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  • Articles  (53)
  • adaptation  (26)
  • Artemia  (25)
  • Animals
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
  • temperature
  • Springer  (53)
  • Geography  (43)
  • Philosophy  (10)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preadaptation and the Explanation of Human Evolution (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 14 (1999), S. 65-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: adaptation ; explanation ; evolution ; preadaptation ; specialization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The concept of preadaptation, though useful, continues to trouble evolutionary scientists. Usually, it is treated as if it were really adaptation, prompting such diverse theorists as Gould and Vrba, and Dennett to suggest its removal from evolutionary theory altogether. In this paper, I argue that the as-if sense is ill-founded, and that the sense of preadaptation as a process may be defended as unequivocal and generally useful in evolutionary explanations, even in such problem areas as human evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006539827648
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionary Psychology: The Burdens of Proof (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 14 (1999), S. 211-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: adaptation ; evolutionary psychology ; reasoning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract I discuss two types of evidential problems with the most widely touted experiments in evolutionary psychology, those performed by Leda Cosmides and interpreted by Cosmides and John Tooby. First, and despite Cosmides and Tooby's claims to the contrary, these experiments don't fulfil the standards of evidence of evolutionary biology. Second Cosmides and Tooby claim to have performed a crucial experiment, and to have eliminated rival approaches. Though they claim that their results are consistent with their theory but contradictory to the leading non-evolutionary alternative, Pragmatic Reasoning Schemas theory, I argue that this claim is unsupported. In addition, some of Cosmides and Tooby's interpretations arise from misguided and simplistic understandings of evolutionary biology. While I endorse the incorporation of evolutionary approaches into psychology, I reject the claims of Cosmides and Tooby that a modular approach is the only one supported by evolutionary biology. Lewontin's critical examinations of the applications of adaptationist thinking provide a background of evidentiary standards against which to view the currently fashionable claims of evolutionary psychology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006638501739
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diversity and genetic differentiation in Artemia species and populations detected by AFLP markers (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 341-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: AFLP ; Artemia ; species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism(AFLP) markers were successfully employed to analyze15 Artemia species and strains for geneticdiversity. AFLP markers are extremely sensitive toeven a small sequence variation. They are stable andmore polymorphic than RAPD. Twelve pairs of primercombinations were used to detect AFLP bands, of which384 were polymorphic, and DNA fingerprintings wereobtained by using silver staining. The polymorphismanalysis leads us to the following conclusions: 1. Artemia tibetiana seems to differentiate from A.sinica. 2. The parthenogenetic populations frominland salt lakes could follow an evolutionary paththat is different from that of the coastalparthenogenetic populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009023020217
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution and characterization of Chilean populations of the brine shrimp Artemia (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Anostraca) (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 23-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; Chilean populations ; hypersaline ecosystems ; cysts ; nauplii ; adult morphology ; crossbreeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Hypersaline habitats in Chile, from marine solar salt pans to saline lagoons and pools in Andean salars, were prospected in search of Artemia populations. These saline ecosystems were characterized through physico-chemical parameters and ionic composition of their brines. Biometrics of cysts and nauplii, as well as morphometrics by using multivariate discriminant analysis for adult specimens evidenced that the Chilean populations of brine shrimp belong to A. franciscana. Cross-breeding results supported the former hypothesis of conspecific Chilean populations, and their differences with A. persimilis, also endemic to the New World, but restricted to Argentinean sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009056621535
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution and characterization of Chilean populations of the brine shrimpArtemia (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Anostraca) (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 23-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; Chilean populations ; hypersaline ecosystems ; cysts ; nauplii ; adult morphology ; crossbreeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Hypersaline habitats in Chile, from marine solar salt pans to saline lagoons and pools in Andean salars, were prospected in search ofArtemia populations. These saline ecosystems were characterized through physico-chemical parameters and ionic composition of their brines. Biometrics of cysts and nauplii, as well as morphometrics by using multivariate discriminant analysis for adult specimens evidenced that the Chilean populations of brine shrimp belong toA. franciscana. Cross-breeding results supported the former hypothesis of conspecific Chilean populations, and their differences withA. persimilis, also endemic to the New World, but restricted to Argentinean sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02442135
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of genetic relationships among fourArtemia species using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 139-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; genetic polymorphism ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract We have applied the technique of random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to the analysis of the relationships among four species of brine shrimp:Artemia franciscana, A. urmiana, A. sinica, andA. parthenogenetica. Seventy ten-base synthetic oligonucleotides were used to amplify a total of 458 distinct fragments. DNA polymorphisms were found in all the species examined; the highest percentage of polymorphic bands was found inA. parthenogenetica, with 28.8 per cent. Each species was scored for the presence or absence of every amplification product and the data entered into a binary data matrix. Cluster analysis was then performed to create a dendrogram using UPGMA by the NTSYS program. There are significant differences between bisexual species and parthenogenetic populations.A. parthenogenetica provided 94 specific molecular markers, while bisexual species gave 27 specific molecular markers.A. sinica is a species distinct from the other Old World bisexual species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02442127
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of genetic relationships among four Artemia species using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 139-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; genetic polymorphism ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract We have applied the technique of random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to the analysis of the relationships among four species of brine shrimp: Artemia franciscana, A. urmiana, A. sinica, and A. parthenogenetica. Seventy ten-base synthetic oligonucleotides were used to amplify a total of 458 distinct fragments. DNA polymorphisms were found in all the species examined; the highest percentage of polymorphic bands was found in A. parthenogenetica, with 28.8 per cent. Each species was scored for the presence or absence of every amplification product and the data entered into a binary data matrix. Cluster analysis was then performed to create a dendrogram using UPGMA by the NTSYS program. There are significant differences between bisexual species and parthenogenetic populations. A. parthenogenetica provided 94 specific molecular markers, while bisexual species gave 27 specific molecular markers. A. sinica is a species distinct from the other Old World bisexual species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009039815660
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preliminary characterization of some Argentinean Artemia populations from La Pampa and Buenos Aires provinces (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 329-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; A. persimilis ; biometry ; cross-breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Artemia populations were sampledin four hypersaline ecosystems in continentalevaporitic basins from the Argentinean provinces of LaPampa and Buenos Aires. Biometrics of cysts andnauplii were performed. The morphometrics of adultfemales under standard culture conditions, studied bymultivariate discriminant analysis, provided evidencethat these populations belonged to the species A.persimilis; this was further supported bycross-breeding tests established between one of thesepopulations (Salinas Grandes de Hidalgo, province ofLa Pampa) and a population of A. franciscanafrom San Francisco Bay (California, USA), which showedreproductive isolation and barriers to gene flowbetween both populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009038203379
