibilization, the morphology of PP/PET 1/99 and 10/90 blends compatibilized by a SEBS-g-MA were studied and compared. The samples were prepared in a Brabender mixer. For the 10/90 blend, the addition of the compatibilizer leads to a typical emulsification curve, and a decrease in dispersed phase size of 3.4 times is observed. For the 1/99 blend, a 1.7 times reduction in particle size is observed. In the latter case, this decrease can only be attributed to the decrease of the interfacial tension. It is evident from these results that the drop in particle size for the 10/90 PP/PET blend after compatibilization is almost equally due to diminished coalescence and interfacial tension reduction. These results were corroborated with the interfacial tension data in the presence of the copolymer. A direct relationship between the drop in dispersed phase size for the 1/99 PP/PET blend and the interfacial tension reduction was found for this predominantly shear mixing device. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2271-2280, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2379-2384 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: ultrasound degradation ; microwave degradation ; polyamides ; polypeptides ; polyglutamates ; polyaspartates ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: No abstract.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2391-2396 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: surface stresses of elastic networks ; modulus ; reduced stress ; polydimethylsiloxane network ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: For thin elastic films of crosslinked polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), the tensile modulus was found to be an increasing function of reciprocal thickness over the whole range of elongations. PDMS films between 0.052 and 0.018 mm were investigated. With decreasing film thickness, surface properties may be expected to increasingly contribute to the measured modulus. For small elongations, surface tension is expected to have no effect or to decrease the measured modulus compared with that of a bulk sample. If a surface layer with a modulus greater than that of the bulk modulus is assumed to exist, then the observed increase in modulus with decreasing film thickness can be explained. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2391-2396, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2409-2419 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: MALDI-TOF-MS ; Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization ; poly(methyl methacrylate) ; α-methylstyrene ; copolymer ; standard reference materials ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI) Time of Flight (TOF) Mass Spectrometry (MS) was used to study the molecular weight distribution (MWD) and the number of α-methyl styrene (α-MeSty) repeat units in SRM 1487, a narrow MWD poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) standard reference material of about 6300 g/mol, which was initiated with α-MeSty. It was found that each PMMA polymer chain had from zero to seven α-MeStys per chain. The MWD of the polymer chains containing a fixed number of α-MeStys was obtained. The MWD, Mw, and the average number of α-MeSty at a given molecular weight from MALDI TOF MS compare well with those obtained from more traditional methods such as ultracentrifugation and Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC). The implications of the number of α-MeStys per chain is discussed in terms of the chemistry of anionic polymerization. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2409-2419, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2435-2445 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: diffusion ; interphase ; composition profiles ; interdiffusion ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An experimental method to determine interphase composition profiles in amorphous polymers pairs and polymer-solvent pairs is presented. The method is based on the measurement of dynamic mechanical properties of slender composite beams, and well-established properties of amorphous polymer homogeneous blends and solutions. The method does not require tracers. A simple calibration procedure is included in the description, and some results for a polystyrene-polystyrene pair are used to illustrate the method application. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2435-2445, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2465-2481 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: tensile drawing ; morphology ; polybutylene ; terephthalate ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The concept of the drawing of a molecular network has been employed to derive a total network draw ratio from the combination of the two deformations occurring in the production of poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT, fibers by the consecutive processes of melt spinning and cold drawing. The mechanical properties of PBT can then be more readily explained in terms of increases in this total network draw ratio. However, the preorientation and crystallization that occurs in the melt-spinning process can occur at different strain rates and temperatures, depending on the wind up speed employed, on the extensional viscosity of the polymer, and on the variation of the extensional viscosity with temperature. Therefore, for polymers such as poly(butylene terephthalate), which can exist in two crystalline forms, the morphology of the final drawn fiber might be expected to depend on the first melt-spinning stage of the process as well as on the total network draw ratio. In this work, density, birefringence, mechanical measurements, and WAXD measurements, which have been made on the melt-spun fibers and on the drawn fibers, are described. Small differences in some of the drawn yarn mechanical properties at the same overall network draw ratio are related to the crystallinity and in particular to differences in the proportion of the α and β phases present in the drawn yarn. These in turn are related to differences in the temperature and stress during melt spinning and drawing. