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  • Other Sources  (1,275)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (643)
  • SOLAR PHYSICS  (253)
  • AEROSPACE MEDICINE  (199)
  • SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE  (167)
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Umweltmedizin
  • ddc:554.3
  • 1980-1984  (1,264)
  • 1945-1949  (3)
  • 1935-1939  (4)
  • 1920-1924  (4)
  • 1915-1919
  • 1980  (1,264)
  • 1948  (3)
  • 1938  (4)
  • 1921  (4)
  • 1915
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  • 1980-1984  (1,264)
  • 1945-1949  (3)
  • 1935-1939  (4)
  • 1920-1924  (4)
  • 1915-1919
Year
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2022-07-25
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:554.3
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:article , publishedVersion
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  • 2
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    Publication Date: 2023-01-16
    Description: Die Rehbergschichten treten im linksrheinischen Buntsandstein zwischen Trifels- und Karlstalschichten auf. Es ist ein Wechsel von Felsbänken und Dünnschichten, wobei die Felsbänke die petrographischen Merkmale der Trifelsschichten, die Dünnschichten die sedimentologischen Merkmale der Unteren Karlstalschichten enthalten. Die Untergrenze der Rehbergschichten bildet die tiefste Lage von Dünnschichten (Scheidter Niveau). Die Obergrenze der Rehbergschichten bildet die stratigraphisch höchste Felsbank mit den petrographischen Merkmalen der Trifelsschichten oder des smi. Stratigraphisch markante Felsbänke bestehen innerhalb der Rehbergschichten nicht, eine stratigraphische und kartographische Unterteilung der Rehbergschichten ist nicht möglich. Genetisch werden die Rehbergschichten als Wechsel zwischen äolisch und fluviatil sedimentierten Schichten verstanden. Die Rehbergschichten tragen in der Landschaft weite Verebnungsflächen, wobei Verebnungen und Hangverflachungen in verschiedenen Niveaus übereinander vorkommen.
    Description: Abstract: The Rehberg sandstone is found in the Southwest German and Alsatian Buntsandstein between Trifels and Karlstal sandstones. Banquettes and lamelliform layers relieve one another, the banquettes containing the petrographic characteristics of the Tifels sandstone and the fine bedded layers the sedimentological characteristics of the lower Karlstal layers. The lower boundary of the Rehberg sandstone forms the lowest deposit of the fine bedded layers (Scheidter Niveau). The upper boundary of the Rehberg sandstone forms the stratigraphically highest banquette with the petrographic characteristics of the Trifels sandstone or the sny. Within the Rehberg sandstone stratigraphically noticeable banquettes do not exist. A Stratigraphie and cartographic division of the Rehberg sandstone is not possible. As far as genesis is concerned, the Rehberg sandstone are regarded as an alternation of eolian and fluviatile sedimented layers. The morphological structure of the landscape formed by the Rehberg sandstone shows wide peneplanations which occur at different levels.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:554.3 ; Buntsandstein ; Pfalz ; Stratigraphie
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:article , publishedVersion
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  • 3
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    Hessisches Landesamt für Bodenforschung, Wiesbaden
    In:  SUB Göttingen | KART B 104:5519 | KART H 86:5519
    Publication Date: 2022-11-22
    Description: Geologische Karte 1: 25 000 mit Erläuterungen. Digitalisat des FID GEO (Fachinformationsdienst Geowissenschaften der festen Erde), erstellt durch das GDZ (Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum), Karte aus dem Bestand der SUB Göttingen.
    Description: map
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:912 ; ddc:554.3 ; ddc:943.2 ; Geologische Karte ; Hungen
    Language: German
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  • 4
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    Hessische Geologische Landesanstalt, Darmstadt
    In:  SUB Göttingen | KART B 104:6118 | KART H 86:6118
    Publication Date: 2022-11-22
    Description: Geologische Karte 1: 25 000 mit Erläuterungen. Digitalisat des FID GEO (Fachinformationsdienst Geowissenschaften), erstellt durch das GDZ (Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum), Karte aus dem Bestand der SUB Göttingen.
    Description: map
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:912 ; ddc:554.3 ; Roßdorf ; Geologische Karte
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:carthographicMaterial
    Format: 122
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  • 5
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    Kraatz, Berlin
    In:  SUB Göttingen | KART B 140:1860 | KART H 140:Degow
    Publication Date: 2024-02-21
    Description: Geologische Karte 1: 25 000 mit Erläuterungen. Digitalisat des FID GEO (Fachinformationsdienst Geowissenschaften), erstellt durch das GDZ (Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum), Karte aus dem Bestand der SUB Göttingen. Koordinaten Vorlage: Nullmeridian Ferro E 033 20 - 033 30 / N 054 12 - 054 06.
    Description: map
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:912 ; ddc:554.3 ; Geologische Karte
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:carthographicMaterial
    Format: 38
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  • 6
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    Kraatz, Berlin
    In:  SUB Göttingen | KART B 140:1760 | KART H 140:Lassehne
    Publication Date: 2024-02-21
    Description: Geologische Karte 1: 25 000 mit Erläuterungen. Digitalisat des FID GEO (Fachinformationsdienst Geowissenschaften), erstellt durch das GDZ (Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum), Karte aus dem Bestand der SUB Göttingen. Koordinaten Vorlage: Nullmeridian Ferro E 033 20 - 033 30 / N 054 18 - 054 12.
