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  • Articles  (211)
  • 68.55  (153)
  • Animals
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
  • salinity
  • temperature
  • Springer  (211)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (176)
  • Geography  (31)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (6)
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  • Articles  (211)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Successive Approximation Linear Quadratic Regulator for Estuarine Management Problem (2000)
    Springer
    Water resources management 14 (2000), S. 157-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: estuarine management ; fishery harvest ; freshwater inflow ; linear quadratic regulator ; salinity ; successive approximation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract A successive approximation linear quadratic regulator (SALQR)method is applied to solve estuarine management problems to determine the optimal amount of freshwater inflows into baysand estuaries to maximize fishery harvests. Fishery harvests areexpressed in regression equations as functions of freshwaterinflows. The optimization problem is posed as a discrete-timeoptimal control problem in which salinity represents the statevariable and freshwater inflow represents the control variable. A two-dimensional hydrodynamic-salinity transport model, HYD-SAL,is used as the transition to simulate the flow circulation andtemporal and spatial salinity pattern in an estuary system. Thebound constraints for the control and state variables areincorporated into the objective function using a penalty functionmethod to convert the problem into an unconstrained formulation. The SALQR method is applied to the Lavaca-Tres Palacios Estuaryin Texas and the results are compared with those of usingregression equations as the transition equations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026576129765
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Boron on the Structure and Composition of Cobalt Silicides (2000)
    Springer
    Powder metallurgy and metal ceramics 39 (2000), S. 599-602 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9066
    Keywords: solid-phase reaction ; solubility ; temperature ; cobalt silicides ; boron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The system Co ― Si ― B is promising for development of new soft magnetic materials. We studied the effect of boron on the structure and composition of cobalt silicides during solid-phase reaction of powders of the starting components under a 3·10−3 Pa vacuum in the temperature range 200°C to 1300°C for boron content from 0.5 mass% to 7.7 mass% by differential thermal analysis, metallographic analysis, x-ray analysis, and electron-probe microanalysis. We established that boron is not soluble in cobalt silicides. Formation of ternary chemical compounds is typical for the Co ― Si ― B system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011384332153
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of the Subsurface Temperature Field Caused by Mining-Related Groundwater Management (2000)
    Springer
    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 44 (2000), S. 442-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1626
    Keywords: temperature ; groundwater ; sedimentary basin ; exploitation ; transient effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The subsurface temperature field was studied on a set of 46 borehole logs measured in the vicinity of uranium deposits in the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin. Vertical variations of the steady state temperature and the temperature gradient are governed by thermal conductivity which strongly varies in dependence on lithology. Large departures from undisturbed temperature detected in many holes are associated with uranium mining. A positive anomaly is observed in leaching fields where large amounts of acid are injected into the uranium-bearing Cenomanian. A negative anomaly is linked to the operation of hydraulic barriers which enclose the mining area and helps to contain pollution by pumping clean water into the Cenomanian aquifer. The spatial distribution of the observed temperature anomalies helps to map the migration of the fluids used in both processes. The temperature disturbance is propagated from the Cenomanian aquifer up through overlying impermeable sediments. The good fit of transient conductive models to the measured temperatures rules out heat advection and hence upward water flow towards and contamination of the upper Middle Turonian aquifer in the vicinity of the holes studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022168705973
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnéli phases of anion-deficient rutile as lubricious oxides. Part I. Tribological behavior of single-crystal and polycrystalline rutile (Ti n O2n−1) (2000)
    Springer
    Tribology letters 8 (2000), S. 65-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2711
    Keywords: solid lubricants ; lubricious oxides ; TiO2 ; rutile ; oxygen stoichiometry ; Magnéli phases ; tribometry ; friction ; wear ; shear strength ; temperature ; atmosphere ; extreme environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In part I of this paper series, wide temperature range SEM-tribometric results generated in vacuum and various partial pressures of oxygen are combined with relevant literature data to examine a hypothesis correlating the oxygen stoichiometry of the Ti n O2n−1 Magnéli phases of the rutile polymorph of titania with their tribological behavior. Single-crystal and polycrystalline rutile specimens of narrow stoichiometry ranges were sliding against α-SiC and themselves. The surface shear strength changes were determined as a function of the thermal–atmospheric test environment, and the shear strength values were estimated by the coefficients of friction, the real area of contact and the published yield strength of rutile. The data appear to be sufficient and sufficiently reliable to confirm the accuracy of the hypothesis. The tendency of the rutile stoichiometry (ergo the friction) to shift as a function of temperature and partial pressure of oxygen causes this material to be thermo-oxidatively unstable for tribological applications in extreme environments. In part II, a study is described to formulate oxidatively more stable Magnéli phases by Cu-doping, and test the new materials by SEM tribometry using a procedure used for pure rutile here in part I. By employing this doping methodology similar to creating high-temperature superconductive oxides in part II, some feasibility of producing oxidatively stable, lubricious oxides with acceptably low wear rates is indicated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019122915441
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FTIR spectroscopy and nanotribological comparative studies: influence of the adsorbed water layers on the tribological behaviour (2000)
    Springer
    Tribology letters 9 (2000), S. 111-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2711
    Keywords: AFM ; force ; friction ; adhesion ; molecular water layer ; temperature ; capillary forces ; PMIRRAS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Under ambient conditions, a water film is always present on a silica substrate and generates additional capillary forces between the nanotip and the studied surface. In the present paper, we report AFM measurements of pull-off and friction forces as a function of the temperature and a comparative FTIR spectroscopy study. The AFM results show a net decrease of the forces as the temperature increases, while the IR spectroscopy indicates that the liquid film is removed at high temperature. Consequently, we deduce that a liquid neck is created between the tip and the surface and that the forces measured are mostly capillary forces. The present work shows that temperature studies with AFM can be a useful way to probe the influence of the capillary force in turn to characterize surface properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018868830205
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnéli phases of anion-deficient rutile as lubricious oxides. Part II. Tribological behavior of Cu-doped polycrystalline rutile (Ti n O2n−1) (2000)
    Springer
    Tribology letters 8 (2000), S. 79-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2711
    Keywords: solid lubricants ; lubricious oxides ; TiO2 ; rutile ; oxygen stoichiometry ; Magnéli phases ; tribometry ; friction ; wear ; shear strength ; temperature ; atmosphere ; extreme environment ; molecular engineering ; cation doping ; aliovalency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract As a follow-up to the work described in part I of this paper series, a preliminary study was conducted with polycrystalline rutile TiO−x to render its friction and wear performance independent of the environment. The main goal was to confine the most tribologically desirable oxygen stoichiometries of the crystallographic shear-induced Magnéli phases (CSMP) of rutile by doping with cations similar in size and polarizability to the Ti4+, but with lower valences. The resultant chemical expulsion of oxygen from the rutile lattice was intended to generate CSMP free of friction and wear variations caused by changes in the thermal–atmospheric environment. Copper, iron, cobalt and nickel ions were tried as dopants introduced as their stable oxides via a simple ball-milling, hot-pressing and annealing procedure, but only a (Ti + Cu)O1.80 model blend resulted in a desired reaction. A portion of the copper entered the lattice to form a new titanium–copper CSMP, resembling the well-known V3Ti6O17 catalyst equivalent to an undoped rutile CSMP with an O/Ti ratio of 1.89. Although the shear behavior of this new, wear-resistant compound was in accordance with predictions, its friction is higher and more variable than desired for a wide environmental regime lubricant. The preparation technique was only sufficient to demonstrate that oxygen vacancy-induced creation of low-friction CSMP may be possible by doping; it does not appear to be useful for formulating practical, rutile-based lubricious oxides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019174932279
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature Effects on Soil Mineralization of Polylactic Acid Plastic in Laboratory Respirometers (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 7 (1999), S. 101-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Polylactic acid ; temperature ; respirometers ; soil degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A respirometric system was used to analyze the biodegradation of high molecular weight (120,000 to 200,000 g mol−1) polylactic acid (PLA) plastic films in soil under laboratory conditions. The respirometric system consisted of air-conditioning pretraps, a soil reactor, and a carbon dioxide (CO2) posttrap. A 200-g homogeneous soil mixture of all-purpose potting soil : manure soil : sand [1 : 1 : 1 (w/w)] and 1.5 g of PLA plastic films in 1 × 1-cm2 squares was added to each bottle. The respirometers were placed in a 28, 40, or 55°C water bath for 182 days. Treatments (three replicates) included native corn starch (positive control), polyethylene (Glad Cling Wrap; negative control), and three PLA films: Ca-I (Cargill Dow Polymers LLC, monolayer), GII (Cargill Dow Polymers LLC, Generation II), and Ch-I (Chronopol; monolayer). The degree of polymer mineralization was indicated by the cumulative CO2 liberated from each respirometer. The initial average mineralization rate and total percentage mineralized of the PLA plastic films at 28, 40, and 55°C was 24.3, 41.5, and 76.9 mg/day with a 27, 45, and 70% carbon loss, respectively. No decrease in soil pH was observed after 182 days of mineralization. Hence, increase in soil temperature drastically enhanced the biodegradation of PLA plastic films in soil under laboratory conditions (P 〈 0.0001).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021812418325
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on Polylactic Acid Plastic Degradation (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 7 (1999), S. 83-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Polylactic acid ; temperature ; relative humidity ; degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Three high molecular weight (120,000 to 200,000 g mol−1) polylactic acid (PLA) plastic films from Chronopol (Ch-I) and Cargill Dow Polymers (GII and Ca-I) were analyzed for their degradation under various temperature and relative humidity (RH) conditions. Two sets of plastic films, each containing 11 samples, were randomly hung in a temperature/humidity-controlled chamber by means of plastic-coated paper clips. The tested conditions were 28, 40, and 55°C at 50 and 100% RH, respectively, and 55°C at 10% RH. The three tested PLA films started to lose their tensile properties when their weight-average molecular weight (M w) was in the range of 50,000 to 75,000 g mol−1. The average degradation rate of Ch-I, GII, and Ca-I was 28,931, 27,361, and 63,025 M w/week, respectively. Hence, GII had a faster degradation rate than Ch-I and Ca-I under all tested conditions. The degradation rate of PLA plastics was enhanced by the increase in temperature and relative humidity. This trend was observed in all three PLA plastics (Ca-I, GII, and Ch-I). Of the three tested films, Ch-I was the first to lose its mechanical properties, whereas Ca-I demonstrated the slowest loss, with mechanical properties under all tested conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021808317416
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Algae of Lake Bai-Khol (Tuva, Russia) (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: algae ; Lake Bai-Khol ; salinity ; Uvs-Nuur Basin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The algal flora of Lake Bai-Khol, located in the endorheic Uvs-Nuur Basin, Russia, has been studied from collections made in August 1997. 79 taxa belonging to diatoms, blue-green and green algae were present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009019616569