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2465-2481, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2503-2510 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: rheology ; diffusion ; star-branched polymers ; polyisoprene ; terminal viscosity ; molecular weight dependence ; temperature dependence ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Recent experimental investigation of the terminal relaxation in high molecular weight polyisoprenes by dynamic mechanical measurements (C. A. Bero and C.M. Roland, Macromolecules, 29, 1562 (1996)) has found the terminal relaxation times to be more sensitive to changes in temperature for three-arm stars than for the linear polyisoprenes. Moreover, these measurements, carried out with significantly higher molecular weight samples than heretofore, show that the molecular weight dependence of the terminal relaxation times for three-arm star polyisoprenes is much weaker than the exponential dependence previously proposed (L. J. Fetters, et al., Macromolecules, 26, 647 (1993)). Tracer diffusion of labeled linear and three-arm star polyethylene-like diffusant molecules in a highly entangled linear polyethylene matrix exhibit temperature and molecular weight dependencies similar to those observed spectroscopically from bulk polymers. Both the temperature and molecular weight dependencies for the star-branched polymers are at variance with the predictions of the reptation model. It is shown here, however, that these observations can be reconciled through application of the coupling model of relaxation. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2503-2510, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2535-2541 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: hydrogels ; rheology ; crosslinking ; power law ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The rheological behavior of two hydrogels, poly(sodium acrylate) and polyacrylamide gels, synthesized in the presence of the same crosslinking agent molecule, N,N′-methylene bis-acrylamide, has been investigated. The variation of the norm of the complex shear modulus |G*| vs. the monomer concentration (sodium acrylate or acrylamide) exhibited a different power law, depending on the nature of the monomer molecule. This discrepancy was ascribed to the influence of the properties of the monomer molecules on the crosslinked structure of the gelified networks. The analysis of the experimental results have allowed the suggestion that the elasticity exponent value was dependent on the length and on the conformation of the polymer chains connecting the junctions points of the network. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2535-2541, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2565-2570 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Semicrystalline morphology ; lamellar structure ; poly(aryl-ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) ; poly(ether-imide) (PEI) ; staining ; TEM ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: No abstract.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1643-1648 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: block copolymer ; order-disorder transition ; dynamic light scattering ; depolarized scattering ; fluctuations ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1677-1700 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: x-ray structural analysis ; polymers ; imaging plate ; direct method ; polyethylene ; polyoxymethylene ; isotactic polybutene-1 ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A software and some useful tools have been developed for identifying individual x-ray reflectional peaks recorded with an x-ray imaging plate system. These techniques were applied to analyze the crystal structure of uniaxially oriented polymer samples. Characteristic features of the present method may be summarized as follows. (1) The indexing of the observed reflections and the determination of the unit cell parameters can be made easily on the display of the computer. (2) The integrated intensity of the individual component of the overlapped reflections can be evaluated quantitatively through the curve separation technique. The Rmerge's for the equivalent reflections were 5-6%, indicating the exact evaluation of the integrated intensities. (3) The thus obtained reflectional data were successfully utilized for the extraction of the initial structural models by the direct method. The actual applications have been made for orthorhombic polyethylene, trigonal polyoxymethylene, and isotactic polybutene-1, giving the refined crystal structures including even the positions of hydrogen atoms in some cases. The reliability factors were 12, 5, and 15%, respectively, for these three polymer cyrstals. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1677-1700, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1701-1709 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) ; syndiotactic PVA ; syndiotacticity ; syndiotactic sequence ; PVA-iodine complex ; aggregation ; microgels ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of the dissolved state of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) molecules in water on the color development due to PVA-iodine complexes was investigated at each given PVA and iodine concentration using two kinds of syndiotactic-rich PVA (S-PVA) which are unstable in water because of the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds and form the complex easily. In the reaction mixtures prepared by mixing PVA solutions and an iodine solution, the color development was constant and independent of standing time of the PVA solution before the addition of iodine up to a certain time, after which it decreased with the standing time. The color development obtained with use of the PVA solution allowed to stand for a fixed time was higher for S-PVA with a lower s-(diad)%. In the case of the reaction mixture prepared by dissolving PVA in an iodine solution, the color development was higher for S-PVA with a higher s-(diad)%. The initial ratio of the I5-/I3- and the rate of decrease in the ratio of I5-/I3- were larger than those in the preceding case. The color development decreased for the PVA with an s-(diad) % of 58, whereas it increased for the PVA an s-(diad) % of 61.3 with increasing propanol content, an inhibitor of gelation. From these results, the aggregates of PVA molecules have been assumed to play an important role in forming the complexes. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1701-1709, 1997
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1887-1897 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: dielectric relaxation ; correlation functions ; polymer relaxation ; alpha processes ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Recently, tables of parameters used to represent experimental dielectric relaxation data as well as autocorrelation functions have become available. The experimental and autocorrelation function data were represented with the Havriliak-Negami function using rigorous statistical techniques. These tables include not only parameters and their temperature dependencies, but also the confidence intervals for all of the parameters. The important parameters for this work are the two shape parameters, α and β, which represent the width and skewness of the relaxation process, respectively. A comparison is made between the experimental data and several autocorrelation functions by calculating the minimum distance (in units of standard deviations) between the experimental values of αβ parameters for a specific polymer and the αβ parameters corresponding to the autocorrelation functions reported in these tables. Quantities derived from these minimum distances (a distribution function and an error function) are reported for each of the autocorrelation functions. These results are discussed in terms of the basic assumptions of the mode coupling theory. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1887-1897, 1997
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    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 25-32 
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Two methionine-specific sequence ions are described that are formed upon the dissociation of protonated methionine-containing peptides at high (keV) collision energies. These ions, hiherto unassigned, are denoted an + 1 - CH3S⋅ and zn + 1 - CH3S⋅. Precursor ion scans reveal that these species originate from the an + 1 and zn + 1 ions, respectively, where methionine resides at position n-1 relative to the N- or C-terminus. A comparison of the collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra for several related peptides demonstrates that methionine residues are involved in the genesis of these species and mechanisms for their formation are proposed. Several structural features of a peptide that are important to the formation of these species are described. The importance of identifying these ions in order to correctly sequence a methionine-containing peptide based on its CID spectrum is illustrated.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995) 
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 153-157 
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of metal cationization on the collision-induced decomposition of 2,3-diphenylpropenoic acid derivatives was studied with the help of linked scan (B/E = constant) spectra of their [M + H]+, [M - H]-, [M + Met]+, [M + 2Met - H]+ and [M + Met - H]+ ions using metal ions such as Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+, Ag+ and Ba2+. Decarboxylation is triggered by metal cationization.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 163-171 
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The LSIMS beam-induced dehalogenation of several 4-halo-phenylalanine methyl esters (I, Br, Cl, F) was investigated and compared to that of atrazine using 12 different matrix compounds including diethyl phthalate for which the empirical electron affinity was known. The extent of dehalogenation, induced by a one-electron reduction process, is in agreement with the leaving group ability of the corresponding halogens (I 〉Br 〉Cl 〉F) and the dehalogenation inhibiting efficiency of the matrices. The latter is rationalized in terms of electron scavenging capacity and matrix structural features relating to that capacity. The extent of dehalogenation observed for 4-I-phenylalanine methyl ester is similar to that of atrazine, a chlorinated compound, which indicates that the halogen effect is not overwhelming in determining the extent of dehalogenation. The bracketing of matrix reduction potential was attempted based on the propensity of the matrices to induce M+· formation from analytes of known oxidation potentials. The ability of matrices to induce M+· formation parallels their dehalogenation and reduction inhibiting efficiencies. The last observation underlines the importance of matrix redox properties in effecting or inhibiting beam-induced processes, be they reductive or oxidative.
