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  • Articles  (544)
  • resistance  (331)
  • Nitrogen fixation  (213)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (544)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The "oxygen paradox" of dinitrogen-fixing bacteria (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 30 (2000), S. 363-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Azospirillum species ; Oxygen paradox ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizosphere ; Nitrogenase complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  N2 fixation by aerobic bacteria is a very energy demanding process, requiring efficient oxidative phosphorylation, while O2 is toxic for the nitrogenase complex. N2-fixing bacteria have evolved a variety of strategies to cope with this apparent "O2 paradox". This review compares strategies that azospirilla and other well-known N2-fixing soil bacteria use to overcome this O2 paradox. Attention will be given to the relationships between the natural habitat of these soil bacteria and their prevailing adaptations. In view of this knowledge the following questions will be addressed: are the specific adaptations observed in azospirilla sufficient to allow optimal proliferation and N2 fixation in their natural habitat? Could improving the O2 tolerance of the N2-fixing process contribute to the development of more efficient strains for the inoculation of plants?
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050017
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic variability in dinitrogen fixation between cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] cultivars determined using the nitrogen-15 isotope dilution technique (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 32 (2000), S. 318-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Genetic variability ; Vigna unguiculata ; Nitrogen-15 method ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  N fixed in 16 cultivars of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] inoculated with effective Bradyrhizobium strains collected from the West African MIRCEN culture collection was measured by 15N isotope dilution technique. In all plant parts, significant differences in the percentage of N derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) and the amount of Ndfa occurred between the cultivars. Ndoute variety exhibited the highest %Ndfa (74.33% in shoots; 60.90% in roots) and accumulated more fixed N (960 mg N plant–1 and 38 mg N plant–1 in shoots and roots, respectively). Therefore this cultivar should be selected as the highest N-fixing cowpea cultivar. It also should be used in a breeding programme to contribute to the development of cultivars that could stimulate an intensive use of cowpea in many different cropping systems in Africa with a view to maintaining soil fertility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000254
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field evaluation of lentil cultivars inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strains for nitrogen fixation using nitrogen-15 isotope dilution (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 65-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Nitrogen-15 isotope dilution ; Legumes ; Lens culinaris ; Rhizobium ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  A 15N isotope dilution technique was applied to quantify the extent of N2 fixation in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) cultivars as influenced by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strains in a field experiment in Pakistan. The experiment was conducted on a soil with a very small indigenous rhizobial population and where N was a limiting factor for crop production. Significant variations in number of nodules, dry weight of nodules, biomass yield, grain yield, total N yield, proportion of plant N derived from N2 fixation (Pfix) and amount of N derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) were observed among combined treatments of four rhizobial strains and six lentil varieties. In a field previously labelled with 15N, to which a basal dose of 75 kg P2O5 ha–1 was applied as single super phosphate, Ndfa ranged from 15 to 24 kg N ha–1 when calculated according to rhizobial strain and from 4 to 38 kg N ha–1 when calculated according to lentil variety. Lc 26 was the most effective strain and fixed 243% more N than the indigenous population in the uninoculated control. In treatments with the lentil variety PL-406, Ndfa was 38 kg N ha–1, which was 850% higher than with the lentil variety Precoz/F6-20-1×M-85. Generally, the varieties with greater Pfix produced a higher dry matter yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050625
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inoculation of rice plants with the endophytic diazotrophs Herbaspirillum seropedicae and Burkholderia spp. (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 30 (2000), S. 485-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Herbaspirillum seropedicae ; Burkholderia spp. ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rice ; Gnotobiotic conditions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Four experiments were performed under gnotobiotic conditions to select strains of the endophytic diazotrophs Herbaspirillum seropedicae and Burkholderia spp. as inocula of rice plants. Eighty strains of H. seropedicae originally isolated from rice, sorghum and maize plants, were tested in test tube cultures with N-free agar as the substrate. Rice plants showed medium and high increases in their fresh weight in response to inoculation with nineteen strains. These strains were tested again, and six strains were then selected to evaluate their contribution to the N of the plant via biological N2 fixation (BNF) using an agar growth medium containing 5 mg N l–1of 15N-labelled (NH4)2SO4. The contribution of the strains to plant N via BNF varied from 54% when rice plants were inoculated with strain ZAE94, to 31% when strain ZAE67 was used. These results were confirmed in the fourth gnotobiotic experiment, which also included strains of the new N-fixing bacteria belonging to the genus Burkholderia, isolated from rice, as well as a strain of Burkholderia vietnamiensis, isolated from rice rhizosphere. Burkholderia spp. strains showed similar effects to those observed for H. seropedicae strains, while B. vietnamiensis fixed only 19% of plant total N. The best four strains were tested in a pot experiment where pre-germinated, inoculated rice seedlings were grown in soil labelled with 15N. The results confirmed the gnotobiotic experiments, although the levels of N in the rice plants derived from BNF of the selected H. seropedicae and Burkholderia spp. strains were lower. Nevertheless, there was an increase in N content in grains of inoculated plants, and the results showed that the method used for strain selection is very useful and can be applied to other strains of N2-fixing bacteria and plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050027
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fallow residue management effects on upland rice in three agroecological zones of West Africa (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 501-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Fallow ; Legumes ; Nitrogen fixation ; Oryza sativa ; Côte d'Ivoire
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Improving fallow quality in upland rice-fallow rotations in West Africa through the site-specific use of leguminous cover crops has been shown to sustain the productivity of such systems. We studied the effects of a range of residue management practices (removal, burning, mulching and incorporation) on fallow biomass and N accumulation, on weed biomass and yield response of upland rice and on changes in soil physical and chemical characteristics in 2-year field trials conducted in three agroecological zones of Côte d'Ivoire. Across fallow management treatments and agroecological zones, rice yields were on average 20–30% higher in legume than in natural fallow plots. Weed biomass was highest in the savanna zone and lowest in the bimodal forest and tended to be less following a legume fallow. Regardless of the type of fallow vegetation and agroecological zone, biomass removal resulted in the lowest rice yields that varied from 0.5 t ha–1 in the derived savanna zone to 1.5 t ha–1 in the Guinea savanna zone. Burning of the fallow vegetation significantly increased yield over residue removal in the derived savanna (0.27 t ha–1, P〈0.05) and bimodal forest zones (0.27 t ha–1, P〈0.01), but not in the Guinea savanna. In both savanna environments, residue incorporation was superior to the farmers' practice of residue removal and rice yield increases were related to amounts of fallow N returned to the soil (r 2=0.803, P〈0.01). In the forest zone, the farmers' practice of residue burning produced the highest yield (1.43 t ha-1 in the case of legumes) and resulted in the lowest weed biomass (0.02 t ha–1). Regardless of the site, improving the quality of the fallow or of its management had no significant effects on either soil physical or soil chemical characteristics after two fallow cycles. We conclude that incorporation of legume residues is a desirable practice for rice-based fallow rotation systems in savanna environments. No promising residue management alternatives to slash-and-burn were apparent for the forest zone. Determining the possible effects on soil productivity will require longer-term experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000199
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accumulation of mineral elements in tuber periderm of potato cultivars differing in susceptibility to common scab (2000)
    Springer
    Potato research 43 (2000), S. 107-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: actinomycetes ; resistance ; scab incidence ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; Streptomyces scabies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Concentrations of Ca, P, K, Mg, Al, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were determined in healthy tuber peelings of cultivars less (Karin, Santé and Symfonia) and more (Agria, Désirée and Tomensa) susceptible to common scab when grown at two sites that differed in the level of scab incidence. The accumulation of some elements was significantly influenced by site, year, cultivar, maturity and the age of tuber periderm. At both sites, Ca and P in periderm tissue declined but Mg increased during the growing season. The Ca/P ratios in tuber periderm of all cultivars greatly decreased 83 days after planting. Concentrations of mineral elements measured at harvest may not reflect conditions present during the infection period, and consequently may not be related to scab incidence or severity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02357951
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterisation of BaYMV and BaMMV Pathotypes in France (2000)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 106 (2000), S. 365-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: bymovirus ; barley yellow mosaic virus ; barley mild mosaic virus ; resistance ; variability ; ELISA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The reaction of thirty-four barley cultivars from European and Asiatic origin was analysed in six soils infected with barley yellow mosaic virus complex (BaYMV, BaMMV). These soils were selected from 16 sites for their differences in cultivar response. Amongst the six cultivars carrying the ym4 gene (Esterel, Express, Labéa, Majestic, Réjane, Vanoise), only cv Majestic was infected at one site with BaYMV and BaMMV. Concerning BaYMV, three cultivars were infected on all the soils and 19 on none of them. Twelve cultivars were differentially infected depending on the soil. In the case of BaMMV, four cultivars were infected on all the soils and 19 on none of them. Eleven cultivars were differentially infected depending on the soil. ELISA tests revealed the presence, in these soils, of variants of BaYMV and BaMMV that were able to overcome at least seven of the 12 known resistance genes (ym3, ym4, ym6, ym8, ym9, ym10, ym11) and the resistance of three varieties (Tosan Kawa 73, OU1 and Taihoku A) in which the genetic basis is unknown. Amplification by RT-PCR of the N-terminal region for three of BaYMV variants was performed. Nucleotide and amino acid sequences were determined and compared with the corresponding sequence of a common strain of BaYMV-G. A few nucleotide differences were detected between all the French isolates, but there were no strain specific amino acid differences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008710723490
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of glandular trichomes on the development of Phytophthora infestans infection in potato (S. tuberosum) (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 114 (2000), S. 165-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: bioassay ; exudates ; inoculation ; late blight ; resistance ; S. berthaultii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract S. berthaulltii Hawkes, a wild potato species, possesses two types of glandular trichomes on its leaf surface: types A and B wich confer resistance to insects. Preliminary results indicated that the presence of glandular trichomes also confers resistance to Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight. In this paper we report the evaluation of trichome characteristics (density and exudate activities) performed on 8 lines of potato, including the control varieties Desirée and Tropicana, 5 hybrid lines derived from intercrosses and backcrosses between S. tuberosum and S. berthaultii and one accession of S. berthaultii. Whole plants of the 8 genotypes were inoculated with a spore suspension of Phytophthora infestans in order to evaluate their resistance to late blight. The resultant disease incidence correlated negatively with type A trichome density and with polyphenol-oxidase (PPO) activity of type A trichome glands. The removal of type B trichomes exudate by leaf dipping in ethanol did not influence the disease development after artificial inoculation of detached leaves. Type B trichome exudate was extracted and the fraction corresponding to Fatty Acids Sucrose Esters (FASE) was recovered after Thin Layer Chromatography and tested on the fungal mycelium in vitro. The FASE exhibited a slight inhibitory effect on mycelium growth. The results of the experiments are discussed, and several hypotheses regarding the possible role of types A and B trichomes are formulated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003924318577
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pathogenicity of the Rhynchosporium secalis population in the Western Cape province of South Africa (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 115 (2000), S. 75-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; resistance ; Rhynchosporium secalis ; scald ; virulence spectrum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The virulence spectra of 50 Rhynchosporium secalis isolates from a population in the Western Cape province of South Africa were determined, and 21 races were detected when evaluated against 17 differential cultivars. The virulence spectrum of the R. secalis population shows considerable variation, and carries unnecessary virulence genes which is quite unexpected, since chiefly susceptible barley cultivars are grown in the south Western Cape. The two most prevalent races, namely races 4 and 7 had three and four virulence genes respectively. Both race 4 and 7 were virulent on the most susceptible cultivars, West China, Steudelli, C.I.8618 and C.I.2226. Considering the resistance genes reported for the cultivars Atlas 46, Turk, and C.I.3515 which showed no susceptible cultivar-pathogen interaction, it would appear that the Rh-Rh3-Rh4 complex is primarily involved in conferring resistance to the local R. secalis isolates
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003946623529
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inheritance of resistance to head bugs and its interaction with grain molds in Sorghum bicolor (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 167-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Calocoris angustatus ; grain molds ; head bug ; inheritance ; resistance ; Sorghum bicolor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sorghum head bug, Calocoris angustatus Lethiery is one of the most important pests of grain sorghum in India. Head bug damage increases the severity of grain molds, which renders the grain unfit for human consumption. Therefore, we studied the gene action for resistance to head bugs and grain molds in a diverse array of male-sterile lines and testers in a line × tester mating design under natural infestation. Mean squares for parents, parents vs crosses, lines, testers, and lines × testers were significant for head bug damage and grain mold severity. General combining ability (GCA) effects were significant and negative for ICSA 88019 for head bug damage, and ICSA 88019 and ICSA 88020 for grain molds (except for ICSA 88020 in 1993). General combining ability effects were positive for ICSA 42 and 296 A. GCA effects of lines and testers for head bug damage and grain mold severity were in the same direction (+ve or −ve). Head bug damage in the grain was significantly correlated with grain mold severity. Testers IS 8891, IS 15107, and TAM 2566 (with colored grain and less susceptibility to molds) produced mold-resistant hybrids in combination with all the male-sterile lines, while the reverse was true in the case of Swarna and ICSV 112. Resistance to head bugs showed dominance to partial dominance type of gene action, while in the case of grain molds, it showed dominance to over dominance. Resistance to these pests is governed by both additive and nonadditive types of gene action. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to need for crop improvement in sorghum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003884015765
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improvement of resistance to Fusarium head blight by recurrent selection in an intermating breeding spring wheat population using the dominant male-sterile gene ms 2 (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 79-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Fusarium head blight ; intermating breedingpopulation ; male-sterile gene ms 2 ; recurrent selection ; resistance ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Four cycles of recurrent selection for FHB resistance were conducted in an intermating wheat breeding population using the dominant male-sterile gene ms 2 during 1987–1991.Five cycles of phenotypic mass selection for male-sterile plants were evaluated using the soil-surface inoculation method in Experiment I. Experiment II evaluated changes in FHB scores during five cycles of progeny selection for fertile plants using the single-floret inoculation method. In Experiment I, the average level of FHB response increased to MR level in C4, compared to MS level in C0. The numbers of infected spikelets and diseased kernels decreased 0.32 and 2.68 per cycle, respectively. In Experiment II, the average level of FHB response increased to R level in C4F1. The numbers of infected spikelets and diseased kernels decreased 0.93 and 4.58 per cycle, respectively. In both experiments, the largest selection gains were realized in the first cycle. The frequencies of R and MR individuals were increased significantly. The frequencies of individuals with FHB response equal and/or superior to Sumai 3 were increased to 5–8% in C4 and 25% in C4F1after the fourth cycle. Agronomic traits tended to be slightly improved in selected populations. Compared to 2% in C0, about 34% of lines superior in both FHB resistance and agronomic traits in C4F1 were selected to enter the conventional breeding program for further evaluation. Sixty three semidwarf lines superior in both FHB resistance and yield potential were selected from the F5 generations derived from C1F1 to C4F1. From them, two resistant cultivars with high-yielding potential were developed and commercialized in the Lower Yangtze Valley. Recurrent selection appears to be highly effective and feasible in shifting the average FHB response of the intermating population in the desirable direction, thereby enhancing the frequency of resistant individuals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003850123088
