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  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (778)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Powdered granite is not an effective fertilizer for clover and wheat in sandy soils from Western Australia (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 56 (2000), S. 59-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: bicarbonate-extractable potassium ; muriate of potash ; potassium ; potassium chloride ; relative effectiveness ; silicate rock powder ; Triticum aestivum ; Trifolium subterraneum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Granite (silicate) rock dust, a by-product of quarry operations, is being advocated and used as a fertilizer in the wheatbelt of south-western Australia (WA). The dust is insoluble and based on its nutrient element content (1.9% K and 0.3%P and negligible N) it is not expected to be a useful fertilizer. Previous laboratory studies and glasshouse experiments in WA suggest the dust is a slow release K fertilizer. This paper extends the previous studies to consider the dust as an NP or K fertilizer in the year of application in a field experiment on a soil deficient in N, P and K. In addition, the effectiveness of the dust as a K fertilizer was compared with the effectiveness of KCl (muriate of potash), the K fertilizer used in WA at present, in glasshouse experiments using K deficient soils. In the field experiment, compared with NP fertilizer or NPK fertilizer (urea, supplying N; superphosphate, providing P, S, Ca, Cu, Zn and Mo; KCl providing K), the dust had no effect on grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum); in fact dust applied at 20 t ha-1, for unknown reasons, reduced yields by about 65% compared to the nil (no fertilizer, no dust) treatment. Relative to the nil treatment, applying NPK fertilizer increased yields about threefold, from 0.54 to 1.79 t ha. The glasshouse experiments showed that, relative to KCl, the dust was from about 0.02 to 14% as effective in K deficient grey sandy soils for producing dried tops of 30-day old wheat plants or 42-day old clover (Trifolium subterraneum) plants. In soils with adequate K (yellow sands, sandy loams or clays, loamy clays, clay loams and clays), neither KCl nor the dust affected yields of 30 to 42-day old wheat or clover plants grown in the glasshouse. In the glasshouse experiments, no yield depressions were measured for the dust applied up to 17 g dust per kg soil (equivalent to 17 t dust ha-1 mixed into the top 10 cm of soil in the field). It is concluded that the dust has no value as a fertilizer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009757525421
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recovery of 15N-labelled fertiliser by a perennial ryegrass seed crop and a subsequent wheat crop (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 56 (2000), S. 117-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: labelled nitrogen ; Lolium perenne ; nitrogen cycling ; root biomass ; straw ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Large amounts of nitrogen (N) fertiliser (150–200 kg N/ha) are currently being applied to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.) seed crops in New Zealand. Due to increasing requirements for efficient use of N fertilisers and minimising nitrate contamination of the environment, a field experiment was established using 15N-labelled fertiliser to follow the fate of applied N. Urea-15N was applied to a perennial ryegrass seed crop in April (30 kg N/ha), August (30 kg N/ha), September (60 kg N/ha) and October (60 kg N/ha). The urea-15N was applied in solution and watered in to minimise volatilisation loss. At the time of harvest (December), 9% of the applied 15N was in the seed, 29% in the straw, 19% in the roots and 39% in the soil organic matter. Losses of 15N were minimal as the N was applied in several applications, each one at a relatively low rate, and at times when leaching was unlikely to occur. Ryegrass plants used a greater proportion of the N applied in September and October (61–65%) compared with that applied in April (44%). Consequently more N was recovered from the soil in the autumn application (57%) than from the September and October applications (28–44%). The availability of the residual fertiliser N to a subsequent wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop was studied in a glasshouse experiment. The residual fertiliser N was present in the soil and ryegrass roots and stubble. The wheat plants only recovered 7–9% of this residual N. Most of the N taken up by the wheat came from the soil organic N pool. Overall, applying a total of 180 kg N/ha to the ryegrass appeared to have minimal direct impact on the environment. In the short term N not used by the ryegrass plants contributed to the soil organic N pool.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009803008544
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Suppression of wheat early growth in standing stubble (2000)
    Springer
    Sciences of soils 5 (2000), S. 10-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-9492
    Keywords: Soil temperature ; Triticum aestivum ; Stubble retention ; Nitrogen ; Early growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Early growth and development are often lower when wheat is sown into standing stubble. A study was conducted to determine whether this difference in early growth could be explained by the effects of stubble on soil temperature in the vicinity of the young plant. The roles of nitrogen nutrition and soil strength were also assessed. Three crops were monitored (1990–1992), with the wheat being sown into either standing wheat stubble after a no-till fallow (NT), or into no-tilled plots from which the stubble had been removed by burning (NB). Measurements were made of wheat growth and development, soil and plant N, soil temperature and penetration resistance. The site was on a black earth near Warialda in the northern wheatbelt of New South Wales, Australia. In 1992 wheat was also grown under simulated stubble to isolate the shading and soil temperature effects of stubble from other factors. A significant (P〈0.05) relationship was found between average soil temperature and above ground dry matter (DM) at 65 days after sowing (DAS) but not at 107 DAS. This relationship accounted for differences in DM production at 65 DAS between NT and NB treatments in 1991 and 1992, but not in 1990. In that year the lower DM production in NT plots was associated with poorer N nutrition, and possibly disease. Laboratory incubations indicate that immobilisation of N as stubble decomposed could have contributed to this. Burning stubble produced no immediate increase in soil N availability, so that it is unlikely that N contained in stubble contributed to the difference. Soil strength differences between treatments and phytotoxic effects are unlikely to have contributed to growth differences in this soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10112-000-0002-3
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Erwinia resistance in backcross progenies ofSolanum tuberosum x S. tarijense andS. tuberosum (+) S. commersonii hybrids (2000)
    Springer
    Potato research 43 (2000), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: tuber soft rot ; 2n gametes ; sexual hybridization ; somatic hybridization ; germplasm exploitation ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The resistance to tuber soft rot caused byErwinia carotovora ofSolanum tuberosum x S. tarijense andS. tuberosum (+) S. commersonii hybrids and their backcrosses is reported. A number of resistant diploid sexual hybrids and tetraploid/hexaploid somatic hybrids were selected. Backcross progenies were obtained through 2x×4x crosses involving a resistant diploid hybrid and tetraploidS. tuberosum, and through 4x×4x crosses between a resistant somatic hybrid andS. tuberosum. The hybrids showed high variability interms of resistance to tuber soft rot. The resistance of progeny from 2x×4x backcrosses was similar to that of the parental sexual hybrid. By contrast, the resistance of genotypes deriving from 4x×4x backcrosses was reduced compared with the resistant somatic hybrid. In general, tuber characteristics of the backcross hybrids improved considerably as compared with their parents, and tuber yield per plant was good.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02357954
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-day-adaptedSolanum phureja as a source of resistance to blackleg caused byErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (2000)
    Springer
    Potato research 43 (2000), S. 279-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: potato ; wild species ; disease ; bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Long-day-adaptedSolanum phureja clones were assessed for resistance to blackleg caused byErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica under field and controlled environmental conditions over two years. In the field, twenty-two of the twenty-three clones ofS. phureja assessed were as resistant to blackleg as the commercial cultivar Ailsa, the most resistant control, and were significantly (P〈0.001) more resistant than the intermediate and susceptible cultivars Wilja and Estima, respectively. Under controlled environmental conditions, resistance in commercial cultivars was more easily overcome. However, 18 of the 21S. phureja clones assessed were significantly more resistant to blackleg than these cultivars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358087
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic mapping from field tests of qualitative and quantitative resistance to Phytophthora infestans in a population derived from Solanum tuberosum and Solanum berthaultii (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 6 (2000), S. 25-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: late blight ; Phytophthora infestans ; potato ; resistance,Solanum berthaultii ; Solanum tuberosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Under controlled field conditions, a Solanum backcross population segregated for resistance to Phytophthora infestans. The population (`BCT') had been derived previously by crossing the Solanum tuberosum dihaploid USW2230 × Solanum berthaultii PI473331 to obtain the hybrid M200-30, and then backcrossing the hybrid to the S. tuberosum dihaploid HH1-9. Resistance was assessed from analyses of epidemics in small plots of each individual genotype, and data were recorded as area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). The parents of the original cross (USW2230 and a selection from PI473331) were not included in the test, but the hybrid was incompatible and HH1-9 was compatible with the tester strain of P. infestans (US-8 lineage). Somewhat more than half of the progeny also were incompatible with the tester strain, indicating the presence of an R gene. This gene segregated from the S. berthaultii parent and mapped 4.8 cm from the RFLP marker TG63 on chromosome 10. We deduce that the R gene is not R-1, R-2, R-3, R-6, or R-7 and is probably not R-4, R-5, or R-10. Among the remaining, compatible progeny, there was a wide range of quantitative resistance. All were more resistant than the susceptible cultivar Superior, and most individuals were much more resistant than the moderately resistant cultivar Kennebec. AUDPC values among the sub-population of compatible genotypes ranged from about 400 to 1500 units the first year and from 400 to 1760 units the second year. At least five quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected in this sub-population in both 1997 and 1998, including one detected through segregation of alleles from both the hybrid parent and the recurrent S. tuberosum parent. A model of main and epistatic effects explained 56% and 66% of the variation observed for quantitative resistance to late blight in 1997 and 1998, respectively. Several of the QTLs for late blight resistance were located in regions of the genome to which QTLs for late maturity have previously been mapped.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009648408198
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved plant-based production of E1 endoglucanase using potato: expression optimization and tissue targeting (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 6 (2000), S. 277-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: Acidothermus cellulolyticus ; cellulase ; dual-crop production ; E1 endoglucanase ; expression optimization ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Optimization of Acidothermus cellulolyticus endoglucanase (E1) gene expression in transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) was examined in this study, where the E1 coding sequence was transcribed under control of a leaf specific promoter (tomato RbcS-3C) or the Mac promoter (a hybrid promoter of mannopine synthase promoter and cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter enhancer region). Average E1 activity in leaf extracts of potato transformants, in which E1 protein was targeted by a chloroplast signal peptide and an apoplast signal peptide were much higher than those by an E1 native signal peptide and a vacuole signal peptide. E1 protein accumulated up to 2.6% of total leaf soluble protein, where E1 gene was under control of the RbcS-3C promoter, alfalfa mosaic virus 5′-untranslated leader, and RbcS-2A signal peptide. E1 protein production, based on average E1 activity and E1 protein accumulation in leaf extracts, is higher in potato than those measured previously in transgenic tobacco bearing the same transgene constructs. Comparisons of E1 activity, protein accumulation, and relative mRNA levels showed that E1 expression under control of tomato RbcS-3C promoter was specifically localized in leaf tissues, while E1 gene was expressed in both leaf and tuber tissues under control of Mac promoter. This suggests dual-crop applications in which potato vines serve as enzyme production `bioreactors' while tubers are preserved for culinary applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009653011948
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural effects of the herbicide chlorpropham (CIPC) in root tip cells of wheat (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 226 (2000), S. 11-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Chlorpropham (CIPC) ; microtubules ; nuclei ; recovery ; roots ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The present ultrastructural investigation on the effects of 50 μM chlorpropham (previously called CIPC) on growing roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum (L.) Thell cv. Vergina) was undertaken to clarify the mechanism of a carbamate herbicide action in plant cells, since the wide range of responses of plant cells to carbamate herbicides is based mainly on immunofluorescence studies. Cells of control roots contained abundant microtubules both in interphase and mitotic arrays. In chlorpropham-treated roots, however, no microtubules could be detected at all, neither in dividing nor in differentiating cells. Cycling cells became binucleate, polyploid or contained incomplete cell walls, the result of inhibition of cytokinesis. In long-term drug treatments (24 h or more) the affected cells entered a new cycle, which, however, did not progress beyond mid-metaphase. The nuclei of binucleate cells initiated prophase synchronously. Small vacuoles and Golgi vesicles were trapped within the nucleoplasm of the multilobed nuclei. In roots recovering from 8 h chlorpropham treatment, cells continued to exhibit polyploid nuclei, intranuclear vacuoles and incomplete walls. Microtubules reappeared but they were sparse and lacked a definite orientation. Preprophase cells did not form normal preprophase bands of microtubules, while mitotic cells occasionally contained microtubules bound to chromosomes and converged to minipoles. It is concluded that chlorpropham disorganized directly microtubules in addition to irreversibly affecting microtubule organizing centres, which failed to further support microtubule arrays.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026409027223
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake and transport of organic and inorganic nitrogen by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 226 (2000), S. 275-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Daucus carota ; Glomus mosseae ; Glomus intraradices ; monoxenic culture ; N uptake ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract New information on N uptake and transport of inorganic and organic N in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is reviewed here. Hyphae of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe (BEG 107) were shown to transport N supplied as 15N-Gly to wheat plants after a 48 h labelling period in semi-hydroponic (Perlite), non-sterile, compartmentalised pot cultures. Of the 15N supplied to hyphae in pot cultures over 48 h, 0.2 and 6% was transported to plants supplied with insufficient N or sufficient N, respectively. The increased 15N uptake at the higher N supply was related to the higher hyphal length density at the higher N supply. These findings were supported by results from in vitro and monoxenic studies. Excised hyphae from four Glomus isolates (BEG 84, 107, 108 and 110) acquired N from both inorganic (15NH4 15NO3, 15NO3 − or 15NH4 +) and organic (15N-Gly and 15N-Glu, except in BEG 84 where amino acid uptake was not tested) sources in vitro during short-term experiments. Confirming these studies under sterile conditions where no bacterial mineralisation of organic N occurred, monoxenic cultures of Glomus intraradices Schenk and Smith were shown to transport N from organic sources (15N-Gly and 15N-Glu) to Ri T-DNA transformed, AM-colonised carrot roots in a long-term experiment. The higher N uptake (also from organic N) by isolates from nutrient poor sites (BEG 108 and 110) compared to that from a conventional agricultural field implied that ecotypic differences occur. Although the arbuscular mycorrhizal isolates used contributed to the acquisition of N from both inorganic and organic sources by the host plants/roots used, this was not enough to increase the N nutritional status of the mycorrhizal compared to non-mycorrhizal hosts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026500810385
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparisons of RFLP and PCR-based markers to detect polymorphism between wheat cultivars (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 114 (2000), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Cheyenne ; polymorphism ; RAPD ; recombinant inbred chromosome line(RICL) RFLP ; STS ; SSR ; Triticum aestivum ; Wichita
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Previously chromosome 3A of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was reported to carry genes influencing yield, yield components, plant height, and anthesis date. The objective of current study was to survey various molecular marker systems for their ability to detect polymorphism between wheat cultivars Cheyenne(CNN) and Wichita (WI), particularly for chromosome3A. Seventy-seven `sequence tagged site' (STS), 10simple sequence repeat (SSR), 40 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, and 52 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) probes for wheat homoeologous group 3 chromosomes, were investigated. Three (3.9%) STS-PCR primer sets amplified polymorphic fragments for the two cultivars, of which one was polymorphic for chromosome 3A. Sixty percent of SSR markers detected polymorphism between CNN and WI of which 50% were polymorphic for chromosome 3A. Twenty percent of RAPD markers detected polymorphism between CNN and WI in general, but none of these detected polymorphism for chromosome 3A. Of the fifty-two RFLP probes, 78.8% detected polymorphism between CNN and WI for group 3 chromosomes with one or more of seven restriction enzymes and 42% of the polymorphic fragements were for chromosome 3A. These high levels of RFLP and SSR polymorphisms between two related wheat cultivars could be used to map and tag genes influencing important agronomic traits. It may also be important to reconsider RFLP as the most suitable marker system at least for anchor maps of closely related wheat cultivars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003993930447
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution and allelic expressivity of genes for hybrid necrosis in some elite winter and spring wheat ecotypes (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 95-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: complementary genes ; hybrid necrosis ; spring wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; winter wheat ; winter × springwheat hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The distribution and allelic expressivity of hybrid necrosis genes (Ne 1 and Ne 2) were studied in 21 winter (mostly exotic) and 43 spring type elite wheat genotypes, by crossing them with two known testers, C 306 (Ne 1-carrier) and HD 2380 (Ne 2-carrier).Ne 1 gene was present in one north-west Himalayan winter wheat landrace, Shoure Local, but absent in the other winter as well as spring wheats. Ne 2 gene was prevalent to a much lower extent in the exotic winter wheat germplasm (31.57%) as compared to the recently developed Indian and Mexican spring wheat semidwarfs (69.80%). This may suggest that breeders have tried to preclude hybrid necrosis by selecting for non-carrier genotypes in the development of exotic winter wheats in contrast to the situation in spring wheats. Based on the degree of expression of hybrid necrosis genes in the F1 hybrids, the carrier genotypes were characterized with respect to the allelic strength of the hybrid necrosis genes. The 27 non-carrier genotypes of the two ecotypes identified in the present study have a greater potential use in future hybridization programmes so as to overcome the problem of hybrid necrosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003824910041