    Description: map
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:912 ; ddc:554.3 ; Geologische Karte
    Language: German
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1948
    Description: Mehrzahl der autochthonen Malariaerregerübertragungen auf dem Gebiet von Brandenburg KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Norddeutschland ; 1939-1947 ; Umweltmedizin ; Infektionskrankheiten
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  • 8
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    In:  Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 73, 515-518
    Publication Date: 1948
    Description: Anthropogene Veränderungen der Umweltbedingungen von Anophelesmücken KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; Umweltmedizin ; Infektionskrankheiten
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  • 9
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    In:  Beihefte zum Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenhygiene 25 () Beiheft 2
    Publication Date: 1921
    Description: Temperaturabhängigkeit von Malariaerregern in einheimischen Anophelesmücken KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: optimale Generation-Entwicklung bei einer permanenten Außentemperatur von 24-30°C, unter 15-16°C keine Entwicklung KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Europa ; 1901-1903 ; Umweltmedizin ; Infektionskrankheiten
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  • 10
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    In:  Ärztliche Wochenschrift 3, 56-59
    Publication Date: 1948
    Keywords: Deutschland ; Umweltmedizin ; Infektionskrankheiten
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  • 11
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    In:  Klima - Wetter - Mensch, Woltereck, H. (Hrsg.), Verlag von Quelle und Meyer, Lepzig, S.127-229
    Publication Date: 1938
    Description: Bioklimatik einzelner Klimaelemente, atmosphärischer Zustände und Vorgänge KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Umweltmedizin
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  • 12
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    In:  Verlag von Julius Springer, Berlin
    Publication Date: 1938
    Description: Meteorotrope Krankheiten, Saisonkrankheiten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Umweltmedizin
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  • 13
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    In:  Klima - Wetter - Mensch, Woltereck, H. (Hrsg.), Verlag von Quelle und Meyer, Lepzig, S.253-296
    Publication Date: 1938
    Description: Seuchenerreger und -überträger und der Einfluss von Temperatur, Feuchtigkeit und Jahresschwankungen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Umweltmedizin
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  • 14
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The SCADM mission implicitly contains a requirement for a fundamentally new type of satellite instrument: a very sensitive (approximately 1 m s/1) imaging velocity detector. This is needed to measure global oscillations and global circulation patterns, but the sensitivity requirement is so severe that it has not yet been met even with ground based instruments. In this presentation, the various possible sources of noise and other errors in such a device are considered, and the more detailed instrumental requirements are developed. This leads to the conceptual design of a velocitygraph that appears to achieve the necessary sensitivity and imaging capability within a resonable weight and volume.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Study of the Solar Cycle from Space; p 147-157
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The physical processes to be probed by experiments may be grouped as large scale flows, oscillations, and chromospheric/coronal diagnostics. While the fundamental concerns and observational equipments are similar within each class, different investigations may tell different things about the Sun. Observational requirements are listed for experiments to study (1) plasma-magnetic field interactions; (2) interior structure via oscillations; (3) chromospheric and coronal tracers; (4) rotation, meridional flows, and giant cells; (5) the depth dependence of rotation; (6) EUV luminosity; (7) intensity fluctuations and tracers; and (8) diameter oscillations, the effects of noise and timestring on experiment results are assessed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Study of the Solar Cycle from Space; p 101-135
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Space experiments are suggested to better monitor the solar dynamo and solar luminosity variations. Polar and other magnetic fields, sunspots, coronal holes, filaments and other observable solar and solar wind phenomena can provide us with important links to test and discover physical mechanisms which relate solar activity to terrestrial weather, climate, and possibly population variations.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Study of the Solar Cycle from Space; p 85-100
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  • 17
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Recent insights into the workings of the solar system are reviewed as factors to be considered when formulating key questions to be answered during a large scale program to study the solar cycle. The main objectives of the Solar Cycle and Dynamics Mission are to determine the causes (physical origins and mechanisms) of the solar cycle and the effects of these mechanisms on the heliosphere, the vast region that includes the corona, interplanetary medium, and the terrestrial environment. The mission should be able to obtain synoptic data on solar variability associated with the cycle, and over at least a fraction of a single 11-year cycle.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Study of the Solar Cycle from Space; p 31-42
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  • 18
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The many different aspects of solar terrestrial physics are summarized. The possible influence of variations in the solar outputs on the terrestrial climate, and the role for SCADM in such studies is emphasized. The use of SCADM to provide detailed information on variations in the solar outputs over a sizeable fraction of the solar cycle, and on the physics of the convection layer of the Sun is discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Study of the Solar Cycle from Space; p 277-289
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  • 19
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The shape of the Sun's activity spectrum is such that the majority of all magnetic flux emerging at the surface comes in the form of bright points, i.e., regions living less than two days. Examination of soft X-ray data obtained from 1970 to 1978 shows that the number of bright points appears to be anticorrelated with traditional activity indices, such as sunspot number; the anticorrelation persists after corrections are made for obscuration by active regions. Comparison of X-ray data with KPNO magnetograms shows that to within a factor of two, the average total amount of magnetic flux emerging over the full Sun is constant through the entire period of observation. The Solar cycle therefore appears to be more an oscillation in the wavenumber distribution of emerging flux than of the total quantity of magnetic flux produced.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Study of the Solar Cycle from Space; p 75-83
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  • 20
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The solar convection zone is the origin of most of the variations in solar output observed or suspected to occur. The Sun's magnetic field is rooted there, and solar activity and the solar cycle are generated and maintained there. Changes in the magnetic fields which reach into the solar atmosphere and beyond to interplanetary space are largely determined by the dynamo action of velocity fields in the convection zone. If changes in solar luminosity occur on time scales of months to millenia, such changes probably have their origin in the changing dynamics of the convection zone, either as cause of or in response to long term changes in the level of solar activity. Fluctuations would occur in the rate at which energy is brought to the surface by convection, and the solar diameter would be slightly modified. To describe and ultimately understand the global workings of the solar dynamo requires simultaneous high quality photospheric observations of solar velocities, magnetic fields, intensity patterns, luminosity and various radiative outputs. The observations must be nearly continuous in time and of long duration-most or all of a solar cycle. Such a measurement program should be a major part of the proposed Solar Cycle and Dynamics Mission.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Study of the Solar Cycle from Space; p 3-11
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The adaptation of proven space probe technology is proposed as a means of providing a solar activity monitoring platform which could be injected behind the Earth's orbital position to give 3 to 6 days advanced coverage of the solar phenomenon on the backside hemisphere before it rotates into view and affects terrestrial activities. The probe would provide some three dimensional discrimination within the ecliptic latitude. This relatively simple off-Earth probe could provide very high quality data to support the SCADM program, by transmitting both high resolution video data of the solar surface and such measurements of solar activity as particle, X-ray, ultraviolet, and radio emission fluxes. Topics covered include the orbit; constraints on the spacecraft; subsystems and their embodiments; optical imaging sensors and their operation; and the radiation-pressure attitude control system are described. The platform would be capable of mapping active regions on an hourly basis with one arc-second resolution.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Study of the Solar Cycle from Space; p 45-54
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  • 22
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The eleven-year solar cycle is an especially appropriate period over which to study the solar output and its variation, because during this cycle most of the important types of solar variability (many characterized by periods shorter than eleven years) are manifested. Studies of solar variability over a solar cycle will improve understanding of solar structure and of the generation of the solar wind, and this improved understanding can be useful in the related studies of stellar structure and stellar winds, since stellar observations are necessarily less detailed and sophisticated than are solar observations. A particularly significant benefit that will accrue from a thorough study of the solar atmosphere and its variability over the next solar cycle is a great enhancement in the usefulness of so-called 'proxy' data in studying longer term solar variations and their terrestrial implication.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Study of the Solar Cycle from Space; p 13-25