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stable resistance in barley to Pyrenophora teres f. teres isolates from the Nordic-Baltic region after increase on standard host genotypes (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 113 (2000), S. 71-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; net blotch ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Results from tests of a mixture of Finnish net blotch, Pyrenophora teres Drechs. f. teres Smedeg., isolates on a differential series of barley seedlings, comprising 17genotypes, indicated that patterns of infection response (IR)and percentage leaf area damaged (PLAD) were unaffected by differences in seedling size. Variation of the concentration of inoculum between 1,250 conidia ml-1 and 20,000 conidia ml-1 produced similar patterns of IR and PLAD on the differential series. IR and PLAD scored on the second seedling leaf differentiated resistance to P. teres f. teresamong the genotypes better than on the first seedling leaf. Ina second experiment, 120 single-spore P. teres f. teres isolates from Finland, Sweden, Norway, Latvia, Estonia and Ireland were used in tests conducted in the greenhouse to differentiate them in terms of virulence reaction on seedlings of six differential barley genotypes. Each isolate was tested directly following isolation from the leaf material and after having passaged each through barley cvs. Arve or Pohto, to produce 360 isolates in total. Virulence of the isolates differed significantly on the members of the differential series, but differences associated with country of origin and passaging, and interactions, were small. It is concluded that little variation between virulence of P. teres f. teres isolates is evident over a large geographic area, incorporating Nordic and Baltic countries, and Ireland. Barley genotype response to P. teres f. teres appeared to be of more significance than relative virulence of the pathogen isolates. This could simplify breeding barley for improved resistance to this phytopathogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003912825455
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic study of Coffea canephora coffee tree resistance to Meloidogyne incognita nematodes in Guatemala and Meloidogyne sp. nematodes in El Salvador for selection of rootstock varieties in Central America (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 113 (2000), S. 79-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Coffea canephora ; Meloidogyne incognita ; Meloidogyne sp ; resistance ; rootstock varieties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita in Guatemala and Meloidogyne sp. in El Salvador frequently cause very serious damage to Coffea arabica. Hypocotyledon grafting on C. canephoravar. Robusta is practiced on a very wide scale to control these pests. However, rootstock seeds come from non selected trees which provide 30–40%resistance. In this article, we examine the possibility of improving resistance to M. incognita and Meloidogyne sp. Hybrids were created using two North Carolina II factorial mating designs and tested under controlled conditions for resistance to isolates of the two nematodes. In the trial with Meloidogyne sp. the number of nematodes per plant was counted, and in the trial withM. incognita a root damage index was established. Vegetative measurements (height, weight of aerial parts and roots) were taken in both trials. The parents were classed according to their cross value and genetic variance was estimated. In the factorial trial conducted with the Meloidogynesp. isolate from El Salvador, parents T3561 and T3751transmitted high resistance levels of 56 and 54%,respectively, to their progenies, as opposed to 9% for the other parents. The cross between those two parents achieved 78% resistant plants. In the trial with the M. incognita isolate from Guatemala, similar results were found. The same two parents transmitted resistance to 64% of their progenies, as opposed to 36% for the other parents. Classification of the parents did not differ from one trial to the other. The existence of a complex nematode resistance locus in the C. canephora species seems highly likely. The results show that it is possible to select rootstock varieties that are more resistant to the main Meloidogyne nematodes in Guatemala and El Salvador. Given the average heritability values (0.28–0.30) and the possibility of applying strong selection intensity, the genetic progress expected in the next selection cycle should be substantial.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003931918187
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  • 14
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    Electronic Resource
    Genetics of resistance to early blight (Alternaria solani Sorauer) in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 113 (2000), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: epistasis ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium ; resistance ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The genetic nature of early blight resistance in tomato was studied in three crosses at seedling and adult plant stages. A six generation mean analysis of the cross Arka Saurabh (susceptible) × IHR1939 (resistance) and its reciprocal cross revealed that the resistance to early blight was conferred by recessive polygenes at both seedling and adult plant stages. This polygenic early blight resistance revealed the importance of additive and additive × additive gene effects at seedling stage and higher magnitude of dominance and dominance× dominance gene effects at adult plant stage. Evaluation of parents, F1, F2 and backcross generations of IHR1816 (resistance) × IHR1939 (resistance) revealed that the early blight resistance genes in IHR1816 (Lycopersicon esculentum NCEBR-1) and IHR1939 (Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium L4394) are independent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003929303632
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  • 15
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    Isolation of mildew resistant wheat-rye translocation lines from a double substitution line (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 115 (2000), S. 167-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: alien genetic variation ; chromosome translocation ; powdery mildew ; resistance ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A powdery mildew resistant double disomic wheat-rye substitution line carrying rye chromosomes 1R and 2R was crossed with normal bread wheats. The F2 generation was analysed cytologically by C-banding. Wheat-rye chromosome translocations involving both rye chromosomes 1R and 2R were frequent in F2. Lines with translocations of 1R and 2R were harvested separately. After four generations of selfing and selection for mildew resistance and fertility, fully fertile resistant lines were selected and analysed cytologically. Lines with 1BL/1RS and 2BS/2RL translocations were identified. The resistance on chromosome 1RS could not be shown to be different from control varieties carrying the same rye segment, while the resistance on 2RL is much broader than the earlier known 2RL derived resistance in the line Transec.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004018500970
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  • 16
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    Sources of resistance to downy mildew in narbon (Vicia narbonensis) and common (Vicia sativa) vetches (2000)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 47 (2000), S. 153-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: common vetch ; downy mildew ; narbon vetch ; Peronospora viciae ; resistance ; Vicia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Downy mildew (Peronospora viciae (Berk) de Bary) is an important disease of vetches (Vicia spp.) in the Mediterranean Region. Narbon and common vetch germplasm accessions originating from different countries, and advanced breeding narbon vetch genotypes, were evaluated for reaction to downy mildew for two seasons under field conditions. In narbon vetch, there were resistant sources from both germplasm accessions and advanced genotypes. From the germplasm accessions, 25 accessions were resistant while from the advanced breeding genotypes, 10 had resistance, with 2–3 ratings. In common vetch, many accessions were highly resistant to downy mildew. These were widely distributed in different countries, mainly Turkey, Italy, Syria and Iran. In general, common vetch had higher sources of resistance than the narbon vetch accessions. These new sources of resistance to downy mildew will be incorporated into the forage legume improvement project in a continuous effort to identify cultivars suitable for replacing fallow in the cereal-based cropping systems.
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    Variation in resistance to the cabbage aphid ( Brevicoryne brassicae) between and within wild and cultivated Brassica species (2000)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 47 (2000), S. 395-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Brassica ; Brevicoryne brassicae ; resistance ; variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seven Brassica species were evaluated for their resistance to the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae, in a series of field experiments. Four wild Brassica species, two 8 chromosome species with similarities to the B genome of Brassica nigra (Brassica fruticulosa and Brassica spinescens) and two 9 chromosome species containing the C genome (Brassica incana and Brassica villosa) were identified as possessing consistently high levels of antibiosis mediated resistance to B. brassicae. None of the species were shown to possess consistently high levels of antixenosis resistance. In more detailed glasshouse experiments one B-like genome species, B. fruticulosa, showed considerable variation between accessions collected from different sites for resistance to B. brassicae. In addition, individual accessions of one A genome species (Brassica rapa) and one C genome species (Brassica alboglabra) were shown to be highly variable in their resistance to B. brassicae, some plants of each accession being highly resistant and others very susceptible. The implications of the variability in resistance to B. brassicae within wild Brassica species for exploitation in Brassica breeding programmes are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008755411053
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  • 18
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    Influence of long-term conservation tillage on soil and rhizosphere microorganisms (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 81-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Soil tillage ; Rhizosphere microorganisms ; Cereals ; Nitrogen fixation ; Gaeumanomyces graminis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  In long-term field experiments on sandy loam and loamy sand soils, the influence of conservation and conventional tillage on soil and rhizosphere microorganisms was studied. Conservation tillage stimulated rhizosphere bacteria on winter wheat, winter barley, winter rye and maize in different soil layers. Particularly the populations of Agrobacterium spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were increased. On the sandy loam, N2 fixation and nodulation of pea plants were significantly increased. No influence of different soil tillage was determined on the colonization of the rhizosphere by mycorrhiza and saprophytic fungi. Stubble residues infected with Gaeumanomyces graminis were infectious for a longer time on the soil surface than after incorporation into the soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050528
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  • 19
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    Fate of blue-green algae in the food web of flooded rice-field ecosystems (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 141-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Blue-green algae ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rice ecosystem ; Zooplankton ; Benthos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  As part of an integrated pest management project to study the role blue-green algae (BGA) may play in the food web of rice-field ecosystems, 14C-labelled filamentous and monocellular BGA were used as food for fish, zooplankton and benthic fauna in artificial rice fields in the form of three aquaria. 14C present in the organisms was then traced by liquid scintillation to follow the manner in which the labelled BGA were consumed by different organisms. In this study the grazing rate of fish (mud carp) was compared to that of benthic organisms and zooplankton. It was found that fish consumed the BGA at the fastest rates and in the largest amounts, followed by the benthic species and zooplankton. It was also found that filamentous BGA were consumed in higher amounts than monocellular BGA. The importance of grazing in nutrient recycling is emphasized.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050536
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  • 20
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    Diurnal and seasonal patterns of nitrogenase activity of red alder in comparison with white clover in silvopastoral agroforestry systems (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 267-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Red alder ; White clover ; Nitrogenase activity ; Acetylene reduction assay ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Simultaneous measurements were made to assess the diurnal and seasonal patterns of nitrogenase activity of red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) growing together in a silvopastoral agroforestry system using the acetylene reduction assay. Diurnal measurements were made in the summer and autumn at 3-h intervals whereas seasonal nitrogenase activity was assessed based on observations made at midday in July, September and January to represent the summer, autumn and winter seasons, respectively. No obvious diurnal patterns of nitrogenase activity were found in either red alder or white clover in summer and no significant variations in nitrogenase activity were observed between day and night. However, in autumn, pronounced diurnal patterns were observed in both species. Significantly higher rates of nitrogenase activity per unit dry weigh (dwt) of nodules were detected at 1500 hours in red alder, whereas, in white clover, significantly higher rates were obtained at 2100 hours. There was no significant correlation between diurnal nitrogenase activity and air temperature, photosynthetically active radiation and soil temperature at 10 cm depth in either red alder or white clover. Seasonal rates of nitrogenase activity showed significantly higher activity in summer, which subsequently decreased in autumn, to reach very low levels in the winter. The rates of nitrogenase activity of white clover were consistently higher than those of red alder both diurnally and seasonally. In the three seasons sampled, the average nitrogenase activity for white clover was 66.42 μmol C2H4 g dwt–1 h–1, which was 3.5 times higher than the 18.67 μmol C2H4 g dwt–1 h–1 obtained for red alder.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050492
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  • 21
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    Relationships between soil aggregation and mycorrhizae as influenced by soil biota and nitrogen nutrition (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 356-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Collembola ; Nitrogen fertilization ; Nitrogen fixation ; Soil aggregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of the form of N nutrition on soil stability is an important consideration for the management of sustainable agricultural systems. We grew soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plants in pot cultures in unsterilized soil, and treated them by (1) inoculating them with Bradyrhizobium japonicum, fertilizing with (2) nitrate or (3) ammonia, or (4) by providing only minimum N amendment for the controls. The soils were sampled at 3-week intervals to determine changes in water-stable soil aggregates (WSA), soil pH, the development of roots, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) soil and root colonization, and selected functional groups of soil bacteria. The soil fauna was assayed at the end of the experiment (9 weeks). WSA was correlated positively with root and AM soil mycelium development, but negatively with total bacterial counts. Soil arthropod (Collembola) numbers were negatively correlated with AM hyphal length. Soils of nodulated and ammonia-fertilized plants had the highest levels of WSA and the lowest pH at week 9. Sparse root development in the soils of the N-deficient, control plants indicated that WSA formation was primarily influenced by AM hyphae. The ratio of bacterial counts in the water-stable versus water-unstable soil fractions increased for the first 6 weeks and then declined, while counts of anaerobic bacteria increased with increasing WSA. The numbers of soil invertebrates (nematodes) and protozoans did not correlate with bacterial counts or AM soil-hyphal lengths. Soil pH did not affect mycorrhiza development, but actinomycete counts declined with decreasing soil pH. AM fungi and roots interacted as the factors that affect soil aggregation, regardless of N nutrition.
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  • 22
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    Fine Structure of the Early Interaction of Lily Roots with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lilii (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 431-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: basal rot ; cell wall degradation ; Lilium ; pathogenesis ; plasmolysis ; resistance ; transfer cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The early interaction of lily roots with the cortical rot pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lilii was studied using roots of lily bulblets grown in Hoagland's solution, inoculated with the pathogen, and sampled up to 48 h later. Conidia produced germ tubes within 6 h, which extended towards and into the mucilage covering the root elongation zone, and along and into the anticlinal grooves and middle lamellae of epidermal cells. By 24–48 h, infecting hyphae had reached the periclinal walls and intercellular spaces between the epidermis and the outermost cells of the cortex. Penetration of intercellularly growing hyphae directly across host cell walls was not observed; invasion of the cell lumen only occurred by gradual infringing of hyphae upon successive primary wall layers. Non-cellulosic wall appositions rich in vesicles and covered by a cellulosic protective-like layer were formed in response to approaching hyphae in resistant cv.Connecticut King, but rarely in susceptible cv. Esther which seemed more susceptible to plasmolysis and rot. Finger-like projections of the appositions into the host cell cytoplasm likely represent early stages of transfer cell formation.
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    Effects of Temperature on Infection in Capsicum sp. and Nicotiana benthamiana by Impatiens Necrotic Spot Tospovirus (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 509-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: tospovirus ; resistance ; Capsicum sp. ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Infection by two isolates of impatiens necrotic spot tospovirus (INSV) under temperature regimes of 25/18°C (day/night) or 33°C (continuous) was studied in Capsicum annuum (systemically susceptible to tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, TSWV), C. chinense PI 152225 and PI 159236 (reacting hypersensitively to TSWV) and Nicotiana benthamiana (systemically susceptible to both tospoviruses). At 25/18°C infection was systemic in all hosts tested. At 33°C infection in N. benthamiana was systemic whereas in C. annuum and C. chinense it was restricted to the inoculated leaves. The result differed from that reported for TSWV, where high temperature made plants more susceptible, or caused no difference. Exchanging temperature regimes 6 h to 4 days after inoculation did not affect the final results one month later, with plants being only locally infected at 33°C continuous regime, or systemically infected at 25/18°C alternate regime. The two INSV isolates were biologically and serologically stable for 5 passages in N. benthamiana held continuously at 33°C.
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    A Laboratory Assay for Phytophthora infestans Resistance in Various Solanum Species Reflects the Field Situation (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 241-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Phytophthora infestans ; potato ; wild Solanum spp. ; resistance ; detached leaves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Physiological and molecular research on resistance responses of Solanum tuberosum cultivars and partially resistant Solanum species to Phytophthora infestans requires a reliable resistance test that can be used in the laboratory. Laboratory tests performed on detached leaves and intact plants were compared with field tests for similarity of late blight reactions. Detached leaves from field-grown plants were as resistant as detached leaves from climate chamber-grown plants when challenged with P. infestans. However, detached leaves incubated in covered trays at high relative humidity were more susceptible than detached leaves kept in open trays or leaves on intact plants. The incubation conditions of detached leaves in covered trays rather than detachment itself appeared to affect the resistance expression. Detached leaves of some wild Solanum genotypes became partially infected, whereas intact plants were completely resistant when inoculated. Inoculation of leaves on intact plants, however, resulted in lower infection efficiencies. These limitations should be taken into account when choosing the appropriate inoculation method for specific purposes. For resistance screening, laboratory tests proved to be a good alternative for field tests. The ranking of resistance levels for twenty plant genotypes was similar under laboratory and field conditions.