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A spatio-chemical survey of hydrogeothermal springs in Lake Elementaita, Kenya (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 127-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Lake Elementaita ; Lake Nakuru ; origin ; salinity ; thermal springs ; water chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The hydrochemistry of three areas of geothermal activity in the Lake Elementaita basin were surveyed. The results indicated warm temperatures between 30--40°C, high alkalinity (1,200 mg CaCO3/l) and specific conductance (4,300--8,100 µS/cm). pH was above 9 with a high concentration of carbonates, chlorides and sulphates. Apart from playing a significant role in the lake chemistry, lacustrine springs provide a significant source of water supply, particularly during the dry season. However, there is a serious lack of scientific information on the hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of the thermal springs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009023717477
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparisons between the reproductive biology of black breamAcanthopagrus butcheri (Teleostei: Sparidae) in four estuaries with widely differing characteristics (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 179-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: black bream ; estuaries ; fecundity ; fishery management ; length and age at maturity ; salinity ; spawning periods and locations ; water temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The reproductive biology ofAcanthopagrus butcheri has been studied in the permanently open Swan River and intermittently open Moore River estuaries on the lower west coast of Australia (31–32°S) and in the permanently open Nornalup Walpole and normally closed Wellstead estuaries on the southern coast of Western Australia (34–35°S). Trends exhibited by gonadosomatic indices, gonadal maturity stages and the sizes and developmental stages of the oocytes demonstrate thatA. butcheri typically spawns in spring and early summer. However, spawning occurred in salinities ranging from as low as 3.5–8 gL−1 in the Moore River Estuary to as high as 41–45 g L−1 in the Wellstead Estuary. Furthermore, water temperatures during spawning were greater in the two northern estuaries (19.7–28.5°C) than in the two southern and cooler estuaries (17.5–23.4°C). Histological studies strongly indicate thatA. butcheri spawn more than once in a breeding season and demonstrate that the development of its oocytes exhibits group synchronysensu de Vlaming (1983). The ages and total lengths at which, on average, female and maleA. butcheri both first attain maturity in the Swan River Estuary were ca 2 years and ca 215 mm. However, the age at which individual fish in that system reach maturity was influenced by body size. This suggests that the attainment of first maturity at an older age but smaller length in the Moore River and Nornalup Walpole estuaries than is the case in the Swan River Estuary is a consequence of the slower growth rates ofA. butcheri in those estuaries. The combination of the young age (ca 2 years) but small length (ca 145 mm) at which maturity is first attained in the Wellstead Estuary could have resulted from selection pressures brought about by high mortality rates and/or heavy fishing pressure in this estuary. The mean fecundity ofA. butcheri, based on the combined number of yolk vesicle and yolk granule oocytes found in ovaries just prior to the onset of spawning, was 1580×103. The significance of the sizes at first maturity, minimum legal length for capture, mesh selectivity data and closure of certain regions of estuaries to fishing for the management of the recreational and commercial fishery forA. butcheri is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02449931
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salinity of surface waters in the Aral Sea region (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 293-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Aral Sea ; salinity ; salinization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract An overview of recent changes insalinity in the surface waters of the Aral sea basinis given. Total dissolved salts (salinity) in mostwaters are higher than admissible values fordrinking water, and ionic composition has changed withtime. Salinity of the `Big Sea' of the Aral was 48g L−1 in 1998, but has decreased to below 21g L−1 in the `Small Sea' due to the building ofa new dam between the two parts of the Aral Sea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009082722430
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A spatio-chemical survey of hydrogeothermal springs in Lake Elementaita, Kenya (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 127-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Lake Elementaita ; Lake Nakuru ; origin ; salinity ; thermal springs ; water chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The hydrochemistry of three areas of geothermal activity in the Lake Elementaita basin were surveyed. The results indicated warm temperatures between 30–40°C, high alkalinity (1,200 mg CaCO3/l) and specific conductance (4,300–8,100 μS/cm). pH was above 9 with a high concentration of carbonates, chlorides and sulphates. Apart from playing a significant role in the lake chemistry, lacustrine springs provide a significant source of water supply, particularly during the dry season. However, there is a serious lack of scientific information on the hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of the thermal springs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02442126
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrological exchange and subsurface water chemistry in streams varying in salinity in south-western Australia (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 361-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Aral Sea ; salinity ; salinization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Many streams in Western Australia are naturally saline. In others, especiallyin the south-western corner, land-clearance and other human activities inthe catchment have accelerated rates of salinisation of surface andgroundwater. Trends in surface water salinity are well-documented but theextent of penetration of saline stream water into the sediments has beenlittle studied. As many of these streams have porous sandy beds and theirflows may derive from groundwater, hydrologic exchange patterns betweensurface water and subsurface hyporheic water were hypothesised togovern the water chemistry of such rivers. We predicted high rates ofhydraulic conductivity, leading to a close relationship between surface andsubsurface (to a depth of 50 cm) salinity, and to a lesser extent, pH anddissolved oxygen. Where surface and hyporheic water differed in salinity,other chemical differences were hypothesised to be similarly marked,perhaps resulting from disjunct shallow subsurface aquifers. Triplicatewells were sampled from upwelling and downwelling zones of thirteenstreams ranging in salinity from ca. 0.2 to 18 g L−1. Despite theseemingly-porous sandy beds at many sites, subsurface water chemistryonly 20–40 cm below the bed sometimes differed markedly from surfacewater. For example, hyporheic water was only one-fifth the salinity ofsurface water at some saline sites (e.g., the Tone River) or 20 per cent moresaline in streams with fresh surface water (e.g., the Weld River). At somesites of intermediate salinity (e.g., the Warren River), subsurface water wasup to three times fresher than surface or downwelling water. Percentagesaturation of dissolved oxygen in the hyporheic water was consistently low(〈 40%) whereas pH was more acidic than surface water, presumably dueto microbial activity. Vertical hydraulic conductivity may be limited bylayers of fine sediments and clays, implying that the meso-scale (1–100 cm)hydrological dynamics within the hyporheic zones of these rivers are morecomplex than their sandy beds would indicate. Assumptions of ecosystemdynamics in saline streams must be tempered by an understanding ofhyporheic salinities as subsurface fresher water may support microbial andfaunal assemblages excluded from the surface benthos by high salinity. Insaline streams, as in fresh ones, the hyporheic zone is an importantcomponent of the stream ecosystem and equally prone to disruption byhuman activities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009060912470
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The salinity of hypersaline brines: Concepts and misconceptions (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 55-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Dead Sea ; equation of state ; pycnometry ; salinity ; saturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Some widespread misconceptions about salinity are pointed out, explained and commented on. Definitions, units, and methods of salinity determination recommended for brines of moderate salinities may become unsuitable for highly saline brines. Various salinity units are examined and commented on, and density at a precisely monitored temperature is chosen as the preferable “substitute parameter” for salinity determination of hypersaline brines. It is shown that ambient air density during pycnometric measurements must be known as accurately as required of the brine's density, and that its value must be added to the direct pycnometric measurement. Variations of atmospheric pressure at the time of pycnometry must be taken into account if greater than 15 mB. For a salinity accuracy of ±0.02 per mille, as required for some physical and chemical studies, the temperature of the sample during salinity measurement must be monitored with an accuracy of at least 0.04°C. A definite curve in the ρ-S plane, corresponding to the conversion of salinity to density at a fixed temperature, andvice-versa, does not exist if the brine is saturated in one of its salts. Non-linearity in the equation of state is shown to affect the surface level drop due to evaporation; the effect is negligible at low salinities, but a 10 per cent correction is already required at the salinity found in the northern Red Sea (41 per mille). Reliable reference points for the conversion of absolute salinity to density of highly saline brines are not known, at present, as accurately as desirable; pending the accurate determination of such reference points, a substantial dilution of hypersaline brines (for the purpose of adapting them to conductivity measurements) would multiply the error range by more than a hundred fold. On the other hand, a minute dilution of hypersaline brine samples to prevent salt crystal formation is possible and would not bring about any major increase of the error range in their density (salinity) determination.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02442137
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Algae of Lake Bai-Khol (Tuva, Russia) (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: algae ; Lake Bai-Khol ; salinity ; Uvs-Nuur Basin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The algal flora of Lake Bai-Khol, located in the endorheic Uvs-Nuur Basin, Russia, has been studied from collections made in August 1997. 79 taxa belonging to diatoms, blue-green and green algae were present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02442129
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The salinity of hypersaline brines: Concepts and misconceptions (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 55-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Dead Sea ; equation of state ; pycnometry ; salinity ; saturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Some widespread misconceptions about salinity are pointed out, explained and commented on. Definitions, units, and methods of salinity determination recommended for brines of moderate salinities may become unsuitable for highly saline brines. Various salinity units are examined and commented on, and density at a precisely monitored temperature is chosen as the preferable “substitute parameter” for salinity determination of hypersaline brines. It is shown that ambient air density during pycnometric measurements must be known as accurately as required of the brine's density, and that its value must be added to the direct pycnometric measurement. Variations of atmospheric pressure at the time of pycnometry must be taken into account if greater than 15 mB. For a salinity accuracy of ±0.02 per mille, as required for some physical and chemical studies, the temperature of the sample during salinity measurement must be monitored with an accuracy of at least 0.04°C. A definite curve in the ρ-S plane, corresponding to the conversion of salinity to density at a fixed temperature, and vice-versa, does not exist if the brine is saturated in one of its salts. Non-linearity in the equation of state is shown to affect the surface level drop due to evaporation; the effect is negligible at low salinities, but a 10 per cent correction is already required at the salinity found in the northern Red Sea (41 per mille). Reliable reference points for the conversion of absolute salinity to density of highly saline brines are not known, at present, as accurately as desirable; pending the accurate determination of such reference points, a substantial dilution of hypersaline brines (for the purpose of adapting them to conductivity measurements) would multiply the error range by more than a hundred fold. On the other hand, a minute dilution of hypersaline brine samples to prevent salt crystal formation is possible and would not bring about any major increase of the error range in their density (salinity) determination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009059827435