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allelic variation at high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit Loci, Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1, in Japanese and Chinese hexaploid wheats (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: allelic variation ; Chinese wheat ; glutenin subunit ; seed storage protein ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Variation in the electrophoretic banding patterns of high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits of 274hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties from China was examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 27 different major HMW glutenin subunits were identified. Each variety contained three to five subunits and 29different glutenin subunit patterns were observed in274 Chinese hexaploid wheats. Seventeen alleles were identified based on the comparison of subunits mobility with that previously identified in a set of standard hexaploid wheats. The Chinese hexaploid wheats exhibited allelic variation in HMW glutenin subunit composition and the variation differed from that of Japanese and hexaploid wheats of other countries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003888116674
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of common bunt on the frost resistance and winter hardiness of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines containing Bt genes (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 114 (2000), S. 159-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: bunt infection ; bunt resistance ; frost resistance ; Tilletia caries ; T. foetida ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In order to determine the effects of bunt inoculation on frost resistance and winter hardiness in lines containing resistance genes, the bunt [Tilletia foetida (Wallroth) Liro, T. caries (DC.) Tulasne] susceptibility of wheat lines containing bunt resistance genesBt1 to Bt10 and the effect of the year on the degree of infection were studied over six years from 1991 to 1997 in an artificial inoculation nursery. Uninoculated and artificially inoculated wheat plants were tested for frost resistance in the phytotron in 1995 and in the field in boxes in three years from 1994/95 to 1996/97. The line withBt10 was very resistant, lines with Bt5, Bt6, Bt8 and Bt9 were resistant, the line with Bt4 was moderately resistant, those with Bt2 and Bt3 were moderately susceptible, the line with Bt1 was susceptible and the line with Bt7 was very susceptible to the local bunt population in Hungary. Bunt incidence also varied over years. The frost resistance of the Bt lines was generally lower after bunt inoculation than that of uninoculated plants. The increased frost kill in inoculated plants was not correlated with the extent of varietal susceptibility to bunt. Some lines with resistance, namely those with Bt5 (1.6% infection), Bt8 (0.6%) and Bt10 (0.0%), suffered significantly greater frost kill in the young plant stage as the result of bunt inoculation. By contrast, the Bt7line had excellent frost resistance and winter hardiness but suffered the greatest extent of bunt infection, whereas the Bt6 line had good frost resistance and good bunt resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003940808041
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Root exudation and Fe uptake and transport in wheat genotypes differing in tolerance to Zn deficiency (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 222 (2000), S. 25-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: deficiency ; genotypic differences ; iron ; nutrient efficiency ; phytosiderophore ; tolerance ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum durum ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tolerance to Zn deficiency in wheat germplasm may be inversely related to uptake and transport of Fe to shoots. The present study examined eight bread (Triticum aestivum) and two durum (T. turgidum L. conv. durum) wheat genotypes for their capacity to take up and transport Fe when grown under either Fe or Zn deficiency. Bread wheat genotypes Aroona, Excalibur and Stilleto showed tolerance to Zn and Fe deficiency, while durum wheat genotypes are clearly less tolerant to either deficiency. Roots of bread wheats tolerant to Zn deficiency exuded more phytosiderophores than sensitive bread and durum genotypes. Greater amounts of phytosideophores were exuded by roots grown under Fe than Zn deficiency. A relatively poor relationship existed between phytosiderophore exudation or the Fe uptake rate and relative shoot growth under Fe deficiency. At advanced stages of Zn deficiency, genotypes tolerant to Zn deficiency (Aroona and Stilleto) had a greater rate of Fe uptake than other genotypes. Zinc deficiency depressed the rate of Fe transport to shoots in all genotypes in early stages, while advanced Zn deficiency had the opposite effect. Compared with Zn-sufficient plants, 17-day-old Zn-deficient plants of genotypes tolerant to Zn deficiency had a lower rate of Fe transport to shoots, while genotypes sensitive to Zn deficiency (Durati, Yallaroi) had the Fe transport rate increased by Zn deficiency. A proportion of total amount of Fe taken up that was transported to shoots increased with duration of either Fe or Zn deficiency. It is concluded that greater tolerance to Zn deficiency among wheat genotypes is associated with the increased exudation of phytosiderophores, an increased Fe uptake rate and decreased transport of Fe to shoots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004799027861
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induction of novel organelle DNA variation and transfer of resistance to frost and Verticillium wilt in Solanum tuberosum through somatic hybridization with 1EBN S. commersonii (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 116 (2000), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: chloroplasts ; mitochondria ; potato ; Solanum commersonii ; somatic hybrids ; stress resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Somatic hybridization can be used to induce genetic variability in plastidial and mitochondrial genomes, and transfer multiple uncloned genes across sexual barriers. Somatic hybrids were produced between a dihaploid clone of the common potato, S. tuberosum subsp. tuberosum, and the wild sexually incongruent diploid species S. commersonii. Fusion products were selected on the basis of callus growth and regeneration in vitro. Genome composition of putative somatic hybrids was determined by flow cytometric analysis of nuclear DNA content, RAPD analysis, and Southern analysis with probes specific to organellar DNA. All regenerated fusion products proved to be hybrids based on RAPD analysis. Seventy per cent of somatic hybrids were (near) tetraploids, 22% (near) hexaploids and 8%(near) octoploids. A high correlation was found between the nuclear DNA content determined by flow cytometry and the number of chloroplasts in stomata guard cell pairs. Somatic hybrids inherited the parental plastids in a random manner. On the contrary, they preferentially inherited the mitochondrial DNA fragments of S. tuberosum. The majority of them had a rearranged mitochondrial genome with fragments from both parents. Hybrids were highly vigorous and morphologically more similar to the cultivated than to the wild parent, produced tubers on long stolons under long photoperiod conditions, showed a high degree of flowering, but did not produce pollen. In addition, somatic hybrids were generally more resistant to frost and Verticillium wilt than the cultivated parent, indicating the introgression of relevant resistance genes from the wild species into the genetic background of S. tuberosum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003943704037
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    Genetics of wheat starch B-granule content (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 23-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: A granules ; B granules ; quantitative analysis ; starch quality ; triploid endosperm ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two lines of hexaploid wheat were crossed and the basic generations of parent, F1, F2 and back-cross were sown in a controlled-environment chamber. FreshF1 and back-cross grains were generated, so the material could be handled either as the standard set of basic generations on a whole-plant basis, or as an extended set on an embryo or endosperm basis. The experiment was repeated. Mature grains were harvested and the starch particle size distribution was analysed in 3284 grains from 111 plants. Means and variances were partitioned into additive, dominance and interaction components. Grains from cross-pollinations had B-granule contents between parental values, rather than of the maternal parent, indicating an involvement of the grain genotype. Quantitative models based on endosperm genotype gave a better fit to the data than those based on embryo genotype. The difference in starch B-granule content between the parents was largely due to additive genes. Dominant genes were also indicated, with the first dose in the triploid endosperm having a large effect while the second dose had little or none. Non-allelic interactions were significant in the second experiment where the use of more types of backcross made them more detectable. There were also small and significant residual effects of the maternal plant in the first experiment, attributed to the vigour of the F1 mother plant and to the cytoplasm of Sunco. Narrow-sense heritability was low, between 0.05and 0.18 depending on the generation. Transgressive segregation was not found, suggesting that all alleles tending to increase the B-granule content were found in the Sunco parent and none in ME71. There was also no detectable heterosis in this character. The results show that breeding and selection for a low B-granule content should be possible but a further reduction will require new and complementary genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003814609884
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    Genetic analysis of resistance to Fusarium head blight caused by Fusarium graminearum in Chinese wheat cultivar Sumai 3 and the Japanese cultivar Saikai 165 (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 113 (2000), S. 87-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: disease resistance ; doubled haploid ; Fusarium headblight ; genetic analysis ; Fusarium graminearum ; recombinant inbred ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat scab
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The genetic constitution of resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB, scab) caused by Fusarium graminearum in the Chinese wheat cultivar Sumai 3 and the Japanese cultivar Saikai 165 was investigated using doubled haploid lines (DHLs) and recombinant inbred lines (RILs). Frequency distributions of DHLs derived from two F1 crosses, Sumai 3 (very resistant to resistant; VR-R) / Gamenya (very susceptible; VS) and Sumai 3 / Emblem (VS), fitted well to 1: 2: 1 (resistant: moderately resistant: susceptible) ratios for reaction to FHB in the field. It is suggested that the resistance of Sumai 3 is controlled by two major genes with additive effects. One of the resistance genes may be linked in repulsion to the dominant suppressor B1 for awnedness with recombination values 15.1 ± 3.3% in Sumai 3 /Gamenya and 21.4 ± 4.3% in Sumai 3 / Emblem. Saikai 165 is a Japanese resistant line derived from an F1 Sumai 3 / Asakaze-komugi (moderately resistant; MR). The data for RILs derived from the cross Emblem / Saikai 165, indicates that three resistance genes control the resistance of Saikai 165.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003951509797
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    Differential tolerance to Fe and Zn deficiencies in wheat germplasm (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 113 (2000), S. 219-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: deficiency ; genotypic variation ; iron ; nutrient efficiency ; phytosiderophore ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum durum ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tolerance to Fe deficiency of wheat genotypes exhibiting differential tolerance to Zn deficiency is not known, even though the relationship between Fe nutrition and differential tolerance of wheat genotypes to Zn deficiency has been hypothesised frequently. In the present experiment, eight Triticum aestivum and two T. turigidum L. conv. durum cultivars were grown in nutrient solution deficient in either Znor Fe. Three indices of tolerance to nutrient deficiency were compared: relative [(-nutrient/+nutrient) × 100] shoot growth, shoot dry weight under nutrient deficiency and relative shoot/root dry weight ratio. Genotypes Aroona, Excalibur, Stilleto and Trident were classified as tolerant to both Zn and Fe deficiency, while durum wheats Durati and Yallaroi were sensitive to Zn deficiency and moderate to sensitive to Fe deficiency. Genotypes Excalibur, Stilleto and Trident come from the same breeding programme and have the common parent (line MEC3 =Sonora64//TZPP/YAQUI54) that could have been the donor of the genes for tolerance to Zn deficiency. When Fe-deficient, all wheat genotypes were severely chlorotic but kept producing shoot and root dry matter at a relatively high rate, making the relationship between the relative shoot growth and the relative leaf chlorophyll content poor. This is the first report of wheat genotypes exhibiting multiple tolerance to Zn and Fe deficiencies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003965007305
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    Chloroplast DNA variation in the wild potato species, Solanum acaule and S. albicans (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 116 (2000), S. 197-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: chloroplast DNA ; intraspecific variation ; potato ; Solanum acaule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The chloroplast DNA of Solanum acaule (109 accessions) and S. albicans (9 accessions) was investigated by restriction endonuclease analysis. Unexpectedly, all the accessions analyzed had C type chloroplast DNA in common. This suggested that S. acaule originated from a species with C type chloroplast DNA. DraI restriction digestion revealed further differentiation of C type chloroplast DNA into 8 types. The DraI polymorphism indicated the province of Salta in Argentina and the nearby regions to be a center of diversity for S. acaule. Surprisingly, S. albicans as well as S. acaule both ssp. acaule and ssp. punae, from Peru were virtually indistinguishable, although by morphology and/or cytology all three taxa are easily distinguished.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004085805592
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  • 20
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    Molecular markers for cytoplasm in potato: male sterility and contribution of different plastid-mitochondrial configurations to starch production (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 116 (2000), S. 221-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cytoplasm ; male sterility ; plastid ; potato ; somatic hybrids ; starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Distinct parental cytoplasms were combined in symmetric tetraploid hybrids of potato by somatic cell fusion. This allowed, in the presence of nearly isogenic nuclear genomes, to estimate the contribution of mitochondrial (mt) and chloroplast (cp) genomes to starch content. Analysis of mt-cp configurations in the complete gene pool of german potato cultivars [2n=4x], in a reciprocal dihaploid population [2n=2x],in di-haploid fusion parents [2n=2x] and in their respective hybrids [2n=4x] made visible the effects of different cytoplasmic backgrounds and mitochondrial subgenomic rearrangements. Genotypes identified by markers as cytoplasm Wγ were associated with cytoplasmic male sterility. Evaluation of cytoplasmic types leads to the conclusion, that in starch content the ‘wild type’ cytoplasms Wα and Wγ have a significant advantage to other cytoplasmic types(Tβ, Wδ, Sε).This results from the experiments with a reciprocal population, 180 di-haploids, and from cultivar comparisons. In hybrids an interaction between starch content and different mt-cp combinations could be found. In general the highest field performance, measured in starch content and yield was associated with such cytoplasmic configurations which appeared to a high frequency within a population, when the segregation process was completed. This fact is explained by a selection advantage of clones with optimized organellar segregation already during in vitro phase. PCR markers for cytoplasm differentiation are actualized on a website, http://www.flg.tum.de/pbpz/mm/mt/hybrid.html
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004039320227
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    Induction of mutations for heat tolerance in potato by using in vitro culture and radiation (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 114 (2000), S. 205-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: in vitro ; culture ; gamma rays ; heat tolerance ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Heat tolerant mutants were obtained in two commercial potato cultivars, `Kufri Jyoti' and `Kufri Chandramukhi' through in vitro mutagenesis of in vitro propagated plantlets. Gamma-irradiated (20 and 40 Gy) shoots were micropropagated for three cycles (M1V3). A large number of the micropropagated shoots produced microtubers at 28 °C. Microtubers induced at high temperature had distorted shape but showed normal germination in field. Under stress conditions of high temperature, the frequency of chlorophyll variants increased in the gamma irradiation-derived material, however, nearly 40% of the plants had normal leaf tissue, whereas control plants showed completely damaged leaves.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003965724880
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    Analysis of geographical and breeding-related distribution of hybrid necrosis genes in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 114 (2000), S. 233-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: bread wheat ; breeding and environmental effects ; gene frequency ; geographical distribution ; hybrid necrosis ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using the Information and Analytical System of Wheat Genetic Resources GRIS 3.2, the peculiarities of distribution of hybrid necrosis genes in bread wheat in different regions of the world were analyzed. Considerable variation in frequencies of the Ne1 and Ne2 genes in regions with different moisture and heat supply was revealed. A significant effect of breeding on frequency dynamics of different genotypes Ne1ne2, ne1Ne2 and ne1ne2 was confirmed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003915708448
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    Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) gene expression and ABA accumulation in the developing embryos of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in response to drought (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 30 (2000), S. 145-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; drought stress ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat germ agglutinin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Expression of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) gene inthe developing embryos of wheat (Triticumaestivum L. cv. C-306) was studied in relation toabscisic acid (ABA) accumulation under water stressconditions. Imposition of water stress resulted inelevated ABA levels in the embryos at threedevelopmental stages (18, 24 and 30 DPA). On thecontrary, the effect of drought stress on WGAaccumulation was stage dependent with significantincrease in WGA content being observed at only 24 DPA. Our results suggest that apart from ABA, otherfactors which are temporally expressed, are alsoinvolved in regulation of WGA gene expression.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006317302405
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    Morphoagronomic and biochemical variation in an Argentinean landrace of wheat (2000)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 47 (2000), S. 281-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: agronomic traits ; isozymes ; landrace ; Triticum aestivum ; variation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A sample of an Argentinean landrace of wheat showed considerable variation in most of the evaluated morphological and agronomic characters. However, analyses with high molecular glutenins and two isozyme systems, known to be highly polymorphic among current cultivars, revealed very little or no variation, respectively. The large difference in the observed variation between morphoagronomic and biochemical characters is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008711903949