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    Search for molecular markers linked to Liriomyza trifolii resistance in tomato (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 109 (1999), S. 149-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: BSA ; Liriomyza trifolii ; Lycopersicon ; molecular markers ; resistance ; leaf miner
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Resistance to many arthropods, including Liriomyza species, is known to be present in accessions of Lycopersicon hirsutum (f. typicum or f. glabratum). From the cross L. esculentum cv. Moneymaker and L. hirsutum f. glabratum G1561 100 F2 plants were screened in a no-choice test for resistance to Liriomyza trifolii. The Bulked Segregant Analysis approach was used to find Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA markers linked to resistance. Two markers were located on chromosome 2. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms constructed a more detailed genetic linkage map for part of chromosome 2. Kruskal-Wallis analysis showed that this chromosome harbored a Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) for number of pupae, number of mines and damage. At least one major QTL is essential for resistance and this QTL is located on chromosome 2 nearby the location of the tomato probe TG451.
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    Effects of aluminium treatment on Norway spruce roots: Aluminium binding forms, element distribution, and release of organic substances (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 216 (1999), S. 103-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; binding forms ; element compartmentation ; Picea abies ; resistance ; root exudates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In order to investigate if Al resistance in Norway spruce (Picea abies[L.] Karst.) can be attributed to similar exclusion mechanisms as they occur in several crop plants, three-year-old Norway spruce plants were treated for one week in hydroculture with either 500 μM AlCl3 or CaCl2 solutions at pH 4. Sequential root extraction with 1 M NH4Cl and 0.01 M HCl and EDX microanalysis revealed that Al and Ca in cell walls and on the surface participated in exchange processes. About half of the Al extracted by the sequential extraction was not exchangeable by 1 M NH4Cl. Phenolics and phosphate present in the root extracts are possible ligands for Al adsorbed to or precipitated at the root in a non-exchangeable form. In both treatments, C release during the first period of 2 d was much higher than during the remaining time of the experiment. Al treated plants released less total C, carbohydrates and phenolics than did Ca treated plants. Acetate was the only organic acid anion that could be detected in some samples of both treatments. Free amino acids were present at micromolar concentrations but as hydrolysis did not increase their yield, there was no evidence of peptide release. One to two thirds of the released C were large enough not to pass a 1 kDa ultrafilter. The results suggest that exudation of soluble organic complexors is not a major Al tolerance mechanism in Norway spruce, although complexation of Al by phenolic substances released by the root could be detected by fluorescence spectroscopy. Aluminium tolerance could rather be attributed to immobilization in the root apoplast, where strong binding sites are available or precipitation may occur.
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    Combining ability of resistance to head blight caused by Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Smith) in the F1 of a seven parent diallel of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 110 (1999), S. 199-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: diallel analysis ; Fusarium culmorum ; heterosis ; resistance ; scab ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fusarium head blight (FHB, scab) caused by Fusarium spp. is a widespread disease of cereals causing relevant yield and quality losses and contaminating cereal products with mycotoxins. Breeding resistant cultivars is the method of choice for controlling the disease. Resistance to FHB is a quantitative trait and is most likely governed by several genes. We present the results of an F1 diallel analysis of FHB resistance involving six resistant and one susceptible European winter wheat genotypes of diverse origin in order to identify promising combinations for the selection of improved cultivars. Parents and F1s including reciprocals were evaluated for FHB resistance in an artificially inoculated field trial. Two traits were assessed: visual disease symptoms on the heads and the percentage of Fusarium damaged kernels in a harvested sample. General combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects were statistically significant for visual symptoms and kernel damage, whereas reciprocal effects were small or not significant. Heterosis for resistance was common, indicating that the parental genotypes possess different resistance genes. Selection of transgressive segregates should be feasible from such heterotic combinations.
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    First source of resistance in durum wheat to Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Morocco (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 107-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: antibiois ; Mayetiola destructor ; resistance ; Triticum turgidum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), is the major pest of wheat in North Africa. In Morocco, durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf). Husn.) losses due to this pest have been estimated at 32%. Genetic resistance is the only economical and practical means of controlling this insect. Field and greenhouse screening of durum wheat genotypes resulted in the identification of one source of resistance to Hessian fly in Morocco. This is the first source of durum wheat Hessian fly-resistance identified in Morocco. This source of resistance expresses a medium level of antibiosis against first-instar Hessian fly larvae; about 25% of the larvae survive on resistant plants. The deployment of varieties that allow for larval survival on resistant plants should reduce selection for biotype development. This source of resistance is being used by CIMMYT/ICARDA and Moroccan breeders to develop resistant durum wheat varieties.
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    Resistance to foliar blight of wheat: A search (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 469-475 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: foliar blight ; germplasm ; resistance ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract One thousand three hundred and eighty-seven spring wheat germplasm (Triticum aestivum L.) lines belonging to the Indian and CIMMYT wheat programmes were evaluated for their tolerance to foliar blight disease for three consecutive years i.e., from 1994 to 1997. Disease severity at six different growth stages, beginning from tillering to late milk stage, was recorded. None of the genotypes showed immunity to the disease. Of 43 lines showing resistant reaction, a major proportion (25) was represented by CIMMYT material. Comparatively, Indian germplasm lines tended to be more susceptible at more advanced growth stages. Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) and Apparent Infection Rate (r) values of resistant lines were much lower than those of susceptible ones, but lower AUDPC in some of the resistant lines did not correspond to a lower 'r' value. Most of the resistant lines were derived from Seri, Myna, Bau, kauz, Hork 's' and Aegilops tauschii Coss.
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    Resistance to Meloidogyne javanica in wild Arachis species* (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 557-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Arachis spp. ; Meloidogyne javanica ; resistance ; root-knot nematodes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica Race 3 is an important nematode parasite of groundnut. Greenhouse evaluation of 184 accessions of 33 wild Arachis spp. five interspecific derivatives, 18 groundnut cultivars for root damage (galls formed by nematode) and nematode reproduction demonstrated that resistance to the nematode is available in the genepool of wild Arachis spp. Seven accessions, ICG 8952 (Arachis helodes), ICC 13211 (A. sylvestris), ICG 13224 (A. kretscmeri), ICG 13231 (Arachis sp.), ICG 14862 (A. kuhlmannii), ICG 14868 (A. stenosperma), and ICG 14915 (A. sylvestris) were highly resistant to nematode reproduction and root damage. There was no gall and eggmass formation on any plant of these accessions. Thirty-three accessions were resistant and 14 were moderately resistant. All the tested accessions of A. monticola, A. benensis, A. ipaensis, A. hoehnei, A. kempff-mercadoi, A. valida, A. chiquitana, A. rigonii, A. vallsii, A. dardani, A. paraguariensis, A. triseminata, interspecific derivatives, and groundnut cultivars were susceptible. The possible use of resistance sources in the breeding program is discussed.
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    Nutrient cycling and growth in forest ecosystems of south western Australia: Relevance to agricultural landscapes (1999)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 45 (1999), S. 215-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: biodiversity ; disturbance ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; resilience ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nutrient and hydrologic cycles in harvested native forests in southern Australia are largely balanced. For example, we have little or no evidence of any decline in nutrient capital or availability in harvested forests. Short-term and small-scale reductions in evapotranspiration due to loss of leaf area after harvesting are adequately balanced at the landscape scale by large areas of regenerating or older-age forest. In contrast, agricultural systems on similar soils are a) dependent on large inputs of fertilisers to maintain growth and b) frequently subject to increasing salinity and waterlogging or other forms of degradation. The large-scale replacement of long-lived communities of perennial and often deep- rooting native species with annual crops or other communities of shallow-rooting species might be better managed within the framework of knowledge developed from studies of native plant communities. However, application of such a mimic concept to systems of low natural productivity is limited when agricultural systems require continued high productivity. Nonetheless, the mimic concept may help in developing sustainable management of agriculture on marginal lands, and contribute to the nutritional resilience of agroecosystems. Relevant characteristics for mimic agroecosystems in south western Australia include: high species diversity, diversity of rooting attributes, utilisation of different forms of nutrients (especially of N and P) in space and time, and the promotion of practices which increase soil organic matter content.
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    The evidence for the extent of N.I. Vavilov's new world Andean centres of cultivated plant origins (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 163-168 
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    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Vavilov ; centres of diversity ; America ; Solanium ; potatoes ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Vavilov's ideas on New World centres of crop plant diversity are reviewed and the development of his ideas from 1926 to 1940 are described. More recent collecting work and taxonomic studies by the author confirm largely the delimitation of the American gene centres suggested by Vavilov, even in regard to details, e.g. within Bolivia.
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    Inheritance and allelism for resistance to Russian Wheat Aphid in an Iranian Spring Wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 107 (1999), S. 71-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Russian wheat aphid ; resistance ; inheritance ; allelism ; segregation ratio ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), is an important pest of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the United States of America. Developing adapted wheat cultivars with genetic resistance to RWA is an effective control strategy. Genetic studies were conducted to determine the mode of inheritance of gene(s) conferring resistance to RWA in an Iranian landrace wheat line, G 5864. For the inheritance study, G 5864 was crossed with the susceptible wheats ‘Yecora Rojo’ and ND 2375. Seedlings of F1, reciprocal F1, F2, BC1 to the susceptible parent (BCS), and BC1 to the resistant parent (BCR) were screened for RWA reaction. Several phenotypic segregation ratios were tested in the F2 populations for goodness of fit; the 9:3:3:1 ratio (resistant: rolled leaves: stunted plants: susceptible) was an acceptable fit in all cases. Thus, resistance in G 5864 seemed to be controlled by two independent dominant genes with additive gene effects. The allelic relationships of gene(s) in this line with genes in other resistant lines, PI 137739 (Dn1), PI 262660 (Dn2), PI 372129 (Dn4), PI 294994 (Dn5), and PI 243781 (Dn6), were also studied. Segregation patterns observed in G 5864 × resistant (R × R) F2 populations were inconclusive. However, no susceptible plants were observed in these F2 populations. If previous reports concerning the number of resistance genes present in the other resistant lines are correct, then given the high manifestation of resistance observed in G 5864, and given the absence of susceptible plants in the R × R F2 populations, it is indicated that RWA resistance in G 5864 is either controlled by different alleles at the same loci as the other resistance genes, or that G 5864 shares a resistance gene with each of the other resistant lines.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003549512216
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    Heading date and resistance to septoria tritici blotch in wheat not genetically associated (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 106 (1999), S. 63-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: disease assessment ; maturity ; resistance ; Septoria tritici ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nineteen cultivars, with large differences in heading date, were evaluated for their response to septoria tritici blotch in two experimental setups in Njoro, Kenya. Due to the more or less constant temperatures during the growing season and the overhead irrigation applied the epidemic conditions were similar over the whole observation period for the early and late cultivars. In experiment 1 the cultivars were assessed for disease severity at the same moment irrespective of the developmental stage, while in experiment 2 the cultivars were assessed at the same developmental stage. Measured at the same time, the disease severity was highest in the early maturing cultivars and lowest in the late maturing cultivars (r = –0.78). When assessed at the same development stage the disease build up was independent of heading date (r = –0.10) but strongly dependent on resistance level. There were no indications that early heading cultivars were more susceptible than late heading cultivars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003593218761
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    A root-injection method to assess verticillium wilt resistance of peppermint ( Mentha × piperita L.) and its use in identifying resistant somaclones of cv. Black Mitcham (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 106 (1999), S. 223-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Mentha piperita ; peppermint ; resistance ; somaclone ; verticillium wilt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three studies were initially conducted using five mint cultivars with known disease reactions to verticillium wilt to determine if inoculation method, root-dip as compared to root-injection, had an affect on the plant growth and disease reaction. The planting media did not affect the development of wilt symptoms in susceptible varieties, however, the soil/peat based medium resulted in higher shoot fresh weight at harvest than the perlite/vermiculite medium. Black Mitcham had the highest susceptible disease rating and greatest reduction in fresh shoot weight from inoculation with Verticillium dahliae at two inoculum concentrations, 104 or 106 microconidia/ml. Native spearmint was resistant and Mentha crispa was moderately resistant, whereas, Murray Mitcham peppermint and Scotch spearmint were moderately susceptible to verticillium wilt with a corresponding lower fresh shoot weight. Scotch spearmint was less susceptible at the low inoculum concentration than at a higher level of microconidia, indicating a low level of disease resistance. Overall, the two inoculation methods resulted in similar cultivar responses to verticillium wilt, although the root-injection method was more applicable for large plant populations. Thus, the root-injection method of inoculation was utilized to screen 743 Black Mitcham derived somaclones for wilt resistance, of which nine somaclones were found resistant in repeated inoculation tests.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003591908308
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    Nodulation pattern and acetylene reduction (nitrogen fixation) activity of some highland and lowland Acacia species of Ethiopia (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 27 (1998), S. 60-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Acacia spp. ; Bradyrhizobium ; Rhizobium ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen accumulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Endosymbionts from the Ethiopian highland acacia species Acacia abyssinica, A. negrii and A. etbaica, and the lowland species A. nilotica, A. prasinata, A.senegal, A. seyal, A. tortilis and Faidherbia (Acacia) albida were isolated and characterized. Seven tree species were found to be nodulated by species of both Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium. F. (Acacia) albida and A. senegal were nodulated by only Bradyrhizobium or Rhizobium, respectively. In A. abyssinica, both genera were isolated from the same nodule, whereas in A. nilotica and A. tortilis, both strains were isolated from different nodules of the same plant. The nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) activities varied considerably and showed no correlation with the nitrogen content of the plant. Highland species were as effective as lowland plants, thus demonstrating good potential for soil reclamation. The endosymbionts isolated proved rather promiscuous, efficiently nodulating other Acacia spp. and some tropical grain legumes, but did not nodulate temperate legumes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050400
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    Nitrogen fixation capacity and nodule occupancy by Bradyrhizobium japonicum and B. elkanii strains (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 27 (1998), S. 393-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; Bradyrhizobium elkanii ; Competitiveness ; Nitrogen fixation ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  In a previous study soybean Bradyrhizobium strains, used in Brazilian studies and inoculants over the last 30 years, and strains adapted to the Brazilian Cerrados, a region frequently submitted to environmental and nutritional stresses, were analyzed for 32 morphological and physiological parameters in vivo and in vitro. A cluster analysis allowed the subdivision of these strains into species Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Bradyrhizobium elkanii and a mixed genotype. In this study, the bacteria were analyzed for nodulation, N2 fixation capacity, nodule occupancy and the ability to increase yield. The goal was to find a relationship between the strain groups and the symbiotic performance. Two strains of Brazilian B. japonicum showed higher rates of N2 fixation and nodule efficiency (mg of N mg–1 of nodules) under axenic conditions. These strains also showed greater yield increases in field experiments when compared to B. elkanii strains. However, no differences were detected between B. japonicum and B. elkanii strains when comparing nodule occupancy capacity. The adapted strains belonging to the serogroup B. elkanii SEMIA 566, most clustered in a mixed genotype, were more competitive than the parental strain, and some showed a higher capacity of N2 fixation. Some of the adapted strains, such as S-370 and S-372, have shown similar N2 fixation rates and nodulation competitiveness to two Brazilian strains of B. japonicum. This similarity demonstrates the possibility of enhancing N2 fixing ability, after local adaptation, even within B. elkanii species. Differences in the DNA profiles were also detected between the parental SEMIA 566 and the adapted strains by analyses with the ERIC and REP-PCR techniques. Consequently, genetic, morphological and physiological changes can be a result of adaptation of rhizobia to the soil. This variability can be used to select strains capable of increasing the contribution of N2 fixation to soybean nutrition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050449