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparisons between the reproductive biology of black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri (Teleostei: Sparidae) in four estuaries with widely differing characteristics (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 179-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: black bream ; estuaries ; fecundity ; fishery management ; length and age at maturity ; salinity ; spawning periods and locations ; water temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The reproductive biology of Acanthopagrus butcheri has been studied in the permanently open Swan River and intermittently open Moore River estuaries on the lower west coast of Australia (31--32 °S) and in the permanently open Nornalup Walpole and normally closed Wellstead estuaries on the southern coast of Western Australia (34--35 °S). Trends exhibited by gonadosomatic indices, gonadal maturity stages and the sizes and developmental stages of the oocytes demonstrate that A. butcher typically spawns in spring and early summer. However, spawning occurred in salinities ranging from as low as 3.5-8 g L−1 in the Moore River Estuary to as high as 41-45 g L−1 in the Wellstead Estuary. Furthermore, water temperatures during spawning were greater in the two northern estuaries (19.7--28.5 °C) than in the two southern and cooler estuaries (17.5--23.4 °C). Histological studies strongly indicate that A. butcheri spawn more than once in a breeding season and demonstrate that the development of its oocytes exhibits group synchrony sensu de Vlaming (1983). The ages and total lengths at which, on average, female and male A. butcheri both first attain maturity in the Swan River Estuary were ca 2 years and ca 215 mm. However, the age at which individual fish in that system reach maturity was influenced by body size. This suggests that the attainment of first maturity at an older age but smaller length in the Moore River and Nornalup Walpole estuaries than is the case in the Swan River Estuary is a consequence of the slower growth rates of A. butcheri in those estuaries. The combination of the young age (ca 2 years) but small length (ca 145 mm) at which maturity is first attained in the Wellstead Estuary could have resulted from selection pressures brought about by high mortality rates and/or heavy fishing pressure in this estuary. The mean fecundity of A. butcheri, based on the combined number of yolk vesicle and yolk granule oocytes found in ovaries just prior to the onset of spawning, was 1580 × 103. The significance of the sizes at first maturity, minimum legal length for capture, mesh selectivity data and closure of certain regions of estuaries to fishing for the management of the recreational and commercial fishery for A. butcheri is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009041525892
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    Salinity of surface waters in the Aral sea region (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 293-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Aral Sea ; salinity ; salinization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract An overview of recent changes in salinity in the surface waters of the Aral sea basin is given. Total dissolved salts (salinity) in most waters are higher than admissible values for drinking water, and ionic composition has changed with time. Salinity of the ‘Big Sea’ of the Aral was 48 g L−1 in 1998, but has decreased to below 21 g L−1 in the ‘Small Sea’ due to the building of a new dam between the two parts of the Aral Sea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02442116
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    Applicability of Fatigue Life Prediction Method to Polymer Composites (1999)
    Springer
    Mechanics of time-dependent materials 3 (1999), S. 141-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2738
    Keywords: CFRP ; fatigue ; frequency ; stress ratio ; temperature ; viscoelasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A prediction method of fatigue strength under an arbitraryfrequency, temperature, and stress ratio is proposed for polymercomposites and its validity is confirmed for the flexural fatiguestrength of satin-woven CFRP laminates. This method is based upon fourhypotheses: (a) same failure process under constant strain-rate (CSR),creep, and fatigue loadings, (b) same time-temperature superpositionprinciple for all failure strengths, (c) linear cumulative damage lawfor nondecreasing stress process, and (d) linear dependence of fatiguestrength upon stress ratio. This method was applied to the flexuralfatigue strength of various unidirectional CFRPs, and the verificationand limitations of this method were discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009873124095
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    Methodology for minimizing effects of temperature in monitoring with the acousto-ultrasonic technique (1999)
    Springer
    Experimental mechanics 39 (1999), S. 86-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1741-2765
    Keywords: Acousto-ultrasonic ; damage monitoring ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The acousto-ultrasonic (AU) technique can be a useful methodology for monitoring structures or mechanical components during endurance tests, fatigue tests or, in general, during the life of the components. To obtain reliable information about the failure and fatigue cracks at their earliest initiation stages and to follow their evolution regardless of any disturbance effects, refined experimental procedures and signal processing are needed. In particular, the effects of temperature variation cannot be entirely suppressed and are difficult to evaluate. This means that the results of the AU technique are not immediately interpretable and usable for monitoring structures. This paper describes some procedures aimed at minimizing the effects of disturbance on AU signals caused by temperature variation, allowing use of AU for monitoring over extensive periods of time or when the component is subjected to heating.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02331110
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    Thermoelastic contact problem of two rotating bodies with frictional heat generation in annular region (1998)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 68 (1998), S. 128-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Keywords: Key words frictional heating ; temperature ; contact pressure ; punch indentation ; thermoelasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary An axisymmetric contact problem with frictional heating is considered in which a parabolic annular punch is pressed into a plane surface and rotates about its axis of symmetry at constant speed. The problem is formulated in terms of one governing equation with unknown pressure. This equation is solved numerically. The change of the geometry of the contact region and pressure has been investigated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004190050150
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    Towards a Predictive Design Methodology Based on the Physical Modelling of the Fracture of Fiber Composites (1998)
    Springer
    Applied composite materials 5 (1998), S. 69-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4897
    Keywords: modelling ; notch strength ; damage ; fatigue ; environment ; temperature ; prediction ; design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A predictive design methodology based on modelling the fracture stress (notched tensile strength) and post-fatigue residual strength of laminated fiber composites is presented. The approach is based explicitly on the development of models of the physical processes by which damage accumulates at a notch-tip and the application of these models to cross-ply laminates for a variety of material systems, including thermosetting and thermoplastic matrices containing carbon, glass and Kevlar fiber reinforcements. The effects of temperature and humidity on composite fracture can also be examined in the context of this modelling strategy. A pre-requisite of the model is that it has to be calibrated for each material system by performing tensile tests on notched and unnotched cross-ply laminate. From this initial calibration, which takes relatively little time, it is possible to apply the model to a prediction of the dependence of fracture stress on notch size; to an understanding of the effects of laminate stacking sequence (within the same cross-ply family) on fracture stress; and to provide insight into the effects of thermal or load cycling history on fatigue damage-growth and residual or fatigue strength. The advantages and deficiencies of this modelling strategy are assessed, as well as the applicability of such a physical modelling approach to the predictive design and failure of composite materials in general.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008811721083
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    On the Spectral Decomposition of Geopotential and Temperature Fields in the Stratosphere (1998)
    Springer
    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 42 (1998), S. 147-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1626
    Keywords: stratosphere ; spectral decomposition ; geopotential ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The spectral structure of stratospheric fields (temperature and geopotential) is analyzed in terms of spherical harmonics in an effort to study the long-term behaviour of large-scale circulation patterns, as well as their connections to some extra-terrestrial effects. The daily meteorological data from the Free University Berlin (FUB) cover more or less the period 1976–1996 and are available for stratospheric levels of 50, 30 and 10 hPa. The analysis of the annual cycle of spherical harmonics is introduced, and changes of the principal wave components are compared with the changes in different sets of solar, geomagnetic and global circulation indices. This paper also deals with interannual variability with special emphasis on quasibiennial oscillations (QBO) and El Nino and Southern Oscillations (ENSO). Although this is a rather preliminary study, the decomposition of the stratospheric field into complex spherical harmonics seems to be a powerful technique in investigating and qualifying the response of the global atmospheric system to the changes in solar and geomagnetic activity, and in qualifying the relationships between large-scale circulation patterns and various oscillations such as QBO or ENSO, Using this technique, reasonable strong connections were found between wave numbers and interannual factors, and these connections were tentatively interpreted in terms of statistics. A very high degree of correlation was found for the four-trough shape of the polar vortex.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023305020573
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    Changes of Ozone Content at Middle Latitudes During Forbush Decreases in Cosmic Rays (1998)
    Springer
    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 42 (1998), S. 521-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1626
    Keywords: stratospere ; troposphere ; solar-terrestrial disturbances ; odd nitrogen ; temperature ; atmospheric dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The variations of total ozone at Alma-Ata (43°N, 76 °E) and ozone profiles obtained by balloon sounding at Tateno (36°N, 140°E), Wallops Island (38°N, 75°W) and Cagliari (39°N, 9°E) in the periods of Forbush decreases (FD) in galactic cosmic rays have been analysed. A decrease of total ozone was observed in the initial stage of the FD and an increase 10–11 days later. The average total deviations calculated using the superposed epoch method for 9 FD events are equal to 30 D. U. in the positive and to −18 D. U. in the negative phase. The changes of average ozone profiles, associated with 26 FD events, are more significant in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere. The decrease of the partial ozone pressure at a height of 12–15 km is about 30 υmb. These vertical variations of ozone coincide with the average changes of the respective temperature profiles. A cooling, on the average, of 3°C was observed at 12–15 km, and a heating of 4°C below this level.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023301322428
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    Numerical prognosis for salinity profiles of future lakes in the opencast mine Merseburg-Ost (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 235-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: groundwater ; Merseburg-Ost ; mine ; meromixis ; numerical model ; monimolimnion ; opencast ; physical limnology ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Salt-laden groundwater inflows have formed monimolimnia in developing lakes of the abandoned opencast lignite mine Merseburg-Ost, Central Germany. Water-levels are still rising. To predict the future status of the lakes, two numerical models were developed. One was designed to predict groundwater flows, the second included limnophysical processes. The models were run in parallel and data exchange between them was performed every 1 to 10 years of model time. A trial of a 100-years prognosis was done. The results of surface salinity, mixing depth, and salinity profile are given. A sensitivity analysis yielded indications for the accuracy of the prediction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009097319823
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    Potential salinity limitations on nitrogen fixation in sediments from Mono Lake, California (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 261-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: cyanobacteria ; lake management ; Mono Lake ; nitrogen fixation ; salinity ; saline lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Mono Lake is a hypersaline alkaline lake in the high altitude Great Basin desert of eastern California. Algal productivity of the lake is nitrogen-limited, and a contributing source is derived from benthic nitrogen fixation. Lake level and salinity have fluctuated with natural climatic variations but have also been affected by the diversion of tributary streams. This research examines the influence of varied salinity and lake level on the potential for benthic nitrogen fixation in Mono Lake. A sediment-surface microbial mat community was exposed directly, and in acclimated cultures, to a range of Mono Lake salinities under anaerobic incubations and the activity of nitrogenase assayed by acetylene reduction. Activity was stimulated in light, but also occurred in darkness. Over an experimental salinity range from 50 to 150 g L−1 TDS, nitrogenase activity was reduced by 90 per cent, with the activity persisting at the highest salinity being attributable to dark fixation alone. Between a salinity of 50 g L−1, occurring in Mono Lake over 50 years ago, and 100 g L−1, nitrogenase activity was reduced by nearly half. Changes in the area of the littoral zone at varied lake levels also affect the total amount of potential benthic nitrogen fixation in the lake. An accounting of yearly inputs of nitrogen to Mono Lake suggests N2-fixation could contribute as much as 76–81 percent of the total. Inhibition of nitrogen fixation rates by increased salinity could limit the long-term nutrient supply and benthic primary productivity of this ecosystem.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441878