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preliminary characterization of some ArgentineanArtemia populations from La Pampa and Buenos Aires provinces (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 329-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; A. persimilis ; biometry ; cross-breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Artemia populations were sampled in four hypersaline ecosystems in continental evaporitic basins from the Argentinean provinces of La Pampa and Buenos Aires. Biometrics of cysts and nauplii were performed. The morphometrics of adult females under standard culture conditions, studied by multivariate discriminant analysis, provided evidence that these populations belonged to the speciesA. persimilis; this was further supported by cross-breeding tests established between one of these populations (Salinas Grandes de Hidalgo, province of La Pampa) and a population ofA. franciscana from San Francisco Bay (California, USA), which showed reproductive isolation and barriers to gene flow between both populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02442118
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diversity and genetic differentiation inArtemia species and populations detected by AFLP markers (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 341-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: AFLP ; Artemia ; species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers were successfully employed to analyze 15Artemia species and strains for genetic diversity. AFLP markers are extremely sensitive to even a small sequence variation. They are stable and more polymorphic than RAPD. Twelve pairs of primer combinations were used to detect AFLP bands, of which 384 were polymorphic, and DNA fingerprintings were obtained by using silver staining. The polymorphism analysis leads us to the following conclusions: 1.Artemia tibetiana seems to differentiate fromA. sinica. 2. The parthenogenetic populations from inland salt lakes could follow an evolutionary path that is different from that of the coastal parthenogenetic populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02442119
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An evaluation of adaptation options for climate change impacts on agriculture in Kazakhstan (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 25-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; agriculture ; climate change ; Kazakhstan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Agriculture in Kazakhstan is sensitive to climate, and wheat yields could be reduced up to 70% under climate change. With the transition from a socialist economy to a free market economy, decisions are being made now that will affect Kazakhstan's ability to cope with climate change. A team of Kazakh and American researchers examined the cost-effectiveness and barriers to implementations of adaptation options for climate change. Twelve adaptation options that increase flexibility to respond to climate change were identified using a screening matrix. Four options, forecasting pest outbreaks, developing regional centers for preserving genetic diversity of seeds, supporting a transition to a free market, and reducing soil erosion through the use of changed farming practices, were examined. The Adaptation Decision Matrix (ADM) was then applied to estimate benefits using expert judgment (using an arbitrary numerical scale, not monetary values) and benefits estimates were compared to costs to determine cost-effectiveness. The ADM uses subjective measures of how well adaptation options meet policy objectives. Controlling soil erosion was estimated to have the highest benefits, but the high costs of implementation appears to make it relatively cost-ineffective. Supporting a transition to a free market was ranked as the most cost-effective measure, with regional centers second. However, use of different scales to quantify benefits or different weights can result in regional centers being more cost-effective than the transition to a free market. Regional centers was also judged to have fewer barriers to implementation than a transition to a free market. These results will be incorporated in Kazakhstan's National Action Plan. The ADM and other tools are relatively easy to apply, but are quite subjective and difficult to evaluate. The tools can be quite useful by decision makers to analyze advantages and disadvantages between different adaptation options, but should be supplemented with additional, particularly quantitative analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009626526883
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scale, context, and decision making in agricultural adaptation to climate variability and change (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 137-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; agriculture ; climate change ; decision-making ; variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This work presents a framework for viewing agricultural adaptation, emphasizing the multiple spatial and temporal scales on which individuals and institutions process information on changes in their environment. The framework is offered as a means to gain perspective on the role of climate variability and change in agricultural adaptation, and developed for a case study of Australian agriculture. To study adaptation issues at the scale of individual farms we developed a simple modelling framework. The model highlights the decision making element of adaptation in light of uncertainty, and underscores the importance of decision information related to climate variability. Model results show that the assumption of perfect information for farmers systematically overpredicts adaptive performance. The results also suggest that farmers who make tactical planting decisions on the basis of historical climate information are outperformed by those who use even moderately successful seasonal forecast information. Analysis at continental scales highlights the prominent role of the decline in economic operating conditions on Australian agriculture. Examples from segments of the agricultural industry in Australia are given to illustrate the importance of appropriate scale attribution in adapting to environmental changes. In particular, adaptations oriented toward short time scale changes in the farming environment (droughts, market fluctuations) can be limited in their efficacy by constraints imposed by broad changes in the soil/water base and economic environment occuring over longer time scales. The case study also makes the point that adaptation must be defined in reference to some goal, which is ultimately a social and political exercise. Overall, this study highlights the importance of allowing more complexity (limited information, risk aversion, cross-scale interactions, mis-attribution of cause and effect, background context, identification of goals) in representing adaptation processes in climate change studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009636607038
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Science of Adaptation: A Framework for Assessment (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 199-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; climate change ; impact assessment ; response options ; vulnerability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This paper outlines what is meant by "adaptation" to climate change, and how it might be addressed in the IPCC Assessments. Two roles of adaptation in the climate change field are identified: adaptation as part of impact assessment (where the key question is: what adaptations are likely?), and adaptation as part of the policy response (where the central question is: what adaptations are recommended?). The concept of adaptation has been adopted in several fields including climate impact assessment and policy development, risk management, and natural hazards research. A framework for systematically defining adaptations is based on three questions: (i) adaptation to what? (ii) who or what adapts? and (iii) how does adaptation occur? The paper demonstrates that, for adaptation purposes, climate extremes and variability are integral parts of climate change, along with shifts in mean conditions. Attributes for differentiating adaptations include purposefulness, timing, temporal and spatial scope, effects, form and performance. The framework provides a guide for the treatment of adaptation in the IPCC assessments, both in the assessment of impacts and in the evaluation of adaptive policy options.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009652531101
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  • 14