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    The Components and Deployment of Resistance to Cassava Mosaic Virus Disease (1998)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 3 (1998), S. 209-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: cassava ; Manihot esculenta ; Africa ; cassava mosaic virus disease ; whitefly vector (Bemisia tabaci) ; control ; varietal diversity ; resistance ; deployment ; durability ; breakdown ; phytosanitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cassava mosaic virus disease (CMD) is prevalent and causes serious losses in cassava (Manihot esculenta) in southern India and in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. The disease is caused by viruses of the Geminiviridae that are transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci and disseminated in the stem cuttings used routinely for propagation. The main approach to control is through the use of virus-resistant varieties, but suitable ones are not always available and susceptible varieties are still widely grown. This explains why CMD continues to be a problem in many areas. CMD-resistant varieties have several features which are considered in this review:- • They are not readily infected, even when exposed to large amounts of vector-borne inoculum. • When infected they develop symptoms that tend to be inconspicuous and not associated with obvious deleterious effects on growth or yield. Moreover, the symptoms become even less conspicuous as growth proceeds and plants may eventually recover and become symptomless. • Infected plants support a low virus content and they are likely to be a poor source of inoculum from which further spread can occur. • Virus is not fully systemic within infected plants which can be a source of uninfected planting material when stem cuttings are collected for further propagation. This phenomenon is referred to as ‘reversion’ and it has an important ‘cleansing effect’ in restricting or preventing the progressive deterioration in health status that would otherwise occur during successive cycles of vegetative propagation. The available information on the different components of resistance is discussed and it is concluded that they are inter-related features of the same basic mechanism that restricts virus entry, replication and movement within the host. It is argued that the effectiveness and durability of virus-resistant varieties are likely to be influenced by the way in which they are deployed. However, this topic has received little attention from researchers and there is continuing uncertainty on the effects of CMD on the yield of resistant varieties and on the role of phytosanitation. This involves the use of virus-free planting material and the removal (roguing) of any additional diseased plants that occur. Some consider that these procedures complement the use of virus-resistant varieties and should be adopted, whereas others argue that they are unnecessary and inappropriate. It is concluded that there is considerable scope for utilizing resistant varieties more widely and more effectively than at present, but in doing so it is important to avoid eroding the genetic diversity that is currently such a marked feature of cassava cultivation in Africa.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009626806156
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    Light induced bio-control of potato storage pathogens in vitro (1998)
    Springer
    Potato research 41 (1998), S. 143-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: resistance ; Solanum tuberosum L. cultivars ; glycoalkaloids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The influence of freeze dried potato powder derived from tubers (cvs Désirée and Epicure) exposed to light as a culture medium on the growth, number and spore size of nine fungal pathogens was determined in vitro with particular emphasis on the role of glycoalkaloids. Greater reductions in pathogen growth reflected increased exposure to light of tubers prior to freeze drying. High correlations (% R2 adj) were obtained between glycoalkaloid concentration and growth rate of the majority of pathogens tested. Where spores were produced, numbers were in general significantly less when cultured on freeze dried powder derived from tubers exposed to light. No effects on spore size ofFusarium species were recorded, but spore length of remaining pathogens was reduced and spore width increased, with the exception ofC. coccodes where spore length and width was increased following culture onto freeze dried powder derived from tubers exposed to light.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358437
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    Correlation between fusaric acid production and virulence of isolates ofFusarium oxysporum that causes potato dry rot in South Africa (1998)
    Springer
    Potato research 41 (1998), S. 289-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: post harvest disease ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; resistance ; toxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Virulence of 12Fusarium oxysporum isolates was determined on three potato cultivars Late Harvest, BP1 and Kimberley Choice. The production of fusaric acid by the 12F. oxysporum isolates was also determined. The aim of the study was to determine whether a correlation exists between fusaric acid production and virulence ofF. oxysporum isolates. Late Harvest was the most tolerant and BP1 the most susceptible cultivar. Virulence ranking, order of theF. oxysporum isolates with the different cultivars corresponded with the mean of value of the ranking order for all three cultivars. A correlation was found between virulence of isolates and fusaric acid production except for Late Harvest. Fusaric acid production may play a major role in the development of dry rot in potato tubers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358198
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    Analyses of quantitative trait loci associated with resistance to shape Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in sunflowers (shape Helianthus annuus L.) using molecular markers (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 4 (1998), S. 215-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: Helianthus annuus ; QTL ; resistance ; RFLP ; Sclerotinia scerotorum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Restriction fragment length polymorphism and isoenzyme markers were used to investigate quantitative trait loci involved in sunflower resistance to mycelial extension of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on leaves and capitula. Seed weight, oil content and flowering data were also evaluated. Four quantitative trait loci were demonstrated for leaf resistance and two for capitulum resistance. One of these zones appears involved in resistance to both types of S. sclerotiorum attack while the others appear specific for resistance of one part of the plant. Two quantitative trait loci were detected for seed weight, three for oil content and three for flowering date. Individual quantitative trait loci explained 9% to 48% of the phenotypic variability, confirming the polygenic basis of the quantitative traits studied. Overall, the quantitative trait loci explain 60% of the genetic variation for leaf resistance and 38% for capitulum resistance to S. sclerotiorum. One linkage group is particularly interesting since it includes quantitative trait loci for all the five quantitative traits measured. Hypotheses for linkage versus pleiotropy and consequences of all the results in resistance breeding are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009694626992
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    Cacao resistance to Phytophthora: Effect of pathogen species, inoculation depths and pod maturity (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 11-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: black pod ; resistance ; Theobroma cacao
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two species of Phytophthora (P. palmivora and P. capsici) and inoculations at two depths (3 mm and 9 mm) were tested each on 10 clones of Theobroma cacao to determine their effects on pod resistance. Ripe and unripe pods were also assessed to determine the influence of physiological status of the pod on the expression of resistance. The two pathogens tested (P. palmivora and P. capsici) differed significantly in their reactions on pods, with P. palmivora being more aggressive than P. capsici. However, the lack of interaction between clones and pathogen species and the similarity in the ranking of clones based on lesion size suggested that selection for resistant clones can be based on one of the two pathogens, preferably the more aggressive one. Pod reactions differed between inoculation depths (3 mm and 9 mm), and between pod maturity stages (ripe and unripe pods) with relatively larger lesions being recorded at 9 mm depth and on unripe pods as compared to those observed at 3 mm depth and on unripe pods, respectively. The magnitude of increase in lesion sizes, however, varied with genotypes, indicating that inoculation depth and pod maturity stage should be standardized in screening cacao germplasm for resistance to Phytophthora.
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    Occurrence in Italy and characteristics of lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) resistant to phenylamide fungicides (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 449-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: lettuce ; lettuce downy mildew ; Bremia lactucae ; phenylamide fungicides ; virulence factors ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Control of lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) with phenylamide fungicides has failed in some intensive lettuce-producing areas in Northern Italy since Spring 1993. Before then, these chemicals and particularly metalaxyl, provided the best disease control. The sensitivity of Bremia lactucae isolates collected in such areas to metalaxyl was evaluated in the laboratory. These strains grew and sporulated profusely on lettuce seedlings treated with 100 and 200 ppm of metalaxyl, whereas sensitive control strains were completely inhibited when treated with fungicide concentrations ranging from 0.5–1 ppm. Thus in Italy occurrence of resistance to phenylamide fungicides in Bremia lactucae has also been demonstrated, as in almost all the countries where these chemicals were previously authorised. Subsequently, a demonstration of occurrence of resistance was made and the virulence pattern of several strains (resistant and sensitive to metalaxyl) was characterised using differential NL series containing the 13 DM resistant genes or R factors. The results suggest the occurrence of a new pathotype in Italy different from all the 16 NL Bremia lactucae races studied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008696021621
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    Bunts and smuts of wheat in North Africa and the Near East (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 45-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: incidence ; Karnal bunt ; occurrence ; resistance ; variability ; wild relatives ; progenitors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bunts [common bunt (Tilletia laevis and T. tritici) and dwarf bunt (T. controversa)] and smuts [loose smut (Ustilago tritici) and flag smut (Urocystis agropyri)] of wheat are important cereal diseases in most countries of north Africa and the Near East. There are no peculiarities in the occurrence of bunts and smuts, except for dwarf bunt, which is limited to high-altitude areas of Turkey, Iran and Iraq. Host adaptation, rather than topography, determines the distribution of the common bunt pathogens: T. laevis predominates in bread wheat, whereas T. tritici attacks both bread and durum wheat non-preferentially. Incidence of bunt- and smut-affected wheat heads is generally low, however the frequency of their occurrence in fields is high, indicating their potential threat. Some bunts and smuts occur on hosts other than wheat, for example, flag smut on Aegilops crassa, loose smut on Ae. geniculata and rye, and dwarf bunt on Hordeum and Aegilops spp. Genetic variability of the pathogens causing common bunt and loose smut was investigated. Chemical seed treatment is the most widely used control for bunts and smuts. Organic nutrients as seed treatments to control common bunt of wheat show considerable promise. Sources of resistance to loose smut, and common and dwarf bunts of wheat, are available in wheat and its wild relatives. Triticum boeoticum, T. dicoccoides, and Aegilops species represent excellent sources of resistance to common bunt. There are three major sources of resistance in durum wheats, Senatore Cappelli and Haurani, Jenneh Khetifa, and Mindum. Common bunt resistance genes Bt5, Bt6, Bt8, Bt9, Bt10, and Bt11, and several undescribed resistances remain effective in the screening field at ICARDA, Syria.
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    The expression of resistance of subterranean clover cultivars to races of Phytophthora clandestina (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 102 (1998), S. 71-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Phytophthora clandestina ; resistance ; root rot disease ; subterranean clover ; Trifolium subterraneum ; virulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Infection and sporulation of races of Phytophthora clandestina in susceptible and resistant cultivars of subterranean clover and the effect of the races on growth of the cultivars in pots were studied using a total of five races of the pathogen and eight host cultivars. The pathogen caused severe disease where races and cultivars were compatible, although a significant reduction in root and shoot dry weight occurred only on Woogenellup inoculated with race 2. There was little increase in disease severity after 1 wk from the time of inoculation. Sporangia and oospores were formed at high frequency in tap and lateral roots in all compatible combinations, except in Woogenellup in which sporangia were produced inconsistently. The pathogen caused negligible disease and produced very few sporangia in incompatible combinations. Plant age had a strong effect on disease development. Disease severity caused by virulent races on cultivars Gosse, Trikkala, Meteora and Woogenellup was less on older than on younger plants. A further experiment using aggressive isolates of races 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 revealed that cultivar Gosse showed no reduction in root and shoot weight, despite it being susceptible to races 1, 3 and 4. This provided evidence of the existence of race-non-specific or horizontal resistance to P. clandestina in cultivar Gosse.
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    In vitro tolerance and resistance to burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis, in Anthurium species (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 103 (1998), S. 23-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Anthurium ; Radopholus similis ; resistance ; tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Five Anthurium species closely related to two of the cultivated ornamentals, A. andraeanum Lind. ex André and A. scherzerianum Schott, and one species of breeding interest, were screened in vitro for tolerance and resistance to the nematode Radopholus similis Cobb, 1893. Adjustment of the tolerance measurement to the initial and uninoculated treatment measurement improved the screening method. Use of a nematode strain with a relatively slow reproduction rate enabled concurrent screening for tolerance and resistance to R. similis in Anthurium. Based on a lower relative symptom index, A. pittieri Engl., A. ravenii Croat and Baker, A. antioquiense Engl. and A. aripoense N. E. Br. reduce nematode damage as compared to the reference standard, ‘Midori’. However, A. antioquiense and A. aripoense had higher root damage than ‘Midori’. Lower nematode damage in A. pittieri and A. ravenii is positively correlated with greater plant vigor or to fewer target roots for nematode infection. A. ravenii was among the most resistant species as measured by nematode reproduction. This is followed by A. aripoense and A. pittieri. Thus, strong plant vigor, fewer target roots for nematode infection, and/or lower nematode reproduction (higher nematode resistance) resulted in lower nematode damage in A. pittieri and A. ravenii. Combining the nematode damage and nematode reproduction results, A. pittieri and A. ravenii were identified as more tolerant than the reference standard ‘Midori’.
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    Comparison of two crossing and four selection schemes for yield, yield traits, and slow rusting resistance to leaf rust in wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 35-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita ; leaf rust ; breeding ; resistance ; yield ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The most important breeding objectives in crop improvement are improving grain yield, grain quality, and resistances to various biotic and abiotic stresses. The objectives of our study were to compare two crossing and four selection schemes for grain yield, yield traits, and slow rusting resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia recondita) based on additive genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum), and to identify the most efficient crossing and selection methodologies in terms of genetic gains and cost efficiency. Segregating populations were derived from 18 simple crosses and the same number of top (three-way) crosses. Half of the crosses were derived from Yecora 70 and the other half from Veery #10 as the common leaf rust susceptible parents. The four selection schemes were: pedigree, modified bulk (F2 and F1-top as pedigree, selected lines in F3, F4, F2-top, F3-top as bulk; and pedigree in F5 and F4-top populations), selected bulk (selected plants in F2, F3, F4, F1-top, F2-top and F3-top as bulk; and pedigree in F5 and F4-top populations), and nonselected bulk (bulk in F2, F3, F4, F1-top, F2-top and F3-top; and pedigree in F5 and F4-top populations). A total of 320 progeny lines, parents and checks were tested for grain yield, other agronomic traits and leaf rust resistance during the 1992/93 and 1993/94 seasons in Ciudad Obregon (Sonora State, Mexico) which represents a typical high yielding irrigated site. The influence of the type of cross and the selection scheme on the mean grain yield and other traits of the progenies was minimal. The selection of parents was the most important feature in imparting yield potential and other favourable agronomic traits. Moreover, the highest yielding lines were distributed equally. Progeny lines derived from Veery #10 crosses had significantly higher mean grain yield compared to those derived from the Yecora 70 crosses. Furthermore, a large proportion of the highest yielding lines also originated from Veery #10 crosses. Mean leaf rust severity of the top cross progenies was lower than that of the simple cross progenies possibly because two parents contributed resistance to top cross progenies. Mean leaf rust severity of the nonselected bulk derivatives was twice that of lines derived from the other three schemes. Selected bulk appears to be the most attractive selection scheme in terms of genetic gains and cost efficiency.
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    Identification in Aegilops species of resistant sources to Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Morocco (1998)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 45 (1998), S. 343-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Aegilops ; antibiosis ; Mayetiola destructor ; Morocco ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), is the major insect pest of wheat in Morocco. Host plant resistance has been the most effective and practical method of controlling this pest. When 347 accessions of Aegilops species were screened in the greenhouse for resistance to Hessian fly, several accessions of Ae. geniculata Roth, Ae. triuncialis L., Ae. neglecta Req.ex Bertol., Ae. ventricosa Tausch, Ae. cylindrica Host and Ae. markgrafii (Greuter) Hammer showed resistance reaction. All expressed antibiosis as the mechanism of resistance against first instar Hessian fly larvae. These Aegilops sources of resistance could be exploited for transferring Hessian fly resistance to wheat.