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    The relationship between electrical conductivity and selected macroinvertebrate communities in four river systems of south-west Victoria, Australia (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 153-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: confounding parameters ; nutrients ; salinity ; survey design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract In order to relate macroinvertebrate fauna to electrical conductivity (EC), a survey of selected orders of macroinvertebrates was conducted in the Glenelg, Hopkins, Merri and Barwon River Catchments in south-west Victoria, Australia. The survey consisted of sampling 21 paired sites at confluences of streams. There was little difference between the in-stream habitat but there was a range of differences in EC between each of the paired sites. The dissimilarity of macroinvertebrate fauna between the paired sites was compared to the proportional difference in EC and other water quality variables (dissolved oxygen, water temperature, pH, NO2−N, NO3−N, PO4 and turbidity). This allowed the elimination of EC being confounded with geographical scale parameters and took into account other water quality parameters that may be confounded with EC. A positive relationship was found between the dissimilarity of the fauna at each of the two paired sites and the proportional difference in EC. No such relationship was found for any other measured water quality variable. The results of this survey show that macroinvertebrate community structure is associated with EC of the river systems investigated after eliminating large scale geographical patterns, in-stream habitat and the measured water quality parameters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441884
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    Potential salinity limitations on nitrogen fixation in sediments from Mono Lake, California (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 261-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: cyanobacteria ; lake management ; Mono Lake〉/kwd〉 ; nitrogen fixation ; salinity ; saline lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Mono Lake is a hypersaline alkaline lake in the high altitude Great Basin desert of eastern California. Algal productivity of the lake is nitrogen-limited, and a contributing source is derived from benthic nitrogen fixation. Lake level and salinity have fluctuated with natural climatic variations but have also been affected by the diversion of tributary streams. This research examines the influence of varied salinity and lake level on the potential for benthic nitrogen fixation in Mono Lake. A sediment-surface microbial mat community was exposed directly, and in acclimated cultures, to a range of Mono Lake salinities under anaerobic incubations and the activity of nitrogenase assayed by acetylene reduction. Activity was stimulated in light, but also occurred in darkness. Over an experimental salinity range from 50 to 150 g L-1 TDS, nitrogenase activity was reduced by 90 per crnt, with the activity persisting at the highest salinity being attributable to dark fixation alone. Between a salinity of 50 g L-1, occurring in Mono Lake over 50 years ago, and 100 g L-1, nitrogenase activity was reduced by nearly half. Changes in the area of the littoral zone at varied lake levels also affect the total amount of potential benthic nitrogen fixation in the lake. An accounting of yearly inputs of nitrogen to Mono Lake suggests N2-fixation could contribute as much as 76–81 percent of the total. Inhibition of nitrogen fixation rates by increased salinity could limit the long-term nutrient supply and benthic primary productivity of this ecosystem.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009001514449
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    Numerical prognosis for salinity profiles of future lakes in the opencast mine Merseburg-Ost (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 235-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: groundwater ; Merseburg-Ost ; mine ; meromixis ; numerical model ; monimolimnion ; opencast ; physical limnology ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Salt-laden groundwater inflows have formed monimolimnia in developing lakes of the abandoned opencast lignite mine Merseburg-Ost, Central Germany. Water-levels are still rising. To predict the future status of the lakes, two numerical models were developed. One was designed to predict groundwater flows, the second included limnophysical processes. The models were run in parallel and data exchange between them was performed every 1 to 10 years of model time. A trial of a 100-years prognosis was done. The results of surface salinity, mixing depth, and salinity profile are given. A sensitivity analysis yielded indications for the accuracy of the prediction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441877
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    Is salinity the only water quality parameter affected when saline water is disposed in rivers? (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 285-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: nutrients ; salinity ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The effect of saline lake water disposal from the Lough Calvert Drainage Scheme on water quality of the Barwon River, in south west Victoria, Australia, was investigated. The Scheme is used to regulate the levels of several saline lakes outside the Barwon's catchment. This study found that the disposal of saline lake water was associated with increased total phosphorus, PO4, TKN, suspended solids, electrical conductivity and stream discharge and lower NOx in the Barwon River. Thus, when disposing of saline water, factors other than salinity should be considered in order to prevent an impact on the aquatic environment. At present this is generally not done. The results are discussed with reference to the effects of saline water disposal on aquatic biota and how the effect of saline lake water disposal on water quality may differ from the disposal of saline groundwater.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009023515649
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    Is salinity the only water quality parameter affected when saline water is disposed in rivers? (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 285-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: nutrients ; salinity ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The effect of saline lake water disposal from the Lough Calvert Drainage Scheme on water quality of the Barwon River, in south west Victoria, Australia, was investigated. The Scheme is used to regulate the levels of several saline lakes outside the Barwon's catchment. This study found that the disposal of saline lake water was associated with increased total phosphorus, PO4, TKN, suspended solids, electrical conductivity and stream discharge and lower NOx in the Barwon River. Thus, when disposing of saline water, factors other than salinity should be considered in order to prevent an impact on the aquatic environment. At present this is generally not done. The results are discussed with reference to the effects of saline water disposal on aquatic biota and how the effect of saline lake water disposal on water quality may differ from the disposal of saline groundwater.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02442141
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    The relationship between electrical conductivity and selected macroinvertebrate communities in four river systems of south-west Victoria, Australia (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 153-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: confounding parameters ; nutrients ; salinity ; survey design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract In order to relate macroinvertebrate fauna to electrical conductivity (EC), a survey of selected orders of macroinvertebrates was conducted in the Glenelg, Hopkins, Merri and Barwon River Catchments in south-west Victoria, Australia. The survey consisted of sampling 21 paired sites at confluences of streams. There was little difference between the in-stream habitat but there was a range of differences in EC between each of the paired sites. The dissimilarity of macroinvertebrate fauna between the paired sites was compared to the proportional difference in EC and other water quality variables (dissolved oxygen, water temperature, pH, NO2-N, NO3-N, PO4 and turbidity). This allowed the elimination of EC being confounded with geographical scale parameters and took into account other water quality parameters that may be confounded with EC. A positive relationship was found between the dissimilarity of the fauna at each of the two paired sites and the proportional difference in EC. No such relationship was found for any other measured water quality variable. The results of this survey show that macroinvertebrate community structure is associated with EC of the river systems investigated after eliminating large scale geographical patterns, in-stream habitat and the measured water quality parameters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009019404720
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    Magnetometric Method of Investigating Fire Sites (1997)
    Springer
    Fire technology 33 (1997), S. 195-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: point of fire origin ; fire ; temperature ; plaster ; concrete ; thermal ; damage ; biotite ; magnetization ; susceptibility ; N-rays ; P-rays ; X-rays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Magnetic susceptibility (MS) measurements were taken to determine fire exposure patterns on noncombustible structural members and compartment boundaries. These measurements led on-site fire investigators to the cause of combustion and the point of fire origin. Thermal damage to walls and to ceilings was estimated quantitatively by measuring MS and two-valent Fe ion concentration in building materials such as concrete and plaster. It was shown that these effects are preconditioned by thermochemical transformations in the mineral biotite, which is present as a component of common building materials. For the first time, the effect of a substantial and irreversible increase in biotite magnetization exposed to powerful flows of N- and P-rays was found. It is hoped that the presence of this “magnetic trace” of radiation in building materials will allow investigators to use the magnetometric method at nuclear power plant catastrophes such as that in Chernobyl. It was also shown that the influence of N- and P-rays on biotite's magnetic properties greatly differs from the thermal influence on biotite.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015363605037
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    Effect of time-dependent speed on frictional heat generation and wear in transient axisymmetrical contact of sliding (1997)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 67 (1997), S. 331-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Keywords: Key words frictional heating ; wear ; contact pressure ; temperature ; brake system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary A transient contact problem with frictional heating and wear for two nonuniform sliding half-spaces is considered. One of the two half-spaces is assumed to be slightly curved to give a Hertzian initial pressure distribution: the other is a rigid nonconductor. Under the assumption that the contact pressure distribution could be described by Hertz formulas during all the process of interaction, the problem is formulated in terms of one integral equation of Volterra type with unknown radius of contact area. A numerical solution of this equation is obtained using a piecewise-constant presentation of an unknown function. The influence of operating parameters on the contact temperature and the radius of the contact area is studied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004190050121
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    Variability in biomarkers of different saline basins in China (1997)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 25-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: biomarker ; palaeoenvironment ; salinity ; salt lake ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract 42 samples (sediments and crude oils) from 5 differentsaline/hypersaline basins of China were examined using variety ofgeochemical techniques. A pronounced even over odd distribution of n-alkanesis observed for the Ejinur, Jianghan samples. Abundance of isoprenoidalkanes, dominated by phytane (C20 up to 20 per cent inEOM), and C25 and C30 components isanother outstanding feature of these studied lacustrine hypersalinesettings, indicating important contributuions from archaebacteria.Gammacerane is a major component of some Eocene Jianghan samples andCretaceous Taian sediments. Absolute concentration of phytane andgammacerane appears to be linearly related to chlorine and residual(reduced) sulfur contents of sediments from Jianghan basin, suggestingsulfur incoporation might have played an important role in the enhacement ofthese biomarkers in the anoxic hypersaline, alkaline settings. Wide range oforganic sulfur compounds in immature samples of Jianghan Basin reflects asignificant pathway for sulfur incorporation under hypersaline, extremelyanoxic/reducing conditions, although for some structures a direct originfrom some sulfur archaebacteria can not be excluded. Brackish salt marshsediment and oil from Lenghu depression contain abundant lupane, strong OEPin n-alkane series, and predominance of C29 steranes,suggesting a markedly input from vascular higher plants. The marginal marineevaporate sediments from the hypersaline Triassic Yangtze Platform is uniquefor its predominant, complete series of isoprenoid alkanes up toC36 (abundant) and C40 (trace). Theselong-chain isoprenoids are probably derived from phytoplanktons in additionto archaebacteria. The marked difference in biomarker distributions from thevarious suites of samples support that application of these biomarkers tohelp effectively characterize different saline basins. The molecularvariation is, however, not only due to their discrepancy in biologicalsources, but also the extension of sulfate reduction and the availability ofmetal ions during early diagenesis.