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    A Framework and Key Questions for Adapting to Climate Variability and Change (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 215-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate ; adaptation ; impacts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract There is a critical need to collectively understand, to develop adaptation options to enhance the benefits, and to reduce the social and economic vulnerabilities induced by climate variability and change. This paper uses key questions to help build a framework for adaptation by first organizing the questions into adaptation science, management and option components, including their respective sub-categories. The process of adaptation depends on many factors, including who or what adapts, what they adapt to, how they adapt and what and how resources are used. This conceptual model is designed to organize concepts regarding adaptation, to help stimulate ideas, and to explore the linkages among parts of the adaptation cycle. Predictive models need to be developed to determine the outcomes of planned adaptation strategies. For the best and most realistic evaluation of climate problems, adaptation and impacts should be considered together. This joint approach improves the assessment of the significance and dangers of the current and future climate, as well as the determination of solutions (e.g., how to prepare for a changing climate) and their priorities. Challenges of adaptive management are discussed in terms of a framework with linkages to adaptation science and options. Adaptation research and applications work continue to build on the foundation of science and management frameworks to address the risks and uncertainties in the decision-making process and to identify adaptation options.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009660700150
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Data Requirements for Developing Adaptations to Climate Variability and Change (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 227-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; climate change ; climate variability ; data ; climate applications ; El Niño ; UNFCCC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract An extensive foundation of high quality data and information on the climate and on the biological, environmental and social systems affected by climate is required in order to understand the climate impact processes involved, to develop new adaptation practices, and to subsequently implement these practices. Experience of the impacts of current and past variability of climate and sea level is a prime source of information. Many practices are in use to reduce climate impacts, for example in engineering design, agricultural risk management and climate prediction services, though their roles as adaptations to climate change are not widely appreciated. While there are good data sets on some factors and in some regions, in many cases the databases are inadequate and there are few data sets on adaptation-specific quantities such as vulnerability, resilience and adaptation effectiveness. Current international action under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) pays little attention to adaptation and its information requirements. Furthermore there are trends toward reduced data gathering and to restrictions on access to data sets, especially arising from cost and commercialisation pressures. To effectively respond to the changes in climate that are now inevitable, governments will need to more clearly identify adaptation as a central feature of climate change policy and make a renewed shared commitment to collecting and freely exchanging the necessary data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009668902876
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coastal Adaptation to Climate Change: Can the IPCC Technical Guidelines be applied? (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 239-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; coastal zones ; adaptation ; vulnerability ; IPCC Technical Guidelines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This paper evaluates the IPCC Technical Guidelines for Assessing Climate Change Impacts and Adaptations with respect to the guidance offered for coastal-adaptation assessment. It appears that the IPCC Technical Guidelines focus strongly on implementation. This paper uses both conceptual and empirical information is used in this paper to show that coastal adaptation embraces more than selecting one of the "technical" options to respond to sea-level rise (retreat, accommodate or protect). Coastal adaptation is a more complex and iterative process with a series of policy cycles. To be effective, an expanded adapta-tion framework involving four steps is suggested, including (i) information collection and awareness raising; (ii) planning and design; (iii) implementation; and (iv) monitoring and evaluation. The incom-plete coverage of these four steps in existing coastal-adaptation assessments constrains the development of adaptation strategies that are supported by the relevant actors and integrated into existing management. Researchers and policy-makers are recommended to work together to establish a framework for adaptation that is integrated within current coastal management processes and practices and takes a broader view on the subject.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009681207419
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  • 17
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    Risk and Uncertainties, Analysis and Evaluation: Lessons for Adaptation and Integration (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 319-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: uncertainty ; risk ; adaptation ; extreme events ; (credible) information ; integrated assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This paper draws ten lessons from analyses of adaptation to climate change under conditions of risk and uncertainty: (1) Socio-economic systems will likely respond most to extreme realizations of climate change. (2) Systems have been responding to variations in climate for centuries. (3) Future change will effect future citizens and their institutions. (4) Human systems can be the sources of surprise. (5) Perceptions of risk depend upon welfare valuations that depend upon expectations. (6) Adaptive decisions will be made in response to climate change and climate change policy. (7) Analysis of adaptive decisions should recognize the second-best context of those decisions. (8) Climate change offers opportunity as well as risk. (9) All plausible futures should be explored. (10) Multiple methodological approaches should be accommodated. These lessons support two pieces of advice for the Third Assessment Report: (1) Work toward consensus, but not at the expense of thorough examination and reporting of the "tails" of the distributions of the future. (2) Integrated assessment is only one unifying methodology; others that can better accommodate those tails should be encouraged and embraced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009619806936
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  • 18
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    A Framework for Benefit-Cost Analysis of Adaptation to Climate Change and Climate Variability (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 307-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; climatic change ; economic welfare ; costs and benefits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The potential damages of climate change and climate variability are dependent upon the responses or adaptations that people make to their changing environment. By adapting the management of resources, the mix and methods of producing goods and services, choices of leisure activities, and other behavior, people can lessen the damages that would otherwise result. A framework for assessing the benefits and costs of adaptation to both climate change and climate variability is described in the paper. The framework is also suitable for evaluating the economic welfare effects of climate change, allowing for autonomous adaptation by private agents. The paper also briefly addresses complications introduced by uncertainty regarding the benefits of adaptation and irreversibility of investments in adaptation. When investment costs are irreversible and there is uncertainty about benefits, the usual net present value criterion for evaluating the investment gives the wrong decision. If delaying an adaptation project is possible, and if delay will permit learning about future benefits of adaptation, it may be preferable to delay the project even if the expected net present value is positive. Implications of this result for adaptation policy are discussed in the paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009667706027
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  • 19
