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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (27,334)
  • 1995-1999  (14,768)
  • 1980-1984  (8,593)
  • 1925-1929  (3,973)
  • 1995  (14,768)
  • 1983  (8,593)
  • 1928  (2,040)
  • 1925  (1,933)
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  • 1995-1999  (14,768)
  • 1980-1984  (8,593)
  • 1925-1929  (3,973)
Year
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Applicability of a continuum solvation model to the octanol water transfer: CFF91 based model for amino acids (1995)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 36 (1995), S. 599-605 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A continuum hydration model based upon the atomic charges provided with the CFF91 force field [A. B. Schmidt and R. M. Fine (1994) Molecular Simulation, 13. 347-365] has been extended to the octanol-water transfer. The electrostatic component of the transfer free energy is calculated using the finite-difference solution to the Poisson-Boltzmann equation while the nonpolar contributions are assumed to be proportional to the solute-excluded volume in water. All atomic charges and radii besides the aromatic carbon radius are equal in both solvents. The octanol dielectric constant and the probe radius are the main fitting parameters defining the octanol phase. The model has been tested for 38 organic molecules related to the amino acid residues and generally provides a high accuracy. In particular, the mean unsigned error for N-acetyl amino acid amides is 0.5 kcal/mol. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360360505
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Small-angle x-ray scattering of κ-carrageenan based systems: Sols, gels, and blends with carob galactomannan (1995)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 36 (1995), S. 559-567 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Small-angle x-ray scattering using a synchroton x-ray monochromatic radiation was carried out to investigate the structure of different polysaccharides in aqueous medium: carob galactomannan, κ-carrageenan in the sol and in the gel states, and κ-carrageenan-carob galactomannan mixed systems. Experiments performed on a 0.2% carob galactomannan solutions confirmed that this polysaccharide behaved as a neutral polymer in a good solvent. For K-carrageenan in the / state, either in the sodium form or in the cesium form, a maximum in the scattering curve was evidenced. Position and height of this maximum changed with K-carrageenan concentration in close agreement with what is expected for wormlike polyelectrolyte in semidilute solution. In the case of k-carrageenan in the gel state, in the cesium form, scattering curves also exhibited a maximum at an intermediate Q value. The position of this correlation peak did not change with concentration while its intensity increased. This effect was ascribed to a packing of rodlike structures by analogy with a suspension of colloidal elongated particles. This local structure could be viewed as bundles of parallel double helices. Addition of carobgalactomannan in κ-carrageenan gels induced dramatic structural changes. As the galactomannan concentration increased, the correlation peak tended to vanish. In contrast, no change in the cross-sectional radius of gyration was noticed. This phenomenon suggested a screening effect of the galactomannan, resulting in a loss of the correlation between the κ-carrageenan double helices. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360360502
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1995)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 37 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360370101
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protein structural analysis as a tool for protein design (1995)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 37 (1995), S. 377-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The analysis of known protein structures is a very valuable and indispensable tool for deciphering the complex rules relating sequence to structure in proteins. On the other hand, the design of novel proteins is certainly the most severe test of our understanding of such rules. In this report we describe our own attempt to develop appropriate tools for the investigation of known protein structure properties and their applications to the design of a novel, all β protein. The success of the design project is a demonstration of the usefulness of careful analysis of the data base of known protein structures. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360370604
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Approach to discovering novel therapeutic agents for osteoporosis based on integrin receptor blockade (1995)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 37 (1995), S. 367-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: On a global scale, osteoporosis is a major and growing public health problem. In the United States, osteoporosis is present in 24 million people (mostly women) and contributes to more than 1.3 million fractures/year. Serious morbidity and mortality result from these fractures. Current therapies for osteoporosis are few, efficacy is limited, and side effects problematic. Fundamental to the pathophysiology of osteoporosis is an imbalance between the tightly coupled processes of bone resorption and bone formation that characterize normal bone remodeling. Our laboratory is engaged in a research effort focused on elucidating the role of the osteoclast integrin in bone resorption, defining the nature of ligand-integrin interactions, and developing antagonists for cell surface adhesion molecules, particularly the αν, β3 vitronectin-like integrin receptor present on the surface of human osteoclasts. Peptides containing the internal arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motif have been shown to inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption in vivo. We are now designing more potent and selective inhibitors of bone resorption as a potential new mechanism-based therapeutic approach to osteoporosis based on a novel mechanism. In an effort to rapidly identify the highest affinity ligands for the human ανβ3 integrin, we have generated combinatorial peptide libraries containing substantial structural diversity. For instance, based on all possible sequence combinations of extracellular matrix proteins known to bind ανβ3, we recently synthesized and chemically analyzed a library of 360,000 peptides, all of which contain RGD. Human ανβ3 receptors are now available in a clonal cell line that expresses high levels of recombinant receptor, these cells can serve as a very important research tool in this project because of the limited number of bone-derived osteoclasts that can be harvested for experimentation. The library of peptides will be screened by “affinity selection”: the highest binding affinity peptide(s) will be isolated and microsequenced. Receptor-favored sequences will be synthesized and evaluated in a battery of in vitro and in vivo bioassays. Through these investigations, insight will be gained into the role of integrins in bone biology and patho-physiology, and new directions will be developed for the design of potent human ανβ3-selective antagonists for the treatment of osteoporosis. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360370603
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design of metal ion binding peptides (1995)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 37 (1995), S. 401-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two cyclic and branched peptides (PLA and AZU) were synthesized with the aim of reproducing the active site of the blue copper proteins plastocyanin and azurin. Both peptides, designed on the basis of the x-ray structures of Poplar plastocyanin and Alcaligenes denitrificans azurin. contain the same coordinating residues of the parent native proteins. The visible spectra of PLA in the presence of equimolar amount of Cu(II) strongly support the interaction between the peptide and copper(II) ion. The CD titration of AZU with the Hg(II) ion indicates for the formation of two species. [A ZUHg]+ and [A ZUHg2]3+ having binding constants (Keq) of 3.106 and 2-104M-1, respectively. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360370607
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two-Dimensional nmr studies of the interactions between a peptide of cholera toxin and monoclonal antibodiesName convention: specific peptide residue, lower-case name and the position in the sequence (e.g. gln 7): specific antibody residue, upper-case name and the position in the sequence (e.g. Tyr 32L): H. heavy chain residues: L. light chain residues. (1995)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 37 (1995), S. 383-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: To increase our understanding of the molecular basis for antibody specificity and for the cross-reactivity of antipeptide antibodies with native proteins, it is important to study the three-dimensional structure of antibody complexes with their peptide antigens. For this purpose it may not be necessary to solve the structure of the whole antibody complex but rather to concentrate on elucidating the combining site structure, the interactions of the antibody with its antigen, and the bound peptide conformation. To extract the information about antibody-peptide interactions and intramolecular interactions in the bound ligand from the complicated and unresolved spectrum of the Fab-peptide complex (Fab: antibody fragment made of Fv - the antibody fragment composed of the variable regions of the light and heavy chains forming a single combining site for the antigen - the light chain, and the first heavy chain constant regions), an nmr methodology based on measurements of two-dimensional transferred nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) difference spectra was developed. Using this methodology the interactions of three monoclonal antibodies with a cholera toxin peptide were studied. The observed interactions were assigned to the antibody protons involved by specific deuteration of aromatic amino acids and specific chain labeling, and by using a predicted model for the structure of the antibody combining site. The assigned NOE interactions were translated to restraints on interproton distances in the complex that were used to dock the peptide into calculated models for the antibodies combining sites. Comparison of the interactions of three antibodies against a cholera toxin peptide (CTP3). which differ in their cross-reactivity with the toxin, yields information about the size and conformation of antigenic determinants recognized by the antibodies, the structure of their combining sites, and relationships between antibodies' primary structure and their interactions with peptide antigens. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360370605
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exploring the peptide 310-helix ⇆ α-helix equilibrium with double label electron spin resonance (1995)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 37 (1995), S. 421-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360370609
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
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    The suitability of a monofunctional reagent of an undecagold cluster for phasing data collected from the large ribosomal subunits from Bacillus stearothermophilus (1995)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 37 (1995), S. 411-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An electron density map of the large ribosomal subunit from Bacillus stearothermophilus was obtained at 26 Å resolution by single isomorphous replacement (SIR) from a derivative formed by specific quantitative labeling with a dense undecagold cluster. For derivalization, a mono-functional reagent of this cluster was bound to a sulfhydryl group of a purified ribosomal protein. which was in turn reconstituted with core particles of a mutant lacking this protein. The native, mutated, and derivatzed 50S ribosomal subunits crystallize under the same conditions in the same space group. Under favorable conditions, crystals of the derivatized subunit proved to be isomorphous with the native ones, whereas the crystals of the mutant may have somewhat different packing.After resolving the SIR phase ambiguity by solvent flattening, the electron density shows a packing that is consistent with the noncrystallographic symmetry found by Patterson searches as well as with the motif observed in electron micrographs of thin sections of the crystals. These studies established that phase information can be obtained from heavy metal clusters, even when the crystals under investigation are unstable and weakly diffracting. These results encouraged further effort at the construction of specifically derivatized crystals from other ribosomal particles that diffract to higher resolution. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360370608
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative analysis of various proposed models of the receptor-bound conformation of H-tyr-Tic-Phe OH related δ-opioid antagonists (1995)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 37 (1995), S. 391-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A molecular mechanics study (grid search and energy minimization) was performed with six δ opioid peptide antagonists containing a tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (Tic) residue in the 2-position of the peptide sequence. Compounds examined were the highly potent and selective T1P(P) peptides H-Tyr-Tic-Phe-OH (TIP). H-Tyr-TicΨ[CH2-NH]Phe-OH (TIP[Ψ]). H-Tyr-Tic-Phe-Phe-OH (TIPP). and H-Tyr-TicΨ[CH2-NH]Phe-Phe-OH (TlPP[Ψ]), and the weakly active analogues H-Tyr-Tic-NH2 and H-Tyr-Tic-Ala-OH. Low energy conformers of the peptides were examined for their compatibility with three proposed model of the δ receptor-bound conformation. Model 1, based on spatial overlap of the Tyr1 and Phe3 aromatic rings and N-terminal amino group of the peptides with the corresponding aromatic rings and nitrogen atom of the nonpeptide δ-antagonist naltrindole, was ruled out because of the demonstrated importance of the Tic2 aromatic ring for δ antagonism and because of the somewhat elevated energies of the conformers consistent with this model. Models of the receptor-bound conformation based on superimposition of the Tyr1 and Tic2 aromatic rings and N-terminal amino group of the peptides with the corresponding moieties in naltrindole included an all-trans peptide bond conformer [model 2, proposed by B. C. Wilkes and P. W. Schiller (1994) Biopolymers. Vol. 34. pp. 1213-1219] and a conformer with a cis peplide bond between the Tyr1 and Tic2 residues (model 3), originally proposed by P. A. Temussi et al. [(1994) Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. Vol. 198, pp. 933-939]. For all six peptides low energy conformers consistent with both model 2 and model 3 were identified: however, peptide conformers corresponding to model 2 showed better coplanarity of the Tyr1 aromatic ring and the phenol ring in naltrindole than peptide conformers corresponding to model 3. Both models remain plausible candidate structures for the receptor-bound conformation of δ antagonists of the TIP(P) class. TIP(P) analogues containing additional conformational constraints need to be developed in order to arrive at a unique model. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360370606
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  • 111
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    Die ganz normale Wissenschaft. Hrsg. von R. H. Simen. Verlag Deutscher Forschungsdienst, Bonn-Bad Godesberg 1982. 128 S., DM 16,80 (1983)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 17 (1983), S. 67-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19830170213
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  • 112
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    Der Widerspruch im eigenen Kopf. Hrsg. von H. Schöne. Verlag Deutscher Forschungsdienst, Bonn-Bad Godesberg 1982. 160 S., DM 18,80 (1983)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 17 (1983), S. 67-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19830170214
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