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    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Amino acid/transition metal chloride mixtures were studied by plasma desorption mass spectrometry. The six aliphatic α-amino acids were considered: glycine (Gly), alanine (Ala), valine (Val), leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile) and proline (Pro), together with four transition metal chloride salts: CoCl2, NiCl2, CuCl2 and FeCl2. Mixtures spectra show that MCat+ complexes are formed where M = amino acid and Cat = Co, Ni, Cu or FeCl. Fragmentations of MCat+ ions lead to both organometallic and organic ions. Isotopic labelling has allowed to demonstrate some fragmentation mechanisms.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 180-183 
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization and a magnetic sector instrument was used to detect multiply charged molecules for the non-covalently bound dimeric subunit protein complexes of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (Mr ∼ 80 000) and the tetrameric complexes of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (Mr ∼ 147 000) and rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase (Mr ∼ 232 000). Ions for the pyruvate kinase complex represent one of the largest intact protein complexes resolved by mass spectrometry. Solvation of the large gas phase complexes is indicated by the mass spectrometric results.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Notes: The electron impact mass spectra of nine solanidane N-oxides show, in addition to the known typical fragmentation pattern of the solanidane moiety, the fragment ions [M - C5H9]+ and [C6H12NO]+, due to thermal Cope syn-eliminations caused by the N-oxide function and subsequent cleavage of the bonds between C(22) and C(23) and between C(20) and C(22), respectively, in the so-obtained cyclic N,N-dialkylhydroxylamines.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 194-200 
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The gas-phase chemistry of Fe(C6H4)n+ (n = 1-6) with C60 is studied by using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The formation of some ionic phenylene derivatives and metallacyclic derivatives of C60 is observed. Specifically, Fe+, generated by laser desorption, reacts with chlorobenzene to form iron-benzyne, FeC6H4+, which initiates further reactions with chlorobenzene to form Fe(C6H4)2-6+ and (C6H4)2-5+. Fe(C6H4)1-4+ react with C60 to form metalated fullerene derivatives, C60Fe(C6H4)1-4+. C60Fe(C6H4)1, 2+ undergo a demetalation reaction with chlorobenzene to yield the fullerene phenylene derivatives C60(C6H4)1, 2+, 8 and 9, through formation of C—C bonds with C60. CID experiments and kinetic analysis indicate that each of the C60Fe(C6H4)1, 2+ species consists of a single isomer, presumably the metallacycles 12 and 14. Consistent with the typical reactions of metal-benzyne complexes with alkenes in the condensed phase, these metallacyclic structures are believed to be formed through coupling of one of the double bonds at the 6,6 ring junction in C60 with an Fe—C σ bond of Fe(benzyne)+. These results are consistent with the notion that C60 acts like an electron deficient alkene rather than an aromatic molecule, and suggest a possible synthetic route to prepare this type of metallo-C60 derivatives in the condensed phase. Finally, ligand displacement reactions yield a bond dissociation energy of D°(Fe+—C60) = 44 ± 7 kcal/mol.