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    Adaptation to the Impacts of Sea Level Rise in Egypt (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 343-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; climate change ; socioeconomic impacts ; Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Assessment of the vulnerability and expected socioeconomic losses over the Nile delta coast due to the impact of sea level rise is carried out in details. Impacts of sea level rise over the Governorates of Alexandria and Port Said in particular, are evaluated quantitatively. Analysis of the results at Alexandria Governorate indicate that, if no action is taken, an area of about 30% of the city will be lost due to inundation. Almost 2 million people will have to abandon their homeland; 195,000 jobs will be lost and an economic loss of over $3.5 Billion is expected over the next century. At Port Said Governorate results indicate that beach areas are most severely affected (hence tourism), followed by urban areas. The agriculture sector is the least affected sector. It is estimated that the economic loss is over $ 2.0 Billion for 0.50 m SLR and may exceed $ 4.4 Billion for 1.25 m SLR. Options and costs of adaptation are analyzed and presented. Multi-criteria and decision matrix approaches, based on questionnaire surveys are carried out to identify priorities for the two cases. Analysis of these techniques of two options; the current policy (hard protection measures on some vulnerable areas) and no action (stopping these activities) have the lowest scores. Beach nourishment and integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) have the highest scores, however ICZM has high cost measures. The most cost-effective option is the land-use change, however with relatively very high cost measure. It is recommended that an ICZM approach be adopted since it provides a reasonable trade off between costs and cost effectiveness.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009684210570
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  • 20
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    The Evolution of Theoretically Useful Traits (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 13 (1998), S. 529-540 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: adaptation ; optimization ; fitness ; functional ; historical ; evolutionary explanation ; Wright ; Millikan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The purely theoretical notion of fitness or optimality that is employed for instance in optimization theory has come under attack from those who think that only a more historically based notion of fitness could have a central role in evolutionary explanation. They argue that the key notion is proven usefulness rather than theoretical usefulness. This paper articulates a notion of theoretical usefulness and defends its role in functional evolutionary explanations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006523004188
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  • 21
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    The Tragedy of a priori Selectionism: Dennett and Gould on Adaptationism (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 13 (1998), S. 359-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: adaptation ; algorithm ; atavism ; contingency ; deep homology ; Dennett ; development ; disparity ; epicurean selectionism ; evolution ; exaptation ; Gould ; metaphors ; punctuated equilibrium ; selectionism ; spandrels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In his recent book on Darwinism, Daniel Dennett has offered up a species of a priori selectionism that he calls algorithmic. He used this view to challenge a number of positions advocated by Stephen J. Gould. I examine his algorithmic conception, review his unqualified enthusiasm for the a priori selectionist position, challenge Dennett's main metaphors (cranes vs. skyhooks and a design space), examine ways in which his position has lead him to misunderstand or misrepresent Gould (spandrels, exaptation, punctuated equilibrium, contingency and disparity), and discuss recent results in developmental biology that suggest that an a priori position does not fill the demands of an evolutionary biology. I conclude by insisting that evolutionary biology is many leveled, complicated, and is carried on an ever shifting and expanding empirical base that when disregarded results in caricature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006508719300
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    Electronic Resource
    Artemia parthenogenetica in Lake Hayward, Western Australia. II. Feeding biology in a shallow, seasonally stratified, hypersaline lake (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 13-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; bacteria ; benthic microbial communities ; ecology ; feeding biology ; grazing ; phytoplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Primary production in Lake Hayward, Western Australia, is dominated by benthic microbial communities, with limited planktonic primary production. This study investigated the question of how Artemia, commonly regarded as simple, obligate, non-selective filter feeders, were able to survive in this system. Bacteria (heterotrophic and autotrophic, filamentous and unicellular) were the major components in the diet of the Artemia in Lake Hayward. These bacteria were derived from bacterial aggregates in the water column and also from benthic mat material (both still attached to the substrate and from pieces floating in the water column). Benthic diatoms were a substantial dietary component of animals living in the unstratified shallow regions. Photosynthetic eukaryotic nanoplankton comprised a minor component of the diet of this Artemia population. Gut contents of a large number of animals and the results of a simple laboratory test indicated that these animals utilise substrate-bound food resources. The results of the present study raises the question of the ecological significance of surface grazing by brine shrimps in other shallow, benthos dominated saline systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009084902677
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  • 23
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    Artemia tibetiana: Preliminary characterization of a newArtemia species found in Tibet (People's Republic of China). International Study onArtemia. LIX (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 41-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; brine shrimp ; characterization ; new species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract In this study, we report on the existence of a new bisexualArtemia species, found in the high plateaus of Tibet (P. R. China). Different disciplines have been used to characterize this new population: biometrics of cysts and nauplii, morphometry of adults, cytogenetics, allozyme and DNA analyses and cross-breeding/fertility tests with knownArtemia species. The results obtained justify that there is enough evidence to support the view thatArtemia from Tibet is a new species with the proposed nameArtemia tibetiana.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02449923
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  • 24
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    International Study on Artemia LVIII. Morphologic differentiation and reproductive isolation of Artemia populations from South America (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 133-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; morphological differentiation ; reproductive isolation ; South America
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Six Artemia populations from coastal and inland sites in Chile, ranging from 20 to 50 degrees latitude south, were compared morphologically. The study included reference samples of A. franciscana (San Francisco Bay, California-USA) and A. persimilis (Buenos Aires, Argentina). These species are likely to be found in Chile. Samples from Peru (Piura) and Brazil (Macau, Rio Grande do Norte) are two known examples of deliberate introduction of A. franciscana. The hypothesis of A. franciscana being the dominant species in South America was tested by multivariate morphological analysis based on ten body measurements. In addition, laboratory cross-fertility tests were performed in order to evaluate levels of reproductive isolation among these widely distributed populations. The analysis showed that A. franciscana and A. persimilis are morphologically divergent. A number of populations overlap with the San Francisco Bay sample, two are morphologically close to Buenos Aires, whilst others lie morphologically in between. Interpopulation morphological differences along with geographical and, probably, ecological divergence do not reflect reproductive isolation, at least of the pre-mating type. The morphological similarity of two Chilean samples with A. persimilis suggests that the distribution of A. persimilis should be further investigated. A multi-trait approach for Artemia characterization is stressed as a way to obtain better descriptions and interpretations of the biological diversity in the genus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009057306033
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    International study onArtemia LVIII. Morphologic differentiation and reproductive isolation ofArtemia populations from South America (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 133-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; morphological differentiation ; reproductive isolation ; South America