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    Naturstoffe aus pflanzlichen Zellkulturen (1983)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 17 (1983), S. 77-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19830170303
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  • 114
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    Masthead (1983)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 17 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19830170601
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  • 115
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    Chronik (1983)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 17 (1983), S. 202-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19830170608
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  • 116
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    Theoriewandel in der Wissenschaftsgeschichte - Chemie im 18. Jahrhundert. Von Elisabeth Ströker. Vittorio Klostermann Verlag, Frankfurt a. M. 1982. VIII, 324 S., DM 68, - (1983)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 17 (1983), S. 200-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19830170605
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  • 117
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    Salpetergewinnung und Salpeterwirtschaft vom Mittelalter bis in die Neuzeit (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 29 (1995), S. 8-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19950290103
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  • 118
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    Von der Idee zum Herstellungsverfahren. Der Produktentwickler in der Kosmetikindustrie (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 29 (1995), S. 27-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Für den Einstieg als Naturwissenschaftler in die Produktentwicklung der kosmetischen Industrie gibt es keinen vorgezeichneten Weg, und daher kommen in der Produktentwicklung eines großen Industrieunternehmens Naturwissenschaftler unterschiedlichster Fachrichtungen zum Einsatz: Chemiker, Pharmazeuten, Lebensmitteltechniker, Physiker und Mathematiker. Nicht alle beginnen direkt nach dem Studium im Kosmetikbereich.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19950290107
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  • 119
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    Editorial (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 29 (1995), S. 66-66 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19950290202
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  • 120
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    Chiuz-aktuell (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 29 (1995), S. 93-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19950290206
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  • 121
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    Corrigendum (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 29 (1995), S. 95-95 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19950290208
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  • 122
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    Literaturkarussell. Biologie (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 29 (1995), S. VI 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19950290212
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  • 123
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    Literaturkarussell. Physik (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 29 (1995), S. XII 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19950290214
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  • 124
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    Masthead (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 29 (1995) 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19950290301
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  • 125
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    Wer hat's geschrieben? (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 29 (1995), S. 99-99 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19950290209
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  • 126
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    Für Ihre Dokumentation von Nr. 2/95 Chemie in unserer Zeit (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 29 (1995), S. 108-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19950290211
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  • 127
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    Literaturkarussell. Pharmazie (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 29 (1995), S. XIV 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19950290215
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  • 128
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    Literaturkarussell. Interdisziplinäres (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 29 (1995), S. XVI 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19950290217
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    Konversion von Explosivstoffen (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 29 (1995), S. 135-140 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19950290305
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  • 130
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    Erzeugung dünner Schichten: neue Herausforderungen für die Metallorganische Chemie (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 29 (1995), S. 141-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Metallorganische Chemie der Precursor für dünne Schichten und Schichtstrukturen ist ein junges Forschungsgebiet, in dem es, wie in vielen anderen Bereichen der modernen Chemie, weniger um die Verwirklichung völlig neuer Molekülstrukturen und Bindungsverhältnisse geht als vielmehr um ein vertieftes Verständnis und eine strategischökonomische Ausnützung chemischer Reaktivitäten. Nur ein fundamentales Verständnis aller vom molekularen Precursor bis zum endgültigen Material zu durchlaufenden Teilschritte kann hier langfristig erfolgsversprechend sein. Die Konstitutions- und Strukturvielfalt metallorganischer Komplexverbindungen bietet einen reichen Schatz an Möglichkeiten für die Synthese neuer Materialien. Die Erzeugung dünner Schichten durch Chemische Dampfabscheidung aus maßgeschneiderten flüchtigen Organometallverbindungen als Precursor, denen dieser Beitrag gewidmet war, stellt daraus nur einen kleinen Ausschnitt dar.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    Chiuz Aktuell (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 29 (1995), S. 162-162 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19950290311
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    Für Ihre Dokumentation von Nr. 3/95 Chemie in unserer Zeit (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 29 (1995), S. 166-166 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19950290314
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    Auf Dem Weg zur bombe (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 29 (1995), S. 174-174 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19950290402
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  • 134
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    Wissenschaft aktuell (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 29 (1995), S. 187-193 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19950290405
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  • 135
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    Aufarbeitung anorganischer Reste aus der organischen SyntheseRecyling-praktikumsübergreifend (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 29 (1995), S. 211-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19950290408
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  • 136
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    Das Dutzend ist voll-mitmachen und gewinnen! (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 29 (1995), S. 215-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19950290411
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  • 137
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    Chemie auf dem internetNeue Wage der Vermittlung chemischer Information (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 29 (1995), S. 249-259 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19950290505
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  • 138
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    Wissenschaft Aktuell (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 29 (1995), S. 272-281 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19950290507
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  • 139
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    Programmieren für Praktiker. Messen, Steuern und Auswerten im Labor (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 29 (1995), S. 283-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Jeder, der sich praktisch mit Chemie auseinandersetzt, steht im Laufe seiner Arbeit häufiger vor der Aufgabe, die Ergebnisse seiner Experimente zu dokumentieren. Solange es sich dabei um die Aufnahme einzelner Werte wie Umsatz, Farbe der Reaktionslösung oder Reaktionzeit handelt, reicht es, sich die entsprechenden Werte im Laborjournal zu notieren und von dort später in die endgültige Fassung der Versuchsbeschreibung zu übernehmem. Oft genug müssen aber über einen längeren Zeitraum in konstanten Abstanden Werte gemessen werden, sei es, daß durch Bestimmung des Umsatz/Zeit-Verhältnisses Aussagen uber die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit oder durch pH-Messung der Neutralisationspunkt einer Analyse bestimmt werden soll.
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    Software-Telegramm (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 29 (1995), S. 331-332 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Das Programm „Periodensystem der Elemente“ der Edition Cybermedia stellt Fakten, Zahlen und Hintergründe zu Aufbau und Bedeutung dieses grundlegenden Konzepts der Chemie zusammen. Es ist nach Aussage der Packungsbeschreibung „das neue Medium für Schüler und Studenten, um auf dem Bildschirm zu lernen, Erlerntes effizient einzuüben und über Informationssysteme das Wissen zu erweitern“.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19950290607
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  • 141
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    Wie und warum bauen Pflanzen das Chlorophyll ab?? (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 29 (1995), S. 298-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19950290603
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  • 142
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    Preparation of multiphase block copolymers by redox polymerization process, 3Part 2 cf4. Polymerization of methyl methacrylate and acrylamide by the Mn(III)-poly(ethy1ene glycol) redox system (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 224 (1995), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch redoxinitiierte radikalische Polymerisation von Methylmethacrylat (MMA) und Acrylamid (AAm) mit Polyethylenglykol (PEG) und Mn(III) als Reduktionsmittel wurden PMMA-PEG-PMMA- und AAm-PEG-AAm-Triblockcopolymere hergestellt. Der EinfluR der Konzentration der Reaktanden und der Temperatur auf den Umsatz und die Grenzviskositat der Copolymeren wurde untersucht. Die Blockcopolymeren wurden mittels 'H-NMR- und IR-Spektroskopie charakterisiert.
    Notes: Redox-initiated free-radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and acrylamide (AAm) with poly(ethy1ene glycol) (PEG) using Mn(III) as reduction agent was carried out to yield PMMA-block-PEG-block-PMMA and AAm-block-PEG-block-AAm triblock copolymers. The principal parameters (concentration of the reactants, temperature) affecting the synthesis were examined. Block copolymers were characterized by 'H-NMR and infrared spectroscopy.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1995.052240101
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    Preparation of multiphase block copolymers by redox polymerization process, 4Part 3 cf.1. Polymerization of methyl methacrylate by the redox system Mn(III)-poly(ethylene glycol) containing azo groups (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 224 (1995), S. 49-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch redoxinitiierte radikalische Polymerisation von Methylmethacrylat (MMA) mit Azogruppen enthaltendem Polyethylenglykol (PEG) und Mn(III) als Reduktionsmittel wurden PMMA-PEG-PMMA-Triblockcopolymere mit Azogruppen in der Polymerkette hergestellt. Mit diesen Prepolymeren wurde durch thermischen Zerfall der Azogruppen die radikalische Polymerisation von Styrol initiiert, wobei Multiblockcopolymere gebildet wurden, die durch fraktionierte Fällung, eine starke Zunahme des Molekulargewichts sowie 1H-NMR- und IR-Spektroskopie nachgewiesen wurden.
    Notes: Redox polymerization of methyl methacrylate using Mn(III) with poly(ethylene glycol) having azo and hydroxy functions was carried out to yield ethylene glycolmethyl methacrylate block copolymers with labile azo linkages in the main chain. These prepolymers were used to initiate free-radical polymerization of styrene through thermal decomposition of the azo groups, resulting in the formation of multiblock copolymers. Successful blocking has been confirmed by fractional precipitation, a strong change in the molecular weight, and spectral measurements.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1995.052240105
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    Benzylcellulose als thermoplastischer kunststoff, II.Teil I siehe4 Stabilisierung und weichmachung.Herrn Prof. Dr. Josef Schurz zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 224 (1995), S. 61-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: By addition of a stabilizer (4-benzyloxyphenol) the oxidative thermal decomposition of benzylcellulose during melt processing was reduced. The minimum stabilizer concentration was 5 wt.-%. Plastification with diethyl phthalate reduced the glass transition temperature and the processing temperature and imparted softness and flexibility of the inherently brittle benzylcellulose. The required plasticiser concentration (5-10 wt.-%) is lower than that required for other cellulose ethers like ethylcellulose (10-20 wt.-%) or cellulose acetates (20-30 wt.-%).
    Notes: Durch Zusatz eines Stabilisators (4-Benzyloxyphenol) kann die oxidative thermische Schädigung von Benzylcellulose bei deren Verarbeitung aus der Schmelze vermindert werden. Die notwendige Mindestkonzentration an Stabilisator beträgt 5 Gew.-%. Durch äßere Weichmachung mit Diethylphthalat können die Glas- und die Verarbeitungstemperatur herabgesetzt und eine zufriedenstellende Weichheit und Flexibilität der ansonsten hart-spröden reinen Benzylcellulose erzielt werden. Die erforderliche Weichmacherkonzentration liegt bei 5 bis 10 Gew.-% und ist damit wesentlich niedriger als für andere Cellulosederivate wie z. B. Ethylcellulose (10-20 Gew.-%) oder Celluloseacetate (20-30 Gew.-%).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1995.052240107
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    Faser-matrix-haftung in kunststoffverbunden aus thermoplastischer matrix und flachs. 1. Die ausrüstung mit silanen (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 224 (1995), S. 73-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Because of their properties, flax fibres can be used as reinforcing material in composites, e. g. as substitute for glass fibres in composites with polypropylene. A major drawback of this application is the high water adsorption of the natural fibre and its low adhesion to the hydrophobic polymer.Therefore, improvement of adhesion to the polypropylene matrix by application of bifunctional silanes was investigated. While silanes with alkyl groups did not significantly improve the fibre-matrix adhesion, it was found that silanes which carry functional groups capable of reacting by formation of free radicals under processing conditions lead to a remarkable improvement. For silanes with vinylic and methacrylic groups, the dependence of adhesion on the nature of hydrolysis catalyst, on the compound which initiates the free-radical reaction, and on the degree of fibre silylation was investigated. The degree of silylation was varied under optimum concentration conditions.