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    Breeding wheat for resistance to Heterodera avenae in Southeastern Australia (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 55-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Heterodera avenae ; resistance ; breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Breeding wheat for resistance to Heterodera avenae in southern Australia has been in progress for nearly 30 years and recently a number of resistant varieties have been released. Early breeding work was hampered by three factors: • a lack of appreciation of the role and extent of the problem, • inaccurate, slow screening methods, ultimately being replaced by the 'tube' test and soon by linked molecular markers, • inappropriate breeding strategies, so that varietal releases have taken place only when the breeding has been fully integrated into the main programs. The experiences in southern Australia will be relevant to many other areas in the world where H. avenae is the major pest.
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    Evaluation of whitefly-mediated inoculation techniques to screen Lycopersicon esculentum and wild relatives for resistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 101 (1998), S. 259-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Bemisia tabaci ; inoculation techniques ; Lycopersicon spp. ; resistance ; TYLCV
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract For two consecutive years nine hybrids and three varieties of tomato, four Lycopersicon peruvianum and four Lycopersicon chilense accessions were screened for Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) resistance. Three inoculation techniques using Bemisia tabaci, the vector of TYLCV, were compared: (1) artificial mass inoculation-simultaneous infection of cultivated and wild material in greenhouses; (2) artificial cage inoculation-individual infection in insect-proof cages; (3) natural field infection. Artificial inoculations led to higher levels of infection, but different patterns of response to each inoculation technique were found depending on the resistance level. Tomato varieties showed an important fruit set reduction after both artificial and natural inoculations. In contrast, field infection was milder in tomato hybrids, in which yield was barely affected. These hybrids showed a wide range of reactions with the two artificial inoculation techniques, but infection was always more severe after mass inoculation. Extreme severity of mass infection made it difficult to differentiate among variable degrees of resistance that were more reliably detected with cage inoculation. The hybrids F3524, F3522, Fiona, and Tyking showed the highest level of resistance. F3524 and F3522 had an acceptable yield in field and cage assays, but their resistance collapsed under massive conditions of infection. Tyking and Fiona exhibited the best response in all conditions, although their yield was moderately reduced in mass assays. Mass inoculation was not adequate for the screening of wild Lycopersicon. Some susceptible plants escaped infection, probably as a consequence of non-preference mechanisms and loss of vector infectivity. Individual inoculation in cages prevented the risk of non-infection, ensuring 100% disease incidence. This technique allowed the selection of highly resistant wild sources. L. chilense LA 1969 and LA 1963 had the highest level of resistance with the three inoculation techniques. L. peruvianum PI-126944 and L. chilense LA 1932, which were only tested in mass and field conditions, also exhibited a promising response. The results proved that the inoculation technique influences the response of tomato and wild Lycopersicon spp to TYLCV. It is concluded that artificial cage inoculation, although more time-consuming, is the most efficient, adequate, and reliable technique to screen both cultivated and wild Lycopersicon species for resistance to TYLCV.
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    Phytotoxic effect of culture filtrate from Fusarium subglutinans the causal agent of fusariose of pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 104 (1998), S. 73-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Fusarium subglutinans ; callus ; tissue culture ; culture filtrate ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two pineapple varieties differing in resistance to fusariose were examined for the phytotoxic effect of Fusarium subglutinans culture filtrate. The cultivars were Perolera (more resistant to pathovars of Fusarium subglutinans) and Smooth Cayenne (more susceptible). The phytotoxic effect of culture filtrate was assessed in tissue culture pineapple plantlets (by electrolyte leakage and placing the culture filtrate on wound leaf segments) and callus (inhibition of growth). Smooth Cayenne proved to be the most sensitive cultivar in each test, whereas Perolera showed resistance to the culture filtrate and its callus grew in the presence of high concentrations of culture filtrate that were completely toxic to Smooth Cayenne. These results show that plants can display cellular resistance to the culture filtrate.
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    Inheritance of resistance to flax wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini Schlecht) in a doubled haploid population of Linum usitatissimum L. (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 101 (1998), S. 287-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: doubled haploids ; Fusarium oxysporum ; fusarium wilt ; Linum usitatissimum ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The inheritance of resistance to fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini) was investigated in Linum usitatissimum as a first step towards gaining an understanding of the molecular genetics of the disease and developing a procedure for marker-assisted selection. A recombinant doubled haploid (DH) population was derived from the haploid component of polyembryonic F2 seeds originating from a cross between a wilt resistant, twinning Linola™ Linola is a registered trademark of CSIRO line CRZY8/RA91 and the wilt susceptible Australian flax cultivar Glenelg. The segregation of resistance was studied in 143 DH lines under glasshouse and field conditions. Most of the phenotypic variation was attributable to the segregation of two independent genes with additive effects. Minor resistance genes may have also contributed by modifying the resistance response. A glasshouse screening method of DH lines proved a reliable indicator of field resistance to fusarium wilt.
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    Fire blight resistance and genetic trueness-to-type of four somaclonal variants from the apple cultivar Greensleeves (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 104 (1998), S. 199-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: apple ; fire blight ; resistance ; somaclonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Four somaclonal variants regenerated from adventitious buds of the apple variety Greensleeves were preselected on the basis of their reduced fire blight susceptibility. The present study aimed at assessing precisely their level of fire blight resistance through various inoculation techniques (on in vitro leaves and microcuttings, on greenhouse plants and in field conditions). Overall results of these tests indicated that one clone (R 46/3) was clearly less susceptible than the control. This clone was also characterized as a ‘spur’ variant, with a reduced growth which can explain its limited susceptibility to fire blight. A second clone (R 20/63) was slightly less susceptible than the control in greenhouse and field tests, but this low level of resistance was overcome by high concentrations of inoculum. The absence of variation in chromosome number and isozyme patterns confirmed the genetic trueness-to-type of these four somaclones.
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    The resistance to powdery mildew (Oidium lycopersicum) in shape Lycopersicon species is mainly associated with hypersensitive response (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 399-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Lycopersicon ; powdery mildew ; Oidium lycopersicum ; resistance ; hypersensitive response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The cultivated tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum) is susceptible to powdery mildew ( Oidium lycopersicum). Six accessions of three related Lycopersicon species show high levels of resistance (Lindhout et al., 1994b). The present research aimed at describing the development of O. lycopersicum on susceptible cv Moneymaker and characterizing the defence response to O. lycopersicum in Lycopersicon accessions by histological analysis. Spore germination and (primary) haustorium formation in resistant accessions were as frequent as in the susceptible L. esculentum cv Moneymaker. A high frequency of necrosis of epidermal cells in which a haustorium was formed appeared to be the major defence response, indicating that resistance to O. lycopersicum in the Lycopersicon genus was predominantly based on the hypersensitive reaction. However, the resistance in L. parviflorum was less associated with hypersensitivity than in other resistant accessions, suggesting the existence of a different but still unknown resistance mechanism. In addition, evidence is provided that the level of resistance could depend on the genetic background and the plant age.
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    Histology of root rot of flax seedlings (Linum usitatissimum) infected by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 725-736 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: appositions ; cell wall degradation ; colonisation ; infection ; resistance ; root tip
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The histology of root rot of flax seedlings infected by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini was studied using semi-thin sections of plastic-embedded roots. Within two days, the fungus colonised the root cap cell layers by intercellular and intracellular growth. Attempted intercellular penetration of root cap cells via the middle lamella induced the formation of appositions next to penetrating hyphae. Other cells next to invading hyphae collapsed, which was accompanied by swelling of the cells neighbouring the collapsing cells. Invasion of the root cap and growth towards the protodermis seemed retarded to some extent by the natural sloughing off of root cap cell layers. The protodermis and cortex were reached and penetrated in four days, which was followed by rapid and massive colonisation of the entire root tip. The protoxylem was reached in eight days. From eight to sixteen days after inoculation, the lower parts of the roots were colonised throughout and the cortical region was degraded. Colonised tissues were severely plasmolyzed. Heavily colonised roots were hollowed out, the only remaining tissues being the epidermis and exodermis outside, and remainders of the colonised xylem inside. Upward spread of root rot was restricted in the period studied to the first 10 mm from the root tip, the upper parts of the root and the hypocotyl being unaffected except for invasion through lateral roots infected at their respective tips. Mature roots with a well-developed epidermis and exodermis were not invaded from outside. Disease development was similar in partially resistant ‘Hermes’ and susceptible ‘Regina’, except for rot development that was consistently slightly more extensive in the susceptible cultivar. Distinct extravascular resistance factors were not detected in ‘Hermes’, suggesting that extravascular resistance in flax to F. oxysporum f.sp. lini is of a quantitative nature.
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    Effect of soil treatment with cereal straw and method of crop establishment on field pea (Pisum sativum L.) N2 fixation (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Crop rotation ; Field pea ; Mineral N ; Nitrogen fixation ; immobilisation ; Pisum sativum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of soil incorporation with cereal straw (nil, 2.5, 5 and 10 t straw ha−1) and direct drilling on the proportion and amount of pea N derived from biological N fixation were investigated in three field experiments. Fixed N was determined by15N dilution using barley as a reference plant. The three sites were on acidic, red clay-loams in the cropping zone of southeastern Australia. Seasonal plant available soil N, as determined by the N accumulated in barley, was 31, 56 and 158 kg N ha−1, for the three sites. Incorporated straw reduced soil nitrate at sowing by 10–50 kg N ha−1 (0–30 cm), and 5 or 10 t straw ha−1 reduced barley uptake of N by 10–38 kg N ha−1. However, reducing plant available soil N was generally ineffective for increasing the N fixed by pea. Fixed N increased only at the site with the least plant-available N, and only one-third of the increase could be attributed to lower soil N uptake by pea. There was no evidence that direct drilling pea increased fixed N by decreasing crop uptake of soil N. It is proposed that a lower requirement for soil N by pea as compared to barley, and availability of mineral N beneath the soil layer treated with straw, minimise the effectiveness of straw incorporation for increasing the N fixed by pea.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420226
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    Short- and long-term effects of ammonium on photodependent nitrogen fixation in wetland rice fields of Spain (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 353-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Acetylene reduction assay ; Anabaena sp. ; Ammonium ; Cyanobacteria ; Nitrogen fixation ; Wetland rice fields ; Nitrogenase activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Short- and long-term experiments were conducted in the rice fields of Valencia, Spain, to determine the ecological significance of ammonium on nitrogen fixation. A significant inhibition of nitrogenase activity by ammonium, at concentrations higher than 0.5mM, was observed after 8h of incubation in short-term experiments done with a bloom of the N2-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. In a second set of short-term experiments for in situ assays of nitrogenase activity in the field, a significant correlation between nitrogenase activity and the number of N2-fixing cyanobacteria in soil was found. No significant inhibition of nitrogenase activity by ammonium at concentrations up to 2mM was observed in these assays after 24h of incubation. This lack of inhibition was probably due to the rapid decrease in ammonium content in the flood water. Only 5% of the ammonium initially added remained in the water 24h later. In the long-term experiments, nitrogenase activity was assayed in plots fertilized with 0, 70 and 140kgNha–1, over the cultivation cycle, for 5 years. A partial inhibition of nitrogenase activity by deep-placed N fertilizers was observed. Differences were only significant in 2 years. Mean results from 5 years only showed significant differences between plots fertilized with 0 and 140kgNha–1. The partial inhibition of nitrogenase activity by ammonium increased over the cultivation cycle. Inhibition was only significant in September, at the end of the cultivation cycle.
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    Phenotypic grouping of Brazilian Bradyrhizobium strains which nodulate soybean (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 407-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsBradyrhizobium japonicum ; Bradyrhizobium elkanii ; Genetic variability ; Glycine max ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Several years of research have shown that there is a high genetic and physiological variability among Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains, culminating in a subdivision into two bacterial genotypes, and the description of the new species B. elkanii. In Brazil, large-scale soybean inoculation started in 1960 and today 15 million doses of inoculants are sold per year for an estimated area of 12 million ha. Efforts have been made to find strains able to fix high amounts of N2 under Brazilian soil conditions, but few laboratories cover basic studies on N2 fixation, such as strain classification into the two Bradyrhizobium species. In this study several characteristics of 40 soybean Bradyrhizobium strains, including 4 reference strains of B. japonicum (genotype I) species, 3 of B. elkanii (genotype II) and 1 of a mixed genotype were evaluated. The parameters analysed in vitro were: colony morphology, serological grouping, intrinsic resistance to antibiotics, synthesis of indole acetic acid, expression of hydrogenase activity and growth in a medium enriched with asparagine. In vivo, analyses performed included the nodulation of Rj 4 soybean cultivar Hill and the detection of symptoms caused by rhizobitoxine. These evaluations allowed a phenotypic grouping which positioned most of the strains utilized in Brazilian inoculants and studies, as well as some new strains isolated from the Cerrado region, within the species B. elkanii. However, environmental stresses and adaptation of Bradyrhizobium strains to the soil caused a large physiological and genetic variability in some isolates from the Cerrado soils in relation to the putative parental strain introduced 15 years ago, placing these isolates in an intermediate position between the two Bradyrhizobium species.
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    Renodulation and characterization of Rhizobium isolates from cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.) (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 169-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsAstragalus cicer ; Nodulation ; DNA ; Milkvetch ; Nitrogen fixation ; Forage legume ; Rhizobium spp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In 1993 and 1994, 12 bacterial isolates were isolated from root nodules of cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer). In the tests for nodulation of A. cicer by these bacterial isolates, five were found to form hypertrophic structures, while only two formed true nodules. These true nodules were formed in a sterilized soil system. This system might be able to act as a DNA donor to provide residual DNA to other microbes in the soil. The rhizobial isolates were thought to have lost genetic material crucial to nodulation during the isolation process. This hypothesis was supported by an experiment in which isolate B2 was able to nodulate A. cicer in vermiculite culture after being mixed with heat-killed rhizobia, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii and R. loti. The nodulation would not occur in vermiculite culture system without the heat-killed rhizobia. Based on the biochemical data, the B2 and 9462L, which formed true nodules with A. cicer, were closely related. The rhizobia type cultures that nodulate A. cicer include Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii, R. leguminosarum bv. viceae, and R. loti. All of these rhizobia were from different cross-inoculation groups. The B2 and 9462L isolates could only nodulate Medicago sativa, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Melilotus officinalis, but not these species within the genus from which they were isolated: Astragalus. The traditional cross-inoculation group concept obviously does not fit well in the classification of rhizobia associated with Astragalus. The rhizobia isolated from A. cicer can be quite different, and the rhizobia able to renodulate A. cicer also quite diverse.