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract SixArtemia populations from coastal and inland sites in Chile, ranging from 20 to 50 degrees latitude south, were compared morphologically. The study included reference samples ofA. franciscana (San Francisco Bay, California-USA) andA. persimilis (Buenos Aires, Argentina). These species are likely to be found in Chile. Samples from Peru (Piura) and Brazil (Macau, Rio Grande do Norte) are two known examples of deliberate introduction ofA. franciscana. The hypothesis ofA. franciscana being the dominant species in South America was tested by multivariate morphological analysis based on ten body measurements. In addition, laboratory cross-fertility tests were performed in order to evaluate levels of reproductive isolation among these widely distributed populations. The analysis showed thatA. franciscana andA. persimilis are morphologically divergent. A number of populations overlap with the San Francisco Bay sample, two are morphologically close to Buenos Aires, whilst others lie morphologically in between. Interpopulation morphological differences along with geographical and, probably, ecological divergence do not reflect reproductive isolation, at least of the pre-mating type. The morphological similarity of two Chilean samples withA. persimilis suggests that the distribution ofA. persimilis should be further investigated. A multi-trait approach forArtemia characterization is stressed as a way to obtain better descriptions and interpretations of the biological diversity in the genus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441883
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  • 26
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    Observations on a solar saltworks near Burgas, Bulgaria (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 357-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Aphanothece ; Artemia ; cyanobacteria ; biological management ; Dunaliella ; hypersalinity ; sodium chloride ; solar saltworks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Data on biota and nutrients in solar ponds of a saltworks near Burgas, Bulgaria, were obtained. Surveys of the biota were undertaken, and records from management officials gave information on biological and physical conditions related to salt production. The decrease in the quality and quantity of sodium chloride harvested that began 10 to 15 years before the study, may be related to the high levels of plankton, combined nitrogen and phosphate, and the large accretion of bottom sediments and density of benthic communities. Biological management can improve the quality and quantity of the sodium chloride produced by the saltworks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009034431619
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observations on a solar saltworks near Burgas, Bulgaria (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 357-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Aphanothece ; Artemia ; cyanobacteria ; biological management ; Dunaliella ; hypersalinity ; sodium chloride ; solar saltworks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Data on biota and nutrients in solar ponds of a saltworks near Burgas, Bulgaria, were obtained. Surveys of the biota were undertaken, and records from management officials gave information on biological and physical conditions related to salt production. The decrease in the quality and quantity of sodium chloride harvested that began 10 to 15 years before the study, may be related to the high levels of plankton, combined nitrogen and phosphate, and the large accretion of bottom sediments and density of benthic communities. Biological management can improve the quality and quantity of the sodium chloride produced by the saltworks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02442144
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  • 28
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    Artemia parthenogenetica in Lake Hayward, Western Australia. II. Feeding biology in a shallow, seasonally stratified, hypersaline lake (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 13-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; bacteria ; benthic microbial communities ; ecology ; feeding biology ; grazing ; phytoplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Primary production in Lake Hayward, Western Australia, is dominated by benthic microbial communities, with limited planktonic primary production. This study investigated the question of howArtemia, commonly regarded as simple, obligate, non-selective filter feeders, were able to survive in this system. Bacteria (heterotrophic and autotrophic, filamentous and unicellular) were the major components in the diet of theArtemia in Lake Hayward. These bacteria were derived from bacterial aggregates in the water column and also from benthic mat material (both still attached to the substrate and from pieces floating in the water column). Benthic diatoms were a substantial dietary component of animals living in the unstratified shallow regions. Photosynthetic eukaryotic nanoplankton comprised a minor component of the diet of thisArtemia population. Gut contents of a large number of animals and the results of a simple laboratory test indicated that these animals utilise substrate-bound food resources. The results of the present study raises the question of the ecological significance of surface grazing by brine shrimps in other shallow, benthos dominated saline systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02449921
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  • 29
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    Artemia tibetiana: preliminary characterization of a new Artemia species found in Tibet (People's Republic of China). International Study on Artemia. LIX (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 41-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; brine shrimp ; characterization ; new species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract In this study, we report on the existence of a new bisexual Artemia species, found in the high plateaus of Tibet (P. R. China). Different disciplines have been used to characterize this new population: biometrics of cysts and nauplii, morphometry of adults, cytogenetics, allozyme and DNA analyses and cross-breeding/fertility tests with known Artemia species. The results obtained justify that there is enough evidence to support the view that Artemia from Tibet is a new species with the proposed name Artemia tibetiana.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009073111231
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  • 30
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    Divergence of Parartemia and Artemia haemoglobin genes (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 171-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; divergence ; DNA ; haemoglobin ; Parartemia ; protein sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Parartemia is a genus of brine shrimp endemic to Australia which is related to the more widespread and economically important Artemia sp. The expression of a multimeric haemoglobin molecule in Artemia is well documented but in Parartemia only trace levels of a possible haemoglobin have been observed. In this paper we describe the DNA sequence of a domain of a haemoglobin molecule in Parartemia. The derived amino acid sequence suggests that the possible date of divergence about 85 million years ago of the two genera predates the divergence of the C and T polymers of Artemia haemoglobin. This date would correlate with the physical and temporal isolation of Australia in the late Mesozoic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009068203811
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    Divergence ofParartemia andArtemia haemoglobin genes (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 171-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; divergence ; DNA ; haemoglobin ; Parartemia ; protein sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Parartemia is a genus of brine shrimp endemic to Australia which is related to the more widespread and economically importantArtemia sp. The expression of a multimeric haemoglobin molecule inArtemia is well documented but inParartemia only trace levels of a possible haemoglobin have been observed. In this paper we describe the DNA sequence of a domain of a haemoglobin molecule inParartemia. The derived amino acid sequence suggests that the possible date of divergence about 85 million years ago of the two genera predates the divergence of the C and T polymers ofArtemia haemoglobin. This date would correlate with the physical and temporal isolation of Australia in the late Mesozoic.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441885
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    Russian human geography in the 'wonderland' of globalization (1998)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 45 (1998), S. 77-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: globalization ; national tradition ; Russian human geography inertia ; adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006845428890
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  • 33
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    Adapting to Climate Change in Africa (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 2 (1997), S. 19-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; Africa ; agriculture ; climate change ; vulnerability ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The intersection of present vulnerability and the prospect of climate change in Africa warrants proactive action now to reduce the risk of large-scale, adverse impacts. The process of planning adaptive strategies requires a systematic evaluation of priorities and constraints, and the involvement of stakeholders. An overview of climate change in Africa and case studies of impacts for agriculture and water underlie discussion of a typology of adaptive responses that may be most effective for different stakeholders. The most effective strategies are likely to be to reduce present vulnerability and to enhance a broad spectrum of capacity in responding to environmental, resource and economic perturbations. In some cases, such as design of water systems, an added risk factor should be considered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000004663.31074.64