    Notes: Flachsfasern können auf Grund ihres Eigenschaftsprofils als Verstärkungsmaterial in Verbundwerkstoffen genutzt werden. Als wichtiger Anwendungsfall bietet sich die Substitution von Glasfasern in Compounds aus Glasfasern und dem Standardkunststoff Polypropylen an. Problematisch für diesen Einsatz sind die hohe Wasseraufnahme der Naturfaser und deren geringe Haftung zum hydrophoben Polymeren.Es wurde daher versucht, die Adhäsion zur Polypropylenmatrix durch Applikation von bifunktionellen Silanen zu erhöhen. Während alkylgruppenfunktionalisierte Silane nur eine unbedeutende Verbesserung der Faser-Matrix-Haftung bewirken, konnte jedoch eine deutliche Steigerung mit solchen Silanen erzielt werden, deren funktionelle Gruppe unter Verarbeitungsbedingungen des Verbundwerkstoffes radikalisch reagiert. Für vinyl- und methacrylgruppenfunktionalisierte Silane wurde die Abhängigkeit zwischen dem Hydrolysekatalysator, der die Radikal-Reaktion initiierenden Verbindung, der Silanauflage und dem Adhäsionsniveau untersucht und unter optimalen Konzentrationsverhältnissen die Silanauflage variiert.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1995.052240108
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    Polymers with acyloxime ester groups in the main chain. 2. Photochemical synthesis of block copolymers (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 224 (1995), S. 145-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In einer zweistufigen radikalischen Polymerisation, initiiert mit einem Initiator mit Azo- und Acyloximgruppen (AOE), wurden Blockcopolymere aus Styrol und Methylmethacrylat (MMA) erhalten. In der ersten Stufe mit dem AOE-Initiator hergestellte photosensitive Styrol-Prepolymere wurden in der zweiten Stufe als Photoinitiatoren für die Polymerisation von MMA eingesetzt, wobei Blockcopolymere gebildet wurden. Diese wurden mit geeigneten Lösungsmitteln extrahiert und mittels GPC sowie IR- und NMR-Spektroskopie charakterisiert.
    Notes: Block copolymers of styrene and methyl methacrylate (MMA) were prepared in a two-stage free-radical polymerization by means of an azo-acyloxime ester (AOE) initiator. In the first stage, photosensitive styrene prepolymers were synthesized by using AOE initiator. These polymers were photolysed in the presence of MMA in the second stage to form block copolymers. The block copolymer structure was elucidated by means of extraction by appropriate solvents, GPC analysis and IR and NMR spectral measurements.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1995.052240115
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    Synthese und charakterisierung von flüssigkristallinen hauptkettenpolyestern zur verwendung in mischungen mit thermoplasten (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 224 (1995), S. 191-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The melting points of liquid-crystalline main chain polyesters made from hydroquinone derivatives and substituted terephthalic acids can be lowered strongly by attaching flexible side chains or voluminous side groups. The solid state of poly(2′-phenyl-1′,4′-phenylene-2,5-dihexyloxyterephthalate) is even amorphous with a glass transition at 47°C and a phase transition to isotropic melt at 184°C. Beside the low phase transition temperatures, this polyester is readily soluble in toluene and tetrahydrofuran. Up to 40 mol-% of 2,5-dihexyloxyterephthalic acid may be replaced by unsubstituted terephthalic acid without a strong influence on the phase transition temperatures and the solubility of the polyester. The E-modulus of the copolyester with 40 mol-% of terephthalic acid reaches 7700 MPa.
    Notes: Bei flüssigkristallinen Hauptkettenpolyestern aus Hydrochinon- und Terephthalsäurederivaten lassen sich die Schmelztemperaturen durch “Anheften” von flexiblen Seitenketten und raumfüllenden Gruppen stark absenken. Poly(2′-phenyl-1′,4′-phenylen-2,5-dihexyloxyterephthalat) liegt im festen Zustand sogar amorph vor; die Glasübergangstemperatur beträgt 47°C, der Phasenübergang zur isotropen Schmelze erfolgt bei 184°C. Neben tiefen Phasenübergangstemperaturen zeichnet sich dieser Polyester durch eine gute Löslichkeit in Toluol und THF aus. Bis zu 40 mol-% der 2,5-Dihexyloxyterephthalsäre lassen sich durch unsubstituierte Terephthalsäure ersetzen, ohne die Phasenübergangstemperaturen und die Löslichkeit des Polyesters wesentlich zu beeinflussen. Der Copolyester mit 40 mol-% Terephthalsäure zeigt im Zugversuch nach DIN 53455 einen E-Modul von 7700 MPa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1995.052240119
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    Graft polymerization of acrylonitrile onto chemically modified bleached jute fibers (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 225 (1995), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Acrylnitril wurde unter Verwendung des Redoxinitiatorpaares Peroxodisulfat-Eisen(II)-ammoniumsulfat auf Jutefasern gepfropft. Der Einfluß der Reaktionszeit, Temperatur, Menge an Jutefaser, Monomer-, Initiator- und Schwefelsäurekonzentration sowie verschiedener Lösungsmittel und Salze auf die Pfropfausbeute wurde untersucht. Die gepfropfte Jute wurde mittels IR-Spektroskopie charakterisiert. Die Pfropfung verbessert die Lichtechtheit von mit Rhodamin B gefärbter Jute.
    Notes: The graft polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) onto chemically modified bleached jute fibers has been studied using potassium peroxydisulfate-ferrous ammonium sulfate redox initiating system. The effects of time of reaction, variation in concentration of monomer, peroxydisulfate, ferrous ammonium sulfate and sulfuric acid on graft yield have been studied. The effects of temperature, amount of jute fibers, some inorganic salts and organic solvents on graft yield have also been investigated. Grafted jute has been characterized by IR spectra. Grafting has improved the light fastness of jute dyed with Rhodamine B dye.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1995.052250101
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    Effect of ageing on the dielectric behaviour of silicone-EPDM blends (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 225 (1995), S. 21-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Dielektrische Messungen an Silikon, EPDM und einem Blend aus gleichen Gewichtsteilen beider Polymerer wurden im Frequenzbereich 1-105 Hz zwischen 25 und 200°C vor und nach Alterung in Wasser, Wasserdampf und Luft durchgeführt. Für das unpolare und nahezu verlustfreie EPDM werden niedrige Werte der Dielektrizitätskonstante und des Verlustfaktors gemessen. Die für EPDM beobachtete thermische Depolarisation ist bei in Luft gealtertem EPDM aufgrund von Dipolorientierung etwas ausgeprägter. Silikon wird in zwei Stufen polarisiert. Veränderungen der dielektrischen Eigenschaften und des spezifischen Gleichstromwiderstands nach Alterung belegen, daß Ladungsträger bei niedriger Temperatur und polare Silanolgruppen bei hoher Temperatur zur Polarisation beitragen. Die Eigenschaften des Blends hängen vom Alte-rungsmedium ab. Hydrothermische Alterung bewirkt eine qualitative Verbesserung des Dielektrikums Silikon durch Entfernung von Ladungsträgern und der Unterdrückung der Silikonhydrolyse durch EPDM. Durch Alterung des Blends in Luft nimmt dessen Polarisation zu, bedingt durch die Bildung von Ladungsträgern und Dipolen sowie die zusätzliche Grenzchicht. Aus Aktivierungsenergien wird gefolgert, daß die bei niedriger Temperatur stattfindende Polarisation mit der Beweglichkeit der Ladungsträger und der Orientierung von Seitengruppen zusammenhängt. rungsmedium ab. Hydrothermische Alterung bewirkt eine qualitative Verbesserung des Dielektrikums Silikon durch Entfernung von Ladungsträgern und der Unterdrückung der Silikonhydrolyse durch EPDM. Durch Alterung des Blends in Luft nimmt dessen Polarisation zu, bedingt durch die Bildung von Ladungsträgern und Dipolen sowie die zusätzliche Grenzchicht. Aus Aktivierungsenergien wird gefolgert, daß die bei niedriger Temperatur stattfindende Polarisation mit der Beweglichkeit der Ladungsträger und der Orientierung von Seitengruppen zusammenhängt.
    Notes: Dielectric measurements in the frequency (1-105 Hz) and temperature (25-200°C) domains have been carried out for silicone, EPDM, and their 50/50 (by weight) blend before and after ageing in water, steam and air. Low values of permittivity and loss tangent for EPDM reflect its non-polar and loss-free nature. Thermal depolarisation is also observed with EPDM and the air-aged specimen shows little rising trend due to dipole orientation. Silicone is found to be polarised in two steps. Changes in dielectric properties and DC resistivity on hydrothermal weathering and air ageing confirms that charge carriers contribute in the low-temperature step and polar silanol groups contribute in the high-temperature region. The properties of the 50:50 blend are very much sensitive to the medium of ageing. Hydrothermal ageing improves the quality of the dielectric of silicone due to removal of charge carriers and the suppression of silicone hydrolysis by EPDM. Ageing of the blend in air increases the polarisation to a very high level owing to the charge carriers, the additional interface and the dipoles formed during ageing. Activation energies suggest that the low temperature polarisation step is associated with charge carrier mobility and orientation of pendent groups.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Rheologische Eigenschaften von mit Holzmehl gefülltem Polypropylen (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 225 (1995), S. 73-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The rheological properties of polypropene containing various amounts of wood-flour, of polypropene elastified with 1,4-poly-cis-isoprene and of the ternary composite material based on polypropene, elastified polypropene and wood-flour were studied. The flow curves (viscosity curves) of the melts were obtained by means of a capillary viscosimeter, and the melt flow index, the consistency index and the melt flow rate through the capillary were determined from these curves. A pseudo-plastic nature of the flow was established, the compositions containing 7 to 15 wt.-% of elastomer showing the best flowability. The activation energy of viscous flow was calculated from the shear viscosity using the Frenkel-Eyring equation. The elastified polypropene was characterized by an enhanced impact strength, timber outlook and higher outdoor durability, as compared to elastomer-free, wood-flour-filled polypropene.
    Notes: Die rheologischen Eigenschaften von mit unterschiedlichen Mengen Holzmehl gefülltem Polypropylen, von mit 1,4-cis-PolyisoprenSystematischer Name: Poly(1-methyl-cis-1-butenylen). elastifiziertem Polypropylen und von ternären Blends aus Polypropylen, Polyisopren und Holzmehl wurden untersucht. Die Fließkurven der Schmelzen wurden mit einem Kapillarviskosimeter erhalten, und daraus wurden der Fließindex, der Konsistenzkoeffizient und die Strömungsgeschwindigkeit durch die Kapillare bestimmt. Die Schmelzen zeigen einen pseudoplastischen Strömungscharakter, wobei am leichtesten die Blends mit 7 bis 15 Gew.-% Elastomeranteil strömen. Aus der Scherviskosität wurde mit der Gleichung von Frenkel-Eyring die Aktivierungsenergie der viskosen Strömung berechnet. Das elastifizierte Polypropylen zeigt eine erhöhte Schlagfestigkeit, ein holzartiges Aussehen und eine größere Wetterbeständigkeit als das mit Holzmehl gefüllte Polypropylen ohne Elastomeranteil.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Characterization of low-molecular-weight oligomers in recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 225 (1995), S. 109-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Poly(ethylenterephthalat)-(PET)-Rezyklat aus gebrauchten Getränkeflaschen wurde bei 150-220°C im Vakuum behandelt oder bei mehreren Temperaturen mit zwei unterschiedlichen Durchsatzgeschwindigkeiten extrudiert. Nach anschließender Extraktion wurden die erhaltenen niedermolekularen Verbindungen mittels Hochleistungs-Flüs-sigchromatographie (HPLC), Größenausschlußchromatographie (SEC) und Massenspektrometrie mit chemischer Ionisierung (DCI/MS) untersucht. Die Verteilung von cyclischen und linearen Oligomeren mit Polymerisationsgraden von 2 bis 6 im Extrakt wurde bestimmt. Als Folge der Vakuumbehandlung des PET nimmt der Oligomergehalt mit steigenden Temperaturen ab. Umgekehrt führt die Extrusion bei ansteigenden Temperaturen (ebenso bei längeren Aufbewahrungszeiten) zu höheren Oligomerkon-zentrationen. Außerdem wurden bei zunehmenden Aufbewahrungstemperaturen und -zeiten breitere Molekulargewichtsverteilungen beobachtet, d. h. es wurden in zunehmendem Maße größere Ringe und längere Ketten gebildet. Eine bedeutende Menge an Oligomeren mit mittlerem Molekulargewicht wurde ebenfalls nachgewiesen.