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  • 88
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 206-211 
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Millimetre-sized crystals of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (sinapinic acid) were grown from a cytochrome c/matrix solution. Effects of sample exposure to UV laser irradiation on the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectra are reported for such single crystals. The exposure was varied by irradiating the same sample spot with different numbers of UV-laser pulses. The ion yield and mass resolution were monitored as a function of the sample exposure. Further, the minimum deposited laser energy needed for protein ion production (the threshold energy) for single crystals was determined for incidence angles between 35° and 60° with respect to the target surface normal. The results were compared with those obtained for polycrystalline samples containing micrometre-sized crystals.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Ion-molecule reactions occurring in a pentaquadrupole mass spectrometer are used to generate and characterize ions in which one or two pyridine molecules are bound by a +CN cation. Cyanide cation binds strongly to the nitrogen atom of pyridine to generate a mono-adduct, which undergoes pyridine exchange reactions and from which one can generate the dipyridine adduct in low abundance. The dimeric ions have two structures, loosely bound and covalently bound, and both fragment to yield the constituent cyanide-bound monomers. In the case of dimers comprised of meta-substituted alkylpyridines, there is a quantitative correlation between relative cyanide cation affinity, as measured using the kinetic method, and literature values of relative proton affinities. These dimers fragment analogously to the corresponding H+- and Cl+- bound dimers, and on this basis are assigned analogous structures, viz. the loosely bound form Py1—+CN—Py2. Semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations show that both pyridines are bound to the carbon atom of the cyanide cation. Making the assumption that the effective temperatures of the activated cyanide-bound dimers are similar to those of the corresponding Cl+- and H+-bound dimers, relative +CN cation affinities are estimated to be 1.5 kcal mol-1 (3-MePy), 1.7 kcal mol-1 (4-MePy), 2.6 kcal mol-1 (3-EtPy), 3.5 kcal mol-1 (3-n-BuPy) and 3.6 kcal mol-1 (3,5-diMePy), all expressed relative to pyridine (1 kcal = 4.184 kJ). A linear relationship between the relative +CN affinity and relative proton affinity (PA) is derived as Δ +CN affinity (kcal mol-1) = 0.78 (ΔPA), with the assumption that the +CN dimer effective temperature is 600 K. The estimated uncertainty is 0.5 kcal mol-1. Relative +CN affinities of pairs of pyridines are smaller by ca. 1 kcal mol-1 than the corresponding Cl+ affinities. Dimers in which one of the pyridines is meta-chlorine- or para-alkyl-substituted have the covalently bound, ring-carbon-substituted structure, in which the +CN group is attached to the pyridine nitrogen and the second pyridine molecule is bound to a ring carbon. The fragmentation of these isomeric dimers yields the corresponding monomers, in addition to other minor ions, but the distribution of the cyanide cation between the two pyridines does not correlate with Cl+ affinity or proton affinity. In the special cases of the 3-methylpyridine-3-n-butylpyridine and the 4-methylpyridine-pyridine cyanide cation adducts, both the loosely bound dimer and the covalently bound adduct are generated and distinguished by their fragmentation behavior. Evidence for the formation of the covalently bound, ring-carbon-substituted structure was also obtained in semi empirical AMI calculations.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: High-performance liquid chromatography megaflow electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ES-MS/MS) with an on-line radioisotope detector was used to identify [2,4,6-14C] atrazine degradation products generated by treatment with Fenton's reagent (Fe2+ and H2O2). Fenton's reagent produced dealkylated and/or partially oxidized [2,4,6-14C] atrazine products in preference to dechlorinated products. Seven major products were identified by collision-induced dissociation spectra: 4-acetamido-2-chloro-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine, 4-amino-2-chloro-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine, 4-acetamido-2-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazine, 6-amino-2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-s-triazine, 4-acetamido-6-amino-2-chloro-s-triazine, 2-chloro-4,6-diamino-s-triazine and the first report of 4-acetamido-2-hydroxy-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine. HPLC/ES-MS/MS provided a rapid method for identifying a wide range of atrazine transformation products in aqueous samples and obviated the need for fraction collection, extraction, and chemical derivatization of the more polar atrazine products. Furthermore, because analyte retention times in HPLC/UV and HPLC/ES-MS/MS were similar, compound identities determined using the latter could be directly assigned to peaks in UV chromatograms.