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A relationship between the (North-South) asymmetry in the areas of the solar polar coronal holes and the (North-South) anisotropy in the cosmic ray intensity is examined. The investigation was extended over a period of two years, using ground based observations of coronal brightness obtained by the K-Coronameter. Periods for study of cosmic ray variations were chosen maximizing the asymmetry of the polar coronal holes. The importance of the role played by coronal holes in the solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays is emphasized.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Study of the Solar Cycle from Space; 11 p
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: An experiment is proposed to study solar active region dynamics and evolution. The experiment will employ an imaging X-ray spectrometer to study solar activity in conjunction with the SCADM program. A summary of the experiment is presented which includes the specifications and capabilities of the X-ray spectrometer, the scientific objectives, the method of approach, and a comparison of the experiment with other solar X-ray experiments. The experiment is proposed for use on the space shuttle due to its larger volume and weight capacity.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Study of the Solar Cycle from Space; p 245-258
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The importance of mathematical models of the coronal structure for studies of coronal energetics, to simulate global flows of the solar wind, and to obtain reliable solar terrestrial predictions is discussed. Previous coronal models, including an example of a coronal MHD flow model, are reviewed. The development of a coronal model which is a logical extension of earlier models and which allows a closer relationship to the photospheric magnetic field as it is observed daily is described. The calculations are outlined. The assumptions of the model are: axisymmetric flow with no rotation, resulting in two dimensional flow in a meridional plane; zero viscosity and infinite electrical conductivity; polytropic, single fluid flow; and no momentum addition.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Study of the Solar Cycle from Space; p 209-217
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Outer coronal photographs made from high altitude aircraft at the solar eclipses of 1966, '70, '72, '73, and '79 which sample various times in the solar cycle are presented. Coronal streamers extending from the solar limb to 12 R sub o are displayed. The evolution of the streamers as they distort magnetic field lines to large distances from the Sun is examined. Results show that the distortion is varied, that the polar plumes can be traced beyond 8 R sub o, diverging apparently along dipole field lines, and that the divergence varies along the solar cycle. Various changes in nonpolar streamers are discussed including the tendency to become radial beyond 3 to 5 R sub o as if controlled by the solar wind.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Study of the Solar Cycle from Space; p 201-208
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Measurements of the rate of rotation at various depths in the solar interior and of temporal changes in the rotation are discussed. A technique to measure the absolute rate of the Sun's rotation (in meters per second) below its visible surface over the outer 3% of its radius using ground based equipment is described. The theory of the technique, developed to the base of the solar convection zone is analyzed. It is stressed that such deeper rotational measurements, extending from 3% inward to 25 to 30% of the Sun's radius can only be obtained from a spaceborne instrument which is not subject to the normal Earth based day-night observing cycle.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Study of the Solar Cycle from Space; p 159-173
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The first observations of long period low order global solar oscillations grew out of diameter measurements made over an extended period of time. As a result of these investigations, a detailed understanding of the surface properties of the oscillations evolved, allowing development of a second generation detector. This new detector, currently under development directly utilizes various surface properties of the oscillations and does not, therefore, directly involve diameter measurements. The specifications of the detector, its supporting telescope and the observing program are reviewed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Study of the Solar Cycle from Space; p 137-146
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: What is already known about the structure of the Sun, the motion of its convective zone, and the solar cycle is reviewed. Topics discussed include solar variability, solar 'seismology', velocity patterns, magnetic fields, and the dynamo theory. Observations are needed to determine global properties (solar luminosity and radius), oscillations (p and g models), velocities (variation of rotation with time and depth), and magnetic fields.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Study of the Solar Cycle from Space; p 55-64
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  • 30
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 198
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Pioneer Venus probes approached Venus with high relative velocity. As they entered the atmosphere, they were rapidly decelerated by aerodynamic drag, and a great deal of heat was generated. To protect the probe structure and the scientific instruments, a carbon phenolic heat shield was placed on the front of the probes. Because the design of heat shields for planetary entry is a developing technology, thermocouples were placed in the heat shields so that actual and predicted heat shield performance could be compared. The function of the heat shield is discussed, the probe environments during entry into the Venusian atmosphere are described, and some results from the heat shield experiment are presented. It was found that for the most part, the heat shields performed better than expected.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Experiments using ground-based measurements of canopy temperatures have shown that plant temperatures are good indicators of plant water stress, and thus are useful for assessing water requirements and predicting yields. An intensive 23-day airborne- and ground-measurement program was conducted in Phoenix, Arizona in 1977 to compare airborne-acquired wheat canopy temperatures with simultaneous ground measurements. For canopies that covered at least 85 percent of the soil surface, airborne measurements differed from ground measurements of plant temperature by less than 2 C. Regardless of the amount of plant cover, the airborne measurements were virtually identical to ground-nadir measurements, and thus represent a combination of plant temperature and solid background temperature.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Feb. 198
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The NASCAP computer code is used to compute the charging and discharging characteristics of a typical communications satellite in geosynchronous orbit. For the case of a severe substorm, satellite surface differential charging in sunlight is found to be substantially less than that required to produce discharges in ground simulation studies. A discharge process is postulated involving discharges triggered at edges (or imperfection) followed by discharges to space. The characteristics of such discharges are parametrically varied to evaluate the possible effects on the satellite. It has been found that discharge characteristics inferred from satellite monitors could be caused by predicted space discharges, that single cell discharges to space can reduce surface potential over entire satellite, and that low-density electron trajectory computations indicate that discharge generated electrons may not return to the satellite by long trajectories. Current transients predicted do not agree with the available ground simulation results indicating that additional work must be done both analytically and experimentally to understand and fully explain these discrepancies.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
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  • 34
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A mathematical model is developed to predict carboxyhemoglobin concentrations in regions of the body for short exposures to carbon monoxide levels expected during escape from aircraft fires. The model includes the respiratory and circulatory dynamics of absorption and distribution of carbon monoxide and carboxyhemoglobin. Predictions of carboxyhemoglobin concentrations are compared to experimental values obtained for human exposures to constant high carbon monoxide levels. Predictions are within 20% of experimental values. For short exposure times, transient concentration effects are predicted. The effect of stress is studied and found to increase carboxyhemoglobin levels substantially compared to a rest state.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Combustion Toxicology; 7; Nov. 198
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: From a series of EUV spectra obtained at several heights above the limb in a solar active region, the volume emission measure is derived as a function of the electron temperature in the temperature range 70,000-1,500,000 K and the electron density at two locations. The emission measure from the coronal material (temperature greater than 700,000 K) is nearly the same everywhere and represents most of the material in the line of sight, while the emission measure from the transition region material (temperature between 70,000 and 250,000 K) fluctuates by two orders of magnitude from position to position above the active region. This is in agreement with the picture of this active region as consisting of a number of well-defined loops or lower portions of loops at transition region temperatures that are inhomogeneously distributed in much larger and more diffuse loop structures at coronal temperatures. The coronal data are in reasonable agreement with simple coronal models. Emission measures near 1,000,000 K evaluated using different ions differ by a factor of 4, suggesting difficulties with the atomic physics data.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 240