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    Dual inoculation with strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Azospirillum brasilense to improve growth and biological nitrogen fixation of soybean (Glycine max L.) (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 317-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Soybean ; Isotope dilution ; Nitrogen fixation ; Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; Soil sterilization ; 15N ; Azospirillum brasilense ; Bacterial inoculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Azospirillum brasilense strains on the growth of soybean were evaluated with regard to the estimation of N2 fixation using the 15N isotope dilution technique. Inoculation, in general, increased the dry mass of soybean as well as nitrogen content. Dual inoculation with a mixture of B. japonicum and A. brasilense strains was superior over single inoculation with B. japonicum. Nitrogen fixed (Ndfa) varied according to inoculant and soil conditions. Percentages of nitrogen derived from air (% Ndfa) using a non-nodulating isoline were 72% and 76% for B. japonicum and B. japonicum plus A. brasilense, respectively, in non-sterile soil. A similar but higher trend was recorded in sterilized soil, in which the percentages of N2 fixed were 81% and 86% for single and dual inoculation, respectively. The correlation coefficient between N2 fixed and N uptake (r=0.94) and dry mass (r=0.89) was significant. Application of special bacterial inoculants in agricultural systems of Egypt seems to be a promising technology and could be used for improving soybean growth as well as soil fertility, thus minimizing environmental pollution.
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    Survival and symbiotic properties of Bradyrhizobium japonicum in the presence of thiram: isolation of fungicide resistant strains (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1997), S. 141-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsBradyrhizobium japonicum ; Nodulation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Soybean ; Thiram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The fungicide thiram, widely used as a chemical seed protectant, induces a strong inhibition of primary nodulation in the crown zone of soybean roots. The present work reports on the isolation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains resistant to thiram, some of which (T3B, A86 and A2) maintained their capacity for nodulation and were still efficient symbionts, but some (A1, C1 and C6) lost the ability to stimulate nodulation. Characterization tests such as growth at different pH, denitrifying ability, salt tolerance, production of siderophores and phosphate solubilization were performed on the resistant strains. Inoculants produced from these strains could be appropriate for use with thiram-treated seeds, without causing a loss of bacteria viability.
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    Natural abundance of 15N in sweet potato, pumpkin, sorghum and castor bean: possible input of N2-derived nitrogen in sweet potato (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1997), S. 152-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsCucurbita moschata ; Ipomoea batatas ; Nitrogen fixation ; δ15N method ; Sorghum bicolor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two combinations of plant species, sweet potato (three cultivars) and pumpkin, and sweet sorghum (three cultivars) and castor bean were grown separately in three plots of alluvial soil from June to September 1996. The shoots (leaves plus stems) of sweet potato and pumpkin, and the whole tops (leaves plus stems and grains) of sweet sorghum and castor bean were harvested twice, once in August and once in September in order to analyze their natural abundance of 15N (δ15N). The δ15N values of two of the varieties of sweet potato harvested in September were significantly lower than those of pumpkin, while δ15N values of sweet potato and pumpkin harvested in August, as well as those of sweet sorghum and castor bean harvested in August and September, did not significantly differ. The lower δ15N values observed in the September-harvested sweet potato may indicate that as much as 40% of the N intake of this species is derived from dinitrogen. This species is known to have a high ability to take up N from undefined sources.
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    Nodulation of African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) by Bradyrhizobium sp. isolated from Erythrina brucei (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 209-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsBradyrhizobium ; Sphenostylis stenocarpa ; Nitrogen fixation ; Soil reclamation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa), which is widely cultivated in Africa because of its growth capability on marginal soils, was nodulated by an endosymbiont (characterized and designed Bradyrhizobium sp. AUEB20) isolated from the Ethiopian tree Erythrina brucei with the formation of a small number of large, indeterminate N2-fixing nodules. In contrast, 24 other isolates from Ethiopian woody legumes were ineffective. Strain AUEB20 promiscuously nodulated a number of tropical legumes, but none out of five European crop plants tested.
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    Diversity, adaptation and activity of the bacterial flora in saline environments (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 211-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Bacterial flora ; Salt-affected soils ; Salt marshes ; Osmotic adjustment ; Microbial activity ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Saline environments have a natural bacterial flora, which may play a significant role in the economy of these habitats. The natural saline environments (usually containing salinity equivalent to 4–30% NaCl) are aquatic (e.g. salt marshes) or terrestrial (e.g. saline lands). Saline environments include an increasing area of salt-affected cultivated soils throughout the world. These environments contain various ions which may interfere with uptake of water and which may be toxic to a large number of organisms. Saline environments harbour taxonomically diverse bacterial groups, which exhibit modified physiological and structural characteristics under the prevailing saline conditions. The majority of these bacteria can osmoregulate by synthesizing specific compatible organic osmolytes such as glutamine, proline and glycine betaine and a few of them accumulate inorganic solutes such as Na+, K+ and Mg2+. The morphology of the bacteria is usually modified, cells are usually elongated, swollen and showing shrinkage, in addition to changes in the cell and cytoplasmic volume. The chemical composition of membranes may also occasionally be modified, and the synthesis pattern of proteins, lipids, fatty acids and polysaccharides may change with a moderate increase in salinity. However, ultrastructural alterations in cells of halophilic bacteria have not been reported, and profound changes in cellular properties of these bacteria only occur at concentrations above 2MNaCl. Evidence has accumulated that the bacteria are essential elements in the saline environment because of their activity such as degradation of plant remains, nitrogen fixation and production of active metabolites.
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    Plant growth, leaf water potential, nitrogenase activity and nodule anatomy in Leucaena leucocephala as affected by water stress and nitrogen availability (1997)
    Springer
    Trees 12 (1997), S. 42-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Drought stress ; Fertilization ; Irrigation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodule structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effects of water stress and nitrogen availability on leaf water potential, nitrogenase activity, and growth was studied in a pot experiment with Leucaena leucocephala seedlings. Water stress was imposed on fertilized and unfertilized plants after inoculation with Rhizobium. Non-inoculated seedlings were used as control plants. Water stress lowered leaf water potential in all seedlings after 14 days of treatment. In inoculated seedlings, fertilized plants were more sensitive to water stress than unfertilized plants, as shown by a higher leaf water potential in plants of the latter treatment. Uninoculated and fertilized seedlings were most affected by water stress. This indicates that Rhizobium might increase stress tolerance in unfertilized seedlings at moderate water stress levels. The combined effects of water stress and applied fertilizers resulted in cessation of nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixation came to a complete stop after 22 days of water stress in fertilized seedlings. The different treatments were accompanied by anatomical changes of nodule structure. It is hypothesised that the leaf water potential may be used as an indicator to predict changes in nitrogen fixation in legume tree/shrub species during periods of water stress.
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    Relationship between potato cyst nematodes and their principal host. I. A literature review (1997)
    Springer
    Potato research 40 (1997), S. 317-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum spp. ; Globodera rostochiensis ; G. pallida ; biology ; pathotypes ; damage ; resistance ; tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A description of the biology of potato cyst nematodes,Globodera rostochiensis andG. pallida, and symptom development in potato crops is presented. This is followed by an overview of resistance and tolerance research and an explanation of how resistance derived fromSolanum andigena was deployed in integrated control schemes on sandy and sandy peat soils in the north-east of The Netherlands. The frequent use of this resistance source resulted in the predominance of ‘new’ pathotypes ofG. rostochiensis and ofG. pallida. The ability of the cyst nematodes to respond to new types of resistance with new pathotypes makes the search and breeding for resistance a continuing process. The absence of tolerance in exS. vernei (VTn)2 62-33-3 cultivars showed that resistance, if it is to be of use in severely infested fields, must be combined with an appreciable level of tolerance.
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    Leaf effects of wild species ofSolanum and interspecific hybrids on growth and behaviour of the potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (1997)
    Springer
    Potato research 40 (1997), S. 417-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: antibiosis ; antixenosis ; Solanum sparsipilum ; S. pinnatisectum ; S. berthaultii ; glandular trichomes ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four introductions ofSolanum berthaultii wild species and sevenS. tuberosumxS. berthaultii hybrids were evaluated by antibiosis and antixenosis laboratory tests with potato tuber moth. Some morphological and chemical traits related to the trichomes were analysed. Two clones of the wild speciesS. sparsipilum and five ofS. pinnatisectum, characterised by high tuber resistance, were tested for leaf resistance, both by antibiosis and antixenosis assays. The genotypes with high density of trichomes A and with high exudate PPO activity, showed a moderate negative effect on pupal weight and fecundity in the antibiosis tests. Trichomes B exudate showed a strong repulsive effect on oviposition of adult in the antixenosis tests. TheS. pinnatisectum clones revealed a good leaf resistance level, whereas theS. sparsipilum clones showed lower levels of antibiosis and antixenosis.
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    Beet curly top virus DI DNA-mediated resistance is linked to its size (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 213-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: geminiviruses ; beet curly top virus ; DI DNA ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Beet curly top virus (BCTV) infection is associated with the de novo synthesis of a heterogeneous population of subgenomic viral DNAs. Nicotiana benthamiana plants transformed with a partial repeat of one such subgenomic DNA remained susceptible to infection but produced ameliorated symptoms when agroinoculated with BCTV. Symptom amelioration is associated with the mobilization of subgenomic DNA from the integrated copy. In an attempt to improve the resistance, N. benthamiana has been transformed with a partial repeat of a much smaller subgenomic DNA. However, transgenic plants showed almost no resistance although subgenomic DNA was mobilised from the host genome. To further understand the molecular basis of the interference phenomenon, we compared the ability of BCTV to replicate and accumulate in leaf discs derived from resistant and non-resistant transgenic plants. Both subgenomic DNAs were able to interfere with virus replication but only in case of resistant plants the DI DNA efficiently suppressed viral accumulation.
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    Components of maritime pine susceptibility to twisting rust – A path coefficient analysis (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 103 (1997), S. 653-665 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: avoidance ; Melampsora pinitorqua ; path coefficient analysis ; Pinus pinaster ; resistance ; rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Data collected in a three-year field experiment on infection and damage by Melampsora pinitorqua on maritime pines showing contrasting growth were analysed by means of path analysis. The severity of infection in 2 year-old pines could be mainly explained by the amount of susceptible tissues (elongating shoots). In contrast, two years later, ‘intrinsic susceptibility’, i.e. expressed after inoculation, was shown to have the most important direct effect on the amount of infection. Intrinsic susceptibility could be satisfactorily assessed by artificial inoculations on excised shoots under controlled conditions. Shoot potassium and phosphorous contents were shown to have marked positive effects on susceptibility. The hypothesis of an age effect on the relative importance of different resistance mechanisms, i.e. avoidance and active resistance, in maritime pine interaction with twisting rust is discussed.
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    Fungal polygalacturonase activity reflects susceptibility of carnation cultivars to fusarium wilt (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 103 (1997), S. 15-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: breeding ; Dianthus caryophullus ; Fusarium oxysporum ; pectic enzymes ; phytoalexins ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Carnation cultivars with different levels of partial resistance were inoculated with race 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi and monitored for accumulation of host phytoalexins, fungal escape from compartmentalization, production of fungal pectin-degrading enzymes and development of external disease symptoms. Accumulation of phytoalexins, assessed after 10 days in the first 5 cm above the inoculation site, was weakly (methoxydianthramide S) or not (hydroxydianthalexin B) correlated with resistance levels after 12 weeks. Fungal escape from compartmentalization, assessed after 3 weeks as percentages colonized plants at 8 cm above the inoculation site, was highly correlated with expression of susceptibility after 12 weeks. Polygalacturonase (PG) activity, assessed after 4 weeks in the first 5 cm above the inoculation site, was highly correlated to final disease development. Linear increases in disease severity were accompanied by quadratic increases in PG activity. In contrast to water-treated plants, that lacked any PG activity, inoculated plants contained two main groups of fungal PGs, the dominant forms of which had estimated pI values of 7.0 and minimally 9.5, respectively. Compared to those of the first group, enzymes of the second group were produced only in trace amounts in liquid media containing pectin or polygalacturonate as sole source of carbon. On these media, the fungus also produced a pectin methyl esterase (PME) with an estimated pI of 9.3. Besides PMEs of host origin, inoculated plants of susceptible cultivars contained the fungal PME while no more than traces were found in resistant ones. Assessment of phytoalexin production by the host during defense responses cannot replace monitoring of external symptoms as a resistance test. Assessment of fungal growth, whether by reisolations above the compartmentalization area or by measurement of PG activity, provides a both rapid and reliable prediction of disease development.
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    Screening of Kabuli chickpea germplasm for resistance to Fusarium wilt (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 96 (1997), S. 273-279 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Cicer arietinum ; chickpea ; Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri ; wilt ; screening ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A total of 1915 Kabuli chickpea lines were screened in a wilt sick plot containing Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri race 0 at Béja, Tunisia. Complete resistance was found in 110 lines and this result was confirmed by a laboratory screening method. Principal components analysis showed that 〉 80% of the variation of the resistant lines was explained by hundred seed weight and days to maturity. Cluster analysis divided the resistant lines into four groups: 21 had high seed weight (48.25 ± 3.81 g) and early maturity (95.09 ± 2.50 d), 24 had high seed weight (46.84 ± 2.10 g) and late maturity (117.00 d), 34 had low seed weight (22.35 ± 4.72 g) and early maturity (92.97 ± 3.97 d) and 31 had low seed weight (19.62 ± 5.37 g) and late maturity (112.09 ± 4.51 d).
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    Evaluation of resistance to Fusarium head blight in indigenous Japanese species of Agropyron (Elymus) (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 97 (1997), S. 39-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Agropyron ; Elymus ; Fusarium head blight ; scab ; resistance ; genetic resources ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Four species of indigenous Japanese Agropyron, namely, Elymus humidus Osada (= Agropyron humidum), E. tsukushiensis Honda var. transiens (= A. tsukushiense), E. racemifer Tsvel. (= A. ciliare) and A. mayebaranum var. intermedium Hatusima were collected and evaluated for their resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB, scab) after inoculation with a conidial suspension of Fusarium graminearum Schwabe at the flowering stage. The resistance to penetration of FHB and to fungal invasion of rachis internodes was evaluated in each accession in a comparison with six wheat cultivars. The results demonstrated that AG.91-35 of E. humidus and AG.91-24 of E. racemifer had higher resistance to penetration than the resistant wheat cultivars Nobeokabouzu-komugi and Sumai 3, respectively. All accessions of indigenous Japanese species of Agropyron examined, with the exception A. mayebaranum, had a statisticallysimilar resistance to invasion, which was the same as that of Nobeokabouzu-komugi or Sumai 3. In all accessions of E. humidus, with only one exception, no spread of the fungus from the infected spikelets to the rachis internodes was detected at all. The possible application of the strains of Agropyron as genetic resources for development of resistance to FHB in wheat is discussed.
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    Inheritance of resistance to two isolates of sterility mosaic pathogen in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 97 (1997), S. 45-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Cajanus Cajan ; inheritance ; isolates ; pigeonpea ; resistance ; sterility mosaic ; susceptibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Studies were conducted to determine the inheritance of resistance to two isolates of the sterility mosaic pathogen, in three crosses of pigeonpea, involving resistant (ICP 7035, ICP 7349 and ICP 8850) and susceptible (ICP 8863) lines. Observations of F1 and F2 plants were explained on the basis of two independent non-allelic recessive genes for the less virulent, old Patancheru isolate (isolate 1). The backcrosses corroborated the segregation pattern observed in the F2 generation. For the more virulent, new Patancheru isolate (isolate 2), differential behavior of the F1’s was observed. Resistance was dominant in two crosses (ICP 7035 X ICP 8863 and ICP 7349 X ICP 8863), and susceptibility in the other cross (ICP 8850 X ICP 8863). The disease reaction for isolate 2, appeared to be governed by a single gene with three alleles, with one resistance allele exhibiting dominance and the other being recessive, over the allele for susceptibility. Monogenic inheritance of resistance to both isolates was noticed in the cross ICP 8850 X ICP 8863.