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    Effect of indole-3-acetic acid and kinetin on tuberisation parameters of different cultivars and transgenic lines of potato in vitro (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 32 (2000), S. 245-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: auxin ; cytokinin ; kinetin ; sucrose ; potato ; tuberisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of indole-3-acetic acid or kinetin on the weight and numberof microtubers formed was studied on single node cuttings of sevendifferent potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars as well astransgenic lines harbouring rolB or rolC genes undercontrol of the patatin class I (B33) promoter. Plants were cultivatedin vitro in the dark on solidified MS medium containing 1 to8% sucrose with or without phytohormones. Most of thenontransformed potato cultivars and transgenic lines responded tohormone application by an increase in tuber yield. Auxin and cytokininacted differently: IAA increased predominantly the tuber size whilekinetin increased the number of tubers. RolC transformantsdisplayed an altered response to sucrose and especially to auxin. Thedegree of phytohormone effect on tuberisation parameters depended onsucrose content of the medium and potato genotype.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010771510526
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    RAPD markers efficiently distinguish heterogenous populations of wild potato (Solanum) (2000)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 47 (2000), S. 115-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: diversity ; genebank ; germplasm ; potato ; RAPD ; Solanum sucrense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Genetic characterization of germplasm is important for setting objective guidelines for conservation. One common problem found in genebanks is determining the value of populations with insufficient or unreliable data regarding their geographic origin. In this study, a genetic analysis based on RAPD markers was conducted to characterize a `mystery' population of Solanum sucrense, a polysomic tetraploid potato (2n=4x=48), for which adequate documentation was lacking. The comparative analysis of genetic similarities between this mystery population and each one of 30 other S. sucrense populations in the genebank revealed that all populations within this species, including the mystery population, are significantly different from being duplicates, and are therefore worthy of separate conservation. RAPD markers also distinguished the mystery population from closely related tetraploid species S. oplocense, S. gourlayi and S. tuberosum ssp. andigena, suggesting that it is also not a duplicate of a population of these species. If RAPDs can clearly differentiate populations within highly heterogeneous tetraploids like S. sucrense, they should be generally useful for determining germplasm organization within potato species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008725121904
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    Transformations and plant uptake of urine N and S in long and short-term pastures (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 56 (2000), S. 109-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: labelled nitrogen ; Lolium perenne ; nitrogen cycling ; root biomass ; straw ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field trial was carried out to compare the transformations and plant uptake of urine N and S in a short-term pasture from within an arable/pasture ley rotation and a long-term pasture. Animal urine labelled with 15N and 35S was applied to microplots at both sites. These microplots were destructively sampled at various time intervals over 12 months and analysed for 15N and 35S. It is known that soil organic matter accumulates under short-term pastures compared with a long-term pasture in which accumulation and degradation are in balance. Consequently, it was hypothesised that immobilization of urine N and S is more intense in the short-term. However, in this study there was considerably less immobilization of 15N and 35S into soil organic forms under short-term pasture than long-term pasture. This was attributable to a greater pasture dry matter response to urine application under the short-term pasture (due to its inherently low N fertility) resulting in a greater plant uptake of 15N and 35S with less 15N and 35S consequently being available for immobilization. At both sites, all of the applied 35S was accounted for through plant uptake and recovery in the soil, but 21–48% of the 15N was unaccounted for and presumed to have been lost through gaseous emissions. It was concluded that accumulation of soil organic N and S under short-term pastures is likely to be attributable to turnover of plant residues (particularly root material) and does not appear to be related to immobilization in urine patches.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009885413823
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    Control and inheritance of resistance to yellow rust in Triticum aestivum-Lophopyrum elongatum chromosome substitution lines (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 111 (2000), S. 57-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: biochemical marker ; gene location ; Lophopyrum elongatum ; Puccinia striiformis ; stripe rust ; substitution line ; Triticum aestivum ; yellow rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A set of T. aestivum-L. elongatum chromosome substitution lines was tested for yellow rust resistance at the seedling stage. Inheritance of the resistance and esterase-5 (Est-5) variation were studied. The results demonstrated that L.elongatum carried a new gene(s) conferring yellow rust resistance. This gene was dominant and located on chromosome 3E of L. elongatum. The biochemical locus encoding Est-5was also located on chromosome 3E, and co-segregated with theYr gene(s) in the wheat background. The transmission frequencies of chromosome 3E in 3E(3A) × CS, 3E(3B) × CS and 3E(3D) × CS hybrids were scored.None of the hybrids transmitted the alien chromosome at thetheoretical maximum rate, but the transmission frequencies ofchromosome 3E in F2 populations of 3E(3A) × CS and 3E(3D) × CS were significantly higher than in thatof 3E(3B) × CS.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003716316395
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    Russian wheat aphid-induced protein alterations in spring wheat (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 111 (2000), S. 199-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) ; protein ; Russian wheat aphid ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), has become a perennial, serious pest of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the western United States. Current methodologies used to enhance RWA resistance in wheat germplasm could benefit from an understanding of the biochemical mechanisms underlying resistance to RWA. This study was initiated to identify specific polypeptides induced by RWA feeding that may be associated with RWA resistance. The effects of RWA feeding on PI 140207 (a RWA-resistant spring wheat) and Pavon (a RWA-susceptible spring wheat) were examined by visualizing, silver-stained denatured leaf proteins separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Comparisons of protein profiles of noninfested and RWA-infested Pavon and PI 140207 revealed a 24-kilodalton-protein complex selectively inhibited in Pavon that persisted in PI 140207during RWA attack. No other significant qualitative or quantitative differences were detected in RWA-induced alterations of protein profiles. These results suggest that RWA feeding selectively inhibit synthesis and accumulation of proteins necessary for normal metabolic functions in susceptible plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003866626723
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    Effect of potassium starvation on the uptake of radiocaesium by spring wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Tonic) (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 220 (2000), S. 27-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: plant uptake ; potassium ; potassium starvation ; radiocaesium ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Short term experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of internal tissue potassium concentration on the uptake of radiocaesium by spring wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Tonic). The results showed that potassium starvation increased Cs influx rates by a factor of 10 compared with non-starved plants. Solution to plant tissue transfer factor (TF) values also increased by around an order of magnitude after potassium starvation treatment. The enhancement of Cs influx rates by potassium starvation could be offset by an increase in external potassium concentration: this effect is minimal at external potassium concentrations greater than approximately 200 μM (8 mg L-1). This reveals that Cs influx into plant roots is subject to control by both internal and external potassium status. The kinetics of Cs uptake by potassium in starved and non-starved plants can be described adequately by the Michaelis-Menten equation. It was shown that potassium starvation substantially reduces the Km value from approximately 28 to 6 μM, which suggests that starvation treatment increases significantly the affinity of plant roots for Cs+. Mechanisms involved in K-Cs interactions during plant uptake are discussed in this paper. Finally, the relevance of such mechanisms as determinants of radiocaesium uptake by plants growing under different ecological conditions is emphasised.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004789915175
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    Patterns of RFLP-based genetic diversity in germplasm pools of common wheat with different geographical or breeding program origins (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 115 (2000), S. 197-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: genetic diversity ; germplasm ; RFLP ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A set of 292 accessions of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) representing 21 germplasm pools based on geographical or breeding program origins was assayed for RFLP diversity. Thirty cDNA and genomic DNA probes and the HindIII restriction enzyme were employed for RFLP analysis. About 61% of all 233 scored bands were present in 75% or more of the accessions. All but one of the 30 probes revealed polymorphism, and the average number of distinct patterns per probe over all accessions was 9.5.Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) values within a pool varied from 0 to 0.9 and depended on the identities of both the germplasm pool and the probe. Rare banding patterns with a relative frequency of ≤0.2 within a pool were detected. These rare patterns were more likely to occur in pools exhibiting high levels of heterogeneity. The highest level of polymorphism was observed in the Turkish landraces from Southwest Asia. The Eastern U.S. soft red winter wheat germplasm pool was more genetically diverse than the other advanced germplasm pools, and nearly as diverse as the Turkish landrace pool. RFLP-based genetic relationships between germplasm pools generally tracked expectations based on common geographical origin, breeding history and/or shared parentages. The Chinese wheat landraces from Sichuan, Tibet, and Yunnan provinces were distinct from other pools. Similarity matrices for among-pool genetic distance estimates based on either band frequencies or banding pattern frequencies showed good correlation with matrices derived from Nei and Li's mean genetic similarity estimates (r=−0.82** and r=−0.73**, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004022601879
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    Temperature Dependent Seed Transmission of Stagonospora nodorum in Wheat (2000)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 106 (2000), S. 837-842 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Septoria nodorum ; Phaeosphaeria nodorum ; epidemiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The transmission of Stagonospora nodorum from four naturally infected winter wheat seedlots was quantified in controlled environment germination chambers at 9, 13, 17, 21, and 25 °C. Seedlings were harvested when the second leaf began to emerge. Coleoptiles and first seedling leaves were examined for the presence of lesions caused by S. nodorum. First leaves were incubated on Bannon's medium for 2 weeks, after which they were examined for pycnidia of S. nodorum. Transmission to the coleoptile occurred at all temperatures, but decreased from 100% to 72% as temperature increased from 9 to 25 °C. Transmission to the first leaf was less, dropping from 37% to 2% as temperature increased from 9 to 25 °C. At least 44% of infected first leaves were symptomless at all temperatures, with 96% of infected leaves showing no symptoms at 25 °C. Transmission to seedling leaves occurred over a broad temperature range. Under the high densities at which wheat is sown, a significant number of infected seedlings per unit area may originate from relatively low initial seed infection levels and transmission efficiencies.
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    Inoculation with phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms and a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus improves dry matter yield and nutrient uptake by wheat grown in a sandy soil (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 139-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms ; Mussoorie rock phosphate ; Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae ; Triticum aestivum ; Nutrient-deficient soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of inoculating wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with the PO4 3–-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) Bacillus circulans and Cladosporium herbarum and the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus sp. 88 with or without Mussoorie rock phosphate (MRP) amendment in a nutrient-deficient natural sandy soil was studied. In the sandy soil of low fertility root colonization by VAM fungi was low. Inoculation with Glomus sp. 88 improved root colonization. At maturity, grain and straw yields as well as N and P uptake improved significantly following inoculation with PSM or the VAM fungus. These increases were higher on combined inoculation of PSM and the VAM fungus with MRP amendment. In general, a larger population of PSM was maintained in the rhizosphere of wheat in treatments with VAM fungal inoculation and MRP amendment. The results suggest that combined inoculation with PSM and a VAM fungus along with MRP amendment can improve crop yields in nutrient-deficient soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050475
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    Comparing responses of grain legumes, wheat and canola to applications of superphosphate (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 53 (1999), S. 157-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Cicer arietinum ; current P ; Lens culinaris ; Lupinus albus ; Lupinus angustifolius ; P concentration response ; P content response ; Pisum sativum ; previous P ; sigmoid response ; single superphosphate ; Triticum aestivum ; Vicia faba ; yield response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus (P) is a major deficiency of soils of south-western Australia (WA). The fertilizer P requirements are not known for grain legumes being evaluated for neutral to alkaline, fine textured soils in WA. To rectify this, glasshouse and field experiments were undertaken to compare the responses of several grain legume species, wheat and canola to applications of single superphosphate and the results are reported in this paper. The glasshouse experiments measured responses of dried tops, harvested at 26 to 42 days after sowing, to P that was freshly-applied (current P) and previously-applied (previous P). Responses in the glasshouse were measured using yield, P concentration and P content (P concentration multiplied by yield) of oven dried tops of the following: wheat (Triticum aestivum), canola (Brassica napus), faba bean (Vicia faba), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), lentil (Lens culinaris), field pea (Pisum sativum), albus lupin (Lupinus albus) and narrow leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius). Field experiments in 1994 and 1995 compared seed (grain) yield responses of faba bean, chickpea, lentil, albus lupin and wheat to applications of current P. The P was banded (drilled) with the seed while sowing at 5 cm depth. Canola and wheat produced very large yield responses to increasing applications of current P. Responses were much smaller for albus lupin, faba bean and chickpea. Responses for lentil, narrow leaf lupin and field pea, fell in between responses of the small and large seeded species. Similar trends for responses were obtained as measured using yield, P concentration, or P content. For soils treated with previous P, similar trends were observed as for current P, but differences in yield responses between species were much less marked and the response curves tended to become more sigmoid. In the field experiments, grain yield responses to current P of albus lupin and chickpea were less than that for wheat. Relative to wheat, faba bean was the most responsive grain legume to applications of current P, with lentil producing similar responses to wheat in one experiment at a newly cleared, P deficient site.
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    Yield response and nitrogen utilization efficiency by drip-irrigated potato (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 54 (1999), S. 243-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Fertigation ; trickle-irrigation ; N utilization efficiency ; calcareous soil ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two field experiments were conducted in the Jordan Valley to evaluate potato response to N fertigation. Nitrogen as ammonium sulphate was supplied through irrigation water (fertigation) at rates of 0, 35, 70 and 105 mg N l-1. Soil N application treatment equivalent to the fertigation treatment of 70 mg N l-1 was included. 15N labelled ammonium sulphate was used to evaluate the N recovery and utilization efficiency. Yield increased by the N rate. The soil N application gave higher yield than the zero N and lower than the fertigated treatments. The increase in yield was due to the increase in the size of the tubers. The specific gravity was the highest with the zero N. The index ratios of potato tubers were similar with all treatments. The N derived from fertilizers by both tubers and shoots, increased with the N rate regardless of the method of application. The soil application treatments had fertilizer utilization as high as the fertigation treatments and produced total tuber yield not significantly different from that obtained by the fertigation treatment with similar rate. This might be attributed to the poor fertilizer distribution in the root zone in the fine textured soil. The low value of the fertilizer utilization of the plant receiving the 15N in the preceding season suggested possibilities of rapid transformation and immobilization by the soil microorganisms.
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    The conservation of potato cultivars (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 427-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: germplasm ; potato ; in vitro ; microtuber ; cryo-conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary To prevent the loss of important genetic information cultivars are conserved in several collections of gene banks. In principal, there are two options for the medium to long-term storage of potato cultivars: storage as in vitro plantlets or microtubers and storage of meristems or shoot-tips in liquid nitrogen. In the Braunschweig potato cultivar collection, 360 cultivars are maintained under slow-growth conditions. Ten microplantlets of each cultivar are stored in test tubes containing filter paper bridges and 5 ml Murashige and Skoog (MS) liquid medium. The cultures were maintained at 10°C with a light intensity of 2 klux and 16 hours-day and can be stored under these conditions up to three years. Two hundred and forty-five cultivars are cryostored in liquid nitrogen. About 300 trimmed shoot-tips of each cultivar are incubated in MS-Towill-medium and then transferred into the cryoprotective solution. After an incubation time of about 2 hours trimmed shoot-tips fixed on an aluminium foil were put in cryo vials and stored in a container. The survival rate of the thawed, trimmed shoot-tips varies from 55%–100%. More important for a gene bank, however, is the plant regeneration. The average regeneration of all cultivars is about 40%.
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    Some sprouting characteristics of microtubers (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 611-617 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: dormancy ; potato ; losses ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; seed potato production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Microtubers can be stored longer, transported and handled easier than plantlets, but they have some disadvantages related to long dormancy. Dormancy, number of sprouts per tuber and loss of microtubers under different storage temperatures were studied. Microtubers of four genotypes originated from different tuberization treatments (photoperiod combinations) were observed. We found that dormancy depended on cultivar and — in some cases — on the photoperiod treatment applied during tuberization. Generally, the dormacy was long and was greatly elongated by low storage temperature. One of the photoperiod treatments shortened while the other treatment prolonged the rest-period compared to the control, maybe due to a change in temperature accompanying the change in daily light (photoperiod combination). Besides, these treatments affected the number of sprouts per tuber. There was no significant difference in duration of dormancy between different tuber-size groups, but the loss increased significanctly with a decrease in tuber size. Based on this information we can use microtubers more effectively in the seed potato production programme.