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  • 34
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    Adapting to climate change in Africa (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 2 (1997), S. 19-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; Africa ; agriculture ; climate change ; vulnerability ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The intersection of present vulnerability and the prospect of climate change in Africa warrants proactive action now to reduce the risk of large-scale, adverse impacts. The process of planning adaptive strategies requires a systematic evaluation of priorities and constraints, and the involvement of stakeholders. An overview of climate change in Africa and case studies of impacts for agriculture and water underlie discussion of a typology of adaptive responses that may be most effective for different stakeholders. The most effective strategies are likely to be to reduce present vulnerability and to enhance a broad spectrum of capacity in responding to environmental, resource and economic perturbations. In some cases, such as design of water systems, an added risk factor should be considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02437055
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  • 35
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    “Just-so” stories about “inner cognitive Africa”: some doubts about Sorensen's evolutionary epistemology of thought experiments (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 12 (1997), S. 207-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: evolution ; epistemology ; evolutionary epistemology ; naturalized epistemology ; thought experiments ; modality ; utility ; fitness ; adaptation ; reliability ; possible worlds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Roy Sorensen advances an evolutionary explanation of our capacity for thought experiments which doubles as a naturalized epistemological justification. I argue Sorensen”s explanation fails to satisfy key elements of environmental-selectionist explanations and so fails to carry epistemic force. I then argue that even if Sorensen succeeds in showing the adaptive utility of our capacity, he still fails to establish its reliability and hence epistemic utility. I conclude Sorensen”s account comes to little more than a “just-so story”.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017986908266
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    Impact of Climate Change on Maize Yield in Central and Northern Greece: A Simulation Study with Ceres-Maize (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 251-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: Greece ; maize ; climate change ; CO2 effects ; adaptation ; crop simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The potential impacts of climate change on the phenology and yield of two maize varieties in Greece were studied. Three sites representing the central and northern agricultural regions were selected: Karditsa, Naoussa and Xanthi. The CERES-Maize model, embedded in the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT 3.0), was used for the crop simulations, with current and possible future management practices. Equilibrium doubled CO2 climate change scenarios were derived from the GISS, GFDL, and UKMO general circulation models (GCMs); a transient scenario was developed from the GISS GCM transient run A. These scenarios predict consistent increases in air temperature, small increases in solar radiation and precipitation changes that vary considerably over the study regions in Greece. Physiological effects of CO2 on crop growth and yield were simulated. Under present management practices, the climate change scenarios generally resulted in decreases in maize yield due to reduced duration of the growing period at all sites. Adaptation analyses showed that mitigation of climate change effects may be achieved through earlier sowing dates and the use of new maize varieties. Varieties with higher kernel-filling rates, currently restricted to the central regions, could be extended to the northern regions of Greece. In the central regions, new maize varieties with longer grain-filling periods might be needed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000018044.48957.28
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    Modelling Crop-Climate Interactions in Spain: Vulnerability and Adaptation of Different Agricultural Systems to Climate Change (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 273-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; vulnerability ; adaptation ; agriculture ; Spain ; wheat ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This study evaluates the theoretical impact of climate change on yields and water use of two crops with different responses to increased CO2 and which represent contrasting agricultural systems in Spain. In all cases the simulated effects of a CO2-induced climate change depended on the counteracting effects between higher daily ET rates, shortening of crop growth duration and changes in precipitation patterns as well as the simulated effects of CO2 on the water use efficiency of the crops. For summer irrigated crops such as maize, the yield reductions and the exacerbated problems of irrigation water availability simulated with climate change may force the crop out of production in some regions. For winter dryland crops such as wheat, productivity increased significantly in some regions, suggesting a northward shift of area suitable for wheat production in future climates. The study considered strategies for improving the efficiency of water use based on the optimization of crop management decisions in a CO2-driven warmer climate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000018139.42373.f1
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    Impact of Climate Change on Possible Scenarios for Egyptian Agriculture in the Future (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 233-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; vulnerability ; adaptation ; agriculture ; Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract If no timely measures are taken to adapt Egyptian agriculture to possible climate warming, the effects may be negative and serious. Egypt appears to be particularly vulnerable to climate change because of its dependence on the Nile River as the primary water source, its large traditional agricultural base, and its long coastline, already undergoing both intensifying development and erosion. A simulation study characterized potential yield and water use efficiency decreases on two reference crops in the main agricultural regions with possible future climatic variation, even when the beneficial effects of increased CO2 were taken into account. On-farm adaptation techniques which imply no additional cost to the agricultural system, did not compensate for the yield losses with the warmer climate or improve the crop water-use efficiency. Economic adjustments such as the improvement of the overall water-use efficiency of the agricultural system, soil drainage and conservation, land management, and crop alternatives are essential. If appropriate measures are taken, negative effects of climate change in agricultural production and other major resource sectors (water and land) may be lessened.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000018270.16497.39
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  • 39
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    Modelling crop-climate interactions in Spain: Vulnerability and adaptation of different agricultural systems to climate change (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 273-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; vulnerability ; adaptation ; agriculture ; Spain ; wheat ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This study evaluates the theoretical impact of climate change on yields and water use of two crops with different responses to increased CO2 and which represent contrasting agricultural systems in Spain. In all cases the simulated effects of a CO2-induced climate change depended on the counteracting effects between higher daily ET rates, shortening of crop growth duration and changes in precipitation patterns as well as the simulated effects of CO2 on the water use efficiency of the crops. For summer irrigated crops such as maize, the yield reductions and the exacerbated problems of irrigation water availability simulated with climate change may force the crop out of production in some regions. For winter dryland crops such as wheat, productivity increased significantly in some regions, suggesting a northward shift of area suitable for wheat production in future climates. The study considered strategies for improving the efficiency of water use based on the optimization of crop management decisions in a CO2-driven warmer climate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00517807