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  • 91
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 466-472 
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The sensitivity of high-precision liquid chromatography/combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LC/C-IRMS) was improved by more than two orders of magnitude by modifications which permit optimization of flows. The lower limits for high precision are about 3 μg of analyte on-column for flow injection and LC modes. Pneumatic aerosol spray coating was implemented and compared with simple dip coating. The signal enhancement for aerosol compared with dip coating is up fourfold at higher levels but drops to less than twofold at lower levels, while the dynamic range is extended at higher levels by fourfold at high sample load levels. LC separations for underivatized tocopherols, retinyl acetate and ergocalciferol are demonstrated with precision and accuracy of about δ13C 〈 2.5% for replicates. This work demonstrates sensitivity useful for a wide range of LC analyses and extends high-precision LC/C-IRMS to the determination of several fat-soluble vitamins.
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  • 92
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 473-477 
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The backbone cleavages of 14 sodiated tripeptides of the series Gly-Gly-Xxx, where Xxx = Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Phe, Tyr, Met, Glu, Pro, Trp, Lys, His and Arg, were studied in a hybrid tandem mass spectrometer. A C-terminal y-type ion of the form y1 + Na + H was noted in all cases studied. N-Terminal bn + Na + 17, bn + Na - H and an + Na - H ions, along with internal fragments, were also noted. Because information on sodium affinities of amino acids is limited, the sodiated tripeptides studied were compared not only with the rank ordering of amino acid sodium affinities, but also on the basis of available proton affinities. A linear relationship between log[(y1 + Na + H)/(b2 + Na + 17)] and the proton affinity of the C-terminal amino acid substituents was found: as the proton affinity of the C-terminal residue increases, the fraction of y1 ion formation increases. When the C-terminal substituent was more basic than Trp, the correlation does not hold, probably because the highly basic amino acids, Lys, His, and Arg, are cationized on the side-chain instead of on the terminal amino group.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Incorporation of amino acids labeled with stable isotopes in apoliproproteins is used to estimate kinetic aspects of lipoprotein metabolism. In this study two deuterated tracers, [5,5,5-2H3]leucine and [ring-2H5]phenylalanine, were compared. Isolation and acid hydrolysis of apolipoproteins are required for mass spectrometric analysis. When apolipoprotein B100 of very low density liproproteins was prepared with this procedure, a loss of deuterium was observed on deuterated phenylalanine with 10 and 6 M HCl hydrolysis but not with deuterated leucine or when 4 M HCl hydrolysis was used. This study stre sses the effect of acid hydrolysis on [ring-2H5]phenylalanine. This tracer must be used with caution in studies of specific protein synthesis.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The analysis of oligonucleotides by mass spectrometry should give information on both the molecular mass and sequence. Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry gives both in one step. Until now glycerol, thioglycerol and triethanolamine have been used as matrices for the analysis of oligonucleotides by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FABMS), but there have been no comparative studies for matrix selection for these specific analytes. In this work, the influence of diethanolamine, glycerol, 1-thioglycerol and triethanolamine on the analysis of unprotected trimer up to heptamer oligoribonucleotides was studied using negative-ion FABMS on a sector-type mass spectrometer. Collision-induced dissociation MS/MS measurements were performed and the fragmentation patterns in MS and MS/MS were compared.
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  • 95
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 492-496 
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The structures of the C4H7O+ and C3H6O+· dissociation products from selected C5H10O+· isomers with the oxygen on the first, second and third carbons were determined. The first product is CH3C(OH)CH=CH2+ and the second is CH3C(OH+)CH2⋅ and CH3⋅CHCHOH+ in various proportions. These results demonstrate that ions with the oxygen on the first and third carbons isomerize partially to isomers with the oxygen on the second carbon. This and C5H10O+· isomers expected to be accessible to each other suggest that there are traversable pathways between about 60 C5H10O+· isomers, demonstrating how extensive interconversions of aliphatic radical cations can be.