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    In vitro shoot regeneration ofSolanum tuberosum cultivars: interactions of medium composition and leaf, leaflet, and explant position (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 141-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: auxin ; cytokinin ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Shoot regeneration was investigated on explants from different leaves and leaflets of three potato cultivars Posmo, Folva and Oleva. Explants were excised from glasshouse grown plants and grown for 6 days on callus induction medium with indole-3-acetic acid or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Explants were then transferred to auxin free shoot regeneration medium with gibberellic acid and 6-benzyladenine or zeatin. By using the optimum combinations and concentrations of plant growth regulators and by excision of explants from particular regions of proximal leaflets from newly unfolded leaves, shoot regeneration frequencies of 97.0% were obtained for cv. Posmo and 32.1% for cv. Folva. Shoot regeneration frequency of cv. Oleva was very low and could not be improved by the different treatments.
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    A genetic analysis of quantitative resistance to late blight in potato: towards marker-assisted selection (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 399-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: potato ; late blight ; quantitative resistance ; marker-assisted selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Late blight caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans is the most important fungal disease in potato cultivation worldwide. Resistance to late blight is controlled by a few major genes (R genes) which can be easily overcome by new races of P. infestans and/or by an unknown number of genes expressing a quantitative type of resistance which may be more durable. Quantitative resistance of foliage to late blight was evaluated in five F1 hybrid families originating from crosses among seven different diploid potato clones. Tuber resistance was evaluated in four of the families. Two of the families were scored for both foliage maturity and vigour. The five families were genotyped with DNA-based markers and tested for linkage with the traits analysed. QTL (quantitative trait locus) analysis identified at least twelve segments on ten chromosomes of potato having genes that affect reproducibly foliage resistance. Two of those segments also have major R genes for resistance to late blight. The segments are tagged by 21 markers that can be analyzed based on PCR (polymerase chain reaction) with specific oligonucleotide primers. One QTL was detected for tuber resistance and one for foliage vigour. Two QTLs were mapped for foliage maturity. Major QTL effects on foliage and tuber resistance to late blight and on foliage maturity and vigour were all linked with marker GP179 on linkage group V of potato. Plants having alleles at this QTL, which increased foliage resistance, exhibited decreased tuber resistance, later maturity and more vigour.
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    Similarity of QTLs detected for in vitro and greenhouse development of potato plants (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 417-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: QTLs ; tuberization earliness ; in vitro conditions ; sugars in leaf exudate ; marker-assisted selection ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A relationship between quantitative trait loci (QTLs) detected for in vitro and greenhouse growing conditions was studied in a backcross population of 155 genotypes derived from a haploid potato (Solanum tuberosum) and a diploid wild species (S. berthaultii). Both plant height and tuberization earliness were characterized under two growing conditions. Main-effect QTLs and QTLs identified only through interaction were detected for each of the traits. For traits associated with plant height as well as for traits associated with early tuberization, the most significant QTL detected for greenhouse cultivated plants was also found when the population was grown in vitro. The most significant QTL for earliness of tuberization in vitro, which was located on chromosome 8, coincides with that detected for sucrose concentration in leaf exudate. The absence of a S. berthaultii allele was associated both with a higher amount of sucrose in the exudate and with earlier in vitro tuber formation. Epistasis was found to have a significant effect on all traits investigated. The QTL model that included main-effect QTLs and all significant interactions explained 83–88% of the total genetic variance for each of the developmental traits. The possibility of using an in vitro system combined with marker-assisted selection for preliminary selection of early tuberizing clones is discussed.
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    QTL for field resistance to late blight in potato are strongly correlated with maturity and vigour (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 387-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: potato ; late blight ; QTL ; Linkage mapping ; earliness ; vigour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field resistance to Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of foliage and tuber blight in cultivated potatoes, earliness (maturity) and vigour, were examined in a diploid segregating potato population grown in replicated trials over three consecutive growing seasons. A genetic linkage map of this population was constructed in parallel using PCR-based SSR, AFLP and CAPS markers. Analysis of the trait scores alongside the marker segregation data allowed the identification of regions of the genome which were significantly correlated with components of the respective characters. The most significant associations for all four traits were with marker alleles on potato linkage group V originating from the male (susceptible) parent. In the case of foliage resistance to late blight, the positions of the majority of the effects, which were located on eleven of the twelve potato linkage groups, have been detected in previous [16] and parallel studies [21]. The absence of Solanum demissum-derived R genes for hypersensitive response to late blight and the co-localisation of QTL for resistance, vigour and earliness suggest that developmental and/or physiological factors play a major role in determining the level of foliage resistance in this population. In contrast with previous findings, a negative correlation was found between foliage and tuber blight resistance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009601427062
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    Phytophthora infestans Secretes Extracellular Proteases with Necrosis Inducing Activity on Potato (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 753-760 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: hypersensitive-like response ; Phytophthora infestans ; potato ; proteases ; Solanum tuberosum ; zoospores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The proteolytic activity present in the extracellular preparation (ECP) from suspension media of infective structures of the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans was partially characterized. The proteolytic activity was analyzed in gelatin-containing SDS-PAGE. A discrete band of digested gelatin was visualized at approximately 45 kDa in ECPs from zoospores and germinating cysts media. Treatment of ECP with the protease inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) or incubation at 100°C for 5 min completely abolished the proteolytic activity in the zymograph assay. When microinjected in potato leaves, ECP induce localized necrosis within 24 h post inoculation. This necrosis appeared in potato and was not visible in two non-host plants. Moreover, the necrosis seems to be dependent on active host metabolism. Treatments of ECP with Proteinase K, PMSF and boiling inhibited their ability to induce the necrotic response. These results suggest a correlation between, proteolytic and necrosis-inducing activities in ECP. A preliminary characterization with protease inhibitors suggests that the ECPs contain serine protease(s).
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    A Laboratory Assay for Phytophthora infestans Resistance in Various Solanum Species Reflects the Field Situation (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 241-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Phytophthora infestans ; potato ; wild Solanum spp. ; resistance ; detached leaves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Physiological and molecular research on resistance responses of Solanum tuberosum cultivars and partially resistant Solanum species to Phytophthora infestans requires a reliable resistance test that can be used in the laboratory. Laboratory tests performed on detached leaves and intact plants were compared with field tests for similarity of late blight reactions. Detached leaves from field-grown plants were as resistant as detached leaves from climate chamber-grown plants when challenged with P. infestans. However, detached leaves incubated in covered trays at high relative humidity were more susceptible than detached leaves kept in open trays or leaves on intact plants. The incubation conditions of detached leaves in covered trays rather than detachment itself appeared to affect the resistance expression. Detached leaves of some wild Solanum genotypes became partially infected, whereas intact plants were completely resistant when inoculated. Inoculation of leaves on intact plants, however, resulted in lower infection efficiencies. These limitations should be taken into account when choosing the appropriate inoculation method for specific purposes. For resistance screening, laboratory tests proved to be a good alternative for field tests. The ranking of resistance levels for twenty plant genotypes was similar under laboratory and field conditions.
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    The bioavailability of magnesium from Wakame ( Undaria pinnatifida) and Hijiki (Hijikia fusiforme) and the effect of alginic acid on magnesium utilization of rats (1999)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 53 (1999), S. 265-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Bioavailability ; Magnesium ; Hijiki ; Sodium alginate ; Rat ; Wakame
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The bioavailability of magnesium from Wakame and Hijiki, and the effects of alginic acid on absorption of dietary magnesium were examined in five groups of rats fed either control, Wakame, Hijiki, AW (containing the same amount of alginate as in the Wakame) and AH (containing the same amount of alginate as in the Hijiki) diets, and animals fed a low magnesium diet (LMg) (twentieth amount of magnesium in the original mineral mixtures as the control). Food intake and body weight gain were decreased by adding sodium alginate to the diets. A large amount of calcium accumulated only in the kidneys of the rats fed the LMg diet. Serum magnesium concentration decreased only in the LMg group. The magnesium content in the defatted left femurs did not differ between the control and Wakame fed animals and also among the animals eating Wakame, Hijiki and AW diets. The breaking force of the right femurs did not differ among all the groups except the LMg group. The ratio of apparent magnesium absorption (%) of the control, LMg, Wakame, Hijiki, AW and AH groups was 82.2, 72.7, 66.9, 50.8, 69.3 and 54.2 in the first experimental period, and was 75.3, 52.1, 57.7, 46.9, 62.6 and 60.5 in the second experimental period, respectively. It was clear that the bioavailability of magnesium in the Wakame fed rats was higher than in those eating the Hijiki. Large amounts of sodium alginate lowered magnesium absorption from the diet.
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    Uptake of zinc by rye, bread wheat and durum wheat cultivars differing in zinc efficiency (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 209 (1999), S. 245-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: genotypic variation ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum durum ; zinc efficiency ; zinc deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effect of zinc (Zn) nutritional status on uptake of inorganic 65Zn was studied in rye (Secale cereale, cv. Aslim), three bread wheat (Triticum aestivum, cvs. Dagdas, Bezostaja, BDME-10) and durum wheat (Triticum durum, cv. Kunduru-1149) cultivars grown for 13 days in nutrient solution under controlled environmental conditions. The cultivars were selected based on their response to Zn deficiency and to Zn fertilization in calcareous soils under field conditions. When grown in Zn-deficient calcareous soil in the field, the rye cultivar had the highest, and the durum wheat the lowest Zn efficiency. Among the bread wheats, BDME-10 showed higher susceptibility to Zn deficiency and Bezostaja and Dagdas were less affected by Zn deficiency. Similarly to field conditions, in nutrient solution visual Zn deficiency symptoms (i.e. necrotic lesions on leaf blade) appeared to be more severe in Kunduru-1149 and BDME-10 and less severe in rye cultivar Aslim. Under Zn deficiency, shoot concentrations of Zn were similar between all cultivars. Cultivars with adequate Zn supply did not differ in uptake and root-to-shoot translocation rate of 65Zn, but under Zn deficiency there were distinct differences; rye showed the highest rate of Zn uptake and the durum wheat the lowest. In the case of bread wheat cultivars, 65Zn uptake rate was about the same and not related to their differential Zn efficiency. Under Zn deficiency, rye had the highest rate of root-to-shoot translocation of 65Zn, while all bread and durum wheat cultivars were similar in their capacity to translocate 65Zn from roots to shoots. When Zn2+ activity in uptake solution ranged between 117 p M and 34550 pM, Zn-efficient and Zn-inefficient bread wheat genotypes were again similar in uptake and root-to-shoot translocation rate of 65Zn. The results indicate that high Zn efficiency of rye can be attributed to its greater Zn uptake capacity from soils. The inability of the durum wheat cultivar Kunduru-1149 to have a high Zn uptake capacity seems to be an important reason for its Zn inefficiency. Differential Zn efficiency between the bread wheat cultivars used in this study is not related to their capacity to take up inorganic Zn.
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    Characterisation of resistance to potato leafroll virus accumulation in Solanum phureja (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 108 (1999), S. 137-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: ELISA ; genetic modification ; PLRV ; potato ; Solanum phureja ; virus resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Strong resistance to accumulation of potato leafroll virus (PLRV) was identified in a clone of the diploid potato species Solanum phureja (cv. ‘Egg Yolk’, clone 5010) using a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The resistance is expressed very strongly in leaf tissue (virus could not be detected in leaves of some plants although other tissues were infected) but less strongly in petiole and stem tissue of infected plants. The titre of PLRV in leaves of S. phureja (5010) is approximately 2%, or less, of the titre in S. tuberosum cv. Maris Piper. The pattern of virus accumulation in different tissues of S. phureja (5010) and the distribution of virus-infected cells in phloem bundles suggest that this resistance is different to a similar form of resistance to PLRV accumulation previously identified in clones of Solanum tuberosum. Plants of S. phureja (5010) were transformed with the coat protein gene of potato leafroll virus (PLRV). Transgenic lines of S. phureja (5010) expressing transgene RNA transcript were no more resistant to aphid-borne infection with PLRV or to virus accumulation than were non-transgenic lines.
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    Genotypic variation in response of barley to boron deficiency (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 215 (1999), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; boron deficiency ; Hordeum vulgare ; Triticum aestivum ; variation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Responses of a range of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes to boron (B) deficiency were studied in two experiments carried out in sand culture and in the field at Chiang Mai, Thailand. In experiment 1, two barley genotypes, Stirling (two-row) and BRB 2 (six-row) and one wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotype, SW 41, were evaluated in sand culture with three levels of applied B (0, 0.1 and 1.0 μM B) to the nutrient solution. It was found that B deficiency depressed flag leaf B concentration at booting, grain number and grain yield of all genotypes. In barley Stirling, B deficiency also depressed number of spikes plant-1, spikelets spike-1 and straw yield. However, no significant difference between genotypes in flag leaf B concentration was found under low B treatments. Flag leaf B concentration below 4 mg kg-1 was associated with grain set reduction and could, therefore, be used as a general indicator for B status in barley. In experiment 2, nine barley and two wheat genotypes were evaluated in the field on a low B soil with three levels of B. Boron levels were varied by applying either 2 t of lime ha-1 (BL), no B (B0) or 10 kg Borax ha-1 (B+) to the soil prior to sowing. Genotypes differed in their B response for grain spike-1, grain spikelet-1 and grain set index (GSI). The GSI of the B efficient wheat, Fang 60, exceeded 90% in all B treatments. The B inefficient wheat SW 41 and most of the barley genotypes set grain normally (GSI 〉80%) only at the B+. In B0 GSI of the barley genotypes ranged from 23% to 84%, and in BL from 19% to 65%. Three of the barley with severely depressed GSI in B0 and BL also had a decreased number of spikelets spike-1. In experiment 3, 21 advanced barley lines from the Barley Thailand Yield Nursery 1997/98 (BTYN 1997/98) were screened for B response in sand culture with no added B. Grain Set Index of the Fang 60 and SW 41 checks were 98 and 65%, respectively, and GSI of barley lines ranged between 5 and 90%. One advanced line was identified as B efficient and two as moderately B efficient. The remaining lines ranked between moderately inefficient to inefficient. These experiments have established that there is a range of responses to B in barley genotypes. This variation in the B response was observed in vegetative as well as reproductive growth. Boron efficiency should be considered in breeding and selection of barley in low B soils.
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    Amylose synthesis capacity of the three Wx genes of wheat cv. Chinese Spring (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 108 (1999), S. 91-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: amylose content ; granule-bound starch synthase ; null alleles ; Triticum aestivum ; Wx loci
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The Wx locus controls amylose synthesis in the cereal endosperm. Hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has the three Wx loci on chromosomes 7A ( Wx-A1), 4A (Wx-B1) and 7D (Wx-D1). To verify the effects of null alleles on reducing amylose content and determine the amylose synthesis capacity of each Wx gene independently and accurately, we produced eight possible types of recombinant lines carrying different null alleles at the Wx loci under the ‘Chinese Spring’ genetic background. Amylose content varied from 0% of the waxy ‘Chinese Spring’ to 25% of the ‘Chinese Spring’ normal type. The reducing effect of the single null alleles was the largest in Wx-B1b, and there was no significant difference between Wx-A1b and Wx-D1b. More than 3% reductions in amylose content were detected in the double null types. The results of the double null lines further demonstrated that for the capacity of amylose synthesis, Wx-B1a predominates and produces 21–22% amylose, followed by Wx-D1a (20–21%) and Wx-A1a (15–18%). These significant differences were partly correlated with variation in the amounts of the Wx proteins produced by different Wx genes. However, comparisons of the double null lines with the single null or normal lines indicated that amylose content was not linearly proportional to the number of the Wx genes, suggesting that the Wx genes act in an epistatic manner.