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The morphology and spatial distribution of loops in an active region observed from Skylab are described. The active region loops were classified into hot loops with temperatures of 2 to 3 million K observed in coronal lines and X-rays, and cool loops with temperatures of 500,000 to one million K observed in transition zone lines. The brightest hot coronal loops in the active region are predominantly low-lying, compact, closely-packed, showing greater stability than the transition-zone loops, which are fewer in number, are large, and slender. The observed aspect ratio of the hot coronal loops in the range of 0.1 and 0.2 are almost two orders of magnitude larger than those of the Ne VII loops.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 67; Sept
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Potential industrial sites were assessed using high and medium altitude aircraft photographs and supporting information on the 4,730 sq. km. (1,825 sq. mile) county. Factors evaluated include land availability, slope, site accessibility, soil drainage, other subsurface characteristics, and the expected physical as well as visual impacts on existing land use. Areas unavailable or unsuitable for development were eliminated first, and the remaining areas evaluated and the best sites identified.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Cornell Univ. Remote Sensing Program; 138 p
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A zoom stereoscope was used to interpret aerial color photographs of the Finger Lakes region near Bath, New York, and areas of conifers were delineated on acetate sheets. Scale was determined for each photograph and units were converted to acres. Photographically enlarged positive transparencies of imagery from LANDSAT bands 5,6, and 7 for the southern portion of the study area were placed in a cold additive viewer and registered with each other to provide a composite image. A green filter was used on band 5, blue on band 6, and red on band 7. Conifers appeared at dark, reddish purple. Average was determined using a grid. Results show that the total confer stands within 50 miles of Bath is approximately 176,000 acres of which 60,000 acres are in Pennsylvania. The study was conducted to determine the feasibility of locating a particleboard manufacturing firm in the Southern Tier.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Cornell Univ. Remote Sensing Program; 3 p
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Manual photointerpretation techniques were used to analyze images acquired by high altitude aircraft, the Skylab multispectral and Earth terrain camera (ETC), the LANDSAT multispectral scanner, and the LANDSAT-3 return beam vidicon camera. A color-additive viewer, and digital image analysis were also used on the LANDSAT MSS imagery. The value of each type of remotely sensed data was judged by the ease and accuracy of clearcut identification, and by the amount of detail discernible, especially regarding revegetation. Results of a site study in the Allegheny National Forest, Pennsylvania indicate that high altitude aerial photography, especially color infrared photography acquired during the growing season, is well suited for identifying clearcuts and assessing revegetation. Although photographs acquired with Skylab's ETC also yielded good results, only incomplete inventories of clearcuts could be made using LANDSAT imagery. Results for the Adirondack region of New York State were similar for the aircraft and satellite photography, but even less satisfactory for the LANDSAT imagery.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Cornell Univ. Remote Sensing Program; 157 p
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  • 40
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The evolution of the national launch vehicle stable is presented along with lists of launch vehicles used in NASA programs. A partial list of spacecraft used throughout the world is also given. Scientific spacecraft costs are presented along with an historial overview of project development and funding in NASA.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Beyond the Atmosphere: Early Years of Space Sci.; p 133-170
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A 3.0 MHz Pulsed Doppler velocity meter (PD) was used to determine blood velocities in the ascending aorta from the suprasternal notch before, during and after progressive 5 min stages of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) in 7 subjects. Changes in stroke volume were calculated from the systolic velocity integrals. A unique 20 MHz PD was used to estimate bloodflow in the posterior tibial artery. With -20 torr mean stroke volume fell 11% and then continued to decline by 48% before LBNP was terminated. Mean tibial flow fell progressively with LBNP stress, due to an increase in reverse flow component and a reduction in peak forward flow and diameter. Stroke volume increased and heart rate fell dramatically during the first 15 sec of recovery. The LBNP was terminated early in 2 subjects because of vasovagal symptons (V). During V the stroke volume rose 86% which more than compensated for the drop in heart rate. This implies that V is accompanied by a paradoxical increase in venous return and that the reduction in HR is the primary cardiovascular event. During the first 15 sec of recovery these 2 subjects had a distinctive marked rise to heart rate reminiscent of the Bainbridge reflex.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Spec. Physiol. Studies in Support of Manned Space Flight; p 92-104
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Observations of the average oxygen ionization equilibrium as a function of speed of the solar wind are presented. At low solar wind speeds they indicate a coronal temperature at the freezing-in point of (1.6 + or - 0.2) x 10 to the 6th K. At speeds above 450 km/sec the apparent temperature starts to rise rapidly. This rise is tentatively interpreted in terms of a lack of thermodynamic equilibrium in the source region.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Aug. 198
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effects of head cooling on thermoregulation and associated plasma fluid and electrolyte shifts during rest and submaximal exercise in the heat are investigated. Thermoregulatory responses and plasma volume were measured in four male subjects fitted with liquid-cooled neoprene headgear during 60 min of rest, 60 min of ergometer exercise at 45% maximal oxygen uptake and 30 min of recovery in the supine position at 40.1 C and 40% relative humidity. It is found that, compared to control responses, head cooling decreased thigh sweating and increased mean skin temperature at rest and attenuated increases in thigh sweating, heart rate, rectal temperature and ventilation during exercise. During recovery, cooling is observed to facilitate decreases in sweat rate, heart rate, rectal temperature and forearm blood flow and enhance the increase in average temperature. Cooling had no effect on plasma protein, osmotic or electrolyte shifts, and decreased plasma volume losses. The findings indicate the effectiveness of moderate head cooling for the improvement of human performance during exercise in heat.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The various stages in carrying out a monocluster block unsupervised classification using Landsat MSS data are described. Procedures for carrying out these various stages were found to be far from well-established for the type of terrain being investigated, which is rugged and contains many small land cover units. Two particular difficulties were encountered: first, that of precise ground location of pixels; and, secondly, that of objectively evaluating the results. Ways in which these can be surmounted are suggested.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The use of an annular momentum control device (AMCD) is proposed for enhancing the modal damping of large space structures (LSS's) during fine pointing missions. Theoretical and experimental studies proved that an AMCD cannot destabilize the LSS and that the system is asymptotically stable under certain conditions.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Journal of Guidance and Control; 3; Sept
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Large, high-voltage space power systems are being proposed for future space missions. These systems must operate in the charged-particle environment of space, and interactions between this environment and the high-voltage surfaces are possible. Ground simulation testing has indicated that dielectric surfaces that usually surround biased conductors can influence these interactions. For positive voltages greater than 100 V, it has been found that the dielectrics contribute to discharges. Using these experimental results a large, high-voltage power system operating in geosynchronous orbit was analyzed with the NASCAP code. Results of this analysis indicated that very strong electric fields exist in these power systems. A technology investigation is required to understand the interactions and develop techniques to alleviate any impact on power system performance.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory instrumentation on Imp 7 has detected large fluxes of He(+) within that volume of solar wind plasma believed to be the solar ejecta driving the interplanetary shock wave disturbance of July 29, 1977. The very high He(+)/He(++) abundance ratio of 0.3 measured during this event suggests that this was solar prominence material only partially ionized by its passage through the corona.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; July 1
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The low frequency continuum (LFC) noise between 30 and 200 kHz has been investigated from the ISEE 3 spacecraft in the solar wind by means of a radio astronomy experiment more sensitive than previously available. It is demonstrated that the LFC radiation observed in the solar wind is in the form of longitudinal plasma waves rather than transverse electromagnetic waves. The observed spectral characteristics are found to be a function of antenna length. In addition, both the absence of antenna spin modulation and the fact that these plasma waves do not propagate to large distances imply a local origin for the LFC.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; July 1
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The physical properties of individual coronal loops in a solar active region observed in the XUV by the slitless objective grating spectroheliograph on board Skylab are investigated. Spectroheliograms of the normal active loop region McMath 12378 reveal three distinctive structural groups of loops in different temperature ranges, namely (1) small compact and smaller loops at temperatures of about 2,000,000 K observed in Fe XV and Fe XVI; (2) large Ne VII and Mg IX loops at temperatures from 500,000 to 1,000,000 K; and (3) chromospheric ribbons in He II and H alpha. The temperature of the active region is found to be uniform at about 2,000,000 K in the loops and background while loop density is found to be 3.5 x 10 to the 9th/cu cm in the loops and 2.5 x 10 to the 9th/cu cm in the surrounding background. Significant changes in the active region are observed in 24 h, although the gross temperature density structures of many loops do not show changes in 7 min. Gas pressure within the coronal loops is found to be about 40% greater than that of the background plasma. The observed loop parameters are noted to be consistent with flux-limited models of density enhancement in magnetic flux tubes and thus no esoteric heating function is required.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 238