    Notes: Low-molecular-weight compounds extracted from recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) from post-consumer soft-drink bottles, treated at 150-220°C in vacuo or extruded at several temperatures and two different mass flow rates, were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and desorption chemical ionization/mass spectrometry (DCI/MS). Among these products, cyclic and linear oligomers (polymerization degree 2-6) were identified, and their distribution was determined.As a consequence of vacuum treatment of PET, the overall oligomer content decreases with increasing temperatures. Conversely, the extrusion at crescent temperatures causes an increase of the oligomer concentration; the same effect was observed by increasing the residence time. A further effect was represented by the enlargement of molecular weight distributions, i.e. larger rings and longer chains were formed in greater amounts at higher temperatures and residence times; a significant fraction of medium-molecular-weight oligomers (M̄n = 1400-1900) was also formed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Dextran functionalized by 4-nitrophenyl carbonate groups. Aminolysis reactions (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 225 (1995), S. 123-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Dextran wurde mit 4-Nitrophenylchloroformat und Pyridin als Katalysator umgesetzt. Die Struktur der modifizierten Dextrane wurde mittels IR-, 1H- und 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie bestimmt. Unter den gewählten Reaktionsbedingungen entstehen nur acyclische Carbonate. Vorversuche zeigten, daß die Reaktion der 4-Nitrophenyl-chloroformat-Gruppen mit verschiedenen Amin-Modellverbindungen stark von der Basizität des Amins abhängt. Die Anbindung der Modellamine Phenethylamin und Tyramin an das modifizierte Dextran war befriedigend. Die Dextran-Phenethylamin-und Dextran-Tyramin-Verbindungen sind gegen heterogene Hydrolyse bei 37°C (pH 9 und pH 1) weitgehend beständig.
    Notes: The modification reaction of dextran with 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate using pyridine as catalyst was studied. The structure of the resulting polymers was determined by means of IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy as well as by chemical analysis. Under the used experimental conditions only acyclic carbonate groups have been detected. Preliminary experiments have shown that the reaction of 4-nitrophenyl carbonate groups with several model amines is greatly dependent on the basic character of the amine. Model amino-type drugs (phenethylamine and tyramine) were satisfactorily bound to activated dextran with 4-nitrophenyl carbonate groups. The heterogeneous hydrolysis of dextran-phenethylamine or dextran-tyramine adducts showed that no significant hydrolysis takes place under the applied conditions (pH 1 and pH 9, 37°C).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1995.052250111
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    Die swell of liquid crystal-forming solutions of hydroxypropyl cellulose through a long capillary die (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 226 (1995), S. 89-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Strangaufweitung und die Scherviskosität von lyotrop flüssigkristallinen Lösungen von Hydroxypropylcellulose in N,N-Dimethylacetamid wurden in einem relativ breiten Scherspannungs- und Konzentrationsbereich bei 30°C mit einer langen Kapillardüse mit einem Achsenverhältnis von 114 gemessen. Die Strangaufweitung hängt in ähnlicher Weise von der Konzentration ab wie die Scherviskosität; sie zeigt ein Maximum bei einer kritischen Konzentration Ca und ein Minimum bei einer weiteren kritischen Konzentration Cb, wobei Ca 〈 Cb. Die Abhängigkeit der Strangaufweitung von der Scherspannung wird stark von der Zahl der Phasen der Lösung bestimmt: Im isotropen Bereich unterhalb Ca nimmt die Strangaufweitung mit der Scherspannung monoton zu; nahe Ca durchläft sie ein Maximum; in einem zweiphasigen Bereich zwischen Ca und Cb nimmt sie wieder ab und durchläuft im einphasig-isotropen Bereich oberhalb Cb ein Minimum, wobei eine oberhalb Cb auftretende Distorsion des Extrudats im Bereich des Minimums verschwindet.
    Notes: The die swell and shear viscosity of lyotropic liquid crystal-forming hydroxypropyl cellulose solutions in N,N-dimethylacetamide were determined over a relatively wide range of shear stress or polymer concentration at 30°C by using a long capillary die with an aspect ratio of 114. The dependence of die swell on the concentration was similar to that of shear viscosity: a maximum at a critical concentration Ca and a minimum at another critical concentration Cb (Ca 〈 Cb). The dependence of the swell on shear stress is greatly affected by the solution phase: in an isotropic range (below Ca), the die swell increased monotonously with shear; in the vicinity of Ca, the die swell exhibited a maximum; in a biphasic range (between Ca and Cb), the die swell decreased monotonously; in a single-phase anisotropic range (above Cb), the die swell exhibited a minimum. Above Cb, extrudate distortion was observed and disappeared around the shear where the die swell exhibited a minimum.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Oligomeric benzophenones as antioxidants for cellulose triacetate (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 226 (1995), S. 47-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Filme aus Cellulosetriacetat wurden mit oligomeren 2-Hydroxy-4-alkoxybenzophenon-Derivaten stabilisiert und thermisch gealtert. Die oxidationshemmende Wirkung der oligomeren Stabilisatoren wurde durch Messung des Gewichtsverlusts, der Änderung von Carbonyl- und Hydroxy-Index sowie der Änderung der Bruchspannung und -dehnung ermittelt. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Stabilisatorwirkung der oligomeren Benzophenone im allgemeinen besser ist als die der monomeren Vorstufen.
    Notes: Cellulose triacetate films stabilized with oligomeric 2-hydroxybenzophenone derivatives were subjected to oven ageing. The antioxidant efficiency of the oligomeric stabilizers was determined by carrying out measurements of percentage weight loss, change in carbonyl index and hydroxy index, and change in tensile strength and elongation at break. In general, the oligomeric benzophenones show better performance than their monomeric precursors in stabilizing cellulose triacetate.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Simple models for stress relaxation and yield phenomenon of phenolphthalein poly(ether ketone)Key Project of the National Science Foundation of China. (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 226 (1995), S. 59-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Mit Hilfe der Spannungsrelaxationskurven von Phenolphthalein-Poly(etherketon) (PEK-C) bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen und dem Prinzip der Zeit-Temperatur-Äquivalenz wurden Masterkurven von PEK-C bei beliebigen Referenztemperaturen ermittelt. Mit dem Kopplungsmodell nach Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts wird die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Spannungsrelaxation quantitativ erklärt und eine Beziehung zwischen der Spannungsrelaxation und dem Fließverhalten vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: According to stress relaxation curves of phenolphthalein poly(ether ketone) (PEK-C) at different temperatures and the principle of time-temperature equivalence, the master curves of PEK-C at arbitrary reference temperatures are obtained. A coupling model (Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts) is applied to explain quantitatively the different temperature dependence of stress relaxation behavior and the relationship between stress relaxation and yield phenomenon is established through the coupling model.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Polyurethanes and polyurethane cationomers bearing nitroaromatic groups and their photobehavior (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 226 (1995), S. 205-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Polyurethane and Polyetherurethane vom Elastomer-Typ mit nitroaromatischen Gruppen wurden hergestellt und mit UV-Licht in Lösung bestrahlt. Der Einfluß der UV-Strahlung auf die UV-Absorptionseigenschaften wurde untersucht und mit dem einer Modellsubstanz verglichen. Die UV-Bestrahlung bewirkt eine Intensitätsabnahme der charakteristischen UV-Absorptionsbanden und eine Verringerung des Molekulargewichts.
    Notes: Elastomer-type polyether urethanes and polyether urethane cationomers with nitroaromatic groups were prepared and the effect of UV irradiation on their characteristics was evaluated comparatively with a model compound. The photobehavior by UV irradiation with a high-pressure Hg lamp was studied in solution, following the change of absorption bands characteristic for nitro structures as a function of irradiation time. UV irradiation causes diminution of the intensity of characteristic UV absorption bands and a decrease of molecular weight.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1995.052260118
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    Purification of soybean trypsin inhibitors by means of chromatographic methods (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 226 (1995), S. 197-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die chromatographische Reinigung von Trypsin-Inhibitoren aus Sojabohnen (STI) wurden mit verschiedenen Polymermatrizes durchgeführt. Dazu wurden ein Copolymeres aus Butylacrylat und Ethylenglykoldimethacrylat sowie ein Terpolymeres aus Acrylnitril, Butylacrylat und Divinylbenzol als Vernetzer eingesetzt. Die Untersuchungen zeigten, daß sowohl mit der Affinitätschromatographie mit beiden Trypsin-modifizierten Copolymermatrizes als auch mit der Ionenaustauschchromatographie im Fall der mit Ethylendiamin aminierten Matrizes vergleichbare Reinigungswirkungen erzielt wurden. Mit den beiden nicht modifizierten Matrizes waren die Reinigungserfolge weniger groß und im Fall der mit Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethan hydrophilierten Matrizes fast vernachlässigbar.
    Notes: The paper presents comparative studies on chromatographic purification of soybean trypsin inhibitors (STI) applying various polymer matrices. Two types of copolymers were tested: a copolymer of butyl acrylate with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and a terpolymer of acrylonitrile and butyl acrylate crosslinked with divinylbenzene. The investigations revealed that a similar purification extent is achieved in affinity chromatography with trypsin attached to both copolymers and in ion exchange chromatography when the matrices are aminated with ethylene diamine. The purification phenomenon was not so high for both unmodified matrices, and quite negligible for matrices hydrophilized by end-capping with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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    Synthesis and copolymerization of vinyl cobalt(III)porphyrins (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 226 (1995), S. 213-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 2-Diazopropane and 1-diazo-1-phenylethane were reacted with meso-tetraphenyl-porphin cobalt(III) bromide (Co(III)TPPBr), and the resulting vinyl Co(III)TPP derivatives were copolymerized with MMA to give alkyl Co(III)TPP complexes, covalently bound to macromolecules.
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    PP/LDPE blends filled with short polyamide fibers (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 226 (1995), S. 129-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Einfluß der Verstärkung von Polyethylen niedriger Dichte (LDPE) und Polypropylen (PP) sowie deren Blends mit kurzen Polyamid-66-Fasern (PA) auf das Zug-, Biege- und Schlagzähverhalten der Matrix wurde untersucht. Die Moduli der Composite nehmen mit steigendem Faser- und PP-Gehalt zu, insbesondere bei LDPE/PP-Verhältnissen größer als 1. Der Einfluß der Fasern auf die Zug- und Biegefestigkeit hängt jedoch von der Zusammensetzung der Matrix ab. Während die Fasern bei LDPE/PP-Verhältnissen größer als 1 verstärkend wirken, zeigt sich bei Compositen mit PP als kontinuierlicher Phase eine Abnahme der Zugfestigkeit. In allen Fällen nimmt die Festigkeit der Composite, bei gleichem Faseranteil, mit steigendem PP-Gehalt zu. Das Einmischen von PA-Fasern bewirkt eine Zunahme der Zugfestigkeit bei Compositen mit einem PP-Anteil über 50% in der Matrix. Aus den Ergebnissen wird geschlossen, daß die PA-Fasern vornehmlich in der LDPE-Phase verstärkend wirken, verursacht durch eine höhere Affinität zwischen PA und LDPE.