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    Crossability between cultivated and wild tuber-and non-tuber-bearing Solanums (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 109 (1999), S. 51-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum ; crossability ; 2n gametes ; hybridization ; wild species ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The cultivated potato has over 200 extant wild relatives many of which contain genes valuable for disease resistance, hardiness, processing and agronomic traits. Crossability of these wild species directly with the cultivated potato is complicated by several reproductive phenomena such as stylar and ploidy barriers and Endosperm Balance Numbers (EBN). However, a systematic analysis of crossability with many of these wild relatives has never fully been examined. Reciprocal crosses were made between cultivated potato and over 400 wild potato accessions; stylar barriers and 2n gamete production were examined as was the fertility of many of the putative hybrids. Generally, the seed/fruit ratio increased the more closely related the species were to the cultivated potato. However, a few crosses were successful in spite of predicted failure due to ploidy or EBN differences.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003710817938
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    Vertical resistance to late blight in wild potato species from Argentina (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 110 (1999), S. 133-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Phytophthora infestans ; potato ; resistancescreening ; Solanum ; vertical resistance ; wild species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The possible presence of vertical resistance to late blight conferred by R genes in Argentine wild Solanum species, which presumably have not evolved under the pressure of the fungus, was investigated. Solanum microdontum, S. commersonii and S. chacoense clones were tested in the greenhouse and with detached leaves in the laboratory after inoculation with a complex race and a non-virulent race of Phytophthora infestans. Two progeny tests were carried out to assess the performance of contrasting parents in regards to their resistance. A varying frequency of incompatible clones was detected among the species, with S. microdontum having the higher proportion of clones yielding incompatible reactions both in the laboratory and in the greenhouse. S. chacoense and S. commersonii showed a small but still considerable frequency of incompatible clones. The progeny tests confirmed the presence of R genes in a S. commersonii cross and their absence in a S. chacoense cross. The unexpected presence of R genes, its evolutionary significance and the consequences on the use of these species in breeding is discussed.
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    The promotive effect of combustion products from plant vegetation on the release of seeds from dormancy (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 28 (1999), S. 129-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: dormancy ; Lactuca sativa ; lettuce seeds ; Brassica napus ; rapeseed ; combustion products ; Salix viminalis ; Themeda triandra ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In darkness, dormancy was imposed on seeds of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Grand rapids) by high temperature and on seeds of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. cv. Apex) by osmotic stress using polyethylene glycol (PEG 8000). In both cases, dormancy was broken by incubating the seeds in aqueous extracts of combustion products from Salix viminalis wood chips or Themeda triandra leaves. Dormancy of rapeseed, but not lettuce, was also broken by a solution of smoke from burnt straw of Triticum aestivum. The greatest stimulation from burnt vegetation was achieved with an aqueous extract of pyrolysed willow wood chips, which had been subjected to temperatures of up to 800 °C during combustion in a down-draught gasifier. This suggests that some biologically active substances obtained from combustion of plant tissues are highly heat-stable.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006222705855
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    Gibberellic acid (GA) increases fibre cell differentiation and secondary cell-wall deposition in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) culms (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 27 (1999), S. 161-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: cortical fibre cell ; gibberellic acid ; spring wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The role of gibberellic acid (GA) in differentiation and secondary cell-wall deposition of fibre cells of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) culms was studied using applications of GA and chlormequat (a GA biosynthesis inhibitor). In certain genotypes, higher GA levels may increase the number of cortical fibre cell files by changing cell fate from parenchyma to fibre, and induce thicker secondary cell-walls.
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    Resistance to foliar blight of wheat: A search (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 469-475 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: foliar blight ; germplasm ; resistance ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract One thousand three hundred and eighty-seven spring wheat germplasm (Triticum aestivum L.) lines belonging to the Indian and CIMMYT wheat programmes were evaluated for their tolerance to foliar blight disease for three consecutive years i.e., from 1994 to 1997. Disease severity at six different growth stages, beginning from tillering to late milk stage, was recorded. None of the genotypes showed immunity to the disease. Of 43 lines showing resistant reaction, a major proportion (25) was represented by CIMMYT material. Comparatively, Indian germplasm lines tended to be more susceptible at more advanced growth stages. Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) and Apparent Infection Rate (r) values of resistant lines were much lower than those of susceptible ones, but lower AUDPC in some of the resistant lines did not correspond to a lower 'r' value. Most of the resistant lines were derived from Seri, Myna, Bau, kauz, Hork 's' and Aegilops tauschii Coss.
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    Marker-assisted sampling of the cultivated Andean potato Solanum phureja collection using RAPD markers (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 547-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: core collection ; germplasm ; molecular marker ; potato ; RAPD ; Solanum phureja
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The potato crop originated in the Andean highlands where numerous farmer's varieties and non-cultivated wild species exist. An Andean potato collection is held in trust at the International Potato Center (CIP) to preserve the biodiversity of this crop and ensure the supply of germplasm for potato improvement worldwide. A core collection representing the biodiversity of the Andean potato germplasm is under construction using morphological, molecular, and geographic data. One of the eight cultivated potato species, Solanum phureja, has been genotyped using the RAPD technique. A protocol suitable for large germplasm collection genotyping has been developed to process numerous samples at reasonable costs. From 106 RAPD primers evaluated, we have selected 12 primers yielding 102 polymorphic markers, which unambiguously discriminated all 128 accessions but 2 that are possible duplicates. The S. phureja germplasm collected throughout the Andean countries appears to have a homogeneous genetic constitution. There was no clear geographic pattern as indicated by cluster analysis of the RAPD data. A sub-group of 20 accessions has been identified on the basis of the marker data and selected to maximize molecular (RAPD) variance and polymorphism. The probability of capturing equal amounts of marker polymorphism in this sub-group of 20 accessions by random sampling is less than 40%. This set accessions represents our first group of accessions that may constitute a core of the S. phureja collection. This tentative core will be challenged for diversity content by alternate markers and agronomic traits. Hence, the methodology for sampling less than 10% of the base collection, proposed for core collections by Brown (1989), can be based on molecular marker data provided cost-efficient fingerprints are developed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008724007888
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    Decreases in Colwell bicarbonate soil test P in the years after addition of superphosphate, and the residual value of superphosphate measured using plant yield and soil test P (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 54 (1999), S. 157-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: bicarbonate-extractable soil phosphorus ; Lupinus angustifolius ; residual value ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Decreases in Colwell bicarbonate soil test P in the years after applying single (ordinary) superphosphate, and the residual value of superphosphate, was measured in a long-term field experiment on a duplex (texture contrast) soil (sand over lateritic ironstone gravel clay sand at 10–15 cm), at Wongan Hills, Western Australia, typical of many soils used to grow crops in Western Australia. Ten levels of P (0–91 kg P ha-1) were applied once only in late May to different plots in different years from 1988 to 1993. Wheat (Triticum aestivum), or lupin ( Lupinus angustifolius)) were sown in late May of each year, when the P treatments applied that year were banded (drilled) with the seed. Soil samples were collected each June to measure soil test P. Seed (grain) yields of the crops were measured each December. The residual value (RV) of P applied in previous years was calculated relative to P applied in the current year, using grain yields (RVyield) and soil test P (RVsoil). Soil test P measured on soil samples collected in June was related to yields measured in December that year to provide soil P test calibrations. Relative to P applied in the current year, soil test P decreased by between 15 to 30% for P applied one year previously, by 25 to 30% for P applied three years previously, and by 60 to 70% for P applied six years previously. Soil test P was affected by spatial variation, and it also varied in the different years, for P applied in the current year, one year previously, two years previously, etc. Compared with P applied in the current year, mean RVyield determined in the different years decreased by about 40% one year after P application, followed by a further 20% decrease for P applied two years previously, followed by a further 20% decrease for P applied three to five years previously. Relative to current P, RVsoil decreased by about 25% one year after P application, followed by a further 20% for P applied two years previously, followed by a further 10% for P applied three years ago, and followed by a further 6% for P applied four and five years ago. As measured in the different years, the soil P test calibration varied between years for P applied one, two etc. years previously. This was so even when the same cultivar of wheat was grown at the same site in different years.
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    Effects of kinetin on growth, grain yield and some mineral elements in wheat plants growing under excess salinity and oxygen deficiency (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 27 (1999), S. 63-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: flooding ; kinetin ; leaf relative water content ; membrane stability ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat plants, 22d. old, were exposed to wide range of soil water osmotic potential (Ψs = 0 to −1.2 MPa) induced by NaCl and CaCl2 treatments in combination with roots maintained under aerobic (drained at field capacity) or nonaerobic (flooded) conditions in the soil, and sprayed with 10 mg L−1 kinetin solution. In drained plants, not receiving kinetin, increased soil salinity resulted in appreciable inhibition of shoot growth and reduction in chlorophyll (Ch1.), soluble sugars (SS) contents and grain yield. Shoot growth, Ch1. content, soluble sugars and grain yield were significantly lower for flooded plants than unflooded analogues over the entire Ψs range. Both salinity and waterlogging synergize to increase Na+, Ca+ and Cl− accumulation in shoot tissues and to decrease the stability of leaf membranes to either dehydration (40% polyethylene glycol 6000) or heat (51 °C) stress. The ratio of K+/Na+ transported to shoots under aerobic and anaerobic conditions decreased progressively on salinization. The association between the internal mineral element concentrations was largely affected by kinetin treatment. Kinetin application ameliorated the deleterious effects of salinity and oxygen deficiency. It reduced Na+, Ca2+ and Cl− accumulation and improved K+ uptake under salinity and waterlogging stresses. Increased K+/Na+ ratio helped the plants to avoid Na+ toxicity and enhanced shoot growth and grain yield. Kinetin also reduced membrane injury by dehydration and heat stresses and improved the water status of plants under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The effects of single factors (Soil salinity ‘Ψs’, soil waterlogging ‘WL’ and Kinetin ‘Kin’) and their interactions (Ψs × WL, Ψs × Kin, WL × Kin and Ψs × WL × Kin) were shown by analysis of variance to be statistically significant for most parameters tested. Calculation of the coefficient of determination (η+) led to three important findings. (1) Salinity (Ψs) was dominant in affecting leaf relative water content (RWC), shoot dry mass, grain yield, stability of leaf membranes to dehydration stress and the contents of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl−. (2) Kinetin (Kin) had a dominant effect on the stability of leaf membranes to heat stress as well as on chlorophyll and soluble sugars contents. (3) The share of waterlogging (WL) was dominant for K+ content. It can be concluded that kinetin application helped wheat plants to grow successfully in the areas subjected to combined effects of salinity and oxygen deficiency, such as in salt marshes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006181204765
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    Inheritance in hexaploid wheat of genes for hairy auricles and hairy leaf sheath derived from Aegilops tauschii Coss. (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 319-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Aegilops tauschii ; hairy auricles ; hairy leaf sheath ; inheritance ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inheritance of genes for hairy auricles and hairy leaf sheath of Ae. tauschii in hexaploid wheat backgrounds (synthetic hexaploid wheat and common wheat varieties) was analyzed. The results indicated that hairy auricles and hairy leaf sheath of Ae. tauschii can be transferred and are expressed in hexaploid wheat. In a synthetic hexaploid wheat ('Ae. tauschii' 188) hairy auricles was proved to be controlled by a single dominant gene derived from Ae. tauschii, which was different from the Pa gene located on chromosome 4BS of common wheat. The hairy leaf sheath phenotype of 'Altar 84/Ae. tauschii 188' was also controlled by a single dominant gene derived from Ae. tauschii, which is obviously different from the Hls gene in T. dicoccoides. We suggest to designate the Ae. tauschii genes for hairy auricles and hairy leaf sheath as Pa2 and Hls2, respectively; such genes could be used as useful genetic markers in common wheat.
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    Genetics of resistance to Karnal bunt disease of wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 105 (1999), S. 125-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: disease resistance ; inheritance ; Karnal bunt ; Neovossia ; Tilletia indica ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inheritance of resistance to Neovossia indica was studied in a Triticum aestivum line HD 29. To overcome the influence of environment on disease expression, the study was conducted by extensive evaluation of advanced generation (F8) recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed by single seed descent from the cross WL 711 (susceptible) × HD 29 (resistant. The results suggested that HD 29 possesses three major genes for resistance to isolated Ni7 and two genes for resistance to isolate Ni8. One of the two genes controlling resistance to Ni8 is common with one of the genes conferring resistance to Ni7. These observations have important implications in breeding for Karnal bunt resistance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003425729370
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    Expression of nonacclimated freezing tolerance and cold acclimation capacity in somatic hybrids between hardy wild Solanum species and cultivated potatoes (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 107 (1999), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: freezing tolerance ; potato ; Solanum brevidens ; Solanum commersonii ; Solanum tuberosum ; somatic hybrids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The expression of freezing tolerance was characterized in interspecific somatic hybrids between S. tuberosum (tbr) and two cold-hardy wild species, S. brevidens (brd) and S. commersonii (cmm). The nonacclimated freezing tolerance (NA) and acclimation capacity (ACC, increase in freezing tolerance in response to low nonfreezing temperature), two main genetic components of freezing tolerance, were evaluated separately. In contrast to cmm, which exhibited excellent NA and ACC, the freezing tolerance of brd was mainly due to ACC. However, the ACC of brd was only moderately expressed in the somatic hybrids. The NA of cmm was also suppressed in combination with tbr genomes. However, with acclimation, some of the tbr (+) cmm somatic hybrids achieved freezing tolerance comparable to pure hardy species such as brd used in this study. Analysis of chloroplast DNA type by RFLP markers revealed no significant difference in ACC between somatic hybrids carrying chloroplasts from either tbr or cmm. The reasons for the reduced expression of freezing tolerance from either the brd or cmm parent and the utilization of these somatic hybrids in breeding programs are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003583706491
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    Molecular cytogenetic identification of wheat-Elymus tsukushiense introgression lines (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 107 (1999), S. 217-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: C-banding ; chromosome additions ; chromosome substitution ; Elymus tsukushiense ; homoeology ; in situ hybridization ; RFLP ; Roegneria kamoji ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Elymus tsukushiense Honda (syn. Roegneria kamoji C. Koch) (2n = 6x = 42, StsStsHtsHtsYtsYts) is a hexaploid species, distantly related to bread wheat Triticum aestivum L. em Thell (2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD). Apart from the delineation of evolutionary relationships, this species is a potential source of resistance to scab, a devastating disease of wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum Schw. A standard C-banded karyotype was established identifying all 21 chromosome pairs of E. tsukushiense. By using C-banding and genomic in situ hybridization analyses, three wheat-E. tsukushiense chromosome addition lines, one ditelosomic addition line, and one disomic substitution line were identified in BC2 progenies from wheat × E. tsukushiense hybrids. Twenty DNA markers specific for the seven homoeologous groups of the Triticeae were used to determine the homoeology of the added E. tsukushiense chromosomes. The E. tsukushiense chromosomes in the addition lines NAU702, NAU703, and NAU701 were identified as belonging to homoeologous groups 1, 3, and 5, and thus, were designated as 1Ets#1, 3Ets#1, and 5Ets#1, respectively. NAU751 was identified as a disomic substitution line with chromosome 3A of wheat replaced by chromosome 3Ets#1. Line NAU702 has a high level of resistance to scab and will be used in chromosomal engineering and development of improved wheat germplasm for scab resistance breeding.
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    Cumulative and interaction effects of prolamin allelic variation and of 1BL/1RS translocation on flour quality in bread wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 108 (1999), S. 29-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: 1BL/1RS ; bread-making quality ; prolamins ; wheat-rye translocations ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The allelic variation of prolamin loci was studied in three F2 progenies from three crosses between the 1BL/1RS cultivar Triana and Yécora Rojo, Pavón and Florence Aurora, cultivars without the translocation. According to the 1:2:1 theoretical proportions observed in the allelic variants of the Glu-B3/Gli-B1 loci of the parent without the translocation, the inheritance as a block of the rye chromosome arm was confirmed. A group of F3-F4 recombinant lines, developed from these crosses was evaluated using the SDS-sedimentation test and the mixograph and alveograph tests. The presence of the 1BL/1RS translocation was not associated with significantly lower grain protein content values or with the optimum mixing time in the mixograph of the genotypes. The effect of the 1BL/1RS translocation on most of the quality parameters was highly dependent on the genetic pool. Significant increases in gluten strength and better mixing properties associated with the presence of some alleles of the Glu-A1, Glu-A3/ Gli-A1 and Gli-D2 loci were detected. The additivity and the interaction of prolamin gene effects with the rye translocation in the 1BL/1RS lines and its possible use in plant breeding are discussed.
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    Location of Pm3g, a powdery mildew resistance allele in wheat, by using a monosomic analysis and by identifying associated molecular markers (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 110 (1999), S. 193-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Blumeria graminis ; powdery mildew ; QTL ; RFLPs ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A segregating population of doubled-haploid lines issued from the cross between the wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) cultivars Courtot, resistant to several isolates of powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis DC. f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal), and Chinese Spring (susceptible) was used to map Mlar, a gene carried by Courtot and conferring resistance to this pathogen. The assignation of Mlar using monosomic lines of Courtot was confirmed by the mapping analysis. Mlar was located on the short arm of the chromosome 1A, in the vicinity of the locus XGli-A5 coding for storage proteins. This result was in accordance with those demonstrating that Mlar was an allele of the Pm3 locus (Pm3g), a gene also involved in the resistance to powdery mildew.