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    Variability in biomarkers of different saline basins in China (1997)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 25-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: biomarker ; palaeoenvironment ; salinity ; salt lake ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract 42 samples (sediments and crude oils) from 5 different saline/hypersaline basins of China were examined using variety of geochemical techniques. A pronounced even over odd distribution ofn-alkanes is observed for the Ejinur, Jianghan samples. Abundance of isoprenoid alkanes, dominated by phytane (C20 up to 20 per cent in EOM), and C25 and C30 components is another outstanding feature of these studied lacustrine hypersaline settings, indicating important contributuions from archaebacteria. Gammacerane is a major component of some Eocene Jiangham samples and Cretaceous Taian sediments. Absolute concentration of phytane and gammacerane appears to be linearly related to chlorine and residual (reduced) sulfur contents of sediments from Jianghan basin, suggesting sulfur incoporation might have played an important role in the enhacement of these biomarkers in the anoxic hypersaline, alkaline settings. Wide range of organic sulfur compounds in immature samples of Jianghan Basin reflects a significant pathway for sulfur incorporation under hypersaline, extremely anoxic/reducing conditions, although for some structures a direct origin from some sulfur archaebacteria can not be excluded. Brackish salt marsh sediment and oil from Lenghu depression contain abundant lupane, strong OEP inn-alkane series, and predominance of C29 steranes, suggesting a markedly input from vascular higher plants. The marginal marine evaporate sediments from the hypersaline Triassic Yangtze Platform is unique for its predominant, complete series of isoprenoid alkanes up to C36 (abundant) and C40 (trace). These long-chain isoprenoids are probably derived from phytoplanktons in addition to archaebacteria. The marked difference in biomarker distributions from the various suites of samples support that application of these biomarkers to help effectively characterize different saline basins. The molecular variation is, however, not only due to their discrepancy in biological sources, but also the extension of sulfate reduction and the availability of metal ions during early diagenesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441867
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    The analysis of nitrate in highly saline waters (1997)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 269-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: nitrate analysis ; salt effect ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The analysis of nitrate in seawater and hypersalinewaters should take account of a significant “salteffect”. Procedures developed for fresh water andmarine waters must be applied cautiously to highlysaline waters. The most widely used standard methodfor the determination of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N)in fresh and marine waters involves the quantitativereduction of nitrate by the Cd column techniquefollowed by colorimetric procedures. In our study,three approaches to estimate NO3-N in highlysaline waters were examined. The first involveddilution. This approach overcame the salt effect butdilution limited the detection of low concentrationsof nitrate in highly saline waters. The secondinvolved the use of standard nitrate solutions insaline water. This method is not recommended becauseof nitrate impurities in AR grade salts. The third-and preferred approach-involved the use of standardadditions. “Spikes” of a known volume of NO3-Nstandard solution were added to natural saline waters. Nitrate values estimated by the standard additionmethod were used to calculate an equation for salterror correction at different salinities applicable towaters with the same relative ionic composition asseawater. This could then be used to correct nitratedeterminations in highly saline waters where standardsmade in distilled water were used for calibration.Many previously published data for NO3-N insaline water used methods of analysis which do nottake account of salt error and are therefore probablyin error.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009008120817
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    The analysis of nitrate in highly saline waters (1997)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 269-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: nitrate analysis ; salt effect ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The analysis of nitrate in seawater and hypersaline waters should take account of a significant “salt effect”. Procedures developed for fresh water and marine waters must be applied cautiously to highly saline waters. The most widely used standard method for the determination of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) in fresh and marine waters involves the quantitative reduction of nitrate by the Cd column technique followed by colorimetric procedures. In our study, three approaches to estimate NO3-N in highly saline waters were examined. The first involved dilution. This approach overcame the salt effect but dilution limited the detection of low concentrations of nitrate in highly saline waters. The second involved the use of standard nitrate solutions in saline water. This method is not recommended because of nitrate impurities in AR grade salts. The third- and preferred approach-involved the use of standard additions. “Spikes” of a known volume of NO3-N standard solution were added to natural saline waters. Nitrate values estimated by the stadard addition method were used to calculate an equation for salt error correction at different salinities applicable to waters with the same relative ionic composition as seawater. This could then be used to correct nitrate determinations in highly saline waters where standards made in distilled water were used for calibration. Many previously published data for NO3-N in saline water used methods of analysis which do not take account of salt error and are therefore probably in error.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02449929
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    Midge-and diatom-based palaeosalinity reconstructions for Mahoney Lake, Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada (1997)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 249-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Chironanidae ; diatoms ; palaeoclimate ; palaeolimnology ; palaeoecology ; palaeosalinity ; salinity ; postglacial ; climate change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Salinity fluctuations in lakes of semi-arid regions have long been recognised as indicators of palaeoclimatic change, and have provided a valuable line of evidence in palaeo-climatic reconstruction. In the present study, fossil remains of diatoms and midges were used to reconstruct salinity changes at Mahoney Lake from the early postglacial, through the early, mid and late Holocene. A transition from midges typical of a freshwater community (Protanypus, Sergentia, Heterotrissocladius, Cladopelma, Dicrotendipes) during the early postglacial, to those indicative of saline environments (Cricotopus/Orthocladius, Tanypus) occurred in the early Holocene. The midge-inferred salinity values reflected the shift from freshwater (0.031 g/L) immediately after deglaciation, to saline water (2.4 to 55.2 g/L) in subsequent periods. A less saline period was found to have occurred after 1000 yr BP, suggesting a cooler or wetter period. The diatom record indicates similar trends, with freshwater taxa (e.g.,Cyclotella bodanica var. aff.lemanica) dominating near the bottom of the core. Diatom-inferred salinities indicate that saline conditions (about 30 g/L) prevailed throughout subsequent Holocene time, although relatively fresh conditions are indicated following deposition of the Mazama Ash, and from about 1500 yr BP until the present day. Midge and diatom-inferred salinity reconstructions for Mahoney Lake compare favorably with each other, and with climate trends inferred from earlier palynological evidence. The palaeosalinity record thus contributes new data relevant to past climatic conditions, in a region where little data have previously been collected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02449928
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    Midge- and diatom-based palaeosalinity reconstructions for Mahoney Lake, Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada (1997)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 249-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Chironanidae ; diatoms ; palaeoclimate ; palaeolimnology ; palaeoecology ; palaeosalinity ; salinity ; postglacial ; climate change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Salinity fluctuations in lakes of semi-arid regions have long beenrecognised as indicators of palaeoclimatic change, and have provided avaluable line of evidence in palaeoclimatic reconstruction. In the presentstudy, fossil remains of diatoms and midges were used to reconstructsalinity changes at Mahoney Lake from the early postglacial, through theearly, mid and late Holocene. A transition from midges typical of afreshwater community (Protanypus, Sergentia, Heterotrissocladius,Cladopelma, Dicrotendipes) during the early postglacial, to those indicativeof saline environments (Cricotopus/Orthocladius, Tanypus) occurred in theearly Holocene. The midge-inferred salinity values reflected the shift fromfreshwater (0.031 g/L) immediately after deglaciation, to saline water (2.4to 55.2 g/L) in subsequent periods. A less saline period was found to haveoccurred after 1000 yr BP, suggesting a cooler or wetter period. The diatomrecord indicates similar trends, with freshwater taxa (e.g., Cyclotellabodanica var. aff. lemanica) dominating near the bottom of the core.Diatom-inferred salinities indicate that saline conditions (about 30 g/L)prevailed throughout subsequent Holocene time, although relatively freshconditions are indicated following deposition of the Mazama Ash, and fromabout 1500 yr BP until the present day. Midge and diatom-inferred salinityreconstructions for Mahoney Lake compare favorably with each other, and withclimate trends inferred from earlier palynological evidence. Thepalaeosalinity record thus contributes new data relevant to past climaticconditions, in a region where little data have previously been collected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009056003978
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    Micellization of triblock copoly(ethyleneoxide/tetrahydrofuran/ethylene oxide) (1997)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 275 (1997), S. 467-473 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Key words Block copolymers ; micelle ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  The association behaviour of triblock copoly(ethylene oxide/tetrahydrofuran/ethylene oxide), in particular E100T27E100, in aqueous solutions has been investigated by means of static and dynamic light scattering, nuclear magnetic reso-nance (NMR) and surface tension techniques. On raising the polymer concentration at room temperature, the copolymer aggregates to form micelles with an aggregation number of about 105 (R G, mic≈15 nm and R H, mic≈13 nm, as revealed by light scattering and FT-PGSE NMR measurements, respectively). The micelles are kinetically quite stable, the micellar lifetime is shown to be more than 1 h. The residence time of a single unimer in a micelle is more than 140 ms. The apparent radius of gyration R G, mic is fairly independent of concentration, but large effects are observed on varying the temperature. Raising the temperature initially results in an increase of the apparent micellar size, followed by a maximum at an intermediate temperature (≈45 °C). At higher temperatures a contraction of the micelles is observed. The shape of the micelles also appear to vary in this temperature interval. The interactions responsible for these phenomena are discussed in terms of, e.g., the temperature-dependent solubility of the alkylene oxide segments in water and polydispersity effects.
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    Temperature effect on shear induced transition in surfactant solution (1997)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 105 (1997), S. 322-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Rheology ; surfactant solutions ; micelles ; phase transition ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Aqueous solutions of cationic surfactant with binding counterions exhibit a transition under shear. In this paper the steady shear properties of semidilute aqueous micellar solutions (cetylpyridinium chloride and sodium salicylate in brine) are presented as a function of concentration and temperature. The shear thinning behavior of this system could be described by the Carreau model at low shear rate and by a power law at higher shear rate. The temperature dependence of the zero shear viscosity follows an Arrhenius relationship. The critical shear rate at which the viscosity departs from its zero shear value is found to increase with temperature indicating the influence of this parameter on transition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01188972
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    The melting of silicon nanocrystals: Submicron thin-film structures derived from nanocrystal precursors (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 33-37 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 64.00 ; 68.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The size-dependent melting temperature has been shown for the group IV semiconductor silicon. A cursory comparison is made between silicon nanocrystal melting and that observed in the group II–VI material Cds and the group III–V material GaAs. Particles dispersed at a number density such that there are interactions between nanocrystals are observed to sinter before size-dependent melting occurs. Using an electron beam to selectively remove an organic mask from a substrate, this phenomenon is exploited to produce thin-film structures. This work has implications in the production of nanoelectronics, nonlinear optics and solar conversion technologies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01568084
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    Buried (Fe1 −x Co x )Si2 layers with variable band gap formed by ion beam synthesis (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 155-162 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 73.60 ; 78.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Buried layers of (Fe1 −x Co x )Si2 were prepared by sequent implantation of iron and cobalt into (100) silicon. The depth distributions of iron and cobalt and the atomic concentration ratio silicon/metal were determined by Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) and Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS). The phase composition and the microstructure of the silicide layer were studied by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. The band gap energy was evaluated from Infrared (IR) reflection and transmission experiments. The semiconductingβ-FeSi2 structure remains stable up to a cobalt fraction ofx = 0.2 if the iron silicide is stabilized by an intermediate annealing between iron and cobalt implantation. With increasing cobalt content, the electrical resistivity as well as the energy of the direct band gap of the (Fe1 −x Co x )Si2 layer decrease. In this way, a band gap tuning between 0.84 and 0.70 eV is possible. The gap energy is found to vary quadratically with the Co content in the composition range 0 〈x 〈 0.15.