    Notes: The effect of short polyamide 66 (PA) fibers on the tensile, flexural, and impact behaviour of low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), and their blends has been investigated. The moduli of the composites increase as fiber and PP contents increase, and this effect is more noticeable at LDPE/PP ratios above 1. However, the effect of the fibers on the tensile and flexural strength of these materials depends on matrix composition. So, the polyamide fibers act as a reinforcing agent for polymer matrices with LDPE/PP ratios above 1, but with PP as the continuous phase a decrease in the tensile strength is observed. In all cases, at the same fiber content, the strength of the composites increases as PP percentage increases. On the other hand, the addition of PA fibers gives rise to an increase of the tenacity of the composites with PP percentages above 50% in the matrix composition. From the observed results a higher reinforcing effect and a better affinity between the polyamide fibers and the LDPE are suggested.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Poly(esterbenzoxazinone)s derived from 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane-3,3′-dicarboxylic acid (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 227 (1995), S. 11-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ausgehend von 4,4′-Diaminodiphenylmethan-3,3′-dicarbonsäure und Estergruppen enthaltenden aromatischen Dicarbonsäuredichloriden wurden in einer zweistufigen Reaktion über Polyamidsäuren als Zwischenstufe Poly(esterbenzoxazinone) hergestellt. Diese sind lediglich in konzentrierter Schwefelsäure löslich und zersetzen sich thermisch zwischen 400 und 500°C.
    Notes: Poly(esterbenzoxazinone)s were prepared in two successive steps from 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane-3,3′-dicarboxylic acid and aromatic diacid dichlorides which contained preformed ester groups, via polyamic acids as intermediates. The poly(esterbenzoxazinone)s are soluble only in concentrated sulfuric acid. They thermally decompose in a single step between 400 and 500°C.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Removal of polymerization inhibitors from styrene based on adsorption (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 227 (1995), S. 35-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Adsorptionsmittel zur Entfernung von Polymerisationsinhibitoren aus Styrol wurden untersucht. Die ausgewählten Adsorptionsmittel besitzen ein weites Struktur- und Eigenschaftsspektrum. Die wichtigsten Inhibitoren für Labor- und Industrieverwendung wurden untersucht. Die Leistung der Adsorptionsmittel wurde durch Bestimmung der Inhibitorabnahme im Gleichgewicht bewertet. Aktivkohle erwies sich als das wirksamste Adsorptionsmittel. Die Polaritäten des Adsorptionsmittels und des Adsorbants sind die wichtigsten Faktoren des Adsorptionsprozesses. Die Entfernung des Inhibitors vor der Polymerisation kann von Bedeutung für industrielle Polymerisationen sein.
    Notes: Use of adsorptive materials for the removal of polymerization inhibitors from styrene is studied. The adsorptive materials selected cover a wide range of properties and structure. The most important inhibitors that are used in laboratory and industrial scale were studied. The effectiveness of the adsorptive materials was assessed by determining the inhibitor uptake at equilibrium. It was found that activated carbons are the most effective adsorbents for the removal of inhibitors from styrene and that the factor most affecting adsorption is the polarity of the adsorbent and the adsorbate. The possible importance of removing the inhibitor before industrial-scale polymerization is demonstrated.
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    Kinetic study on depolymerization by glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) with bisphenol A (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 230 (1995), S. 47-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Glykolyse von Poly(ethylenterephthalat) mit Bisphenol A wurde bei hohen Temperaturen zwischen 190°C und 230°C in einem Autoklaven durchgeführt und die Kinetik der Depolymerisation wurde untersucht. Die Reaktionstemperatur und das Verhältnis von Poly(ethylenterephthalat) und Bisphenol A erwiesen sich als bestimmend für die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit und den Glykolysegrad. Zur exakten Beschreibung der Kinetik wurde ein aus sechs Gleichgewichtsreaktionen bestehender Reaktionsmechanismus vorgeschlagen, mit dem durch numerische Integration nach Runge-Kutta die kinetischen Parameter berechnet wurden. Die sehr gute Übereinstimmung zwischen den berechneten und den experimentellen Werten bestätigte die Richtigkeit des Mechanismus.
    Notes: Glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) with bisphenol A at high temperature (190°C-230°C) was carried out in an autoclave reactor. Kinetic study on depolymerization of glycolysis was conducted. The reaction temperature and the ratio of bisphenol A to poly(ethylene terephthalate) played the key roles on the reaction rate and the extent of glycolysis. For describing the kinetic behavior properly, a mechanism consisting of six principle equilibrium reactions was proposed. Based on this mechanism, the kinetic parameters were obtained through the Runge-Kutta numerical integration. Excellent agreements between the calculated values and the experimental data were achieved, thus verified the appropriateness of the proposed mechanism.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1995.052300103
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    Metal ion sorption ability of poly(4-vinylpyridine-co-N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 230 (1995), S. 89-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch radikalische Polymerisation wurden Harze mit Amid- und 4-Vinylpyridin-Gruppen synthetisiert. Die hergestellten wasserunlöslichen Polymeren Poly(4-vinylpyridin) (1), Poly(4-vinylpyridin-co-N,N-dimethylacrylamid) (2) und Poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamid) (3) wurden mit FT-IR-Spektroskopie, Elementaranalyse und Thermoanalyse charakterisiert. Die Fähigkeit der Harze, Cu(II)-, Fe(II)-, Fe(III)- und U(VI)-Ionen zu binden, wurde mit der Batch-Gleichgewichts-Methode bei verschiedenen pH-Werten untersucht. Die Harze 1 und 2 adsorbierten bei pH 1 mehr als 50% U(VI). Die Selektivität von U(VI) gegenüber Cu(II) bei pH 1,0 betrug 2,11. Durch Behandlung mit Schwefelsäure und Natriumcarbonat konnte das mit Uran beladene Polymere 2 teilweise regeneriert werden.
    Notes: Resins containing amide and 4-vinylpyridine moieties were synthesized by radical polymerization. All the resins were completely insoluble in water and characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and thermal analyses. The ability to bind Cu(II), Fe(II), Fe(III) and U(VI) ions at different pHs was studied by batch equilibrium procedure. Uranium(VI) was adsorbed at pH 1 above 50% by the resins 1 and 2. The selectivity of uranium(VI) respect to copper(II) at pH 1.0 was 2.11. The uraniumloaded resin 2 could be partially recovered by treatment with H2SO4 and Na2CO3.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1995.052300105
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    Synthesis and characterization of modified phenolics and their application as curing agent for epoxies (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 230 (1995), S. 99-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Eine Reihe von Harzen des Novolak-Typs wurden durch Reaktion von Formaldehyd mit verschiedenen Phenoxy-Essigsäuren hergestellt, indem HCl als Katalysator eingesetzt wurde. Alle synthetisierten Harze wurden IR-spektroskopisch und viskosimetrisch untersucht; das zahlenmittlere Molekulargewicht wurde mit Hilfe der Dampfdruckosmometrie bestimmt. Zwei der Harzproben wurden zum Vernetzen von Epoxidharzen eingesetzt, um die Kinetik der Vernetzung mittels DSC-Untersuchungen zu studieren. Die vernetzten Epoxide wurden hinsichtlich ihrer thermischen Stabilität geprüft. Die hergestellten Harze verleihen dem Epoxidsystem eine sehr gute Hitzebeständigkeit.
    Notes: A series of novolak type resins were prepared by reacting formaldehyde with various phenoxy acetic acids using HCl as catalyst. All the synthesized resins were characterized by spectral studies (IR), viscometric measurements and by estimating the numberaverage molecular weight by vapour-pressure osmometry. Two of these resin samples were used as curing agents for epoxy resins for studying the kinetics of curing by DSC technique. The cured epoxies were tested for thermal stability. These resins impart very good heat resistance to epoxy systems.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    Synthesis and properties of fiber-grade poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 230 (1995), S. 179-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Poly(trimethylenterephthalat) wurde durch Umesterung von Dimethylterephthalat und Polykondensation im halbtechnischen Maßstab hergestellt. Als Katalysator für beide Reaktionsschritte wurde Titantetrabutylat eingesetzt. Die erhaltenen Polymeren mit gewichtsmittleren Molekulargewichten von bis zu 70000 können aus der Schmelze versponnen werden und zeigen, im Gegensatz zu mit Titanverbindungen hergestelltem Poly(ethylenterephthalat), einen bemerkenswerten Weißheitsgrad. Die Mark-Houwink-Parameter in 1,1,2,2-Tetrachlorethan/Phenol-Lösung (1 : 1, w/w) wurden mit Kalibrierung durch statische Lichtstreuung bestimmt. Die MVI-Werte (235°C, 1,2 kg) lagen typischerweise zwischen 20 und 30 mL/10 min bei Polymeren mit einer gewichtsmittleren Molmasse von 50000-60000 g mol-1.
    Notes: Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) was synthesized on a semi-technical scale following the trans-esterification route. Ester exchange as well as polycondensation were catalyzed by titanium tetrabutylate. The polymer formed shows a remarkable degree of whiteness, contrary to poly(ethylene terephthalate) when synthesized with the aid of titanium compounds. Polymers having molar masses up to 70000 (weight average) were obtained suitable for melt spinning. The Mark-Houwink parameters for solutions in 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane/phenol (1 : 1, w/w) were determined using static light scattering as a calibration. The melt volume index (235°C, 1.2 kg) was typically in the range 20-30 mL/10 min for a polymer having a weight-average molar mass of 50000-60000 g mol-1.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Effect of substitution of monoester by diester on titanium-magnesium catalyst properties in propene polymerization (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 231 (1995), S. 61-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Mit dem Monoester Ethylbenzoat als internem Elektronendonor komplexierte Titan-Magnesium-Katalysatoren (TMC) können mit TiCl4 und Dibutylphthalat zum Diester-Komplex umgesetzt werden. Aktivität und Stereospezifität der direkt mit dem Diester hergestellten und der modifizierten TMC sind bei der Polymerisation von Propylen annähernd gleich. Die Oberfläche und Porenstruktur beider TMC-Typen und deren Zusammenhang mit der jeweiligen Katalysatoraktivität wurde untersucht.
    Notes: Titanium-magnesium catalysts (TMC), containing monoester (ethyl benzoate) as internal donor, can be transferred to the diester TMC by the treatment with TiCl4 and dibutyl phthalate. The activity and the stereospecificity of the transferred TMC in propylene polymerization are close to those of TMC prepared directly in the presence of diester. The surface area and the porous structure of both types of TMC were studied and the correlation with the activity of these catalysts is discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1995.052310106
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    Photopolymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate using macro photoinitiators. Synthesis and characterization of PS-PEG-PS or PMMA-PEG-PMMA block copolymers (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 231 (1995), S. 123-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Makrophotoinitiatoren aus Poly(ethylenglykol) (PEG) mit Benzoylxanthat-Segmenten wurden durch Reaktion der PEG-Xanthate mit Benzoylchlorid hergestellt. Diese Makrophotoinitiatoren mit PEGs unterschiedlicher Molekulargewichte wurden eingesetzt, um durch lichtinduzierte radikalische Polymerisation von Styrol und Methyl-methacrylat Blockcopolymere mit inneren PEG-Segmenten zu synthetisieren. Der Ein-fluß der Konzentration der Reaktanden und der Polymerisationszeit auf die Ausbeute und die Viskosität der Blockcopolymeren wurde untersucht. Die Blockcopolymeren wurden durch fraktionierte Fällung und IR-, UV- und 1H-NMR-Spektroskopie charakterisiert.