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    Impact of climate change on maize yield in central and northern Greece: A simulation study with CERES-Maize (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 251-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: Greece ; maize ; climate change ; CO2 effects ; adaptation ; crop simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The potential impacts of climate change on the phenology and yield of two maize varieties in Greece were studied. Three sites representing the central and northern agricultural regions were selected: Karditsa, Naoussa and Xanthi. The CERES-Maize model, embedded in the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT 3.0), was used for the crop simulations, with current and possible future management practices. Equilibrium doubled CO2 climate change scenarios were derived from the GISS, GFDL, and UKMO general circulation models (GCMs); a transient scenario was developed from the GISS GCM transient run A. These scenarios predict consistent increases in air temperature, small increases in solar radiation and precipitation changes that vary considerably over the study regions in Greece. Physiological effects of CO2 on crop growth and yield were simulated. Under present management practices, the climate change scenarios generally resulted in decreases in maize yield due to reduced duration of the growing period at all sites. Adaptation analyses showed that mitigation of climate change effects may be achieved through earlier sowing dates and the use of new maize varieties. Varieties with higher kernel-filling rates, currently restricted to the central regions, could be extended to the northern regions of Greece. In the central regions, new maize varieties with longer grain-filling periods might be needed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00517806
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    Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 10 (1997), S. 249-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: Animals ; Asia ; consciousness ; Australia ; Hong Kong ; India ; Israel ; Japan ; New Zealand ; The Philippines ; Russia ; Singapore ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007774409131
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  • 42
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    Evolutionary plasticity in prokaryotes: A panglossian view (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 11 (1996), S. 67-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Microbial evolution ; genetic diversity ; genome plasticity ; mutation ; selection ; adaptation ; function ; etiological conception ; fitness ; environmental heterogeneity ; expected time to extinction ; clone ; individual ; clan ; subclan ; bacteriophage ; DNA inversion ; site-specific recombination ; secondary crossover sites ; transposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Enzyme directed genetic mechanisms causing random DNA sequence alterations are ubiquitous in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. A number of molecular geneticist have invoked adaptation through natural selection to account for this fact, however, alternative explanations have also flourished. The population geneticist G.C. Williams has dismissed the possibility of selection for mutator activity on a priori grounds. In this paper, I attempt a refutation of Williams' argument. In addition, I discuss some conceptual problems related to recent claims made by microbiologists on the adaptiveness of “molecular variety generators” in the evolution of prokaryotes. A distinction is proposed between selection for mutations caused by a mutator activity and selection for the mutator activity proper. The latter requires a concept of fitness different from the one commonly used in microbiology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00127472
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    Limnological studies of Amarga Lagoon, Chile: A saline lake in Patagonian South America (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 4 (1995), S. 301-314 
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    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Amarga Lagoon ; Artemia ; lake ; Chile ; saline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Amarga Lagoon, lat. 50°29′ S and long. 73°45′ S, it is located at the Torres del Paine National Park, Chile. The physical, chemical, and biological features of the lake were studied. According to salinity, the lake is mesosaline. Sodium and chloride were the dominant ions. Nitrogen was potentially limiting for phytoplankton growth. One Cyanophyceae species andArtemia were the predominant species in the plankton.Artemia provided abundant food for flamingoes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01999114
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    Biological and physical events involved in the origin, effects, and control of organic matter in solar saltworks (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 4 (1995), S. 335-347 
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    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Aphanothece halophytica ; Artemia ; biological management ; Dunaliella ; halobacteria ; hypersalinity ; Myxobaktron salinum ; organic release ; sodium chloride ; solar saltworks ; Synechococcus sp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Aspects of communities and events in the concentrating ponds (S.G. 1.130 to 1.214) and salt crystallizing ponds (S.G. 1.215 to 1.264) of solar saltworks pertinent to salt manufacture are described. Communities that aid salt manufacture enable continuous and efficient production of high quality salt at a saltworks' design capacity, and they provide important controls on levels of organic matter in the brine. Fluctuating salinities, high concentrations of nutrients, and petroleum products are disturbances that causeAphanothece halophytica andDunaliella salina to release excessive quantities of organic matter, and that suppress or cause death to nutrient stripping organisms. Disturbances result in decreased quality and quantity of salt and increased costs for salt harvest, washing, and pond upkeep. Organic matter can be controlled by management techniques that keep nutrient stripping communities at proper levels and maintain a narrow and unchanging range of salinities in each pond, by constructing pond dikes able to withstand wind and water erosion, and by preventing spills of petroleum products in the ponds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01999117
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    Variations in some physico-chemical parameters in a hypersaline coastal lagoon of Baja California, Mexico (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 4 (1995), S. 265-280 
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    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: hypersaline coastal lagoon ; physico-chemical seasonal variations ; winds ; Artemia ; cysts ; Baja California ; Mexico
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract San Jose lagoon is a hypersaline body of water located in Mexico in the Baja California Peninsula. The lagoon belongs to a system that lies between the fault ridge known as San Jose Creek. Because of its marine origin, it can be considered as thalassohaline, but its isolation from the ocean has brought about changes in its salt composition. It has an area of 13,500 m2, a mean depth of 80 cm and a total volume of 10,000 m3. It does not desiccate and can be considered as a permanent lagoon. Seasonal variations are small. TheArtemia population in San Jose produces cysts all year. To determine the physico-chemical conditions inducing permanent production of cysts, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and pH of the lagoon were monitored, as well as relative humidity and wind conditions in the region in different seasons of the year. From spring to summer, differences of 1 mg L−1 of O2, 1°C in water temperature, and 8 g L−1 in salinity were observed, and from summer to winter differences of 3.3 mg L−1, 6.5°C, and 14 g L−1, respectively. Despite small seasonal variations, the lagoon exhibits strong spatial and daily changes that are important for cyst production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02001495
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    Evaluation of climatic change through harmonic analysis (1994)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 9 (1994), S. 5-16 
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    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Fourier transform ; maximum entropy spectral analysis ; precipitation ; temperature ; climatic change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In the present work, a precipitation and temperature series from Barcelona (Spain) are analysed in order to detect the possible existence of climatic changes or cycles. The analysis is carried out both from the temporal and spectral standpoints. The techniques used range from the classical periodogram and Blackman-Tukey method through to the Maximum Entropy method. The results do not show the existence of climatic cycles, though they do show a clear tendency toward increased precipitation and decreased temperature, since the last years of series.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00662588