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    Inheritance of resistance to Striga gesnerioides biotypes from Mali and Niger in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 273-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: biotype ; control method ; cowpea ; inheritance ; resistance ; Striga gesnerioides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pot and laboratory experiments were performed in order to elucidate the genetics of resistance of three cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) resistant sources to two biotypes of the parasitic weed Striga gesnerioides (Willd.) Vatke (witchweed). B301, Suvita-2 and IT82D-849 were crossed to susceptible cultivars. Roots of each plant of parental, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 populations were washed free of soil and examined closely for S. gesnerioides attachment. Data on resistant and susceptible cowpea plants were analyzed using the chi-square test to ascertain the goodness of fit to different genetic ratios. Segregation patterns indicate monogenic dominant inheritance of resistance to both S. gesnerioides biotypes in B301. Suvita-2, which is susceptible to the biotype from Maradi, Niger, showed segregation patterns that indicate monogenic dominant inheritance of resistance to S. gesnerioides biotype from Cinzana, Mali. Results also indicate monogenic dominant inheritance of resistance to S. gesnerioides biotype from Cinzana in IT82D-849. However, the inheritance of resistance to the biotype from Maradi would be monogenic and recessive in this line. These results suggest that the resistance of all three sources would be easy to transfer to promising breeding lines.
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    Resistance to cowpea severe mosaic virus, determined by three dosage dependent genes in Vigna unguiculata L. Walp (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 95 (1997), S. 49-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cowpea severe mosaic virus ; genetics ; selection ; screening ; resistance ; tolerance ; Vigna unguiculata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 generations of four resistant × susceptible crosses and three resistant × resistant crosses of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) were screened for resistance to cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV), in an insect protected screen house. The segregation ratio, at maturity, showed a 63 susceptible : 1 resistant ratio in the F2 generation indicating that resistance is governed by three major genes. The backcross tests and the F3 test confirmed this. The intermediate levels of symptoms observed in the F1 generation and the progression of symptom expression in the F2 generation suggested that resistance is gene dosage dependent. The genetic basis of immunity, tolerance, high level of resistance is discussed based on the three gene model. Delayed symptom expression was evident in genotypes with one or two susceptible alleles. The implications of delayed expression of symptoms in selection and breeding for resistance to CPSMV are discussed.
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    Induction of callose formation is a sensitive marker for genotypic aluminium sensitivity in maize (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 192 (1997), S. 23-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; callose ; protoplasts ; resistance ; toxicity ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The screening of 37 Zea mays L. cultivars in nutrient solution using root elongation (24 h) as a parameter showed large genotypic differences in Al resistance among the genetic material evaluated. Callose concentrations in root tips were closely and positively related to Al-induced inhibition of root elongation. Therefore, Al-induced callose formation in root tips appears to be an excellent indicator of Al injury and can be used as a selection criteria for Al sensitivity. In contrast, aluminium concentrations in root tips were not related to Al-induced inhibition of root elongation, nor to Al-induced callose formation. Callose formation was also induced by short-term A1 treatment in root tip protoplasts, and the response of protoplasts clearly reflected the cultivar-specific response to Al of intact roots. This indicates that in maize, Al sensitivity is expressed on the protoplast level.
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    Resistance to Karnal bunt in Hordeum chilense and its amphiploids with Triticum species (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 96 (1997), S. 327-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: amphiploids ; Karnal bunt ; resistance ; Tilletia indica ; tritordeum ; Hordeum chilense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Reactions of Hordeum chilense accessions H1 and H7 and their amphiploids, HT8, HT9 and HT28 (named as tritordeum) alongwith wheat lines, T22, T24 and T59 used in their synthesis, were studied for resistance to the Karnal bunt pathogen (Tilletia indica) of wheat. Both the accessions of H. chilense and one tritordeum line, HT8, were rated as highly resistant with zero co-efficient of infection, whereas the other two tritordeum lines HT28 and HT9 were rated as moderately susceptible and susceptible with 5.2 and 10.5 co-efficients of infection, respectively, compared to reaction of the wheat lines involved in their synthesis. Karnal bunt infection was maximum on the susceptible wheat cultivar WL-711 with 24.3 co-efficient of infection. All the wheat lines involved in the synthesis of amphiploids were susceptible to Karnal bunt except, T59 (Triticum sphaerococcum) (6X), which showed a moderate level of resistance.
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    The diversity of head-scab resistance in Triticeae and their relation to ecological conditions (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 97 (1997), S. 277-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: head scab ; resistance ; Triticeae ; Fusarium graminearum ; ecological conditions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract 1507 accessions from 93 species of 18 genera in Triticeae were screened for resistance to initial infection and resistance to pathogen spread with multi-floret and single-floret injection inoculation methods respectively. The accessions with high resistance were mainly found in perennial genera: Roegneria, Hystrix, Agropyron, Kengyilia and Elymus. Based on differences in resistance, 18 genera screened in Triticeae could be classified into five groups. The species with high resistance were mainly distributed in humid ecological environments.
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    Genetic suppression of the cereal rye-derived gene Pm8 in wheat (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 93 (1997), S. 353-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Secale cereale ; powdery mildew ; Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici ; resistance ; suppression ; segregation distortion ; wheat ; rye
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The location of wheat gene Pm8 for resistance to powdery mildew in the 1RS chromosome segment derived from cereal rye cultivar Petkus was confirmed. There was reduced transmission of the 1BL.1RS chromosome relative to its wheat homologue in four of the five crosses examined. Pm8 was not expressed in some wheat cultivars and selections which possessed the 1RS chromosome identified by the presence of relevant genes for resistance to the three rusts, due to the presence of a dominant suppressor gene(s) in the wheat genome. The frequency of suppression in 1BL.1RS wheats from Mexico was significantly higher than in a group of wheats (both local and exotic) introduced from China and was probably much higher than in European wheats.
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    Genetical studies of resistance to Phytophthora porri in Allium porrum, using a new early screening method (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 93 (1997), S. 345-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Allium porrum ; autotetraploidy ; introgression ; Phytophthora porri ; resistance ; screening methods ; leek
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A new screening method was developed to evaluate resistance of leek (Allium porrum) to Phytophthora porri, based on inoculation by 24 h-immersion of leek plantlets in the 3–6 leaf stage in a suspension of ca. 100 zoospores.ml-1. The immersion test was used for identifying new sources of resistance and to determine the genetic basis of resistance. Within winter leek, five resistance classes were defined on the basis of average field scores of 21 plants. Clones from these plants were tested with the immersion technique. The average scores per resistance class in immersion and field tests were significantly correlated (P〈0.01). The correlation of single-date field scores with the immersion test scores was better in the second half of the epidemic season. A selection experiment yielded a strong response to selection for resistance (53–97%) but no response to selection for susceptibility. This may indicate that resistance is due to few recessive genes in the studied winter leek. Crosses between landraces and winter leek were analyzed by means of F2 (selfed F1) and BC1, progenies. This analysis indicated the presence of few loci with dominant genes for resistance in accession CGN 873243, and additive polygenes in accession Pl 368351.
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    Sources of resistance to head scab in Triticum (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 31-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum ; Fusarium graminearum ; resistance ; head scab ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Multi-floret and single-floret injection inoculation methods were used to test 1076 accessions of Triticum for resistance to initial infection and resistance to pathogen spread within spike tissue respectively. The data obtained between years or inoculation dates were comparatively similar and were little influenced by climatic factors, especially humid condition. All the tested materials uniformly exhibited susceptibility to initial infection, but there were great differences in resistance to spread among species or cultivars. The diploid and tetraploid wheats were severely susceptible. Only 30 genotypes of common wheat of T. aestivum concv. vulgare showed high resistance to spread. The highest frequency of high spread resistance existed in these landraces which were distributed in Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu provinces and Shanghai City, Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces ranked second. The majority of wheat landraces from Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi Province and Beijing City showed susceptibility or high susceptibility. No resistance was found in Tibetian wheats.
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    Inheritance of sethoxydim resistance in foxtail millet, Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 69-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: foxtail millet ; herbicide ; resistance ; interspecific hybridization ; sethoxydim ; inheritance ; Setaria italica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Interspecific hybridization between foxtail millet cultivars (Setaria italica) and a green foxtail (S. viridis) resistant to the herbicide sethoxydim were undertaken to breed foxtail millet for improved herbicide resistance. Parents, reciprocal F1 hybrids, F2 selfed derived populations and BC1 backcross progeny were produced and analysed for mortality and fresh weight over a range of dosages. All resistant progeny were 700 times more resistant than susceptible cultivars and was symptom free under current field dosages. Segregations of resistant and susceptible progeny (3:1 in F2 and 1:1 in BC1) were not dependent upon dosage. Heterozygous individuals displayed the same magnitude of resistance as homozygous plants at twelve times the recommended field dosage. Results suggested that sethoxydim resistance in foxtail millet was controlled by a single, completely dominant, nuclear gene.
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    Resistance to western flower thrips in greenhouse cucumber: effect of leaf position and plant age on thrips reproduction (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 63-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Cucumis sativus ; Frankliniella occidentalis ; plant age ; leaf position ; reproduction ; resistance ; cucumber ; western flower thrips
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) accessions, previously selected for low levels of damage after infestation with Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), were tested for resistance against F. occidentalis in a no-choice greenhouse experiment at the mature plant stage. The three accessions showed a strong reduction in thrips damage compared to the susceptible control. The effects of leaf position and plant age of the four cucumber accessions on the reproduction of F. occidentalis were determined in a leaf disc assay. Leaf position had a significant effect on thrips reproduction, whereas plant age, within the test range, had not. In general, reproduction was higher on young leaves. Reproduction as measured on leaf discs from certain leaf positions was strongly correlated with resistance of mature plants in the greenhouse, and can therefore be used as a quick test to screen cucumber accessions for resistance against thrips.
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  • 84
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    Response of wild Cucumis species to inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans (1997)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 44 (1997), S. 271-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Cucumis spp. ; germplasm evaluation ; wild progenitors ; Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans ; artificial inoculation ; seedlings ; necrotization ; resistance ; gene centers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Under controlled inoculation, a set of 49 accessions belonging to 16 wild species and varieties of the genus Cucumis was tested for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans. There was no complete resistance to this pathogen in Cucumis accessions, but limited necrotization of leaves was observed in four accessions (C. africanus (PI 203974), C. anguria var. longipes (CUC 28/1974), C. melo subsp. conomon Baj-Gua (CUM 238/1974), C. zeyheri (PI 299572)). There were some quantitative differences between Cucumis accessions in disease symptom development.
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  • 85
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    Response to root-knot nematodes of a germplasm collection of red clover and related species (1997)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 44 (1997), S. 439-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Germplasm ; Meloidogyne ssp. ; red clover ; resistance ; root-knot nematode ; Trifolium spp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A germplasm collection of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and seven related species was evaluated in greenhouse tests for resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood, M. hapla Chitwood, M. incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood, and M. Javanica (Treub) Chitwood. Plants were rated for root galling severity and nematode egg production at eight weeks after inoculation with 1500 nematode eggs. A resistance index, RI = √(gall2; + egg2;), was generated to assess the plants' reaction to nematode infection as immune, highly resistant, resistant, moderately resistant, intermediate, moderately susceptible, susceptible, or highly susceptible. More than 98% of red clover accessions were intermediately to highly susceptible to all four root-knot nematode species. Only one accession, PI 271627 introduced from India, had a moderate resistance level to the four nematodes tested. About one third of the T. medium accessions were resistant or highly resistant to M. arenaria, M. incognita, and M. javanica whereas more than 50% of the T. alpestre accessions were highly resistant or immune to all four nematodes species. Genetic factors for resistance to root-knot nematode could be introduced into T. pratense through interspecific hybridization with T. medium and/or T. alpestre
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  • 86
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    Evaluation of Roegneria for resistance to head scab caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe (1997)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 44 (1997), S. 211-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Fusarium graminearum ; resistance ; Roegneria ; scab ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract 71 accessions from 13 Roegneria species were evaluated for resistance to wheat scab. The results showed that 31 of the 71 accessions possessed high resistance (HR) to initial infection and high resistance (HR) to pathogen spread. The disease spread from inoculated floret to head rachis was not observed, and the incidence of head infection were lower under natural than under artificial inoculation conditions. The intergeneric hybrid F1 of Roegneria tsukushiensis (Honda) B.R. Lu, Yen et J.L. Yang. var. transiens (Hack.) B.R. Lu, Yen et J.L. Yang × Hordeum vulgare Linn. exhibited resistance (R) to pathogen invasion and high resistance (HR) to spread. Therefore, Roegneria could be used as scab resistant resources in cereal breeding. In addition, the relatioship between its resistance and ecological environments where Roegneria was distributed was discussed in this paper.
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  • 87
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    Powdery mildew resistance in barley landrace material. I. Screening for resistance (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 97 (1997), S. 227-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei ; genetic resources ; Hordeum vulgare ; recurrent selection ; resistance ; virulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A total of 4,681 accessions of Hordeum vulgare landrace material from Ethiopia, East Mediterranean, Near East, Nepal and China were sown in the field and subjected to the natural powdery mildew epidemic in Denmark. Apparently resistant accessions were selected. Selfed progeny from them were retested and reselected in subsequent years at four locations in Denmark. Finally, 16 promising donors of resistance were retained. They were characterized in the field and tested in the seedling stage for reaction to up to 72 different isolates of the powdery mildew fungus. The absence of the corresponding virulences in the Danish airborne powdery mildew population was ascertained in five years. The resistances in the 16 donors are apparently mutually different and from known sources of powdery mildew resistance in barley.
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  • 88
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    Identification of RAPD markers for resistance to coffee berry disease, Colletotrichum kahawae, in arabica coffee (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 97 (1997), S. 241-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: arabica coffee ; coffee berry disease ; marker ; random amplified polymorphic DNA ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Resistance to Coffee Berry Disease (CBD) in Arabica coffee is controlled by at least three genes which are present in the varieties Hibrido de Timor (T gene), Catimor (T gene), Rume Sudan (R and k genes) and K7 (k gene). Hibrido de Timor, Catimor and Rume Sudan are genetically distant from most of the commercial cultivars, and the utilisation of molecular markers would greatly improve the efficiency of breeding programmes concerned with CBD resistance. The objectives of the present work were therefore: (1) to identify random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers associated with CBD resistance and (2) to identify markers which could be used to select against the genetic background of the resistance donors. Identification of RAPD markers was carried out in three steps. The first step involved the comparison of the RAPD profiles between the susceptible cultivars and the resistant donors. This was followed by comparison of the RAPD profiles between resistant and susceptible types of each donor variety. The final step involved assay of the resistance markers in the first and the second backcrosses between these donors and the recurrent parent. High genetic variability was demonstrated in Catimor, and to some extent in Rume Sudan. Three RAPD markers were shown to be closely associated to the T gene. Attempts to identify markers associated with the R and k genes were less rewarding. The implications of the current observations in relation to breeding for CBD resistance in Arabica coffee are discussed.