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    Fluorescence interference-contrast microscopy on oxidized silicon using a monomolecular dye layer (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 207-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 68.55 ; 78.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A silicon chip is covered by a monomolecular film of a fluorescence dye with silicon dioxide used as a spacer. The fluorescence depends on the distance of the dye from the silicon. The modulation of the intensity is described quantitatively by an optical theory which accounts for interference of the exciting light and of the emitted light. The effect is used to obtain a microscopic picture of the surface profile with a precision of a few Angströms. The perspectives for an application in wet systems such as neuron-silicon junctions and lipid membranes on silicon are pointed out.
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    Direct observation of strain relaxation in iron layers on W(110) by time-resolved STM (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 217-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 68.55Ln ; 61.16Ch ; 62.40 ; 83.50.By
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Time-resolved,in-situ-applied STM has been used to study the epitaxial growth of iron on W(110) at room temperature. By this way, sequences of STM images show directly the atomistics of the growth process on the surface. The first layer of iron on W(110) grows pseudomorphically without a preferred growth direction. Beginning with the second layer, the islands grow anisotropically with preferred growth in the [001]-direction. The generation of an ordered two-dimensional dislocation network starts at a coverage of 1.4 pseudomorphic monolayers to relax the misfit of 9.4%. A direct correlation of the creation of misfit dislocations in the second layer and the nucleation of the third-layer islands was found. Together with the onset of strain relaxation, the growth mode abruptly changes from layer-by-layer to statistical growth. A quantitative statistical analysis of the data allows to exactly determine the onset of relaxation, the vertical location of the dislocation lines, and the lateral extension of an island that is necessary to induce the formation of dislocations.
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    Physical properties of GaAs on glass (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 237-240 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.65 ; 68.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Physical properties of GaAs layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy on glass substrates are investigated by Raman light scattering, Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy (PDS), optical absorption and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) measurements. The results indicate that the layers are polycrystalline and strain-free. Raman spectra exhibit GaAs-TO and LO modes at 260 and 283 cm−1, respectively. The peaks are shifted by about 10 cm−1 with respect to bulk GaAs which we attribute to local heating effects induced by laser excitation. The phonon lines are strong and have a bandwidth of about 5 to 8 cm-1 indicating a good crystalline quality. However, neither photoluminescence nor the Hall effect could be observed that is suggestive of the presence of a large number of electronic defects. SEM micrographs taken from the surface and the interface exhibit a granular structure with the polycrystal sizes of well under 1 μm. PDS results show about 1018 cm−3 defects and some disorder at the band gap.
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    Parametric dependence of the properties of pulsed-laser-deposited diamond-like carbon films (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 287-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.60 ; 81.15 ; 68.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The properties of Pulsed-Laser-Deposited Diamond-Like Carbon (PLD DLC) films are studied as functions of the power densityΦ and the wavelengthλ of the laser beam, and the incident angleϑ of the beam relative to the normal of the target surface. All the films have a similar structure consisting of graphite particulates embedded in a continuous matrix, so the macroscopic performance of the films is determined by the overall contributions of the particulates and the matrix. The use of higherΦ, shorterλ, or largerϑ leads to an enhancement of the diamond-like characteristics and a simultaneous increase of the particulate density. These two effects give opposite contributions to the electrical conductivityσ R, leading to the following results. (i) σR drops with increasingΦ in the lowΦ range (region I) due to the stronger diamond-like nature of the matrix, but increases sharply afterΦ has exceeded a thresholdΦ min as a result of the rapid increase in particulate density. (ii) In region I, the use of shorterλ or largerϑ leads to a more diamond-like matrix, and this overwhelms the degradation effect caused by the slight increase in particulate density. The samples thus become more insulating. In the highΦ region (region II), however, the use of shorterλ or largerϑ gives rise to higher particulate density, thereby increasing the electrical conductivity.
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    Step-like growth of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 films on off axis oriented (001) SrTiO3 (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 427-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 81.152 ; 68.55 ; 74.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract High-quality Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 (BSCCO) films were grown by means of pulsed-laser deposition on 10° off-axis oriented (001) SrTiO3 substrates. The films exhibit a step-like morphology and they are properly oriented along the (001) direction. Their normal-state resistivity measured along the tilt (off-axis (100) direction of the substrate) was, typically, 260 times higher than that along the (010) direction. Such films reveal a transverse Seebeck-effect which significantly exceeds that observed with YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO).
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    Two groups of misfit dislocations in GaAs on Si (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 359-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.14 ; 61.70 ; 68.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract High-resolution cross-sectional and conventional plan-view transmission electron microscope observations have been carried out for molecular beam epitaxially grown GaAs films on vicinal Si (001) before and after annealing as a function of film thicknesses and observation directions between two orthogonal 〈110〉 directions. Two groups of misfit dislocations are characterized at the interface regions between GaAs and Si by analyzing whether their extra half planes exist in the film or the substrate side. Group I misfit dislocations due to stress caused by a lattice misfit between GaAs and Si consist of partial dislocations and 60° and 90° complete dislocations in an as-grown state. With an increase in the film thickness, partial dislocations decrease and complete dislocations increase. After annealing, partial dislocations almost completely disappear and 90° perfect dislocations are predominantly observed. Group II misfit dislocations due to thermal-expansion misfit-induced stress are all 60°-type complete dislocations regardless of film thicknesses and annealing treatment.
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    Transmission of positrons with aβ + energy distribution through thin films (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 299-301 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 68.55 ; 78.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The transmission through Al foils of isotropically implanted positrons from a22Naβ + source has been measured. It is shown that the transmission is reasonably well-described using an exponential profile once backscattering is accounted for, except for thicknesses below approximately 7 mg/cm2. Below this thickness, the measured transmission is slightly less than that predicted by the exponential profile. Such a deviation has previously been observed for collimated positrons, suggesting that the implantation profile has no significant dependence on the spatial distribution of the incident positrons. This deviation is critical for the proper interpretation of positron lifetime experiments on thin films using a conventional positron lifetime spectrometer.
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    A new structure of In-based ohmic contacts ton-type GaAs (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 241-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 72.20 ; 73.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Electrical, structural and reaction characteristics of In-based ohmic contacts ton-GaAs were studied. Attempts were made to form a low-band-gap interfacial phase of InGaAs to reduce the barrier height at the metal/semiconductor junction, thus yielding low-resistance, highly reliable contacts. The contacts were fabricated bye-beam sputtering Ni, NiIn and Ge targets on VPE-grownn +-GaAs film (≈1 μm, 2 × 1018 cm−3) in ultrahigh vacuum as the structure of Ni(200 Å)/ NiIn(100 Å)/Ge(40 Å)/n +-GaAs/SI-GaAs, followed by rapid thermal annealing at various temperatures (500–900°C). In this structure, a very thin layer of Ge was employed to play the role of heavily doping donors and diffusion limiters between In and the GaAs substrate. Indium was deposited by sputtering NiIn alloy instead of pure In in order to ensure In atoms to be distributed uniformly in the substrate; nickel was chosen to consume the excess indium and form a high-temperature alloy of Ni3ln. The lowest specific contact resistivity (ϱ c) of (1.5 ± 0.5) × 10−6 cm2 measured by the Transmission Line Method (TLM) was obtained after annealing at 700°C for 10 s. Auger sputtering depth profile and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were used to analyze the interfacial microstructure. By correlating the interfacial microstructure to the electronical properties, In x Ga1− xAs phases with a large fractional area grown epitaxially on GaAs were found to be essential for reduction of the contact resistance.
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    Microstructure and roughness improvement of polycrystalline Bi thin films upon pulsed-laser melting (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 513-518 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 81.40 ; 68.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Bismuth films with different thicknesses have been grown by do sputtering on substrates held at room temperature. The films are always formed by columnar crystals with a grain size comparable to the film thickness which lead to surface roughness. It increases with the thickness of the films and has a strong influence on the film optical properties. The films have been irradiated with nanosecond laser pulses, and real-time reflectivity measurements during the irradiation were used to follow the changes in the film optical properties. It will be shown that pulsed-laser irradiation of films thinner than 100 nm improves substantially their surface roughness and their crystalline quality by increasing the grain size at least one order of magnitude.