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Environmental Quality; 9; Jan
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  • 52
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite, planned for launch in 1985, will measure the diffuse infrared and microwave radiation of the universe over the entire wavelength range from a few microns to 1.3 cm. It will include three instruments: a set of microwave isotropy radiometers at 23, 31, 53, and 90 GHz, an interferometer spectrometer from 1 to 100/cm, and a filter photometer from 1 to 300 microns. The COBE satellite is designed to reach the sensitivity limits set by foreground sources such as the interstellar and interplanetary dust, starlight, and galactic synchrotron radiation, so that a diffuse residual radiation may be interpreted unambiguously as extragalactic
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The spatial distribution of XUV emission in the 14 August, 1973 loop prominence observed with the NRL spectroheliograph on Skylab is studied. The loop prominence consists of two large loops and is observed in lines from ions with temperatures ranging from 50,000 to 3,000,000 K. The loops seen in low temperature lines such as from He II, Ne VII, Mg VII, Mg VIII, and Si VIII are systematically displaced from loops seen in higher temperature lines such as from Si XII, Fe XV, and Fe XVI. The cross section of the loop, particularly in cooler lines is nearly constant along the loop. For hotter loops in Si XII, Fe XV, and Fe XVI, however, emission at the top of the loop is more intense and extended than that near the footpoints, which makes the loops appear wider at the top. The observed spatial displacement between cooler and hotter loops suggest that the 14 August loop prominence is composed of many magnetic flux tubes, each with its own temperature.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 65; Mar. 198
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper describes the overall Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment technical approach utilizing the global weather-reporting network and the Landsat satellite to make a quasi-operational application of existing research results, and the accomplishments of this cooperative experiment in utilizing the weather information. Global weather data were utilized in preparing timely yield estimates for selected areas of the U.S. Great Plains, the U.S.S.R. and Canada. Additionally, wheat yield models were developed and pilot tested for Brazil, Australia, India and Argentina. The results of the work show that heading dates for wheat in North America can be predicted with an average absolute error of about 5 days for winter wheat and 4 days for spring wheat. Independent tests of wheat yield models over a 10-year period for the U.S. Great Plains produced a root-mean-square error of 1.12 quintals per hectare (q/ha) while similar tests in the U.S.S.R. produced an error of 1.31 q/ha. Research designed to improve the initial capability is described as is the rationale for further evolution of a capability to monitor global climate and assess its impact on world food supplies.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 19; Jan. 198
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N80-19588)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Dec. 198
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N79-33530)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Nov. 198
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The development of agricultural remote sensing systems requires knowledge of agricultural field size distributions so that the sensors, sampling frames, image interpretation schemes, registration systems, and classification systems can be properly designed. Malila et al. (1976) studied the field size distribution for wheat and all other crops in two Kansas LACIE (Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment) intensive test sites using ground observations of the crops and measurements of their field areas based on current year rectified aerial photomaps. The field area and size distributions reported in the present investigation are derived from a representative subset of a stratified random sample of LACIE sample segments. In contrast to previous work, the obtained results indicate that most field-size distributions are not log-normally distributed. The most common field size observed in this study was 10 acres for most crops studied.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Nov. 198
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Using stepwise discriminant analysis on spectral reflectance and spectral emissivity data collected by a Multispectral Scanner and Data System, mounted in an NC-130B aircraft and flown at an altitude of approximately 3 km, spectral bands were ranked as to their usefulness in separating specific rock types and rock alteration products in seven geologically diverse Utah sites. The optimum band for rock discrimination included the 1.18 to 1.30 micron interval, and the optimum combination of bands comprised the 1.18 to 1.30, 4.50 to 4.75, 0.46 to 0.50, 1.52 to 1.73, and 2.10 to 2.36 micron intervals. It is concluded that the spectral interval combination was more successful in differentiating geologic materials than either simulated Multispectral Scanner bands or simulated Thematic Mapper bands.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Sept
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A method of analysis for the MHD initial-boundary problem is presented in which the model's formulation is based on the method of nearcharacteristics developed by Werner (1968) and modified by Shin and Kot (1978). With this method, the physical causality relationship can be traced from the perturbation to the response as in the method of characteristics, while achieving the advantage of a considerable reduction in mathematical procedures. The method offers the advantage of examining not only the evolution of nonforce free fields, but also the changes of physical conditions in the atmosphere accompanying the evolution of magnetic fields. The physical validity of the method is demonstrated with examples, and their significance in interpreting observations is discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 240
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  • 60
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Six male subjects were exposed to -50 torr lower body negative pressure (LBNP) for 10 min while stroke volume was recorded beat by beat at regular intervals before, during and after release of LBNP. Stroke volume was calculated from the systolic velocity integral in the ascending aorta by pulsed Doppler echocardiography (PDE) and the cross sectional area of the vessel by M mode echocardiography. Changes in leg volume were recorded continuously and blood pressure was taken every minute. Stroke volume dropped by 51% of the control in the first 33 sec of LBNP and continued to decline slowly to -62% toward the end. Heart rate increased by 15% in the first 10 sec and was 22% above control at the end of exposure. The resulting cardiac output closely followed the course of stroke volume (-47% at 33 sec, -53% at 8 min) showing that the modest increase in heart rate did little to offset the drop in stroke volume. Leg volume increased markedly within the first 10 sec with a more gradual rise reaching +3.5% at the end. Upon sudden release of LBNP, leg volume dropped significantly during the first 3 sec simultaneously with an increase in stroke volume followed by a substantial decline in heart rate below the baseline.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Spec. Physiol. Studies in Support of Manned Space Flight; p 80-91
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Visible and near-infrared field spectral reflectance measurements of plutonic rocks were acquired in the 0.45- to 2.45-micron region with a portable field reflectance spectrometer. These spectra were used to determine spectral signatures for the various rock types and to evaluate the separability of these rocks based on their spectral characteristics. A total of 135 samples were divided into 11 groups based on their mineralogy. These 11 groups approximately correspond to traditional rock classifications and include five granitic groups, three gabbroic groups, and three ultramafic groups. The positions, intensity, and presence of iron, CO3(-2), and Al-OH and Mg-OH absorption bands varied among the 11 groups. Each rock group also had a range of albedos characteristic of the group. Stepwise linear discriminant analysis was performed on the spectral data to determine the separability of the 11 groups. Classification accuracy for 30 equally spaced wavelength bands between 0.45 and 2.45 microns was 78% with 10% serious misclassifications. The same analysis was repeated, limiting the spectral data to the wavelength regions corresponding to the proposed Landsat D thematic mapper scanner.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; May 10
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  • 62
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A new hypothesis proposes an explanation for the presence of four prominent spikes in a long time record of the NO3(-) concentration inside the Antarctic ice. This solar flare hypothesis suggests that the ionizing radiation necessary in the spike formation could have come from extremely powerful solar flares. It is proposed that these flares would have occurred during the times of the largest maxima in the solar cycle. The solar flare hypothesis is compared with the supernova hypothesis.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 287; Sept. 25
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: High-resolution X-ray spectra of six class X1-X5 solar flares are discussed. The spectra were recorded by spaceborne Bragg crystal spectrometers in the ranges 1.82-1.97, 2.98-3.07 and 3.14-3.24 A. Electron temperatures derived from dielectronic satellite line to resonance line ratios for Fe XXV and Ca XIX are found to remain fairly constant around 22,000,000 and 16,000,000 K respectively during the rise phase of the flares, then decrease by approximately 6,000,000 K during the decay phase. Nonthermal motions derived from line widths for the April 27, 1979 event are found to be greatest during the rise phase (approximately 130 km/sec) and decrease to about 60 km/sec during decay. Volume emission measures for Fe XXV, Ca XIX and Ca XX are derived from photon fluxes as a function of temperature, and examination of the intensity behavior of the Fe K alpha emission as a function of time indicates that it is a result of fluorescence. Differences between the present and previous observations of temperature variation are discussed, and it is concluded that the flare plasmas are close to ionization equilibrium for the flares investigated.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 239