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  • 89
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    Screening lentil for resistance to fusarium wilt: methodology and sources of resistance (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 98 (1997), S. 69-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lentis ; lentil ; resistance ; vascular wilt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Host-plant resistance is the best means to control the key disease of lentil-vascular wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. emend. Snyder & Hansen f.sp. lentis Vasudeva and Srinivasan. Systematic screening for resistance to lentil wilt was initiated in the field in 1993, in a wilt-sick plot in North Syria, with a core collection of 577 germplasm accessions from 33 countries. A subset (88 accessions) of mostly resistant accessions was re-screened in 1994. The most resistant accessions came from Chile, Egypt, India, Iran and Romania. Variation among accessions in the temporal pattern of wilting was analyzed. The limited wilting in resistant accessions followed a linear model through time, whereas the pattern for susceptible accessions was better described with an exponential model. This temporal variation emphasizes the need for repeated scoring during screening for resistance to lentil vascular wilt to identify ‘late-wilters’. To overcome spatial variation in inoculum density, the efficacy of using wilt scores from a systematically-repeated susceptible control in covariate analysis was tested. Covariance analysis significantly improved overall screening by 3% in 1993, but the improvement was non-significant in 1994. The results emphasize the relative uniformity of disease pressure in the wilt-sick plot and suggest that covariance analysis of a systematically arranged control will be of greater benefit in land which is less uniformly infected.
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  • 90
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    Screening for resistance in wild Lycopersicon species to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici race 1 and race 2 (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 93 (1997), S. 145-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: tomato ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; wild species ; Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici ; resistance ; genetic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wild Lycopersicon accessions were screened for resistance to the Fusarium wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Fol) race 1 and race 2. In total, four isolates of each race were used. Among 17 accessions of six Lycopersicon species tested, a wide genetic variation for wilt resistance was observed. Most accessions were highly susceptible, some showed intermediate resistance, but one accession of L. cheesmanii (G1.1615 = PI 266375) and two accessions of L. chilense (G1.1556 and G1.1558) were highly resistant to Fol races 1 and 2. The resistance in the latter three accessions equalled or was higher than the resistance determined by the known I-genes, that have been widely used in breeding programmes. These newly found resistant accessions provide breeders with more opportunities for Fusarium disease resistance and may contribute to our understanding of Fusarium disease resistance gene organisation and evolution.
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  • 91
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    Variation between and within Ethiopian barley landraces (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 183-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; barley leaf rust ; Puccinia hordei ; scald ; Rhynchosporium secalis ; earliness ; landraces ; leafiness ; plant height ; partial resistance ; resistance ; 1000 grain weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Up to 100 single plant derived lines of 18 barley landraces, collected from 18 localities of six barley growing regions of Ethiopia were studied for two years at Holetta, Ethiopia for variation in five quantitative traits; scald severity, earliness, plant height, 1000 grain weight, and leafiness. The relative latent period in the adult plant stage to barley leaf rust, a good measure for partial resistance, was assessed on the landrace lines at Wageningen, The Netherlands. The observed variation between and within landraces was very large for all traits. The magnitude of variation was so large that most, if not all, plants within a landrace had a different genotype. The landraces also varied in the degree of variation. Some landraces, 1726 and 3288 for instance, were more variable for most or all traits than other landraces such as 208925 and 212938. Days to heading and scald severity were significantly (P = 0.01) correlated with altitude, r being 0.66 and - 0.65, respectively. Resistance to scald and leafiness also increased with altitude. On average landraces became later, more resistant to scald and more leafy the higher the altitude of collection. This associated complex of traits could be an adaptation to the wetter and cooler conditions at higher altitudes.
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  • 92
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    Inheritance of resistance to the Moroccan watermelon mosaic virus in the cucumber line TMG-1 and cosegregation with zucchini yellow mosaic virus resistance (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 95 (1997), S. 237-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Cucumis sativus ; gene cluster ; potyvirus ; zucchini yellow mosaic virus ; Moroccan watermelon mosaic virus ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inbred lines derived from the Chinese cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivar, ‘Taichung Mou Gua’ (TMG), have been shown to be resistant to several potyviruses including: zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), zucchini yellow fleck virus (ZYFV), watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) and the watermelon strain of papaya ringspot virus (PRSV-W). Recently, an additional virus that infects cucurbits, the Moroccan watermelon mosaic virus (MWMV), has been determined to be a distinct member of the potyvirus group. This study demonstrates that TMG-1 possesses resistance to MWMV. Rub or aphid inoculated TMG-1 seedlings remain free of symptoms. Progeny analyses of the F1, F2 and backcross generations show that resistance to MWMV is conferred by a single recessive gene (proposed designation, mwm). Sequential inoculation of progeny possessing resistance to ZYMV followed by MWMV (or MWMV followed by ZYMV) and analysis of F3 families derived from F2 individuals selected for resistance to ZYMV indicate that both resistances are conferred by the same gene, or two tightly linked genes.
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  • 93
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    Use of Mycosphaerella fijiensis toxins for the selection of banana cultivars resistant to Black Leaf Streak (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 96 (1997), S. 125-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: banana ; Musa spp. ; Mycosphaerella fijiensis ; black leaf streak ; resistance ; selection ; toxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The results of our experiments suggest that toxin(s) of Mycosphaerella fijiensis would be involved neither in infection initiation, nor in the hypersensitive reaction in highly resistant cultivars but could serve at most as secondary determinant of the pathogenicity, contributing to the lesion expansion in cultivars exhibiting partial resistance to Black Leaf Streak disease. Moreover, the effects of toxin(s) on chlorophyll fluorescence, as well as preliminary electron microscopy observation, suggest that chloroplasts could be a precocious site of action of the toxin(s). Therefore, in vitro heterotrophic tissues would not be a suitable target to perform the screening with such toxin(s). The prospects and limitations of M. fijiensis toxin(s) for screening banana for resistance to Black Sigatoka are highlighted.
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  • 94
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    Genetic studies of powdery mildew resistance in common oat (avena sativa L.) I. Cultivars and breeding lines grown in Western Europe and North America (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 96 (1997), S. 421-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Avena sativa ; powdery mildew ; resistance ; oat cultivars
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Common oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars and breeding lines grown in Western Europe and North America were tested against twelve Erysiphe graminis f. sp. avenae mildew isolates collected in Germany and Denmark. These isolates were selected for their ability to produce differential response patterns permitting characterization of five oat mildew resistance (OMR) groups. From a total of 259 cultivars and lines tested 173 accessions showed susceptible responses, 48 accessions were characterized by susceptible or intermediate responses and 38 accessions revealed isolate-specific resistance response patterns. Eight cultivars and lines had resistance patterns of OMR group 1, six cultivars of OMR group 2, and eleven cultivars of OMR group 3. Two cultivars, each possessed resistance patterns corresponding to OMR groups 1 + 3 and 2 + 3 in combination, respectively. Three cultivars exhibited the response pattern of OMR group 3 in association with an additional unknown resistance. Eight cultivars and lines showed a resistance response pattern not yet detected in the documented OMR groups.
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  • 95
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    Virulence studies of Swedish net blotch isolates (Drechslera teres) and identification of resistant barley lines (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 209-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; net blotch ; Drechslera teres ; Pyrenophora teres ; virulence ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Six Swedish and one Canadian single spore isolate of Drechslera teres f. teres were used to screen 109 barley lines for disease resistance and to select a differential set of barley lines for use in assessing pathogen virulence. A large variation for net blotch resistance was found among the 109 barley lines which were classified into four groups, those showing: 1) only resistant reactions; 2) differential reactions; 3) only intermediate reactions and 4) only susceptible reactions. The European commercial varieties included, showed susceptibility to all Swedish isolates, but a few were resistant to the Canadian isolate. The 18- member differential set separated 25 Swedish and two Canadian isolates of D. teres into 14 pathotypes, three of which made up 59% of the isolates. Only one barley differential (CI 9776) was resistant to all net form isolates. Host selection on the pathogen seems to be present as all six isolates obtained from cv. Golf belonged to the same pathotype and 4 of 5 isolates from cv. Karin shared the same virulence pattern. The net form of net blotch (D. teres f. teres) predominated in the sampled regions and only one of 26 Swedish isolates was of the spot form (D. teres f. maculata).
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  • 96
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    Head infection and accumulation of Fusarium toxins in kernels of 12 barley genotypes inoculated with Fusarium graminearum isolates of two chemotypes (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 103 (1997), S. 85-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Fusarium head blight ; mycotoxins ; plant breeding ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Twelve barley genotypes were inoculated with two F. graminearum isolates of different chemotype I1 #148 (producing nivalenol/deoxynivalenol) and I2 #108 (deoxynivalenol/acetyldeoxynivalenol). For both I1 and I2 isolates, respectively, reductions (%) in number of kernels head-1 10.6 and 14.3; yield 39.6 and 35.7; weight of 1000 kernels 36.9 and 23.2 were observed in inoculated plants from control values. Chemical analysis revealed the presence (average concentration mg kg-1) of deoxynivalenol (1.3) and nivalenol (3.2) in kernels of all genotypes inoculated with the I1 isolate, and zearalenone (0.2) in three samples. After inoculation with the I2 isolate, deoxynivalenol (37.8) and zearalenone (0.4) were found in kernels of all genotypes, while 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, respectively, were determined in five and four samples only. No significant correlation between examined characteristics was found for either the I1 or I2 isolate. The results obtained contribute information on the accumulation of toxins in cereal grain inoculated with F. graminearum isolates of different chemotypes.
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  • 97
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    Effect of oxygen concentration on plant growth, lipidperoxidation, and receptivity of tomato roots to Pythium F under hydroponic conditions (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 103 (1997), S. 255-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: minor root pathogens ; oxidative stress ; peroxidation of membrane lipids ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the nutrient solution oxygenation on the growth of tomato plants and colonization of plant roots by Pythium F707, an isolate with filamentous non-inflated sporangia, were investigated under hydroponic conditions. Lipoperoxidation was also estimated determining lipoxygenase activity and conjugated dienes. Tomato plants were grown under either a high (11-14%; Air treatment), a moderate (5.8-7%; Control) or a low (0.8-1.5%; Nitrogen treatment) oxygen concentration and inoculated or not with the pathogen. The high oxygen treatment resulted in a marked increase in plant growth, as measured by shoot and root weights. Root and top weights were about the same in the nitrogen-treated plants and the controls. In these treatments, plants started showing typical symptoms of root decay and infection within 6 days after inoculation with Pythium F, while highly oxygenated plants remained healthy throughout the experiment and showed a significant decrease in root colonization by the pathogen, as estimated by the immunoenzymatic staining procedure and isolation of thalles on selective medium. Nitrogen-treated plants and controls produced higher amounts of conjugated dienes and revealed increased lipoxygenase activities in comparison with highly oxygenated plants. These differences were more pronounced after inoculation with the pathogen. Our data suggest that increases in lipoxygenase activity detected in the present study in tomato roots grown under oxygen stress and inoculated with Pythium F may lead to degradation and disorganization of membrane lipids. That disorganization may facilitate root colonization by the pathogen and appearance of decay.
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  • 98
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    Effect of soil treatment with cereal straw and method of crop establishment on field pea (Pisum sativum L.) N2 fixation (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1996), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Crop rotation ; Field pea ; Mineral N ; Nitrogen fixation ; immobilisation ; Pisum sativum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of soil incorporation with cereal straw (nil, 2.5, 5 and 10 t straw ha–1) and direct drilling on the proportion and amount of pea N derived from biological N fixation were investigated in three field experiments. Fixed N was determined by 15N dilution using barley as a reference plant. The three sites were on acidic, red clay-loams in the cropping zone of southeastern Australia. Seasonal plant available soil N, as determined by the N accumulated in barley, was 31, 56 and 158 kg N ha–1, for the three sites. Incorporated straw reduced soil nitrate at sowing by 10–50 kg N ha–1 (0–30 cm), and 5 or 10 t straw ha–1 reduced barley uptake of N by 10–38 kg N ha–1. However, reducing plant available soil N was generally ineffective for increasing the N fixed by pea. Fixed N increased only at the site with the least plant-available N, and only one-third of the increase could be attributed to lower soil N uptake by pea. There was no evidence that direct drilling pea increased fixed N by decreasing crop uptake of soil N. It is proposed that a lower requirement for soil N by pea as compared to barley, and availability of mineral N beneath the soil layer treated with straw, minimise the effectiveness of straw incorporation for increasing the N fixed by pea.
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  • 99
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    Occurrence of the endophytic diazotrophs Herbaspirillum spp. in roots, stems, and leaves, predominantly of Gramineae (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 197-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Herbaspirillum ; Endophytes of Gramineae ; Diazotrophs ; Survival in soil ; Nitrogen fixation ; sugarcane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Since the first description of Herbaspirillum seropedicae in 1986, few data have been published on this diazotroph, possibly due to difficulties in isolating it from soil. In the present study we found that this bacterium seems to be an obligate endophyte which has been isolated from roots, stems, and leaves of a large number of samples of more than 10 different species of the Gramineae family, but only exceptionally from other plants. H. rubrisubalbicans, previously misnamed as “Pseudomonas” rubrisubalbicans, and known as a mild pathogen of sugarcane causing mottled stripe disease, confirms the endophytie habitat of this genus. This species occurs in roots, stems, and leaves of sugarcane and seems to be restricted to this crop. Inoculation of strains from both species into soil in high numbers resulted in a rapid decline in their numbers. In only 30 days the population of Herbaspirillum spp. in soil decreased below detection limits (〈100 cells g-1). When sorghum was planted in this soil, the bacteria reappeared and multiplied within the plant tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335935
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adaptation of green manure legumes to adverse conditions in rice lowlands (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Adverse soil conditons ; Aeschynomene ; Green manure ; Lowland rice ; Nitrogen fixation ; Sesbania ; Forming system development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Poor adoption of sustainable pre-rice green manure technology by lowland farmers is frequently associated with unreliable legume performance under adverse environmental conditions such as marginal soils, short photoperiod, and unfavorable hydrology. A series of field and microplot experiments were conducted at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in 1991 and 1992 to screen and evaluate 12 promising flood-tolerant legumes for adaptation (N accumulation and biological N2 fixation) to a range of environmental stresses, frequently encountered in rice lowlands. Legumes belonging to the genera Sesbania and Aeschynomene were grown for 8 weeks at 10×10 cm spacing: (1) in a fertile control soil and in four marginally productive irrigated lowland rice soils (sandy Entisol, P-deficient Inceptisol, acid Ultisol, and saline Mollisol); (2) during short- (11.7 h) and long-day (12.3 h) seasons in a favorable irrigated lowland soil; and (3) in an aerobic soil (drought-prone rain-fed lowland) and a deep-flood-prone lowland soil (1 week seedling submergence). A large variability in N accumulation was observed among legume species and across different environments, ranging from less than 1 to over 70 mg N plant–1. The nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) accounted on average for 82% of total N accumulation. Sesbania virgata was least affected by unfavorable soil conditions but its Ndfa was the lowest among the tested species (less than 60%). Stem nodule formation did not convey a significant advantage to legumes grown under adverse soil conditions. However, flooding reduced N2 fixation less in stem-nodulating than in solely root-nodulating species. Most species drastically reduced N accumulation under short-day conditions. Aeschynomene afraspera and S. speciosa were least affected by photoperiod. The considerable genetic variability in the germplasm screened allows the selection of potentially appropriate legumes to most conditions studied, thus increasing N accumulation in green manures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335951
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