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    Laser-induced structural relaxation in Sb-rich SbGe films (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 559-564 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 78.65 ; 61.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Structural relaxation processes are induced by pulsed laser irradiation in amorphous SbGe thin films with compositions richer in Sb than the eutectics. These processes are studied by means of real-time optical measurements and transmission electron microscopy analytical techniques. The influence of the laser pulse length and the film composition is analysed. The results show that the relaxed amorphous material exhibits different optical properties, density and lower-energy density threshold for crystallisation. A qualitative change in the relaxation mechanism is observed when the composition of the films is slightly changed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01571693
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    Comparisons between the ichthyofaunas of a temperate lagoonal-like estuary and the embayment into which that estuary discharges (1996)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 5 (1996), S. 337-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: estuary ; fish fauna ; marine embayment ; protection ; salinity ; shallow waters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Leschenault Estuary consists of a large lagoonal-like water body, which opens into Koombana Bay through a short and deep entrance channel at its southern end. Since the only major tributary discharges into the estuary opposite the entrance channel, much of the freshwater discharge in the winter passes directly out to sea. Consequently, during the year of the present study, the mean monthly salinities in the main body of the estuary remained above 20 per mil. This presumably accounts for the fact that the ichthyofaunal composition in the shallows of the estuary did not undergo the type of marked changes that are exhibited in other south-western Australian estuaries, in which salinities often fall below 10 per mil in winter. Despite the maintenance of high salinities in Leschenault Estuary and a close proximity to Koombana Bay, the estuary contained a far greater density and markedly different species composition of fish than that found in that marine embayment. This difference reflected, in part, the high abundance in Leschenault Estuary of some species whose entire life cycle is confined to estuaries,e.g. the atherinidsAtherinosoma elongata andLeptatherina wallacei and the gobiesPseudogobius olorum andAfurcagobius suppositus, and the fact that the juveniles of several marine species,e.g. Hyperlophus vittatus, Sillaginodes punctata, Mugil cephalus andGymnapistes marmoratus were also largely or entirely restricted to the estuary. In contrast,Lesueurina platycephala, which was by far the most abundant species in Koombana Bay, was absent in the estuary. Furthermore, the relatively protected region of Koombana Bay contained a greater density and different composition of fish than the more exposed region of this embayment. This reflected the greater use that was made of the protected region as a nursery area by certain marine species,e.g. Aldrichetta forsten andSillago bassensis. Our data, when taken in conjunction with those collected on the fish fauna in other south-western Australian estuaries, demonstrate that, within this geographical region, some fish species are specifically adapted to the estuarine environment, and that certain marine species apparently have a strong preference for using the highly protected and productive waters of this type of environment as a nursery area.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01995386
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    Aquatic macrophyte distribution in Lake Manzala, Egypt (1996)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 5 (1996), S. 221-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: aquatic macrophytes ; ecological distribution ; Lake Manzala ; ordination ; salinity ; TWINSPAN ; water depth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The macrophyte distribution of Lake Manzala is described in relation to water depth, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, Cl−, NO 3 − and PO 4 3− . Changes in species composition of macrophytes are visualised by means of multivariate analysis. The TWINSPAN classification and CANOCO ordination programs (DCA & CCA) were used to analyse the data set. The classification of 100 stands revealed 8 vegetation groups which indicated eleven dominant communities. These arePhragmites australis, Typha domingensis, Scirpus maritimus, Echinochloa stagnina and Ludwigia stolonifera as emergent hydrophytes;Eichhornia crassipes andAzolla filiculoides as floating hydrophytes. The dominant submerged hydrophytes arePotamogeton pectinatus, Najas armata, Ceratophyllum demersum andRuppia maritima. The northern part of the lake with low depth and relatively high salinity has low species diversity (mainly emergent species). Species diversity increases with decreasing salinity and increasing eutrophication near the mouths of the drains in the western and southern parts of the lake. The recent changes in species distribution can be attributed to the effects of salinity, water depth and drainage water. A checklist of macrophytes in the lake is appended.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01997138
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    Dynamic thermoelastic effects for half-planes and half-spaces with nearly-planar surfaces (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of elasticity 44 (1996), S. 229-254 
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    ISSN: 1573-2681
    Keywords: thermoelasticity ; surface ; nearly-planar ; dynamic ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of non-planarity on the dynamic surface temperature changes induced for plane-strain and 3D problems on the nearly-planar surfaces of, respectively, coupled thermoelastic half-planes and half-spaces by surface heat fluxes are treated. The nearly-planar nature of the surfaces allows the problem solutions to be written, following a standard perturbation scheme, as series expansions in a dimensionless surface contour amplitude parameter. The first, or zero-order, terms represent the ideal (planar) surface solutions, while the second, or first-order, terms represent corrections for non-planarity. Because the characteristic thermoelastic time is of O(10−7)μs, large-time asymptotic forms of the exact integral transform solutions can be used. These can be inverted exactly and used in Green's function operations to yield analytic, or integrals of analytic, expressions. Two types of thermal loading for the half-plane and yet a third type of thermal loading for the half-space are considered. Comparison of the zero- and first-order surface temperature changes for each case indicate that non-planarity gives rise for large times to changes in surface regions beyond those predicted by an ideal surface analysis. Moreover, the magnitudes of these changes can be more significant than the ideal surface results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00042134
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    Effect of temperature on the wear of an electroless nickel coating under lubricated reciprocating sliding conditions (1996)
    Springer
    Tribology letters 2 (1996), S. 263-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2711
    Keywords: wear ; temperature ; coatings ; Ni-P coatings ; lubrication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of temperature on the wear of as-deposited electroless Ni-P coating under lubricated reciprocating sliding conditions has been investigated using the ball-on-block test method. It was shown that the temperature increase from 25 to 100°C reduces the lubricated wear of EN coatings, especially at high loads. The wear mechanism has also changed as the temperature rises from 25 to 100°C. X-ray mapping and EDS analyses have shown that there are more sulfur and phosphorus on the wear track at high temperature which may be responsible for reduced friction and the wear of the coating.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00173132
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    A scanning tunneling microscopy study of the adsorption of Xe on Pt(111) up to one monolayer (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 61.16 ; 34.00
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The adsorption of Xe on Pt(111) has been investigated from the arrival of the very first atoms up to completion of the monolayer using a variable-temperature Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM). Surprisingly, in the initial stages of the adsorption Xe preferentially binds to a low coordination site, theupper edge of the platinum steps. The strong binding to these sites leads to a local repulsive interaction with further Xe atoms. Therefore, the Xe atoms located at the upper edge of the steps do not serve as nuclei for 2D Xe islands, which, instead, form on the terraces and at thelower edges of the platinum steps. Only during completion of the monolayer do these islands make contact with the atoms adsorbed at the beginning in the upper-edge positions. The full monolayer exhibits the Hexagonal Incommensurate Rotated (HIR) phase already known from earlier helium-diffraction experiments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01538240
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    Optical second-harmonic generation by supported metal clusters: Size and shape effects (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 607-612 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 68.55 ; 36.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Optical Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) by metal clusters has been investigated. For this purpose clusters were generated by the deposition and nucleation of metal atoms on a LiF(100) single crystal surface under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. The size and shape of the metal particles was characterized by optical transmission spectroscopy. The SHG intensity was detected in situ as a function of cluster size during the nucleation. Fundamental wavelengths of λ=1064 and 532 nm were used and the SHG signal was measured for different polarization combinations of the incident and registered light. SH radiation is detectable for particles as small as approximately 1 nm. The signal grows monotonically as a function of particle size, passes a maximum and finally drops off. This behavior is discussed in terms of resonant enhancement of the signal by surface plasmon excitation and changes ofχ (2) as a function of particle size and shape. In further experiments the chemisorption of oxygen on the surface of the metal particles was studied. The SH signal decreases as a function of oxygen coverage and amounts to only about 15% of the initial value upon chemisorption of one monolayer. This indicates that the SH signal originates almost exclusively from the surface of the clean clusters and that higher order bulk contributions are negligible.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01538536
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    A slow positron lifetime study of the annealing behaviour of an amorphous silicon layer grown by MBE (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 71-74 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 78.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have studied MBE grown amorphous silicon, which was recrystallized at different temperatures for one hour, with a pulsed positron beam. A positron lifetime of 538±10 ps in the as-grown state is attributed to microvoids containing at least 10 vacancies. An incompletely recrystallized sample annealed at 500°C shows an additional long lifetime from ortho-positronium (o-Ps) pick-off annihilation. The o-Ps component disappears for samples, recrystallized at 700°C and above, and the defect lifetime steadily decreases with higher annealing temperature until a value of 310 ps is reached for the layer annealed at 1200°C. This value is explained by positron trapping at dislocations or small vacancy defects stabilized by dislocations or impurities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01538214
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    Mechanical and elastic properties of amorphous hydrogenated silicon films studied by broadband surface acoustic wave spectroscopy (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 269-276 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 62.00 ; 42.00 ; 68.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Mechanical and elastic properties of a-Si∶H films were measured by broadband Surface Acoustic Wave Spectroscopy (SAWS). In the frequency range achieved, the SAW dispersion curves extend to 300 MHz, which allowed the density, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio to be evaluated for films grown by laser CVD or plasma CVD with different hydrogen concentrations. The films deposited by either method have the best mechanical and elastic properties. at a hydrogen concentration of about 10 at. %. For this material, a density of (2300±20) kg/m3 and Young's modulus of (134±5) GPa was determined. The network structures of amorphous silicon are discussed by applying the constraint-counting model to estimate the mean coordination number.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01538192
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    Investigations of positron lifetimes in InP with a pulsed positron beam (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 321-324 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.70 ; 68.55 ; 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Indium Phosphide layers grown by gas source Molecular Beam Epitaxy, (MBE) have been studied by positron lifetime spectroscopy using the recently modified pulsed positron beam in Munich. The as-grown samples are known to be phosphorous rich and contain a high concentration of vacancy-type defects. On annealing, phosphorous precipitates are formed and the concentration of free volume defects increases. Positron lifetime spectroscopy has identified the grown in defects to be indium vacancies at a concentration around 1018cm−3. The dominant defects after annealing exhibit a positron lifetime characteristic of divacancies and are present at concentrations in excess of 5×1019cm−3.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01538197
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    Laser-reactive ablation deposition of silicon-nitride films (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 275-283 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.55.Gp ; 68.55 ; 81.15.Fg
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Silicon-nitride films were deposited on silicon waters by XeCl (308 nm) excimer-laser ablation of silicon in low-pressure (0.05–5 mbar) ammonia atmospheres. Series of 10 000 pulses at the repetition rate of 8 Hz were directed to the target surface. The fluence was set at about 5 J/cm2. Pulse duration was about 30 ns. The deposited films were characterized by different techniques (X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, profilometry). Silicon-nitride films with thickness close to 1 μm were obtained under specific experimental conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01538403
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    Electronic properties of silicon-nitride films deposited by low-energy ion-beam bombardment (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 643-644 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73.61.Ng ; 41.75 ; 68.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ultrathin silicon-nitride films have been synthesized on silicon substrates by low-energy nitrogen-ionbeam bombardment. The thicknesses of the obtained films are found to increase slightly with the duration of bombardment. Capacitance-voltage and current-voltage characteristics of silicon-nitride films prepared at different bombarding times show that the density of damages, charges in the films and interface states, the capacitance of the obtained ultrathin silicon-nitride films, the flat-band capacitance and the flat-band voltage increase with the duration of the bombarding process. The results of these analyses suggest a short bombarding processing for such a silicon-nitridation technique proposed here.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01542876
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    Multiple internal reflection spectroscopy of bonded silicon wafers (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 101-105 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.35 ; 68.55 ; 78.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Interfaces of bonded hydrophilic and hydrophobic wafer pairs are studied by multiple internal reflection spectroscopy after annealing at 1100°C. Si−Hx and SiO−H stretching modes are still present in bonded hydrophilic wafers. Interfaces of bonded hydrophobic wafers, prepared by joining HF-etched surfaces without defonized water rinsing, are characterized by the dominance of hydrides (SiH, SiH2, SiH3). Their concentration is about 100 times higher than for bonded hydrophilic wafers. Comparison with the ATR-spectra of HF-treated surfaces showed appreciable shifts in the peak positions indicating that Si−H bonds might be involved in the bonding process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01538372
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    Regrowth-process study of amorphous BF 2 + ion-implanted silicon layers through spectroscopic ellipsometry (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 325-332 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 07.60 ; 68.55 ; 78.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The recrystallization kinetics of BF 2 + ion-implanted silicon has been studied by means of spectroscopic ellipsometry. It has been found that the dielectric constant of the implanted layers depends on the energy, dose and ion-beam current. The activation energy of the regrowth process increases with ion peak concentration becoming saturated for the largest implanted doses. In the largest-dose samples implanted at low current a significant decrease of the regrowth rate was detected when the recrystallization front crosses the peak of the impurity distribution.