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Analytical representations suitable to analyze the nonrepetitive pulse-like temporal behavior of physical quantities are derived. The representation utilizes solutions of a linear model equation in which the temporal variation is subject to time-dependent driving and dissipative forces. The property of solutions is described, and it is shown that such representations can provide a basis for quantitative comparisons of behaviors and a basis for physically meaningful interpretations of the results. Observations of solar flares in the soft X-ray flux have been analyzed with this method.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Physics of Fluids; 23; July 198
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Effective radiant temperatures (ERTs) of five wheat canopies in different stages of development were measured during morning and noon periods. The observed variability in nadir sensor response was quantitatively described as a function of canopy structure and the vertical temperature profile of canopy components. In many cases, the nadir sensor ERT was a poor measure of vegetation temperature due to effects of soil emissions. Strong vertical temperature profiles of vegetation components were also observed. The theory and measurements presented document that remote measurements of vegetation canopy temperatures cannot be made indiscriminately over large spatial regions without consideration of the underlying physical principles.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics; 19; July 1
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: High resolution observations of intersystem lines of S IV near 1400 A are available from Skylab. These lines are potentially useful as density diagnostics for the solar atmosphere. Energy levels, transition probabilities and collision strengths have, therefore, been calculated for S IV, including the configurations 3x(2)3p, 3s3p(2), and 3s(2)3d. Line intensities and level populations have been calculated as a function of electron density. The calculated population of the 3s3p(2) (4)P(5/2) level is found to reach a pseudo-Boltzmann equilibrium at a density which is four times higher than is inferred from solar spectra and level population calculations of lighter ions such as O IV.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 86; 1-2,; June 198
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Red and photographic infrared spectral data of alfalfa were collected at the time of the third and fourth cuttings using a hand-held radiometer for the earlier alfalfa cutting. Significant linear and non-linear correlation coefficients were found between the spectral variables and plant height, biomass, forage water content, and estimated canopy cover. For the alfalfa of the later cutting, which had experienced a period of severe drought stress which limited growth, the spectral variables were found to be highly correlated with the estimated drought scores.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing; 1; Jan
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Simultaneous microwave radar and spectral radiometric data were collected over Lake Erie during March 1978. A theoretical development is presented which interprets the data collected at nadir in terms of changes in the ice thickness and the electromagnetic attenuation coefficient. The theory also addresses the failure of the spectral radiometer to determine ice thickness through observations of quarter wavelength excursions in the reflectivity. Radar data collected off-nadir showed a substantially different behavior compared to that collected near nadir. This difference is attributed to a change in propagation characteristics from quasi-specular return from the ice-water interface to scattering from the rough air-ice interface.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Apr. 198
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  • 69
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The microwave approaches for remote sensing of soil moisture centent, snowpack properties, surface water area, and the detection of precipitation over land are discussed. Both active (radar) and passive (radiometry) approaches are considered, and the advantages of microwave sensing are pointed out, including all-weather capability, especially at the longer wavelengths, and greater penetration depth with optical or infrared sensors. Results obtained from ground-based, aircraft, and spacecraft platforms show that microwave systems can monitor the moisture content in the surface soil layer (5 cm thick), and that passive microwave systems can discriminate between light and heavy snowcover, detect the presence of liquid water in the snow, and qualitatively estimate snow water equivalent.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Apr. 198
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  • 70
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Estimating the emergence of a given crop, such as wheat or barley, is proposed using an analytic method which relies on the hypothesis that in the region (lambda = 0.70-1.35 microns) a given crop, after emergence, has a unique spectral profile in time. If the crop emerges early or late, relative to a reference standard determined for a given segment, the profile is displaced but has the same shape. Therefore, given the crop specific constants of the reference profile and a sufficient number of Landsat observations of reflectivity at specific times, the emergence date of a field can be determined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Mar. 198
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effects of external water pressure on intercompartmental fluid volume shifts and endocrine responses in man are investigated. Extracellular fluid volumes and plasma and urine electrolyte and endocrine responses of four male subjects were measured during eight hours of head-out water immersion and 16 hours of recovery bed rest and compared to responses obtained during eight hours of chair rest and 16 hours of bed rest without external hydrostatic pressure obtained in the same subjects five months later. Immersion is found to result in a substantial diuresis with respect to chair rest, accounted for by decreases in extracellular volume. A negative water balance during immersion and a positive water balance during chair rest were observed to be accompanied by a shift of extracellular volume to the intracellular compartment, as well as the suppression of plasma arginine vasopressin and renin activities in both regimes. The vasopressin and renin activity decreases are attributed to the increased central blood volume, and half of the plasma loss in immersed subjects is attributed to the effects of external water pressure.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory; vol. 48
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  • 72
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Predicted allowed and forbidden EUV line intensities of Fe XV and Ni XVII are presented in explicit graphical form, clarifying and extending the earlier treatment of Bely and Blaha (1968). In the case of the former ion a detailed comparison with available observations leads to questioning or rejection of some presently accepted line identifications (323.57 A, 317.61 A), and on the other hand suggests that a quiet sun line at 304.853 A is due to Fe XV. For the little known ion Ni XVII estimates of level structure and line wavelengths are given and a preliminary comparison is made with recent flare observations.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 65; Feb. 198
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: As a part of a follow-on study to the moisture stress detection effort conducted in the Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE), a technique utilizing transformed Landsat digital data was evaluated for detecting moisture stress in humid growing regions using sample segments from Iowa, Illinois, and Indiana. At known growth stages of corn and soybeans, segments were classified as undergoing moisture stress or not undergoing stress. The remote-sensing-based information was compared to a weekly ground-based index (Crop Moisture Index). This comparison demonstrated that the remote sensing technique could be used to monitor the growing conditions within a region where corn and soybeans are the major crop.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Aug. 198
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is difficult to interpret multispectral Landsat earth resources data in areas of rugged and mountainous terrain because of the topographic effect on the sensor response. The objectives of this study were to examine and quantify the topographic effect on the sensor response from a uniform sand surface, to assess a simple theoretical incidence model for modeling the radiance from the surface, and to simulate Landsat sensor response due to the topographic effect. A field experiment was designed to collect data from a large range of slope angles and aspects at a range of solar elevations, using a hand-held radiometer. Analysis of these data showed that the magnitude of the topographic effect varied as a function of the solar elevation, the azimuthal orientation of the slope, and the slope inclination. The field measured variations in spectral response were found to have generally strong correlations with the theoretical model, and it was shown that the applicability of the Lambertian assumption varied within and between data sets. It is concluded that if slope angle, aspect, and solar zenith angle and azimuth are known, a technique incorporating a model to reduce the topographic effect prior to multispectral classification may be developed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Sept
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In this paper empirical evidence is presented that between 0.4 and 5 AU the thermal portion (but not all) of the solar wind electron population obeys a polytrope relation. It is also shown that this functional relationship is a member of a broader class of possible laws required of a steady state, fully ionized plasma whose proper frame electric field is dominated by the polarization electric field. The empirically determined, thermodynamically interesting value of the polytrope index (1.175) is virtually that predicted (1.16) by the theoretical considerations of Scudder and Olbert (1979). Strong, direct, empirical evidence for the nearly isothermal behavior of solar wind electrons as has been indirectly argued in the literature for some time is provided.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Oct. 1