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    International study onArtemia. L. Review of the literature onArtemia from salt lakes in the People's Republic of China (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 3 (1994), S. 93-104 
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    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; People's Republic of China
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This literature survey covers data on the distribution, genetics and biology ofArtemia from the People's Republic of China (P. R. China) and the use of the brine shrimp in aquaculture and salt production. The vastness of the territory, the unfamiliar geography and the diversity of the habitats, have often lead to ambiguities and contradictions, leaving a gap in our knowledge about the Chinese populations ofArtemia. However, information aboutArtemia from P. R. China has recently become available and this is an attempt to summarize it.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01990645
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    An ecological study of a bisexualArtemia population from Sant'Antioco solar saltworks (south-western Sardinia, Italy) (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 3 (1994), S. 201-219 
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    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; bisexual population ; life history ; saltworks ; Sardinia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Ecological studies onArtemia are still sparse, particularly in the Mediterranean area. The paper provides information on the main life-history traits of a bisexualArtemia strain in solar saltworks at Sant'Antioco, in the Province of Cagliari (southern Sardinia, Italy). Data on age class composition, reproductive mode and status, fecundity and other features are discussed in relation to environmental conditions and compared with previous studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01990495
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    International study onArtemia. LI. New survey ofArtemia resources in the People's Republic of China (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 3 (1994), S. 105-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; People's Republic of China
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract We have surveyed 7 inland salt lakes and 14 coastal saltworks in the People's Republic of China (P. R. China) which are natural habitats for the brine shrimpArtemia. We report here on the location of the lakes, the mode of reproduction of theArtemia and the opportunities for achieving self sufficiency in cyst production for use in the local aquaculture industry. Because of frequent misunderstandings regarding the identification of a specific habitat, a new identification system for each population is proposed, using a numerical code which identifies the province, the habitat and the date of collection. Information of newArtemia populations is included as well as data on their reproduction mode.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01990646
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    Biogeography of the genusArtemia (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Anostraca) in Spain (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 3 (1994), S. 175-190 
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    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; biogeography ; hypersaline ecosystems ; Spanish populations ; adult morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This is an updated study on the biogeographic distribution of the populations of the genusArtemia (Branchiopoda, Anostraca) in Spain, with special focus on populations inhabiting salt lagoons and inland salterns. The populations recorded (40) belong to the bisexual speciesA. tunisiana and to the asexual groupA. parthenogenetica (diploid and tetraploid strains). They usually appear in three different hypersaline ecosystems: solar salterns and lagoons filled with sea water, solar salterns and lagoons containing brines of diluted mineral salts, and lagoons filled with athalassic (endorheic) brines. The brines in salinas are chemically characterized by high Cl− concentrations, especially in inland salinas, whose brine sources are geologically associated with evaporitic formations developed in the Triassic and Lower Liassic of eastern Spain. Brines in athalassic lagoons, geologically associated with Mesozoic and Cenozoic periods, show higher levels of sulfate (up to 40–50%) as well as Mg2+. From a geographical point of view, bisexual and diploid asexual populations are mainly found in coastal and inland salinas or lagoons below 40° N, while asexual tetraploid populations are found in inland salinas and athalassic lagoons above that latitude. These populations have been biologically characterized by the morphology of their adults through multivariate analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01990493
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    Führt die evolutionäre Erkenntnistheorie in einen Relativismus? (1992)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 23 (1992), S. 265-288 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Evolutionary Epistemology ; Genetic Epistemology ; cognition (human knowledge) ; theories of truth ; explanation of validity claims by genetic means ; adaptation ; unity of selection ; reality ; constructivism ; relativism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary This essay is a discussion of Eve-Marie Engels' view on Evolutionary Epistemology (EE). In the first part two of the main doctrines of EE are criticized: (1.) that validity of human knowledge is to be explained as the result of evolutionary adaptation; yet (2.), that human cognitive capacities had been adequate to our ancestors life conditions but fail in relevant situations of modern world. In the second part the concept of reality underlying EE's adaptational view is discussed and compared with Jean Piaget's concept of reality. Finally, it is held that some of the questions recently raised by proponents of EE, far from being new, have been dealt with already in historical epistemology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01801452
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    Species of thought: A comment on evolutionary epistemology (1990)
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    Biology and philosophy 5 (1990), S. 37-62 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Evolutionary epistemology ; mental representations ; adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The primary outcome of natural selection is adaptation to an environment. The primary concern of epistemology is the acquistion of knowledge. Evolutionary epistemology must therefore draw a fundamental connection between adaptation and knowledge. Existing frameworks in evolutionary epistemology do this in two ways; (a) by treating adaptation as a form of knowledge, and (b) by treating the ability to acquire knowledge as a biologically evolved adaptation. I criticize both frameworks for failing to appreciate that mental representations can motivate behaviors that are adaptive in the real world without themselves directly corresponding to the real world. I suggest a third framework in which mental representations are to reality as species are to ecosystems. This is a many-to-one relationship that predicts a diversity of adaptive representations in the minds of interacting people. As “species of thought”, mental representations share a number of properties with biological species, including isolating mechanisms that prevent them from blending with other representations. Species of thought also are amenable to the empirical methods that evolutionists use to study adaptation in biological species. Empirical studies of mental representations in everyday life might even be necessary for science to succeed as a normative “truth-seeking” discipline.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02423832
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    Causes, proximate and ultimate (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 5 (1990), S. 401-415 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Proximate cause ; ultimate cause ; function ; functionalism ; structuralism ; adaptation ; sociobiology ; behavioral ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Within evolutionary biology a distinction is frequently made between proximate and ultimate causes. One apparently plausible interpretation of this dichotomy is that proximate causes concern processes occurring during the life of an organism while ultimate causes refer to those processes (particularly natural selection) that shaped its genome. But “ultimate causes” are not sought through historical investigations of an organisms lineage. Rather, explanations referring to ultimate causes typically emerge from functional analyses. But these functional analyses do not identify causes of any kind, much less ultimate ones. So-called “ultimate explanations” are not about causes in any sense resembling those of proximate explanations. The attitude, implicit in the term “ultimate cause”, that these functional analyses are somehow superordinate to those involving “proximate causes” is unfounded. “Ultimate causes” are neither ultimate nor causes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02207379
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