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    Heading date and resistance to septoria tritici blotch in wheat not genetically associated (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 106 (1999), S. 63-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: disease assessment ; maturity ; resistance ; Septoria tritici ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nineteen cultivars, with large differences in heading date, were evaluated for their response to septoria tritici blotch in two experimental setups in Njoro, Kenya. Due to the more or less constant temperatures during the growing season and the overhead irrigation applied the epidemic conditions were similar over the whole observation period for the early and late cultivars. In experiment 1 the cultivars were assessed for disease severity at the same moment irrespective of the developmental stage, while in experiment 2 the cultivars were assessed at the same developmental stage. Measured at the same time, the disease severity was highest in the early maturing cultivars and lowest in the late maturing cultivars (r = –0.78). When assessed at the same development stage the disease build up was independent of heading date (r = –0.10) but strongly dependent on resistance level. There were no indications that early heading cultivars were more susceptible than late heading cultivars.
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    Allelic variation in high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit Loci of Glu-1 in Japanese common wheats (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 106 (1999), S. 131-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: allelic variation ; glutenin subunit ; Japanese Norin variety ; seed storage protein ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seed storage proteins of 131 Japanese Norin wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties were fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to determine allelic make-up in varieties at each of three loci that control high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits. Three alleles were identified at the Glu-A1 locus, six at the Glu-B1 locus and five at the Glu-D1 locus. Twenty-four different, major glutenin HMW subunits were identified and each contained three to five subunits and seventeen different glutenin subunit patterns were observed for 19 subunits in the 131 Japanese Norin varieties. Fourteen alleles were identified by comparison of subunit mobility with that previously found in hexaploid wheat. Japanese Norin varieties showed a specific pattern of allelic variation in glutenin HMW subunits, different from that of Chinese and other country common wheats in allelic frequency at Glu-1 loci.
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    Boron accumulation and partitioning in wheat cultivars with contrasting tolerance to boron deficiency (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 214 (1999), S. 141-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: boron ; genotypic difference ; sterility ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two pot experiments at the Plant Environment Laboratory (PEL), Reading, UK investigated sterility, boron (B) accumulation and B partitioning of wheat cultivars grown with limited B in the growing medium. The first experiment evaluated nine cultivars of spring wheat with diverse field responses to low available soil B, supplied with or without 20 μM B. A second experiment examined the response of a susceptible (SW-41) and a tolerant (Fang-60) cultivar to B-deficiency. These cultivars were supplied with either 20 μM B from sowing to flag leaf emergence and no added B thereafter, or 20 μM B from sowing to maturity. When B was not supplied in the nutrient solution, the number of grains ranged from 4 per ear (cv. BL-1135) to 32 per ear (cv. BL-1249) and sterility of competent florets ranged from 39% to 93%. Boron concentration in the flag leaf at anthesis did not differ greatly when the growing medium contained limited B, but differences between cultivars were evident when B was unlimited. Tolerance of B-deficiency was not related to the B concentration in the flag leaf. Some cultivars produced viable pollen and set grains while others failed to do so at similar B concentrations in the flag leaf. The two contrasting cultivars did not differ much in their pattern of B partitioning when B supply was restricted from flag leaf emergence onwards. Similarly, little evidence was found that the tolerant cultivars translocated B from their leaves, roots or stems when the supply in the growing medium was restricted. The proportion of total B partitioned in different organs was the same irrespective of B supply and cultivar. On average, leaves contained 68% of the total B content in the whole plant compared to 16% in the roots, 10% in the ears and only 6% in the stems. Tolerant or susceptible cultivars of wheat could not be distinguished based on the B concentration and B content of the flag leaf.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004792221715
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    Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum Race 3 (Biovar 2) in Surface Water and Natural Weed Hosts: First Report on Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 307-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: bittersweet ; brown rot ; overwintering ; pathogenicity ; potato ; Solanum dulcamara
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The population dynamics of the brown rot bacterium Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum in surface water of two selected water-areas were monitored over a two-year period. In some cases during summer, high bacterial numbers (up to 106 cfu l−1) were observed. In a host plant survey a few plants of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) were found to be a natural host of the bacterium when plants were growing with their roots in contaminated water. The significance of U. dioica in the epidemiology of the brown rot bacterium is not yet known and subject to further investigation. Pathogenicity of R. solanacearum to stinging nettle (U. dioica) and bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara) was demonstrated in a greenhouse experiment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008795417575
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    Studies on the Interaction Between Septoria tritici and Stagonospora nodorum in Wheat (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 917-925 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: ergosterol ; detached glumes ; interaction ; Mycosphaerella graminicola ; Phaeosphaeria nodorum ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Interactions between Stagonospora nodorum and Septoria tritici were studied. Results from a detached glume experiment indicated that the interaction may be isolate-dependent, as it was shown that the interaction between the two pathogens may be beneficial or antagonistic depending on the isolate of each pathogen present. The number of spores produced by both pathogens was significantly greater when an aggressive isolate of S. tritici was mixed with a non-aggressive isolate of S. nodorum, whereas the number of spores produced by both pathogens was significantly less when two non-aggressive isolates were mixed. There was a significant reduction in disease level when S. tritici was applied prior to S. nodorum, compared to vice versa in the growth chamber. Results from growth chamber and field studies showed that S. nodorum produced significantly more spores when both pathogens were present together. It is concluded that S. tritici has a stimulatory effect on spore production by S. nodorum. However, there was a reduction of S. tritici spores observed in the dual inoculation treatments, suggesting that S. nodorum inhibits S. tritici.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008733227236
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    Detection and Quantification of Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea in Soils and on Tubers Using Specific PCR Primers (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 905-915 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: cystosori ; internal transcribed spacer regions ; plasmodiophorids ; potato ; powdery scab ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract PCR-based methods were developed for the detection and quantification of the potato pathogen Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea (S. subterranea) in peel, tuber washings and soil. A partial sequence was obtained for S. subterranea ribosomal DNA and specific PCR primers (Sps1 and Sps2) were chosen from the internal transcribed spacer regions. These primers amplified a 391 bp product from S. subterranea DNA but did not amplify DNA from potato or a range of soil-borne microbes, including related species. Diluted S. subterranea DNA was detected at a concentration equivalent to 25×10−5 cystosori or 1 zoospore per PCR. Amplification was detected from peel and washings of infected and apparently healthy tubers, but not from peel of Scottish classified seed potatoes or axenically micropropagated potatoes. A rapid method for extracting S. subterranea DNA from soils was developed. This yielded DNA pure enough for PCR within 3 h and facilitated the detection of 1–5 cystosori per gram of soil. A PCR quantification technique was developed involving comparison of product ratios obtained after co-amplification of S. subterranea DNA along with an internal standard (competitor DNA fragment). This quantitative technique was also adapted for use in soil. PCR detection of S. subterranea in soil was considerably more sensitive than previously reported immunoassays and was quicker and easier than conventional bait plant bioassays. Such an assay could be useful for developing disease risk assessments for field soils and seed potato stocks and for future studies on the ecology and control of S. subterranea.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008782309333
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    Aspects of fusion combining ability of dihaploidSolanum tuberosum L.: influence of the cytoplasm (1998)
    Springer
    Potato research 41 (1998), S. 155-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: potato ; mitochondria ; chloroplast ; protoplast fusion ; somatic hybridization ; cytoplasmic inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Creation from 4x hybrid clones from protoplast fusion of 2x clones of potato was evaluated. Besides combined nuclear genomes, composition of the cytoplasm significantly influenced the phenotypic traits of hybrid clones. To ascertain the influence of parental cytoplasm on the success of protoplast fusion and regeneration of hybrid plants, data from 74 fusion combinations of 50 dihaploid clones were analyzed. The majority of dihaploid breeding clones belonged to the cytoplasm types Wα, Tβ and Wγ. When the closely related mt types α, β and γ were used, fusion combinations had a better combining ability compared with more distantly related cytoplasms δ and ⃛. Fusions containing the same mitochondrial type (homofusions) were not superior to closely related mitochondrial types. However, homofusions of cytoplasm type Wα yielded significantly more hybrids than homofusions of type Tβ. In general, parental cytoplasm types had little impact on the fusion combining behaviour. Thus the cytoplasm type of the fusion parents is not a suitable marker for predicting the combining ability in protoplast fusion experiments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358438
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    Inheritance of resistance toFusarium spp. and toPhytophthora infestans in crosses between Neotuberosum and Tuberosum potatoes estimated by seedling tests (1998)
    Springer
    Potato research 41 (1998), S. 267-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: potato ; dry rot ; Fusarium coeruleum ; F. sulphureum ; general combining abilities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Neotuberosum clones with differing levels of resistance toFusarium coeruleum andFurarium sulphureum, and putative resistance toPhytophthora infestans, were selected and used in crosses with Tuberosum clones. The resulting progenies were assessed for their resistance to each of these pathogens and for breeders' preference. There was little correlation between disease scores for the twoFusarium species (r=0.21 and 0.34 for the Neotuberosum and hybrid clones respectively), indicating that resistance to each species is distinct. Statistical analyses revealed differences between the Neotuberosum parents and between the Tuberosum parents for all traits, but the Neotuberosum differences for late blight were not significant (P=0.10–0.05) when tested against the interaction between the two sets of parents. The interaction was significant forF. coeruleum and breeders' preference, but notF. sulphureum. No reciprocal differences were found. The only statistically significant correlation between traits for the 72 progenies was a small one (r=0.33; P=0.01–0.001) between the twoFusarium species; for all other pairs of traits r was less than 0.10. It is concluded that there are good prospects for combinding resistances to the twoFusarium species from different sources and also for achieving high levels of other desirable characteristics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358196
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    Rate of spread of PVYn by alateMyzus persicae (Sulzer) from infected to healthy plants under laboratory conditions (1998)
    Springer
    Potato research 41 (1998), S. 335-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: aphid ; epidemiology ; flight ; potato ; mosaic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Alate green peach aphids,Myzus persicae (Sulzer), tested in a flight chamber during their maiden flight period displayed behaviours ranging from repeated trivial flights to settling on the plants. The interaction of alate vector density and PVYn spread was dichotomous, virus spread was significantly related to vector density in some trials but virus spread was nil or limited and not significantly dependent on vector density in others. The green peach aphid colony used in these experiments provided a mixture of active and highly active alate populations. Results suggest that inactive and active vectors came from the active and highly active alate populations, respectively. Therefore, winged aphids within a species cannot all be attributed the same vector efficiency unless known to originate from the same population. At a 15% inoculum level the intercept for the regression model for the spread of PVYn was 5.03% indicating that there is a significant probability of propagation at aphid densities as low as one. However, over the range of aphid densities tested, the rate of spread per aphid was low, 0.08%, suggesting that reinfection of newly infected plants or movement interference between aphid vectors rapidly became important factors negatively affecting virus spread. Although these results cannot be directly transferred to field conditions they provide confirmation that lowM. persicae numbers can transmit unacceptable levels of mosaic and that low inoculum levels are required to decrease the risk of transmission by the small aphid numbers which cannot be realistically controlled.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358966
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    Soft-rot resistance combined with other tuber characters in long day-adaptedSolanum phureja (1998)
    Springer
    Potato research 41 (1998), S. 69-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: potato ; diploid ; Erwinia ; yield ; tuber characters ; breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Offspring were produced from a cross between two long-day-adaptedSolanum phureja clones which carried resistance to tuber soft rot (Erwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica). In tests carried out on the produce of field-grown plants raised from tubers, over fifty per cent of the 173 offspring were found to be highly resistant. Assessments were also carried out of tuber yield, mean tuber weight, tuber number, shape, regularity, flesh colour, texture of the steamed flesh, fry colour, after-cooking blackening, sprout length after storage and overall dormancy. There were statistically significant differences between clones for all characters (P〈0.001). Twelve of the clones were selected on the basis of high resistance, yield, tuber weight, regularity of shape and absence of after-cooking blackening. The value of resistant long-day-adapted diploid material for commercial breeding is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02360263
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    Correlation between fusaric acid production and virulence of isolates ofFusarium oxysporum that causes potato dry rot in South Africa (1998)
    Springer
    Potato research 41 (1998), S. 289-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: post harvest disease ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; resistance ; toxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Virulence of 12Fusarium oxysporum isolates was determined on three potato cultivars Late Harvest, BP1 and Kimberley Choice. The production of fusaric acid by the 12F. oxysporum isolates was also determined. The aim of the study was to determine whether a correlation exists between fusaric acid production and virulence ofF. oxysporum isolates. Late Harvest was the most tolerant and BP1 the most susceptible cultivar. Virulence ranking, order of theF. oxysporum isolates with the different cultivars corresponded with the mean of value of the ranking order for all three cultivars. A correlation was found between virulence of isolates and fusaric acid production except for Late Harvest. Fusaric acid production may play a major role in the development of dry rot in potato tubers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358198
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    Potato tubers as a biofactory for recombinant antibodies (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 4 (1998), S. 313-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: antibody ; endoplasmic reticulum ; phytofarming ; potato ; production ; scFv
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Potato tubers have been successfully used for high-level production of a recombinant single-chain Fv (ScFv) antibody. Ubiquitous high-level expression was achieved under control of the CaMV 35S promoter through retention of the scFv protein in the endoplasmic reticulum. Recombinant antibodies accumulated up to 2% of total soluble tuber protein. After 1.5 years of tuber storage at 4 °C still half of the amount of scFv present in freshly harvested tubers was detectable. Its specific activity did not decrease during tuber storage. Recombinant protein could be efficiently purified from crude extracts by affinity chromatography.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009676832273
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    Vegetative-compatibility groups in Verticillium dahliae from Israel (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 263-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: cotton ; potato ; vegetative comptability ; Verticillium dahliae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants were used to determine vegetative compatibility among 34 isolates of Verticillium dahliae from cotton, potato, olive, eggplant, chrysanthemum and tomato from 12 sites in Israel. Based on the formation of complementary heterokaryons, 33 isolates were assigned to two vegetative- compatibility groups (VCGs): one VCG contained 15 isolates from cotton, eggplant, chrysanthemum and olive; and the other VCG contained 18 isolates from potato, olive and cotton. The status of an additional isolate from tomato, which was compatible with both VCGs, remained unclear. In a limited pathogenicity test with 10 isolates, two (from tomato and eggplant) were pathogenic on tomato, eggplant and cotton; most isolates from cotton were pathogenic on cotton and eggplant only; and one from cotton was non-pathogenic. Fewer isolates were pathogenic on tomato than on cotton or eggplant. The diversity of vegetative compatibility found in our V. dahliae collection is comparable to that found in studies of American populations.
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    Cytoplasmic effects on quality traits of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 189-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cytoplasmic effects ; inheritance ; quality ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The inheritances of thousand kernel weight (TKW), protein percentage, protein quality and grain hardness were studied through an 11 x 11 complete diallel set of bread wheat genotypes consisting of four alloplasmic lines of Selkirk, two alloplasmic lines of Siete Cerros 66, and five commercial cultivars. Genetic components accounted for 93%, 90%, 78%, and 92% of total variation for TKW, protein percentage, protein quality, and grain hardness, respectively. General combining ability (GCA) effects were dominant for TKW (48% GCA, 38% SCA [specific combining ability], and 7% reciprocal effects [RE]), protein percentage (70% GCA, 10% SCA, and 10% RE), and grain hardness (59% GCA, 29% SCA, and 4% RE). However, SCA effects dominated for protein quality (30% GCA, 43% SCA, and 5% RE). Broad- and narrow-sense heritabilities were estimated at 0.95 and 0.65 for TKW, 0.94 and 0.82 for protein percentage, 0.83 and 0.47 for protein quality, and 0.95 and 0.74 for grain hardness. Reciprocal effects were highly significant for all quality traits, but less effective than additive and non-additive gene effects. Aegilops cylindrica, Ae. ventricosa, and Triticum turgidum cytoplasms showed positive effects on TKW in some crosses. Ae. cylindrica, Ae. variabilis, and Ae. uniaristata cytoplasms seemed to have potential for improving protein percentage. T. aestivum cytoplasms were superior to alien cytoplasms for protein quality. Bolal 2973, Kiraç 66 and Bezostaja 1 cytoplasms increased protein quality in some crosses. Ae. cylindrica, Ae. variabilis, Ae. ventricosa and Ae. uniaristata cytoplasms had significant effects on grain hardness. The cytoplasmic variation in B type T. aestivum cytoplasm was found to be significant for all traits.