    Notes: Macro photoinitiators based on poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEG) bearing benzoyl xanthate moieties were synthesized by the reaction of PEG xanthates with benzoyl chloride. These macro photoinitiators possessing PEGs of different molecular weights were used in the photoinduced radical polymerization of styrene (S) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) to yield block copolymers having an inner-PEG segment. The influence of the concentration of reactants and polymerization time on the yield and intrinsic viscosities of block copolymers were also investigated. Characterization of block copolymers was carried out by fractional precipitation and IR, UV and 1H NMR spectroscopic methods.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1995.052310111
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    Preparation and characterization of polymer dispersed liquid crystal films using photosensitive polymers (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 231 (1995), S. 109-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Flüssigkristalle 4-Butyl-N-(4-methoxybenzyliden)anilin (MBBA) und 4-Butyl-N-(4-ethoxybenzyliden)anilin (EBBA) wurden synthetisiert. Die hydrophilen Monomeren 2-Hydroxyethylmethacrylat (HEMA) und Acrylsäure (Aa) wurden eingesetzt, um die polymere Matrix für Flüssigkristalle zu bilden, die dispergieren und einen Polymer-Flüssigkristall-Film (PDLC) bilden, Um solche PDLC-Filme herzustellen, wurden MBBA, EBBA oder die kommerziellen Flüssigkristalle ZLI-2444, 2452, 2459 und BDH-E7 mit HEMA, Aa und photoempfindlichen Stoffen gemischt und mit UV-Licht bestrahlt. Das elektrooptische Verhalten und die Mikrostruktur der PDLC-Filme wurden mit einem He-Ne-Laser bzw. mit der Rasterelektronenmikroskopie (SEM) untersucht. Die Effekte der UV-Bestrahlung und des Monomerverhältnisses auf das Verhalten der PDLC-Filme wurden ebenso untersucht wie die Reproduzierbarkeit und die Speicherstabilität der Filme.
    Notes: 4-Butyl-N-(4-methoxybenzylidene)aniline (MBBA) and 4-butyl-N-(4-ethoxybenzylidene)aniline (EBBA) liquid crystals were synthesized. To investigate the applications of hydrophilic monomers and polymers on the field of polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and acrylic acid (Aa) were selected as monomers for the polymer matrix. To prepare the PDLC films, MBBA, EBBA, and commercial liquid crystals ZLI-2444, 2452, 2459 and BDH-E7 were mixed with HEMA, Aa and photosensitive materials and then irradiated by UV light. The electrooptical behavior and the microstructure of the PDLC films were investigated by He-Ne laser and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The effects of UV-light irradiation and monomer ratio on the electrooptical behavior of PDLC films, and the reproducibility and storage stability of the PDLC films were investigated.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    Investigation of primers reducing the pink-ring formation in multilayer printed circuit boards (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 231 (1995), S. 91-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Mit einem schnellen und einfachen Vorversuch wurde die Fähigkeit von unterschiedlich zusammengesetzten Grundierungen zur Reduzierung der “pink-ring”-Defekte in mehrschichtigen gedruckten Leiterplatten untersucht. Mischungen von Silanen mit multifunktionellen Silanol-Gruppen (Vernetzer) und 3-Glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxysilan (Silan A) oder N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilan (Silan B) erwiesen sich als wirksam zur Reduzierung der “pink-rings”. Die Mischungen von Silan A mit aromatischen Vernetzern zeigten bessere Ergebnisse als andere Grundierungsformulierungen, was teilweise dem geringeren Anteil an hydrophilen Gruppen und der besseren Verteilung in den Filmen zugeschrieben wurde. Die besten Resultate wurden mit einer Grundierung mit Siloxan-Verbindungen erhalten. On-line Untersuchungen bestätigten die Ergebnisse der Vorversuche und demonstrierten die Durchführbarkeit des entwickelten Vortests zur Bewertung der Wirkung der Grundierungen. FT-IR-Spek-troskopie und Thermogravimetrie-untersuchungen zeigten, daß die auf die Kupfero-xide aufgebrachten Grundierungen sowohl die Vernetzungsreaktion fördern als auch die thermooxidative Stabilität der Epoxy/CuO-Systeme verbessern.
    Notes: A rapid and easy screening test was applied to assess the capability of various formulated primers to reduce the defect of pink rings in multilayer printed circuit boards. The mixtures of silanes with multifunctional silanol groups (crosslinkers) and 3-glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxysilaneSystematic name: 3-(2,3-Epoxypropoxy)propyl-trimethoxysilane. (referred to as silane C) or N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilaneSystematic name: 3-[N-2-aminoethyl]aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane. (silane B) were proved to be effective in reducing the pink rings. The performance of the mixed silanes using silane A and crosslinkers with aromatic groups were better than other formulated primers which was partly attributed to less amounts of hydrophilic groups and better integrity in the primer films. A developed primer consisting of siloxane compounds had the best performance. The online test confirmed the results from the screening test and demonstrated the feasibility of the designed screening test in assessing the performance of primers. The results of FTIR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analyses confirmed that the effective primers coated on the copper oxides could improve the curing reaction and the thermal oxidative stability of the epoxy/CuO system.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1995.052310109
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    Differentialkalorimetrische untersuchungen an chloriertem polyethylen und chloriertem polyvinylchlorid (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 231 (1995), S. 161-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In the amorphous region (chlorine ≥ 30 wt.-%), chlorinated polyethylene (PE-C) which was prepared by chlorination in solution shows a continuous rise of the glass temperature Tg with increasing chlorine content. This Tg-percent chlorine function was compared with the Tg-percent chlorine function of PVC-C. It could be shown that the Δcp data as a function of the chlorine content measured at Tg has a maximum at 50 wt.-% chlorine in the case of PE-C and at 60 wt.-% chlorine in the case of PVC-C.
    Notes: Durch Chlorieren in Lösung hergestelltes Polyethylen (PE-C) zeigt im amorphen Bereich (Chlorgehalt ≥ 30 Gew.-%) eine kontinuierliche Erhöhung der Glastemperatur Tg mit steigendem Chlorgehalt. Diese Tg-Chlorgehalt-Funktion wurde verglichen mit der Tg-Chlorgehalt-Funktion des PVC-C. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Δcp-Werte, gemessen bei Tg, in Abhängigkeit vom Chlorgehalt ein Maximum aufweisen, und zwar bei 50 Gew.-% Chlor für PE-C und bei 60 Gew.-% Chlor für PVC-C.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1995.052310114
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    Announcements (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 231 (1995), S. 213-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1995.052310118
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    Mitteilungen/Announcements (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 230 (1995), S. 205-205 
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    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1995.052300115
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    Sulfonated polyurethane ionomers in solution (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 231 (1995), S. 25-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Viskosität verdünnter Lösungen in Wasser oder DMF von Polyurethan-Ionomeren mit Natriumsulfopropylgruppen an den Urethan-Stickstoffatomen wurde untersucht. Bei Temperaturen zwischen 25 und 60°C zeigte sich ein Polyelektrolyteffekt, der auch nach Zugabe von Natriumchlorid erhalten blieb. Dies läßt sich durch Coulombsche Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Ladungsträgern und eine Tendenz zur Aggregation in separierten Domänen (begünstigt durch die spezifische molekulare Architektur der Polymeren) erklären.
    Notes: Aqueous and DMF-diluted solutions of polyurethane ionomers with sodium propanesulfonated groups at urethanic nitrogen atoms were studied by viscometry. A polyelectrolyte effect was evidenced at temperatures between 25 and 60°C, and it was preserved when NaCl was added to solutions.The coulombic interactions between charged groups and a tendency to aggregation in separated domains (favoured by specific molecular architecture of polymers) explain the observed solution properties.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Increasing of the adhesive properties of poly(propylene) by surface modification (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 231 (1995), S. 69-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurde der Einfluß der Oberflächenbehandlung auf die Hydrophilie und die freie Oberflächenenergie (FSE) von isotaktischem Polypropylen (iPP) untersucht. Es wurde festgestellt, daß bereits ein- bis zweiminütige UV-Bestrahlung ausreicht, um die FSE zu erhöhen. Unter dem zusätzlichen Einfluß von PCl3 auf die Polymeroberfläche wird die FSE um 29% im Vergleich mit unmodifiziertem iPP erhöht. Die Adhäsionsarbeit steigt dabei um den Faktor sechs. Die FSE wächst durch die Anwendung von starken Oxidationsmitteln in wäßriger Lösung. Die FSE des iPP ändert sich mit der Zeit nach der Oberflächenbehandlung nur unwesentlich.
    Notes: The applied surface modification methods aim at an increase of the hydrophilicity and the free surface energy (FSE) of isotactic poly(propylene) (iPP).It was shown that for this purpose it is possible to use UV irradiation during 1-2 min, depending on the distance of the source of irradiation from the polymer surface [50, resp. 100 mm]. By the simultaneous effect of phosphorus trichloride (PCl3) and UV irradiation on the polymer surface the FSE was increased by 29% compared to the unmodified polymer and the mechanical work of adhesion was six times the original value. It was found that the application of strong oxidizing agents, such as potassium permanganate (PPM) and ammonium peroxodisulfate (APS), resulted in an increase of the FSE of iPP by 16 to 19%. The efficiency of the modification depends on the time of the modification by aqueous solutions of the oxidizers, as well as on the concentration of the solution. The FSE of iPP modified by UV irradiation does not change with the time after the modification.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    The synthesis of pyridyl-substituted polyurethanes and copolyurethanes (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 231 (1995), S. 171-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch Polyaddition von Diphenylmethan-4,4′-diisocyanat oder Dicyclohexylmethan-4,4′-diisocyanat mit 2-Methyl-2-(4-pyridyl)propan-1,3-diol (MPyP) wurden neue reaktive Polyurethane hergestellt, deren Struktureinheiten mit Pyridinringen substituiert sind. Copolyurethane aus diesem Diol wurden in einem Ein- bzw. Zweistufenprozeß in Substanz oder in Diglyme-Lösung hergestellt, wobei als Comonomere Hexan-1,6-diol (HD), α,ω- Dihydroxypoly(oxyethylen)e mit verschiedenen Molekulargewichten (POE 400,1000 und 2000) oder α,ω-Dihydroxypoly(oxypropylen) (PPO 400) eingesetzt wurden. Die erhaltenen Pyridin-substituierten Polyurethane und Copolyurethane wurden durch 1H-NMR- und 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie und durch die Grenzviskosität [λ] charakterisiert. Die Pyridineinheiten wurden acidometrisch (HClO4) bestimmt. Die Reaktivität der OH-Gruppen in MPyP bezüglich der Isocyanat-Gruppe wurde charakterisiert, indem die Geschwindigkeitskonstante der Reaktion von MPyP mit Phenylisocyanat bestimmt wurde. Der erhaltene Wert von 2,45 · 10-3 dm3 mol-1 s-1 (25°C) liegt um eine Größenordnung höher als die Geschwindigkeits-konstante für die Addition von Hexan-1,6-diol. Diese Differenz wurde mit einem katalytischen Mechanismus bei der Addition von MPyP interpretiert.