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Consideration is given to the selection of velocity feedback gains for individual dampers for the members of a structurally controlled large flexible space structure. The problem is formulated as an optimal output feedback regulator problem, and necessary conditions are derived for minimizing a quadratic performance function. The diagonal nature of the gain matrix is taken into account, along with knowledge of noise covariances. It is pointed out that the method presented offers a systematic approach to the design of a class of controllers for enhancing structural damping, which have significant potential if used in conjunction with a reduced-order optimal controller for rigid-body modes and selected structural modes.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Journal of Guidance and Control; 3; July-Aug
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A survey of the electron content measurements during solar occultations of the Helios A and B spacecraft is presented, and a spectral analysis using the method of maximum entropy is discussed. Typical variations measured are on the order of 0.1-1.8 x 10 to the 18th/sq m, while typical values for the rate of change are 0.7-50 x 10 to the 13th per sq m per sec. Numerical results in agreement with findings from Helios radio science, reveal a fundamental period of about 70 minutes superimposed by minor spectral peaks corresponding to shorter time periods such as 35 and 25 minutes. In addition, the periodicities observed in electron content are discussed in terms of fast hydromagnetic waves excited by nonlinear Alfven waves via coupling terms before crossing the Helios ray path. It is noted that for the first time experimental evidence is presented that hydromagnetic waves may actually be propagating from the solar corona into the interplanetary medium.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The present study was undertaken to determine whether the chronic increase in plasma volume, resulting from heat exposure and exercise training, was due only to elevated rectal temperature or whether there were additional nonthermal factors related to the exercise. The study was conducted on eight volunteer, healthy, moderately trained male college subjects (18-26 yr). Exercise-induced hypervolemia was associated with thermal factor(s) that contributed 40% and nonthermal factors that accounted for the remaining 60%. In addition, some nonthermal, exercise-induced factors were twofold increases in plasma osmotic and vasopressin levels during exercise, and a fivefold increase in resting plasma protein content.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory Environmental and Exercise Physiology; 48; Apr. 198
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  • 79
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The needs for and remote sensing means of global crop forecasting are discussed, and key results of the Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE) are presented. Current crop production estimates provided by foreign countries are shown often to be inadequate, and the basic elements of crop production forecasts are reviewed. The LACIE project is introduced as a proof-of-concept experiment designed to assimilate remote sensing technology, monitor global wheat production, evaluate key technical problems, modify the technique accordingly and demonstrate the feasibility of a global agricultural monitoring system. The global meteorological data, sampling and aggregation techniques, Landsat data analysis procedures and yield forecast procedures used in the experiment are outlined. Accuracy assessment procedures employed to evaluate LACIE technology performance are presented, and improvements in system efficiency and capacity during the three years of operation are pointed out. Results of LACIE estimates of Soviet, U.S. and Canadian wheat production are presented which demonstrate the feasibility and accuracy of the remote-sensing approach for global food and fiber monitoring.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Science; 208; May 16
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A theoretical investigation of the microstructure of solar wind stream interaction regions is presented. The role of several electrostatic kinetic instabilities is discussed which may be important within the stream interface and the compression region. Inside of 1 AU the interface is likely to be stable against the electrostatic streaming instabilities considered. Between 1 and 2 AU it is argued that the interface will excite the magnetized ion-ion instability. The compression region is also found to be unstable beyond 1 AU, where the modified two-stream instability, beam-cyclotron instability, and ion-acoustic instability will be important in determining the structure of the compressive pulses as they evolve into forward and reverse shocks. It is concluded that the modified two-stream instability and beam-cyclotron instability predominately play a role in heating the electrons to the threshold for the ion-acoustic instability.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Feb. 1
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Theoretical aspects of corotating solar wind dynamics on a global scale are examined by means of numerical simulations executed with a nonlinear, inviscid, adiabatic, single fluid, three-dimensional hydrodynamic formulation. The factors most strongly affecting stream evolution, namely, the intrinsic correlations among density, temperature, and velocity existing near the source, the amplitude, longitudinal breadth and latitudinal breadth of the stream, and the heliographic latitude of the centroid of the stream, are considered. Calculations indicate that even in the presence of substantial meridional gradients, the latitudinal transport of mass, energy, and momentum by streams appears to have little impact on the overall evolution of the structure.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Feb. 1
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The interference that the atmosphere poses to analyzing the imagery taken by satellite-borne instruments is discussed, assuming a cloud-free, planar, and horizontally uniform atmosphere. An approximate explicit formula is derived for the earth-atmosphere system nadir-beam reflectivity in terms of the atmospheric parameters, object pixel reflectivity and surrounding area reflectivity, for the limiting case of an optically thin atmosphere. The concepts of the forward-scattering and the backward-scattering optical thickness are introduced, and it is shown that the atmospheric effects in a spectral band depend in a specific fashion on these atmospheric parameters and on the surface spectral reflectivity. In addition, contrast transmittance through the atmosphere, which affects the possibilities of photointerpretation, is discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 9; Mar. 198
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effects of bed rest and exercise training during bed rest on body temperature and thermoregulatory responses at rest and during exercise are investigated. Seven male subjects underwent three two-week periods of bed rest during which isometric, isotonic, or no exercises were performed, separated by two ambulatory control periods and preceded by a two-week control period, during which they exercised regularly. Rectal and mean skin temperatures and sweating responses were determined during 70-min submaximal supine exercise during the bed rest and recovery periods. Measurements reveal a reduction in basal oral temperature during the control-recovery periods, with a relatively constant level during bed rest periods, and a significant increase in the rectal temperature elavation brought on by exercise following all three bed-rest regimes. It is concluded that the excessive increase in rectal temperature could be influenced by changes in skin heat conductance or the inhibition of sweating.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory; vol. 48
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A laboratory radiometric method for the rapid determination of green and brown vegetation percentages in clipped grass samples has been developed and tested. The method uses red and photographic infrared radiance or reflectance differences between green and brown vegetation. Mixtures of green and brown material were found to have radiances or reflectances proportional to the percentage of green material present. This method may permit the use of rapid green/brown radiometric determinations to replace the tedious hand sorting now generally used. It may also have application in remote sensing of vegetation ground-truth work where the determination of dry green biomass in clipped samples is necessary.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 9; Mar. 198
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Areas of the Canadian high plains, the Montana and North Dakota high plains, and the steppes of central Russia have been studied in an effort to determine the utility of spaceborne microwave radiometers for monitoring snow depths in different geographic areas. Significant regression relationships between snow depth and microwave brightness temperatures were developed for each of these homogeneous areas. In each of the study areas investigated in this paper, Nimbus-6 (0.81 cm) ESMR data produced higher correlations than Nimbus-5 (1.55 cm) ESMR data in relating microwave brightness temperature to snow depth. It is difficult to extrapolate relationships between microwave brightness temperature and snow depth from one area to another because different geographic areas are likely to have different snowpack conditions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Dec. 198
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The thermal infrared sensor response from a wheat canopy was extremely non-Lambertian because of spatial variations in energy flow processes; the effective radiant temperature of the sensor varied as much as 13 C with changing view angle. This variation of sensor response was accurately quantified (root-mean-square of deviations between theoretical and measured responses reduced to 1.1 C) as a function of vegetation canopy geometry, vertical temperature distribution of canopy components, and sensor view angle. The results have important implications for optimizing sensor view angles for remote sensing missions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Dec. 198
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N79-30611)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Nov. 198