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    Bread wheat: F1 hybrid performance and parental diversity estimates using molecular markers (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 273-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; combining ability ; heterosis ; genetic distance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In wheat, the possibility of introducing F1 seed into practical agriculture has been greatly enhanced by the discovery of effective chemical hybridising agents (CHAs). Although some technical and economic problems concerning the use of CHAs for large-scale production of F1 seed remain to be solved, a first group of F1 hybrids has been submitted for registration in several European countries i.e., France, England and Italy. Combining ability for grain yield and several agronomic and quality traits was studied in an eight-parent diallel cross. Highly significant combining ability effects were observed for all the traits while specific combining ability effects were statistically significant for grain yield, plant height, heading time and Chopin alveograph parameter P. The level of genetic diversity between parents as estimated using molecular markers is considered a tool for predicting the hybrid performance and heterosis of crosses. To explore this possibility, RFLP and RAPD markers were used to predict the performance of hybrids obtained from diallel and top crosses. The performance of the hybrids was determined in replicated plot trials sown at normal seed density in several locations. Coefficient of parentage (rp), based on pedigree information for all the pairwise combinations of the parents ranged from 0.01 to 0.34. The parents were assayed for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) with 87 primers which generated 304 polymorphic bands. Genetic similarity between parents, estimated on the basis of common bands using the Jaccard's similarity coefficient (J), ranged from 0.25 to 0.57. Correlation between parental diversity and hybrid performance was generally weak. A positive trend is observed in the yield potential of the hybrids produced in Italy in the last 10 years. In fact among the first set of hybrids produced by random crossing of the available cultivars, none produced 10% more than the checks whereas the last generation of hybrids includes combinations yielding 15% more than the best standards. Our results clearly indicate the need to develop specific strategies in order to identify and/or to select parental lines with a high level of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA). The information regarding the genetic diversity of the parental lines do not appear helpful for predicting F1 performance.
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    The detection of allelic variants at the recessive vrn loci of winter wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 101 (1998), S. 9-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: heading time ; Triticum aestivum ; vernalisation response ; Vrn – genotypes ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Substitution lines with reciprocal substitutions of chromosomes containing recessive alleles of the homoeologous group 5 chromosomeVrn genes between varieties of winter wheat with high vernalisation requirement (‘Mironovskaya 808’) and low vernalisation requirements (‘Bezostaya 1’) have been created. On this basis the genetic determination of vernalisation requirement was established. Substitution lines Mironovskaya 808 (Bezostaya 1 5A), Mironovskaya 808 (Bezostaya 1 5B), Mironovskaya 808 (Bezostaya 1 5D) and reciprocal substitution lines Bezostaya 1 (Mironovskaya 808 5A), Bezostaya 1 (Mironovskaya 808 5B) and Bezostaya 1 (Mironovskaya 808 5D) were grown under different durations of vernalisation (3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 weeks) and their response was evaluated. Photoperiodic sensitivity of the original parental genotypes was also determined. Reciprocal substitution lines of the same chromosome that carries the same vrn allele responded differently to vernalisation deficit. Differences have been shown between all group 5 reciprocal substitutions. Lines carrying chromosomes 5A and 5D of Mironovskaya 808 had a high vernalisation requirement whereas lines carrying chromosome 5B of Bezostaya 1 (vrn2B) had a low vernalisation requirement. The reciprocal lines had a reverse requirement. This explains the different vernalisation requirements of the original varieties: Mironovskaya 808 with a high vernalisation requirement carries two alleles (vrn1M and vrn3M) in its genotype that increase the vernalisation requirement, whereas Bezostaya 1 with a lower requirement for vernalisation contains only one such allele (vrn2B). By combination of the alleles in the lines with the substitution of chromosome 5B carrying vrn2 allele that in both original genotypes work inversely to the other alleles, transgressive genotypes have been formed: genotype vrn1M vrn2B vrn3M determines a higher vernalisation requirement than original variety Mironovskaya 808, and genotype vrn1B vrn2M vrn3B determines a lower vernalisation requirement than the original Bezostaya 1. An incomplete vernalisation requirement prolonged the time to heading, with exponential dependence on the vernalisation deficit, or prevented heading altogether. The original varieties further differed in photoperiodic sensitivity (Mironovskaya 808 sensitive, Bezostaya 1 less sensitive) that also influenced the background of substitution lines. The impact of the background on the heading time showed itself by about one week difference between Mironovskaya 808 and Bezostaya 1 grown under 8 weeks vernalisation and normal photoperiod. The difference between the lines with Mironovskaya 808 background and the lines with Bezostaya 1 background was approximately the same and was not significantly changed in different vernalisation variants of the lines. This difference may be caused by different photoperiodic sensitivity of the original varieties, but also by other genes, such as genes of earliness per se.
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    Studies on somaclonal variants for resistance to scab in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) through in vitro selection for tolerance to deoxynivalenol (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 101 (1998), S. 213-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: bread wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; tolerance to deoxynivalenol ; somaclonal variant ; in vitro selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study was conducted to develop an efficient in vitro selection system for scab resistance by using in vitro screening for tolerance to deoxynivalenol (DON). Immature embryos of two wheat varieties, a scab-resistant variety Sumai 3 and a susceptible variety Mianyang 11, and their reciprocal F1 hybrids were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D 2 mg/l and 0.6 × 10-4 M DON for callus induction. The responses of callus induction and plant regeneration to 0.6 × 10-4 M DON differed significantly between resistant and susceptible varieties, according to observed scab resistance levels at the plant level in the field. The percentage of callus formation of resistant variety Sumai 3 on induction medium containing DON was higher than that of susceptible variety Mianyang 11. Regeneration of DON-tolerant calli on DON-containing differentiation medium differed significantly between Sumai 3 and Mianyang 11. Averaged across the DON-tolerant calli of two varieties and their reciprocals, regeneration of DON-tolerant calli was decreased 3-fold on DON-containing medium. By an inoculation test with conidiospores of Fusarium graminearum Schw, we obtained several resistant lines from progenies of regenerated plants from DON-tolerant calli. These somaclonal lines had lower disease scoring (reaction index, infected spikelets and disease incidence), shorter plants and better yield components than Sumai 3, a famous Chinese resistant variety.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018354606939
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    Agronomic performance of chromosomes 1B and T1BL.1RS near-isolines in the spring bread wheat Seri M82 (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 103 (1998), S. 195-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Secale cereale ; T1BL.1RS ; chromosome substitution and translocation ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The T1BL.1RS wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) - rye (Secale cereale L.) translocations have been of particular interest and are widely used in bread wheat breeding programs. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the T1BL.1RS chromosome on grain yield and its components using 20 near-isolines of spring bread wheat cultivar ‘Seri M82’ (10 homozygous for chromosome 1B substitution and 10 homozygous for T1BL.1RS). The test lines have been produced by substituting the 1B chromosome in Seri M82 (T1BL.1RS, T1BL.1RS) through backrossing. Two field experiments were evaluated under optimum (five irrigations) and reduced (one irrigation) moisture conditions for two consecutive production cycles at the Mexican National Agricultural Research Institute, Ciudad Obregon, Sonora, Mexico. The presence of T1BL.1RS had a significant effect on grain yield, harvest index, grains/m2, grains/spike, 1000-grain weight, test weight, flowering date and physiological maturity in both moisture conditions. The agronomic advantage of the 1B substitution lines on above-ground biomass yield at maturity, spikes/m2and grain-filling duration was expressed only under the optimum moisture condition. The presence of T1BL.1RS increased grain yield 1.6% and 11.3% for optimum and reduced moisture conditions, respectively. These results encourage further use of T1BL.1RS wheats in improving agronomic traits, especially for reduced irrigation or rainfed environments.
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    Inheritance of excised-leaf water loss and relative water content in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 104 (1998), S. 39-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: drought resistance ; diallel graph ; gene action ; excised-leaf water loss ; relative water content ; bread wheat ; osmotic adjustment ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Little information is available on the genetics of excised leaf water loss and relative water content in wheat. An experiment conducted on the F1 generation from a half-diallel set of crosses involving two drought tolerant, two moderately tolerant and two sensitive varieties was initiated to investigate the inheritance of excised-leaf water loss and relative water content. This experiment was conducted under glass-house and field conditions at tillering and anthesis stages of plant development. Additive gene action, in general, played a major role in determining the inheritance of these traits. General combining ability (GCA) was the main source of genetic variation among crosses, while specific combining ability (SCA) was negligible. Strong phenotypic correlations existed between per se performance and GCA effects in the majority of cases. Heterosis was unimportant. Genotype-environmental interactions and/or differential gene expression appeared to account for different results found between environments and growth stages, respectively. Selection for relative water content appeared to be more effective at anthesis, while for excised-leaf water loss at both stages of plant growth. In addition to drought resistance, wide differences for morphological characters and relative positions of parental arrays revealed the possibility of obtaining desirable segregants for drought stress conditions from the cross Kharchia 65 × WH 147.
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    Multivariate analysis of variation among Solanum commersonii (+) S. tuberosum somatic hybrids with different ploidy levels (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 99 (1998), S. 35-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cluster analysis ; discriminant analysis ; ploidy level ; potato ; Solanum commersonii ; somatic hybrids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In order to integrate the outcomes of interspecific somatic fusion experiments in breeding schemes, it is important to understand factors involved in the variability observed among regenerated plants. With such a purpose in mind, a population of Solanum commersonii (+) S. tuberosum somatic hybrids was examined by means of discriminant and cluster analyses. Data were collected on 56 hybrids with different ploidies and on the two diploid parents grown in a greenhouse. The ploidy group was used as discrimination criterion. Three significant canonical variables were extracted by discriminant analysis; they were mainly correlated with the number of leaflets and stems, degree of flowering, plant height, and leaf length. After cluster analysis carried out with the significant canonical variables, parental and hybrid clones were grouped in 7 clusters. In the canonical space of reduced dimensions, patterns of morphological variation depended mainly on ploidy level and non-additive gene interactions. Hybrids were in general more similar to the cultivated than to the wild species, suggesting a good chance of fast introgression of useful traits from S. commersonii into the S. tuberosum genetic background.
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    Phytochelatins as biomarkers for heavy metal stress in maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): combined effects of copper and cadmium (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 203 (1998), S. 119-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biomarker ; cadmium ; copper ; heavy metal ; PC ; PC-SH ; phytochelatin ; stress ; toxicity ; Triticum aestivum ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Heavy metal contaminated soils often show increased levels of more than one metal, e.g. copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) or nickel (Ni). In case such soils are used for crop production, prediction of yield reduction or quality decline due to heavy metals in the soil is inadequate when based only on chemical soil analysis. The use of biomarkers such as phytochelatins (PC), non-protein thiols specifically induced in plants upon exposure to heavy metals, may be an additional tool or diagnostic criterion in heavy metal research and in practice. In the present work, Cu and Cd uptake and induction of PC synthesis are studied with hydroponically grown maize and wheat plants exposed to mixtures of the two metals. We observed a close positive relationship between the concentrations of Cd and PC in the plant shoot material. A decreased shoot concentration of Cd after addition of Cu, due to metal competition at common root absorption sites, coincided with lower shoot PC levels. Also differences in metal uptake and xylary metal transport among the two plant species were reflected in corresponding differences in PC concentration. The observed direct relationship between shoot PC concentration and the degree of metal-induced growth inhibition makes the use of PC promising for the purpose tested for.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004373700581
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    Portable rhizotron and color scanner system for monitoring root development (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 200 (1998), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: computer imaging ; portable rhizotron ; potato ; root
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rhizotrons allow the examination of spatial and temporal in situ root development. Permanent rhizotron installations provide 2-D images of whole root profiles, but their immobility limits the number of soil-plant systems that can be studied. Our objectives were to develop a portable rhizotron and color scanning system for studying the development of whole root systems. Potato root development was monitored in an irrigated experiment at Othello, WA. Covered, rectangular hollow boxes with a transparent glass face were installed perpendicular to planted potato rows, and a seed piece was planted in the soil adjacent to the glass. Rooting in the hill furrow topography was measured at 2 to 4 week intervals. Images of roots growing along the glass face are captured with five scans with a portable, color scanner and a portable computer. Image thresholding discriminated roots from soil using primary color values, color intensity differences, color proportions, or overall intensity. Seasonal patterns of computed root lengths by image analysis were comparable to manual tracing. Primary roots extended to 15 cm from the seed piece prior to shoot emergence, 21 days after planting. Lateral roots began to develop shortly thereafter. Potato roots extended to depths of 60 cm by 4 to 6 weeks after planting, and maximum root density in the hill and furrow was observed by tuber initiation to early tuber bulking. Temporal and spatial trends were similar to previous results using destructive sampling. The method has promise for studying the root growth and development of field-grown plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004277118087
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    Comparison of two crossing and four selection schemes for yield, yield traits, and slow rusting resistance to leaf rust in wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 35-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita ; leaf rust ; breeding ; resistance ; yield ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The most important breeding objectives in crop improvement are improving grain yield, grain quality, and resistances to various biotic and abiotic stresses. The objectives of our study were to compare two crossing and four selection schemes for grain yield, yield traits, and slow rusting resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia recondita) based on additive genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum), and to identify the most efficient crossing and selection methodologies in terms of genetic gains and cost efficiency. Segregating populations were derived from 18 simple crosses and the same number of top (three-way) crosses. Half of the crosses were derived from Yecora 70 and the other half from Veery #10 as the common leaf rust susceptible parents. The four selection schemes were: pedigree, modified bulk (F2 and F1-top as pedigree, selected lines in F3, F4, F2-top, F3-top as bulk; and pedigree in F5 and F4-top populations), selected bulk (selected plants in F2, F3, F4, F1-top, F2-top and F3-top as bulk; and pedigree in F5 and F4-top populations), and nonselected bulk (bulk in F2, F3, F4, F1-top, F2-top and F3-top; and pedigree in F5 and F4-top populations). A total of 320 progeny lines, parents and checks were tested for grain yield, other agronomic traits and leaf rust resistance during the 1992/93 and 1993/94 seasons in Ciudad Obregon (Sonora State, Mexico) which represents a typical high yielding irrigated site. The influence of the type of cross and the selection scheme on the mean grain yield and other traits of the progenies was minimal. The selection of parents was the most important feature in imparting yield potential and other favourable agronomic traits. Moreover, the highest yielding lines were distributed equally. Progeny lines derived from Veery #10 crosses had significantly higher mean grain yield compared to those derived from the Yecora 70 crosses. Furthermore, a large proportion of the highest yielding lines also originated from Veery #10 crosses. Mean leaf rust severity of the top cross progenies was lower than that of the simple cross progenies possibly because two parents contributed resistance to top cross progenies. Mean leaf rust severity of the nonselected bulk derivatives was twice that of lines derived from the other three schemes. Selected bulk appears to be the most attractive selection scheme in terms of genetic gains and cost efficiency.
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    Production of polyhaploids of hexaploid wheat using stored pearl millet pollen (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 253-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: hexaploid wheat ; pearl millett ; Pennisetum glaucum ; polyhaploid ; pollen storage ; Triticum aestivum ; wide crosses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of drying and freezing on viability of pearl millet pollen were examined with the aim of using stored pollen in polyhaploid production of hexaploid wheat. Freshly collected pollen of pearl millet line NEC 7006 with 55% water content, germinated at a frequency of 80%. Pollen that was dried for two hours to 6% water content showed 50% germination frequency and maintained similar frequencies after the freezing process. In crosses of hexaploid wheat variety Norin 61 with fresh pearl millet pollen, embryos were obtained at a frequency of 27.6%. In crosses with pollen stored at -196 °C, -80 °C and -20 °C for one month, embryo formation frequencies ranged from 27.5 to 17.4%. After five and twelve months of storage, the frequencies ranged from 29.7 to 14.6% at storage temperatures of -196 °C and -80 °C, and from 8.0 to 3.2% at -20 °C, indicating significant differences among storage temperatures. However, no significant frequency difference was found among pollen water contents at the time of collection. All plants regenerated from crosses with pearl millet pollen stored for five months were wheat polyhaploids. These results suggest that stored pearl millet pollen is an efficient medium for producing polyhaploids in hexaploid wheat.