    Notes: New reactive polyurethanes with structure units substituted with pyridine rings were prepared by the polyaddition reaction of diphenylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate or dicyclohexylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate with 2-methyl-2-(4-pyridyl)propane-1,3-diol (MPyP). Copolyurethanes based on this diol were synthesized by a one- or two-step procedure carried out in bulk or diglyme solution using hexane-1,6-diol (HD), α,ω-dihydroxypoly(oxyethylene)s of various molecular weights (POE 400, 1000 and 2000) or α,ω-dihydroxypoly(oxypropylene) (PPO 400) as comonomers.Pyridyl-substituted polyurethanes and copolyurethanes were characterized by their 1H and 13C NMR spectra and limiting viscosity numbers [η]. The pyridine units were determined acidimetrically (HClO4). The reactivity of the OH groups of the pyridine diol towards NCO groups was characterized by determining the rate constants of its reaction with phenyl isocyanate. The obtained value of 2.45 × 10-3 dm3 mol-1 s-1 (25°C) was by an order of magnitude greater than the rate constant for the addition of hexane-1,6-diol. This difference was interpreted in terms of a catalytic mechanism for the addition of MPyP.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Are microencapsulated antioxidants a feasible technology?Paper presented at the “16th International Conference on Advances in the Stabilization and Degradation of Polymers” in Luzern (Switzerland), June 14-17, 1994. (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 232 (1995), S. 13-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: We consider the possibility of stabilising a polymer by using a low-molecular-weight, mobile and soluble antioxidant, trapped in a small volume fraction of encapsulating material so that it is released into the surrounding polymer to compensate for consumption or loss. Two models are discussed. In the “matrix” model, the additive is dissolved in an encapsulant and its release is controlled entirely by the diffusion coefficient in the encapsulant. In the “balloon” model, the pure additive is surrounded by a wall of encapsulant, through which it permeates into the surrounding polymer. Modelling of the two cases allows the required diffusion or permeation coefficients to be calculated for any chosen loss time. It is found that purely diffusion-controlled loss would require improbably low diffusion coefficients, whereas the required permeabilities for balloon models are accessible. It is difficult to imagine a system for which the temperature coefficient of loss rate would be low enough to allow elevated temperature processing without loss of the additive.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Diffusion von wasserdampf durch feinschichtharze (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 233 (1995), S. 47-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Thin, plane plates of a defined thickness were cast from two types of gelcoat resins (isophthalic acid neopentylglycol (UP) and vinylester resin (PHA) based on bisphenol A) as a model for a gelcoat or topcoat layer of a glass fibre-reinforced laminate. The effect of undercuring as well as of resin dilution with styrene on the water vapor permeation through these plates was examined. In both cases the dilution of the resin results in an obvious increase of permeability. Undercuring (curing degrees of about 97%) and subsequent extraction of residual styrene monomer increases the water vapor permeability in the UP, on the other hand a light drop of the permeation coefficient was registered in the case of PHA. The results are discussed in connection with the different kinetics of the curing reactions in both resin types.
    Notes: Als Modell für die Gelcoat- oder Topcoatschicht eines glasfaserverstärkten Laminates wurden dünne, planparallele Platten definierter Dicke aus zwei Gelcoatharztypen (Isophthalsäure-Neopentylglykol- (UP) und Phenacrylat-Harz (PHA) auf Basis von Bisphenol A) gegossen, und es wurde der Einfluß der Unterhärtung sowie der Harzverdünnung mit Styrol auf die Wasserdampfdurchlässigkeit dieser Platten untersucht. Die Harzverdünnung führt in beiden Fällen zu einem evidenten Anstieg der Permeationskoeffizienten P. Die Unterhärtung (Aushärtungsgrade um 97%) und anschließende Extraktion des nicht auspolymerisierten Styrols läßt beim UP die Permeabilität von Wasserdampf ebenfalls ansteigen, beim PHA wurde dagegen ein leichtes Sinken des Permeationskoeffizienten verzeichnet. Die Ergebnisse werden im Zusammenhang mit den Unterschieden in der Kinetik der Aushärtungsreaktion beider Harztypen diskutiert.
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    Mechanical behaviour of PS/PVC blends compatibilized with block-graft copolymers based on poly(styrene-block-butadiene)Dedicated to Prof. Dr. W. Borchard on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 233 (1995), S. 77-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Blends aus Polystyrol (PS) und Polyvinylchlorid (PVC) sind aus thermodynamischen Gründen unverträglich und weisen deshalb nur schlechte mechanische Eigenschaften wie mangelnde Schlagzähigkeits- und Reißdehnungswerte auf. Der Grund hierfür liegt in der Natur der Grenzfläche solcher unverträglicher, heterogener Polymer-Blends. Hohe Grenzflächenspannungen und eine geringe Phasenadhäsion führen zu groben Phasenmorphologien, die kinetisch und thermodynamisch instabil sind. Jedoch gelingt es mit maßgeschneiderten Block-Pfropfcopolymeren P(S-b-(B-g-CHMA, MMA)) auf Basis von Styrol/Butadien-Blockcopolymeren P(S-b-B), auf die Polycyclohexylmethacrylat (PCHMA) oder Polymethylmethacrylat (PMMA) radikalisch ge-pfropft wurden, die Phasenmorphologien drastisch zu verfeinern, was zu einem duktilen Verhalten der modifizierten Blends führt. So steigt die Schlagzähigkeit von modifizierten gegenüber nicht modifizierten PS/PVC-Blends um den Faktor 10 und bewegt sich damit im Bereich von zähmodifiziertem PS.Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen (TEM, REM) beweisen, daß die drastisch verbesserten Eigenschaften der modifizierten PS/PVC-Blends auf einer Grenzflächenselektivität der Block-Pfropfcopolymeren und einer ausgezeichneten Phasenanbindung beruhen.
    Notes: Blends composed of polystyrene (PS) and polyvinylchloride (PVC) are incompatible due to unfavourable interactions. Consequently, their mechanical properties such as impact strength and elongation at break are only very poor. The key to successfully influence the properties of such heterogeneous blends lies in the control of the interface. High interface tensions and an insufficient phase adhesion often lead to coarse phase morphologies which are thermodynamically and kinetically unstable. However, with radically synthesized, tailor made block-graft copolymers P(S-b-(B-g-CHMA, MMA)) based on a styrene/butadiene two-block copolymer P(S-b-B) which are grafted with poly(cyclohexylmethacrylate) (PCHMA) or poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA), the phase morphology can be markedly refined and the blends surprisingly show ductile behaviour. Thus, the impact strength of so modified PS/PVC 1 : 1 blends is about ten times higher than in the unmodified case and is thereby similar to impact modified PS.Electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) reveals that the modified PS/PVC blends owe their improved mechanical properties to the interface selectivity of the block-graft copolymers and therefore to a superior phase adhesion.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Triazine-based polymers, 3Part 2 cf.20.. Synthesis and characterization of polyamines (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 233 (1995), S. 121-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Eine Serie von 16 Polyaminen auf Triazinbasis wurde mittels Grenzflächenpolykondensation synthetisiert. Als Monomere wurden verschiedene Dichlortriazinderivate sowie Diaminverbindungen verwendet. Der Einfluß von Temperatur, Reaktionszeit, Monomerkonzentration, Art des organischen Lösungsmittels sowie Art der Base auf die reduzierte spezifische Viskosität und die Ausbeute an Polyamin wurde untersucht. Löslichkeiten, Glastemperaturen und thermogravimetrische Daten der Produkte wurden bestimmt. Über die dynamisch-mechanische Thermoanalyse von zwei Polyaminen wird berichtet.
    Notes: A series of 16 triazine-based polymines was synthesized by interfacial polycondensation, using various dichlorotriazine derivatives and diamines as monomers. The effect of the reaction parameters temperature, reaction time, concentration of monomers, type of organic solvent and type of base on the reduced specific viscosity and yield of polyamines was investigated. Solubilities, glass transition temperatures and thermogravimetric data were determined. Dynamic-mechanical thermal analyses of two polyamines are reported.
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    Synthesis and characterization of low-viscosity fluoropolyether-based segmented oligomers (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 231 (1995), S. 47-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurden sechs oligomere Polyole synthetisiert und charakterisiert. Die Oligomeren waren aus strukturell gleichen Perfluorpolyether-Ketten, aber mit unterschiedlichen Endgruppen aus Hydroxygruppen enthaltenden hydrogenierten Segmenten aufgebaut. Zur Synthese der Polyole wurde der Fluorpolyetherdiol-Precursor (ZDOL) mit Epoxiden oder Dibromalkanen verethert. Die Reaktion mit Epoxiden führte direkt zu den Polyolen, während mit Dibromalkanen zunächst die fluorierten Dibromderivate erhalten wurden, die mit Malonat und durch anschließende Reduktion in die Polyole umagewandelt wurden. Die Viskosität der Oligomeren wurde bestimmt, und der Einfluß von Temperatur, Lösungsmittelkonzentration sowie Gehalt an Hydroxyendgruppen auf die Viskosität wurde ermittelt. Die außergewöhnlich niedrige Glastemperatur und Viskosität sowie die gute Mischbarkeit mit gängigen Lösungsmitteln machen diese Polyole als Harze für hochfeste Beschichtungen interessant.
    Notes: Six oligomeric polyols having a common perfluoropolyether chain end-capped by different hydrogenated segments containing hydroxylic groups were synthesized and their properties described. The general scheme for the synthesis of these polyols involved the etherification of the fluoropolyether diol precursor (ZDOL) with epoxides or dibromoalkanes. The former reaction gave directly the polyolic derivatives, while the latter yielded the fluorinated dibromoderivative which could be converted to polyols through the reaction with malonate and final reduction.The viscosity of these oligomers was measured and its dependence on temperature, solvent concentration and hydroxylic end-groups content was established. The exceptionally low Tg and viscosity together with the good miscibility with common solvents make these polyols very interesting as “resins” suitable for high-solid coatings.
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    Preface (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 22 (1983), S. xi 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360220103
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    Interactions between poly(Gly-Pro-Pro) triple helices: A model for molecular packing in collagen (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 22 (1983), S. 33-36 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Potential-energy calculations are reported on the interaction between two collagenlike triple-stranded poly(Gly-L-Pro-L-Pro) helices. Short helices can pack in a variety of orientations, but there is a unique parallel packing arrangement of the two helices for longer polypeptide chains.
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    Coupling between the helix-coil transition and nematic-isotropic transitions in polypeptide solutions (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 22 (1983), S. 43-47 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The lattice model of Flory has been extended in order to consider equilibrium between isotropic and nematic phases containing helix-coil type chains. Nearly complete exclusion of coil sequences from the lyotropic nematic phase produces an enhanced cooperativity in the helix-coil transition. In poor solvents this enhancement begins to occur at concentrations typical of some experiments.
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    Strategy for trapping intermediates in the folding of ribonuclease and for using 1H-NMR to determine their structures (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 22 (1983), S. 59-67 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The major unfolded form of ribonuclease A is known to show well-populated structural intermediates transiently during folding at 0°-10°C. We describe here how the exchange reaction between D2O and peptide NH protons can be used to trap folding intermediates. The protons protected from exchange during folding can be characterized by 1H-nmr after folding is complete. The feasibility of using 1H-nmr to resolve a set of protected peptide protons is demonstrated by using a specially prepared sample of ribonuclease S in D2O in which only the peptide protons of residues 7-14 are in the 1H-form. All eight of these protected peptide protons are H-bonded. Resonance assignments made on isolated peptides containing these residues have been used to identify the protected protons. Other sets of protected protons trapped in the 1H-form can also be isolated by differential exchange, using either ribonuclease A or S. Earlier model compound studies have indicated that H-bonded folding intermediates should be unstable in water unless stabilized by additional interactions. Nevertheless, peptides derived from ribonuclease A that contain residues 3-13 do show partial helix formation in water at low temperatures. We discuss the possibility that specific interactions between side chains can stabilize short α-helixes by nucleating the helix, and that specific interactions may also define the helix boundaries at early stages in folding.