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  • 88
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N80-20768)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Aug. 198
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  • 89
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A simulation model has been developed of Galveston Bay, Texas ecosystem. Secondary productivity measured by harvestable species (such as shrimp and fish) is evaluated in terms of man-related and controllable factors, such as quantity and quality of inlet fresh-water and pollutants. This simulation model used information from an existing physical parameters model as well as pertinent biological measurements obtained by conventional sampling techniques. Predicted results from the model compared favorably with those from comparable investigations. In addition, this paper will discuss remotely sensed and conventional measurements in the framework of prospective models that may be used to study estuarine processes and ecosystem productivity.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 90
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    Publication Date: 2012-04-19
    Description: The concept of active control of spacecraft charging by charged particle emission is described. Active potential control experiments using the ATS-5 and ATS-6 geostationary spacecraft are discussed, and results of these experiments are presented. Previously reported results are summarized, and a guide to reports on these data are provided. Experimental evidence presented indicates that emission of electrons only is not effective in maintaining spacecraft potential near plasma potential for spacecraft with electrically insulating surfaces. Emission of a low energy plasma, however, is effective for this purpose.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The spectral characteristics in selected narrow regions of the X-ray spectrum of class M solar flares are analyzed. High-resolution spectra in the ranges 1.82-1.97, 2.98-3.07, 3.14-3.24 and 8.26-8.53 A, which contain lines important for the determination of electron temperature and departure from ionization equilibrium, were recorded by spaceborne Bragg crystal spectrometers. Temperatures of up to 20,000,000 K are obtained from line ratios during flare rise phases in M as well as X flares, while in the decay phase the calcium temperature can be as low as 8,000,000 K, which is significantly lower than in X flares. Large nonthermal motions (on the order of 130 km/sec at most) are also observed in M as well as X flares, which are largest during the soft X-ray rise phase. Finally, it is shown that the method proposed by Gabriel and Phillips (1979) for detecting departures of electrons from Maxwellian velocity distributions is not sufficiently sensitive to give reliable results for the present data.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 241
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Dec. 198
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A decrease in the solar radius is determined using the technique of Dunham and Dunham (1973), in which timed observations are made just inside the path edges. When the method is applied to the solar eclipses of 1715, 1976, and 1979, the solar radius for 1715 is 0.34 + or - 0.2 arc second larger than the recent values, with no significant change between 1976 and 1979. The duration of totality is examined as a function of distance from the edges of the path. Corrections to the radius of the sun derived from observations of the 1976 and 1979 eclipses by the International Occultation Timing Association are also presented.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Science; 210; Dec. 12
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The number of radiometric quantizing levels required for satellite monitoring of vegetation resources was evaluated by using in situ collected spectral reflectance data, an atmospheric radiative transfer simulation model, and a satellite sensor simulation model. Reflectance data were converted to radiance data, passed through a model atmosphere to an altitude of 706 km, and subsequently quantized at 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 and 512 digital count levels for Thematic Mapper bands TM3 (0.63-0.69 microns) and TM4 (0.76-0.90 microns). The simulated digital count data were regressed against in situ biological data to quantify the relationship between quantizing levels. Results of the analysis demonstrated that solar zenith angle has an effect on the quantization equivalent change in reflectance, that 256 quantizing levels gave a 1-3% improvement per channel over 64 quantizing levels, and that 256 quantizing levels gave a 1% improvement per channel over 128 quantizing levels. No improvements were found for 256 versus 512 quantizing levels.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing; 1; July-Sep
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Digitally processed Seasat synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery of the Denver, Colorado area was examined to assess its potential for mapping urban land cover and the compatibility of SAR derived classes with those described in the U.S. Geological Survey classification system. The entire scene was interpreted to generate a small-scale land cover map. In addition, six subscene enlargements representative of urban land cover categories extant in the area were used as test sites for detailed analysis of land cover types. Two distinct approaches were employed and compared in examining the imagery - a visual interpretation of black-and-white positive transparencies and an automated-machine/visual interpretation. The latter used the Image 100 interactive image analysis system to generate land cover classes by density level slicing of the image frequency histogram.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing; 1; July-Sep
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The distribution of body acceleration and associated oxygen uptake and heart rate responses are investigated in treadmill running and trampoline jumping. Accelerations in the +Gz direction were measured at the lateral ankle, lumbosacral region and forehead of eight young men during level treadmill walking and running at four speeds and trampoline jumping at four heights, together with corresponding oxygen uptake and heart rate. With increasing treadmill speed, peak acceleration at the ankle is found always to exceed that at the back and forehead, and acceleration profiles with higher frequency components than those observed during jumping are observed. Acceleration levels are found to be more uniformly distributed with increasing height in jumping, although comparable oxygen uptake and heat rates are obtained. Results indicate that the magnitude of the biomechanical stimuli is greater in trampoline jumping than in running, which finding could be of use in the design of procedures to avert deconditioning in persons exposed to weightlessness.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory; vol. 49
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The study examines the relationship between several measures of fitness and the lipid profile in United States astronauts. Data were collected on 89 astronauts, previously selected (PSA) and newly selected (NSA), during their annual physical examinations. Several similarities were seen in the two groups. The PSA (mean age of 46.1) had a lower maximum oxygen capacity (41.7 ml kg/min vs. 47.5 ml kg/min); when adjusted for age, it was no different from the NSA (mean age 33.5). The PSA had similar body composition with 15.7% - lower than expected for age. The lipid profiles of the two groups were basically the same with the differences being a function of age. Compared to a normative population, the astronauts had similar cholesterols, lower triglycerides, and higher HDLs. The astronaut profiles were generally more favorable than the age-matched controls, which is felt to be a result of the self-supervised conditioning program and annual preventive medicine consultation and education.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The os calcis mineral was measured in the nine Skylab crew members and in eight control subjects, 5 years after the Skylab Program, utilizing a photon absorptiometric technique. These measurements were compared with preflight measurements in an attempt to discover any long-term effects of space flight on the skeletal system. A statistically significant loss of bone mineral was found in the crew members who flew, but caution is urged in the interpretation of this difference. A recommendation to continue studies of this type is made.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 99
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The intensity brightness temperature, T(B), of the microwave emission from the soil is determined primarily by its dielectric properties. The large difference between the dielectric constant of water and that of dry soil produces a strong dependence of the soil's dielectric constant on its moisture content. This dependence is effected by the texture of the soil because the water molecules close to the particle surface are tightly bound and do not contribute significantly to the dielectric properties. Since this surface area is a function of the particle size distribution (soil texture), being larger for clay soils with small particles, and smaller for sandy soils with larger particles, the dielectric properties will depend on soil texture. This dependence has been demonstrated by laboratory measurements of the dielectric constant for soils which are briefly summarized. The dependence of the microwave emission on texture is demonstrated by measurements of T(B) from an aircraft platform for a wide range of soil textures. It is concluded that the effect of soil texture differences on the observed T(B) values can be normalized by expressing the soil moisture values as a percentage of field capacity for the soil.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-18; Oct. 198
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The tilled row structure in agricultural fields is one of the important factors affecting observations of microwave emission from such fields. Measurements of this effect were performed with L-band and X-band radiometers mounted on a mobile truck on a bare 40 m x 45 m row tilled field; the soil moisture content during measurements ranged from 10 to 30% by dry weight. Results showed that the variations of the antenna temperatures with incident angle changed with the azimuth angle measured from the row direction. It is found that the observed difference between horizontally and vertically polarized antenna temperatures is due to the change in the local angle of field emission within the antenna field of view caused by the large-scale row structure.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-18; Oct. 198
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