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    Analysis of genetic profiles of winter wheats from Russia (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 305-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; winter wheat ; genetic diversity ; ancestors ; genetic profile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract With the aid of GRIS, the wheat genetic resources database, the retrospective analysis of winter wheat breeding programs in the ex-USSR during its existence, and modern Russia, was conducted. The dynamics of genetic diversity of released cultivars was studied. A significant tendency to reduce the use of local materials was discovered, although a stable set of original ancestors has prevailed over the last 40 years. The modern cultivar genes pool has increased as a result of the utilisation of North American semidwarf varieties. Breeding programs at different breeding centres are distinguished by varying levels of genetic diversity. The need to discover new sources of disease resistance and environmental adaptation are problems that remain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018357718307
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    Selection of diploid tuberous Solanum hybrids for 2n-egg formation using 2x⋅4x-crosses (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 101 (1998), S. 325-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: potato ; sexual polyploidization ; Solanum ; species ; Tuberosum hybrids ; unreduced gametes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Diploid families of Tuberosum hybrids as well as Tuberosum-wild species F1 hybrids were generated to select 2n-egg producing genotypes of different genetic backgrounds. Plants were selected if they produced more than four seeds per berry after pollination with tetraploid males (2x⋅ot4x-crosses). From the nine families of Tuberosum hybrids that were derived from one or two 2n-egg producing parents, 12 out of 82 (15%) 2n-egg producing plants were selected. From the 32 families of Tuberosum-wild species F1 hybrids, 21 of 274 (8%) 2n-egg producing plants were selected. The level of 2n-egg formation was estimated in 25 selected diploid hybrids and five control clones (three high, one moderate and one low 2n-egg producers) on the basis of seed set following 2x⋅4x-crosses using 13 tetraploid males in four crossing years. Besides the effect of the diploid 2n-egg producing female on the seed set following 2x⋅4x-crosses (P = 0.0001), there was a significant effect of the tetraploid male (P = 0.0001), whereas the effect of the crossing year (P = 0.0688) was less significant. On the basis of differences in the seed set following 2x⋅4x-crosses as compared to the control clones for low, moderate and high level of 2n-egg formation, the level of 2n-egg formation in two of the newly selected hybrids was classified as very high, four were high, sixteen were moderate and three were low. The significance of the selected hybrids for the genetic analysis of various restitution mechanisms of 2n-egg formation is discussed.
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    Characterization of Triticum aestivum/Psathyrostachys juncea derivatives by genomic in situ hybridization (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 99 (1998), S. 85-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: in situ hybridization ; Psathyrostachys juncea ; chromosome translocation ; translocation addition ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using the genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) technique, one translocation line, seven translocation-addition lines, five translocation plus translocation addition lines and two ditelosomic addition lines were identified in backcross progenies of Triticum aestivum L. -Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski intergeneric hybrids. No complete P. juncea chromosomes were detected in the 25 lines studied. The results suggest that intact P. juncea chromosomes may be difficult to isolate in a wheat background.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018333625723
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    Breeding wheat for resistance to Heterodera avenae in Southeastern Australia (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 55-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Heterodera avenae ; resistance ; breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Breeding wheat for resistance to Heterodera avenae in southern Australia has been in progress for nearly 30 years and recently a number of resistant varieties have been released. Early breeding work was hampered by three factors: • a lack of appreciation of the role and extent of the problem, • inaccurate, slow screening methods, ultimately being replaced by the 'tube' test and soon by linked molecular markers, • inappropriate breeding strategies, so that varietal releases have taken place only when the breeding has been fully integrated into the main programs. The experiences in southern Australia will be relevant to many other areas in the world where H. avenae is the major pest.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018347704735
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    Method for screening bread wheat for tolerance to boron (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 131-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: boron ; tolerance ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A new method for screening wheat for boron tolerance has been developed to overcome the problems of methods used in the past. Seedlings were grown for 10 days while suspended over B-rich solutions. Their root lengths were then measured as an index of tolerance. Five varieties of wheat were screened at seven concentrations of B. Results were obtained more quickly and easily than from the alternative methodologies and compared favourably. Screening of 128 doubled haploid lines from a cross between Halberd and (Wl*MMC) suggested that transgressive segregation had occurred.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018316325208
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    Chromosomal locations in common wheat of three new leaf rust resistance genes from Triticum monococcum (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 101 (1998), S. 127-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: leaf rust ; Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici ; resistance genes ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum monococcum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Monosomic analysis was conducted to determine chromosomal locations of three new leaf rust resistance genes recently transferred to common wheat (Triticum aestivum) from T. monococcum. The resistance gene in wheat germplasm line KS92WGRC23 was transferred from T. monococcum ssp. monococcum. The resistance genes found in KS93U3 and KS96WGRC34 were transferred from T. monococcum ssp. aegilopoides. Allelism tests showed that the three resistance genes were unlinked. The three lines were crossed with each of the seven A-genome Wichita monosomic lines. The leaf rust resistance genes in KS92WGRC23, KS93U3, and KS96WGRC34 were located on chromosomes 6A, 1A, and 5A, respectively, by monosomic analysis. These results demonstrate that the three new genes derived from T. monococcum are each different. They also differ from previously reported Lr genes. This information on chromosome location and the development of mapping populations will facilitate molecular tagging of the new genes.
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    Genetic studies of antifreeze proteins and their correlation with winter survival in wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 102 (1998), S. 219-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: antifreeze proteins ; chromosome substitution lines ; cold acclimation ; freezing tolerance ; Triticum aestivum ; winter survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) accumulate in the leaves of winter cereals during cold acclimation, where they may inhibit ice recrystallization during freezing and thawing cycles and provide nonspecific disease resistance. In this study, 21 wheat chromosome substitution lines and the parental lines Chinese Spring and Cheyenne wheat were used to determine the heritability of AFPs and the relationship between the accumulation of AFPs and winter survival. In cold-acclimated lines, antifreeze activity in leaf apoplastic extracts ranged from 1 (low) to 5 (high) with an average value of 3.2, and the accumulation of apoplastic proteins ranged from 30 μg (g FW)-1 to 115 μg (g FW)-1 with a mean value of 70 μ (g FW)-1. Examination of the individual lines revealed that Cheyenne chromosomes 5B and 5D carry major regulatory genes that increase both antifreeze activity and the accumulation of antifreeze proteins in plants grown at low temperature. Substitution lines carrying Cheyenne chromosomes 2A, 3A, 6B, and 7A exhibited lower freezing tolerance and also showed a marked decrease in the accumulation of specific AFPs during cold acclimation. Antifreeze activity and apoplastic protein content were not correlated with freezing tolerance (defined as % survival at -11 °C), but they were both significantly and positively correlated with winter field survival rates. Antifreeze activity (positively correlated) and total leaf fresh weight (negatively correlated) together accounted for about 55% of the variation in winter survival, indicating that high antifreeze activity and slow vegetative growth at low temperature are both important quantitative traits for winter survival.
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    Genetic systems regulating flowering response in wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 359-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: genetics ; intrinsic earliness ; photoperiodic response ; vernalisation requirement ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Genetic systems regulating bread wheat ontogenesis have been studied at Ukraine's Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute, for more than two decades. The influence of Vrn genes is the most obvious; dominant alleles of Vrn genes inhibit the vernalisation requirement. The Vrn genotypes of more than 1000 cultivars were determined and the peculiarities of gene geography were shown. Dominant Vrn1 or Vrn2 seemed to be replaced by Vrn3 in regions closer to the equator. In the developed sets of near-isogenic (congenic) lines, the value of different genes was characterised for certain environments (favourable – phytotron, natural – early or late drought) based on their effects. Methods of Vrn gene manipulation were elaborated, including methods for winter genotype selection from spring x spring crosses. The possibility of alien homoeologous Vrn loci introgression was shown. In the introgressed lines, the new genes were identified and found to be nonallelic to known Vrn genes in wheat. In studying congenic lines for three Ppd genes, differences were observed in duration and intensity of photoperiodic response, vernalisation requirement and effects on agronomic traits. For typical winter wheats, two loci were identified that influenced the duration of the vernalisation requirement. One system, controlling intrinsic earliness, might be responsible for the differences in reaction to light intensity, as selection of earlier genotypes is supposed to be more effective at lower light intensity.
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    Hybrid chlorosis in wheat × rye crosses (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 99 (1998), S. 1-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: allele ; hybrid chlorosis ; Secale cereale ; rye ; Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; Triticum macha ; makha wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fourteen accessions of rye when crossed to Triticum aestivum cv. C 306 (Ne1ne2ch1Ch2) yielded chlorotic F1 hybrids and six accessions involved in hybrid combination with the same tester produced normal F1 hybrid plants. Two rye accessions, namely, EC 179188 and EC 143825 when crossed to the wheat lines HD 2329 (ne1Ne2ch1Ch2) and NI 5439 (ne1ne2ch1Ch2) also produced chlorosis. The hybrids between T. macha and two rye accessions produced normal plants. Variable degrees of chlorosis were observed among different wheat × rye F1 hybrids. It is suggested that the rye accessions producing chlorosis in combination with wheat cvs. C 306, HD 2329 and NI 5439 (all Ch2-carriers) carry one of the complementary genes for chlorosis. Gene symbol Chr1 is proposed for the chlorosis gene of rye.
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    Genetic relationships and diversity among Tibetan wheat, common wheat and European spelt wheat revealed by RAPD markers (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 99 (1998), S. 205-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: genetic diversity ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum aestivum ssp. tibetanum ; Triticum spelta ; RAPD marker
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An endemic hexaploid wheat found in Tibet, China was taxonomically classified as a subspecies in common wheat, i.e. Triticum aestivum ssp. tibetanum. Seven accessions of the Tibetan wheat, 22 cultivars of common wheat and 17 lines of spelt wheat were used for RAPD analysis to study the genetic relationships of the Tibetan wheat with common wheat and spelt wheat, and to assess the genetic diversity (GD) among and within the taxa. RAPD polymorphism was found to be much higher within spelt wheat and the Tibetan wheat than within common wheat. The GD value between the Tibetan wheat and common wheat is lower than that between the Tibetan wheat and spelt wheat. The result of cluster analysis showed that the 46 genotypes were distinctly classified into two groups. Group 1 included all European spelt wheat lines, while group 2 includes all Chinese common wheat and the Tibetan wheat accessions. However, the Tibetan wheat was substantially differentiated from Chinese common wheat at a lower hierarchy. Our results support an earlier classification of the Tibetan wheat as a subspecies in common wheat. European spelt wheat and the Tibetan wheat showed much higher genetic diversity than Chinese common wheat, which could be used to diversify the genetic basis for common wheat breeding.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018316129246
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    Effect of chlorocholine chloride sprays on the carbohydrate composition and activities of sucrose metabolising enzymes in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) (1998)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 26 (1998), S. 97-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: carbohydrate composition ; chlorocholine chloride ; growth retardant ; potato ; sucrose metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Chlorocholine chloride (CCC) was sprayed on a potato crop 25 days after sowing (DAS) at 5 day intervals for a total of 7 sprays. Activity of sucrose synthase (SS) in the sucrose cleavage direction was many fold higher than that of acid invertase in all the tissues. The activity of alkaline invertase was negligible. A sharp decline in the starch content of stolons of the CCC-sprayed crop was observed between 60 DAS and 70 DAS. This could divert the carbon towards tubers and thus enhancing its availability for starch synthesis. The CCC-treated crop, in general, had higher SS (cleavage) activity in stem, stolons and tubers. A higher sucrose content in the stem of the CCC-treated crop could be due to the high sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity observed in this plant part. In tubers of CCC-treated crops a higher SS (cleavage) activity along with a high sucrose content in tubers during the active tuber filling stage could lead to better availability of UDP-glucose for its conversion to glucose-1-phosphate, which could enter into the amyloplast leading to higher starch content. High SPS activity in tubers of CCC-treated plants ensures that reducing sugars formed are reconverted efficiently to sucrose. The efficiency of developing tubers from CCC-sprayed plants to convert 14C sucrose fed through stolons into starch was about 2.5 times more than in the control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006087729077
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Partial replacement of dietary casein with soy protein isolate can reduce the severity of retinoid-induced hypertriglyceridemia (1998)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 52 (1998), S. 97-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Hypertriglyceridemia ; Protein ; Rat ; Retinoid ; Soy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Previous research carried out in an animal model of retinoid-induced hypertriglyceridemia – rats fet a 13-cis retinoic acid (13cRA)-containing diet having casein as the protein source – has demonstrated that the complete replacement of dietary casein with soy protein isolate (SPI) can decrease the severity of this condition. In this study, the effect of partially replacing dietary casein with SPI was investigated. Five groups of male Fischer 344 rats were used in a 14-day study, with two groups being fed diets having casein as the protein source, without or with 13cRA (groups A and B, respectively), and three groups being fed 13cRA-containing diets in which SPI was used to bring about the isonitrogenous replacement of 25, 50, or 100% of the casein in the formula for the diet used for group B (groups C-E, respectively). Serum triglyceride concentration for group B was significantly different ( p 〈 0.05) from that of groups A, D, and E (5.41 vs 2.62, 4.04, and 2.66 mmol/l, respectively). Serum cholesterol concentrations for groups D and E were significantly lower ( p 〈 0.05) than for groups A and B (1.63 and 1.60 vs 2.00 and 2.14 mmol/l, respectively). Thus, the isonitrogenous replacement of 50% of dietary casein with SPI can reduce the severity of retinoid-induced hypertriglyceridemia while decreasing the serum concentration of cholesterol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008092906465
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of crop management on eyespot development and infection cycles of winter wheat (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 37-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: cultural practices ; disease progress equation ; infection cycles ; Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat was assessed at four crop growth stages for eyespot (anamorph Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides, teleomorph Tapesia yallundae) in a series of field trials that studied the effects on disease frequency of five wheat management techniques (sowing date and density, nitrogen fertiliser dose and form, removal/burial of cereal straw). An equation expressing disease level as a function of degree-days was fitted to the observed disease levels. This equation was based on eyespot epidemiology and depended on two parameters illustrating the importance of the primary and the secondary infection cycles respectively. Cultural practices were classified according to the importance of their effects on disease, and these effects could be related to infection cycles and host plant architecture. Sowing date had the earliest and strongest effect; early sowing always increased disease frequency through the primary infection cycle, and its influence on the secondary cycle was variable. Disease frequency was increased by high plant density and/or a low shoot number per plant through primary infection; the secondary cycle was, however, decreased by a low shoot number per plant, which reduced late disease development at high plant density. High nitrogen doses increased disease levels and the severity of both infection cycles, but this effect was partly hidden by a simultaneous stimulation of tillering and thus an indirect decrease of disease incidence. When significant, ammonium (vs ammonium nitrate) fertiliser decreased eyespot levels and infection cycles whereas straw treatment (burial vs removal of straw from the previous cereal crop) had no effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008673925979
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparative isolation ofSolanum tuberosum L. glycoalkaloids by MPLC (1997)
    Springer
    Potato research 40 (1997), S. 413-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: α-chaconine ; α-solanine ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A new, efficient and economic method employing Medium Pressure Liquid Chromatography (MPLC) for the isolation of the two majorSolanum tuberosum L. glycoalkaloids (α-solanine and α-chaconine) is described. Potato peelings are homogenised with 5% acetic acid, the glycoalkaloids purified by filtration through an XAD-2 column and then by precipitation from the aqueous solution. The resulting glycoalkaloid fraction was purified by MPLC using a Silica Gel column and a CHCl3:MeOH:2% NH4OH mixture (70∶30∶5) as mobile phase to yield pure α-chaconine and a-solanine. This methodology can be used to obtain glycoalkaloids for enthomology and toxicological research where large amounts of these compounds are required.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358001
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