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    Multiphasic conformation transition of globular proteins under denaturating perturbation (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 22 (1983), S. 93-99 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Denaturation profiles of 17 globular proteins were studied by the spectroscopic and chromatographic methods with high-data-point density. The denaturational transitions are broadly classified into three types according to their multiphasic characteristics. In general, more or less complex internal cooperative events seem to take place in the conformation transition of globular proteins.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Conformational and functional properties of hemoglobin in water-organic cosolvent mixtures: Effect of ethylene glycol and glycerol on oxygen affinity (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 22 (1983), S. 119-123 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We report on the effects that the presence of ethylene glycol or glycerol has on the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. We attribute these effects to an altered equilibrium between T and R quaternary conformations of hemoglobin and separate them into bulk-electrostatic and non-bulk-electrostatic contributions to the standard free-energy difference between the R and T states.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360220119
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    NMR analysis of structure and function of snake neurotoxins (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 22 (1983), S. 139-145 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 270-MHz proton-nmr spectra of short neurotoxins (erabutoxins from Laticauda semifasciata and cobrotoxin from Naja naja atra) and long neurotoxins (toxin B from Naja naja and α-bungarotoxin from Bungarus multicinctus) have been analyzed. The conformation of erabutoxin b in solution is largely consistent with the x-ray crystal analysis, although the environment of His-7 in solution is definitely different from that in the crystal. The pH-dependent transition has been found for toxin B, indicating that the conformation in neutral solution is different from that in the crystal as grown from acidic solution. The deuterium-exchange rates of the amide protons for the four neurotoxins have been measured. The order of structural rigidity is the same as the order of the irreversibility of neuromuscular block by neurotoxins.
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    1H-NMR studies on poly(oxyethylene)-bound oligopeptides (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 22 (1983), S. 163-169 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Conformational studies on poly(oxyethylene)-bound homo-, oligo-, guest-host, and sequential peptides synthesized according to the liquid-phase method were carried out by means of 1H-nmr spectroscopy. The solubilizing effect of the C-terminal polymeric support allowed a thorough investigation of the secondary structure in solution.
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    Vibrational analysis of conformation in peptides, polypeptides, and proteinsThis is paper number 16 in a series of which Ref. 20 is paper 15. (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 22 (1983), S. 217-225 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A vibrational force field for the polypeptide chain has been developed for normal-mode analysis of such molecules. It can reproduce observed frequencies of known structures to within about 5 cm-1. We review the application of this technique to conformational problems in peptides (β-turns and their model compounds), polypeptides [the αII-helix and crystalline poly(glycine II)], and proteins (bacteriorhodopsin and glucagon).
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    1H-NMR studies on substance P hexapeptide analogs (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 22 (1983), S. 247-253 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1H-nmr studies of [pGlu6]SP6-11, [gpGlu6,mPhe7]SP6-11, and [pGlu6,N-CH3Phe7]SP6-11 in DMSO-d6 reveal characteristic chemical shifts, 3JNH-αCH, temperature dependence, as well as deuterium exchange half-times. Marked similarities are revealed for the two first analogs, whereas the N-methylated analog is clearly different. Possible conformations are considered.
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    Conformational flexibility in a small globular hormone: X-ray analysis of avian pancreatic polypeptide at 0.98-Å resolution (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 22 (1983), S. 293-304 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 36-amino acid avian pancreatic polypeptide has been studied by x-ray analysis at 0.98-Å resolution and refined using a restrained least-squares technique to an agreement factor of 15.6%. The polypeptide, which has a compact globular structure with a hydrophobic core, comprises a polyproline-like helix (residues 2-8) and an α-helix (residues 14-32). The molecule forms symmetrical dimers linked through zinc atoms in the crystal lattice. The high-resolution analysis defines sequence-dependent distortions in the α-helical parameters due to hydrogen bonding of water molecules and side chains. The thermal parameters indicate an increased flexibility of the main chain at the turn between the helices and in the C-terminal residues. For the first time, six-parameter anisotropic thermal ellipsoids have been refined for each atom; these define the directions of the molecular motions in the polypeptide, indicating concerted vibrations. The physiological roles of conformation, flexibility, and dynamics of this polypeptide hormone are discussed.
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    Solid-state geometry and conformation of linear, diastereoisomeric oligoprolinesAbbreviations, description of the atoms, and conventions for the conformation of the peptide chain follow the recommendations of the IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature [(1972) Biochem. J. 126, 773-780]. Further abbreviations used are: Ac, acetyl; n-Prp, n-propionyl; Mmp, 1-(3-mercapto-2-methylpropionyl); Piv, pivaloyl; t-Boc, tert-butyloxycarbonyl; t-Aoc, tert-amyloxycarbonyl; Z, benzyloxycarbonyl; Hyp, 4-hydroxyproline; Aze, azetidine-4-carboxylic acid; Thz, thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; Δβ-Pro, 3,4-dehydroproline; Aib, α-aminoisobutyric acid; Pip, pipecolic acid; pGlu, pyroglutamic acid; OMe, methoxy; OBzl, benzyloxy. (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 22 (1983), S. 305-317 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have carried out a systematic analysis of the solid-state conformational preferences of a number of linear homo-oligoprolines (to the tetramer) by ir absorption and x-ray diffraction. The peptides present different chiral sequences (tacticities), various types (urethane and amide) of N-protecting groups, and free and blocked C-termini (which imply different capabilities of forming H-bonds). The following conclusions can be drawn: (i) values for the geometry of the prolyl residue and the peptide bond in the cis and in the trans conformations are proposed; (ii) in general the conformational angles ϕ and ψ in the linear homo-oligoprolines have values appropriate for the polyproline II structure (conformation F); (iii) the pyrrolidine ring shows various types of puckering with no apparent relation to the backbone conformation; (iv) Pro-Pro peptide bonds generally take the trans conformation, the few cases of cis conformation being formed by Pro residues of different chirality; (v) the single H-bond donor  -  OH, when present, is always bonded to H-acceptors, which can be either the urethane or the amide or the peptide carbonyl but never the carbonyl group of the  -  COOH moiety.
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    Microheterogeneity of bovine myelin basic protein studied by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 22 (1983), S. 377-380 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Myelin basic protein isolated from bovine white matter is known to consist of a mixture of three or more “charge isomers”, which can be separated by cation-exchange chromatography. We are using 360-MHz 1H-nmr spectroscopy to establish the chemical and structural differences among them. Preliminary studies by difference spectroscopy between two of the isomers suggest (a) all aromatic residues, and probably their nearest-neighbors, are unchanged; (b) the less cationic isomer lacks one (or two) of its C-terminal Arg residues; and (c) a significant fraction of the two Met residues in the less cationic isomer is present as methionine sulfoxide.
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    Spectroscopic studies of a hydrophobic peptide in membranelike environments (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 22 (1983), S. 381-385 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A hydrophobic linear peptide has been synthesized and studied over a range of environments using several complementary spectroscopic approaches, including nmr, CD, and vibrational spectroscopies. The sequence of this model peptide, carbobenzoxy-L-Pro-D-Phe-D-Ala-L-Pro-NHCH3, was designed such that a small number of “folded” conformations, stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding, would be accessible to it. Additionally, the extremely hydrophobic character of the peptide favors its interactions with hydrophobic regions of a membrane. The conformational impact of the membrane environment on the peptide, and the effect of the peptide on lipid organization have been explored both in micellar media and in vesicles. To facilitate nmr analysis, the peptide has been synthesized with one of the prolines perdeuterated. Results of these studies reveal that the peptide experiences a microenvironment of moderate polarity in micellar media and causes changes in lipid structure in a vesicle that are indicative of a hydrophobic peptide-lipid interaction.
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    How antigenic are antigenic peptides? (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 22 (1983), S. 425-440 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Most of a protein surface is potentially antigenic, consisting of numerous overlapping domains each complementary to antibody-combining sites. These domains may include peptide sequences that are demonstrably antigenic but only when antibodies from the appropriate host individuals and species are used. Methods for locating antigenic peptide sequences are described in which hydrophilic polyamide supports are used for peptide synthesis, then solid-phase radioimmunoassay with antisera and protein A. Most antigenic domains, however, comprise amino acid side chains contributed by two or more nearby polypeptide chains. Such domains can be identified by comparing the cross-reactivities of groups of very closely related proteins towards monoclonal antibodies raised to one of them. Such studies, using myoglobins, have identified a number of residues not previously shown to be antigenic and have provided a guide for the choice of synthetic peptides which are likely to carry several immunodominant side chains. One such peptide corresponding to residues (72-89) of beef myoglobin has been shown, using CD and antibodies to the parent protein, to have interesting conformational and antigenic properties. The peptide (25-55) is also antigenic.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360220156
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  • 196
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    Some novel approaches to the design and synthesis of peptide-catecholamine conjugates (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 22 (1983), S. 531-545 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of novel, functionalized catecholamines (congeners) has been synthesized in which, formalistically, the N-isopropyl group of isoproterenol has been extended by a linear alkyl chain of varying length, terminated by a carboxyl group. Model amide derivatives have also been prepared in order to optimize the biological activity of these derivatives and also to aid in the design of appropriate peptides for the synthesis of conjugates. As a result of these studies, a series of amino acid and monodisperse peptide carriers, containing p-aminophenylalanine as the point of attachment for the drug, was prepared, together with the corresponding conjugates. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the congeners, model amides, and conjugates has demonstrated that the biological activity of these derivatives is extremely sensitive to structural modifications at a point far-removed from the pharmacophore, in both the congener amide and conjugate series. A number of the model amides and conjugates have proven to be highly active when tested in both in vitro and in vivo test systems. The implications of these results in terms of a novel structure-activity approach to drug design are discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360220166
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  • 197
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    Specific and nonspecific macromolecule-drug conjugates for the improvement of cancer chemotherapy (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 22 (1983), S. 557-567 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Antineoplastic drugs such as daunomycin, adriamycin, methotrexate, 5-fluorouridine, cytosine arabinoside, and platinate were bound to antibodies directly or via a polymeric bridge. The drug antibody conjugates retained most of their drug and antibody activities when tested in vitro. Daunomycin-antibody conjugates were shown to penetrate tumor cells in the conjugated form. In animals, daunomycin-antibody conjugates were at least as effective chemotherapeutically as the corresponding free drugs and considerably less toxic. In some tumor systems, the daunomycin-antibody conjugates represented an improvement over the free drug. This improvement was restricted in some tumors to a particular injection route of the tumor and the treatment.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360220168
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  • 198
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    Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of insulin derivatives containing one or two poly(ethylene oxide) chains at specific positions (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 22 (1983), S. 569-573 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We describe a synthetic method aimed at specifically coupling poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) to proteins without altering their spectroscopic properties. To do so, we have first modified the alcohol end group of PEO to an acid end group (PEO-COOH). Coupling of PEO-COOH to Gly A1 methylsulfonylethyloxycarbonyl (Msc) protected insulin yielded NαB1,N∊B29-(PEO)2-insulin. Conversely, coupling of PEO-COOH to insulin whose Gly A1 and Lys B29 amino groups were protected with Msc yielded NαB1-PEO-insulin. The products were obtained in a spectroscopically pure form and characterized by uv and CD spectroscopy. Conformational and biological studies are in progress.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360220169
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  • 199
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    Poly(2-aminodeoxyadenylic acid): Circular dichroism and thermal stability of its complexes and their relevance to phage DNA in which A is replaced by 2NH2A (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 22 (1983), S. 597-600 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360220204
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  • 200
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    Crystal structure and conformation of a cyclic tetrapeptide cyclo(L-Pro-Sar)2 containing all-cis peptide units (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 22 (1983), S. 633-641 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The crystal structure and conformation of the synthetic cyclic tetrapeptide, cyclo(L-Pro-Sar)2, was determined by x-ray analysis. The peptide crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with cell parameters a = 9.277(1), b = 12.884(1), and c = 15.581(2) Å. The crystal structure was solved by the symbolic addition procedure for direct phase determination and least-squares refinement using 1796 reflections, which led to the final R value of 0.043. This structure provides the first example observed in a crystal of a cyclic tetrapeptide in which all four peptide units have been found in the cis conformation with ω angles deviating slightly by 2°-10° from the ideal value of 0°. It was also found that the two Pro Cα-CO single bonds assumed a trans′ (ψ = 159.6° and 158.4°) conformation. Adjoining average planes of the peptide groups fall at nearly right angles to each other. The pyrrolidine ring conformations of the two prolyl residues are in the envelope form, with Cγ carbon out of the least-squares planes for the remaining four atoms.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360220208
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