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  • 96
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 511-512 
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Tandem mass spectrometric methods for the identification of 19-norandrosterone (3α-hydroxy-5α-estran-17-one) are described and evaluated. The fragmentation reactions of the heptafluorobutyryl (HFB) and pentafluorobenzyloxime heptafluorobutyryl (PFBO—HFB) ester derivatives of 19-norandrosterone (3α-hydroxy-5α-estran-17-one) in particular were studied for the purpose to select characteristic ions. The HFB ester was analyzed by collisionly activated dissociation (CAD) following electron impact in order to fragment the steroid nucleus. The formation of D-ring fragments, i.e. the ring containing the keto function, was typical for this type of derivative. Cleavages of fragments with an intact D-ring were also prominent. The PFBO—HFB ester was formed to create a derivative, which could capture electrons and be analyzed in the Electron Capture Negative Chemical Ionization (ECNCI) mode. Besides fragmentations originating in the groups coupled to the steroid by derivatization, also characteristic D-ring fragments were observed by CAD following ECNCI. Accordingly, of both methods evaluated only CAD following EI of the HFB derivative of 19-norandrosterone provided a characteristic MS/MS procedure for the identification of 19-norandrosterone under the conditions studied.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Tandem mass spectrometric methods for the identification of 19-nortestosterone (estr-4-en-17β-3-one) are described and evaluated. The fragmentation reactions of the heptafluorobutyryl (HFB) and pentafluorobenzyloxime heptafluorobutyryl (PFBO—HFB) ester derivatives of 19-nortestosterone in particular were studied for the purpose to select characteristic ions. The HFB ester was analyzed by collisionly activated dissociation (CAD) following electron impact in order to fragment the steroid nucleus. Cleavage of the A-ring, i.e. the ring containing the keto function, was prominent. The formation of A-, A/B- and D-ring fragments was also typical for this type of derivative. The PFBO—HFB ester was formed to create a derivative, which could capture electrons and be analyzed in the electron-capture negative chemical ionization (ECNCI) mode. Besides fragmentations originating in the groups coupled to the steroid by derivatization, no prominent steroid nucleus fragmentations were observed by CAD following ECNCI. Accordingly, of both methods only CAD following EI of the HFB derivative of 19-nortestosterone provided a characteristic MS/MS procedure for the identification of 19-nortestosterone.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Isotope dilution gas chromatographic mass spectrometric assays were developed for the concentration of shortchain fatty acids and of lactate in plasma. The assays involve spiking the samples with 2H- and/or 13-C-labeled internal standards and direct derivatization with 2,4-difluoroaniline, using 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as a coupling agent. The assay can be used to determine the isotopic enrichment or mass isotopomer distribution of the fatty acids and of lactate. Blanks by ubiquitous formate, acetate and lactate are minimized by the one-step derivatization procedure without deproteinization, using reagents dissolved in hydrocarbons. The assays were applied to experiments conducted in live dogs, pigs and monkeys, and in perfused rat livers. These techniques, in conjunction with appropriate stable isotope models, can be used to study carbohydrate fermentation in humans, ruminants and non-ruminant mammals.
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  • 100
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 324-332 
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Early in the development of electrohydrodynamic mass spectrometry (EH-MS), it was realized that ion source performance improved when the sample liquid was supplied discontinuously to the capillary emitter. Based on this realization, an ion source was designed that operates without an external sample supply system. Its essential part is a metal capillary that serves both as the liquid reservoir and the field anode and is mounted exchangeably on a pushrod. As the liquid flow is field induced, the flow rates are extremely low, in the range of 0.2 nl min-1. Thus, in spite of high analyte concentrations needed, sample consumption is only a few picomoles per mass scan. Moreover, the emission of larger droplets is avoided, which contributes to the stability of the ion signal. As the capillary emitter is mounted on a standard emitter carrier known from field desorption (FD) MS, the new ion source is compatible with conventional FD ion sources. EH mass spectra of analytes could be obtained from substances whose solubility in glycerol was〉0.5 mol l-1. The substances investigated with the new ion source include sugars, amino acids, peptides and an antibiotic. The general characteristics of the mass spectra are essentially the same as those known from other EH ion sources. Besides abundant solvent cluster ions, only cationated or protonated molecules of the analytes could be detected, frequently with one or more solvent molecules attached to the ions. Fragment ions were not observed.
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