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    X-ray pole-figure study of the epitaxial growth of C60 thin films on mica (001) (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 383-389 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 61.10 ; 81.40.Ef
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The growth of epitaxial C60 thin films on mica(001) by thermal evaporation has been studied in detail by X-ray pole-figure measurements. The influence of the deposition rate, the substrate temperature and the film thickness on the in-plane epitaxial arrangements and the formation of twins has been investigated. It has been demonstrated that the C60 growth is determined by two independent and equivalent C60-crystal grain alignments (type-A and type-B). The nearly six-fold symmetry of the mica(001)-substrate surface offers the three-fold fcc-(111)-oriented C60-crystal grains two equivalent crystal alignments. A high deposition rate of 0.5 Å/s is responsible for the formation of twins at a substrate temperature of 150°C, which diminishes by a higher substrate temperature of 200°C. By a decrease of the deposition rate down to 0.08 Å/s the twins vanish at a film thickness of 200 nm and at the substrate temperature of 150°C. Under the same sublimation conditions, in addition to the type-A and type-B crystal orientations, the growth of the thin C60 films starts with a slight fibre texture which does not appear at a larger film thickness.
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    Structural evolution during lithiation of sputtered V2O5 films (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 521-522 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 66.30 ; 68.55 ; 85.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Li x VO2.5 films were made by reactive dc magnetron sputtering followed by galvanostatic treatment in LiClO4. Structural evolution forx increasing from zero to ≈ 1, studied by X-ray diffraction, was consistent with a VO5-based layer configuration with progressively increasing layer separation and puckering. Two-phase behavior was found forx〉1.
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    High-resolution electron energy-loss spectroscopy at epitaxially grown GaAs(100) (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 567-572 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 78.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract High-Resolution Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy (HREELS) is shown to be a very sensitive tool to investigate the space-charge regime of n-respectively p-type semiconductors. The most simple model we applied to fit experimental spectra is based on a step-like distribution of free carriers with the Drude dielectric response function. In this case, the dispersion of surface plasmon excitations is neglected, but it is considered in the Thomas-Fermi and the Debye-Hückel models. We use these models to fit HREELS-spectra, obtained from heavily Si-doped GaAs(100), which was grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE). A comparison shown that the Drude model overestimates both the free-carrier concentration and the plasmon damping factor. The use of a more realistic smooth free-carrier profile, obtained by the self-consistent solution of the Schrödinger and Poisson equations, leads to plasmon excitations with lower frequencies. Besides Ohmic damping, the calculations show that Landau damping should be incorporated in order to obtain a better fit, particularly at intermediate frequencies.
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    Shifting of the thermal properties of amorphous germanium films upon relaxation and crystallization (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 141-147 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 65.00 ; 68.55 ; 78.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The modification of the thermal conductivity and melting temperature of unrelaxed amorphous Ge films on Si substrates upon laser-induced relaxation and crystallization is presented. Real-Time Reflectivity (RTR) measurements are used to determine experimentally both the melting threshold and the melt durations, and the finite element method is used to simulate the laser-induced heat-flow process. A thermal conductivity ofk=0.010 W dem K is determined for the unrelaxed material by fitting the experimental melting thresholds of unrelaxed films of different thicknesses. A similar procedure applied to the amorphous relaxed and crystallized materials lead to a shift to higher values of both the thermal conductivity and the melting temperature. In order to achieve a good fit of the experimental melt durations, it was necessary to assume a large degree of undercooling prior to solidification. The role of undercooling in the solidification process is finally discussed in terms of its dependence on the faser energy density and the high thermal conductivity of the substrate.
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    An investigation of point defects in silicon carbide (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 55-58 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 68.55 ; 78.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Positron lifetime measurement on bulk samples of single crystal SiC wafers have shown that both 6H and 4H polytypes exhibit a bulk lifetime of 150±2ps. All samples contained a second, defect-related lifetime component, ranging in value from 250 to about 300 ps with rather low intensities. The defect structure exhibited by the nanocrystalline samples is, not unexpectedly, much more complex. Positron beam experiments on Electron Cyclotron Resonance Chemical Vapour Deposited (ECR-CVD) SiC thin films showed that the positrons are very sensitive to changes in important film parameters as a function of the deposition conditions. It was found that the film density is lower than expected, probably due to hydrogen incorporation; variations in compositions among different films were detected through variations in theS parameters, and differences were observed in the electric field at the film-substrate interface due to hydrogen passivation of dangling bonds and different substrate resistivities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01538211
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    Characterization of a twin-torch transferred dc arc (1995)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 15 (1995), S. 309-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Transferred arc ; voltage-current characteristic ; inhomogeneous plasma ; optical emission spectroscopy ; electron density ; temperature ; spatial distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The results of a twin-torch transferred de arc .study are presented. The arc system consists of two torches of opposite polarity, and a coupling zone of plasma jets located between them. The torch configuration increases the system reliability and efficiency during material plasma processing. The results of the study present data for the voltage-current characteristics, general behavior of the twin-torch arc, and spatial distribution of the plasma parameters. The plasma parameters have been measured using optical emission spectroscopy for a 200 A (20 k W) do arc, at atmospheric pressure, with argon and nitrogen introduced as plasma forming gases into the anode and the cathode units, respectively. The measurement technique used has allowed the determination of local electron density and temperature values in an inhomogeneous plasma volume having no axial sysmmetry. The data obtained illustrate the novel features of the twin-torch transfrred do arc for its applications in plasma processing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01459701
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    Hydrogen/argon plasma jet with methane addition (1995)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 15 (1995), S. 333-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Hydrogen/argon plasma ; methane ; do arc jet ; atmospheric pressure ; optical emission spectroscopy ; temperature ; density ; spatial distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Spatial distributions of plasma parameters are presented for a H2/Ar plasma jet with addition of methane. The plasma has been generated at atmospheric pressure by a 200 A (20 kW) nontransferred do arc. Optical emission spectroscopy has been used for the measurements assuming the plasma jet to be optically thin and to have an axial symmetry. Local spectral ernissivity values have been evaluated using a routine Abel inversion procedure. Half- width and emissivity of Hβ spectral line have been measured to determine the electron density and temperature of the plasma. The densities of excited C, CH radicals have been evaluated from the absolute emissivities of relevant molecular emission bands measured in limited spectral intervals in the visible spectrum. The emissivity ratios have been used to fund rotational and vibrational temperatures. The results supply information on methane decomposition and the behavior of molecular radicals in close-to-thermal plasma jets.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01459702
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    PGSE-NMR studies of solvent diffusion in poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) colloidal microgels (1995)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 273 (1995), S. 405-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: NMR diffusion ; solvent diffusion ; hydrogels ; microgels ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The solvent self-diffusion coefficient has been studied in thermoshrinking poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) microgel dispersions by the pulsed-gradient spin-echo PGSE-NMR technique, as a function of temperature and mass fraction. After suitable corrections for the temperature, the H2O/D2O ratio and the relative volume fractions, all the self-diffusion data obtained over a temperature range of approximately 40 °C and mass fraction (2–12 % wt/wt) could be superimposed with the volume fraction as the universal factor. The observed reduction in the solvent self-diffusion coefficient with volume fraction was greater than that predicted by simple obstruction theory. After correction for-, and the subsequent removal of the obstruction effect, the diffusion of the solvent through the core of the particle is elucidated. As found for other polymer-solvent systems, there were no specific binding effects. The diffusion of the solvent in these dispersions over such temperature and mass fraction ranges could be rationalised assuming a constant solvent self-diffusion coefficient in the core of the particles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00652357
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    Evaluation of climatic change through harmonic analysis (1994)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 9 (1994), S. 5-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Fourier transform ; maximum entropy spectral analysis ; precipitation ; temperature ; climatic change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In the present work, a precipitation and temperature series from Barcelona (Spain) are analysed in order to detect the possible existence of climatic changes or cycles. The analysis is carried out both from the temporal and spectral standpoints. The techniques used range from the classical periodogram and Blackman-Tukey method through to the Maximum Entropy method. The results do not show the existence of climatic cycles, though they do show a clear tendency toward increased precipitation and decreased temperature, since the last years of series.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00662588
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    High-resolution diffraction-space mapping and topography (1994)
    Springer
    Applied physics 58 (1994), S. 121-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 07.85 ; 68.55 ; 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The importance of collecting the distribution of scattered X-rays in two dimensions with the “right probe” will be addressed. The data-collection method will be briefly covered and how this greatly assists the interpretation of structural features giving rise to the distributed X-ray scattering. The combination of diffraction-space mapping with multiple crystal topography will also be presented to show how any region of scattering can be related to lateral structural changes or crystal imperfections. The simulation of the diffraction profiles of structures with defects will be addressed as well as the interpretation of “unusual and strange” diffraction features observed in high resolution, which yield further useful information on the materials under study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324366
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    Thermal stability of Mo/Si multilayer soft-X-ray mirrors fabricated by electron-beam evaporation (1994)
    Springer
    Applied physics 58 (1994), S. 371-376 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 68.65 ; 78.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Mo/Si multilayers are fabricated by electron-beam evaporation in UHV at different temperatures (30° C, 150° C, 200° C) during deposition. After completion their thermal stability is tested by baking them at temperatures (T bak) between 200° C and 800° C in steps of 50° C or 100° C. After each baking step the multilayers are characterized by small angle CuKα-X-ray diffraction. Additionally, the normal incidence soft-X-ray reflectivity for wavelengths between 11 nm and 19 nm is determined after baking at 500° C. Furthermore, the layer structure of the multilayers is investigated by means of Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS) and sputter/Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) technique. While the reflectivity turns out to be highest for a deposition temperature of 150° C, the thermal stability of the multilayer increases with deposition temperature. The multilayer deposited at 200° C stands even a 20 min 500° C baking without considerable changes in the reflectivity behaviour.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00323612
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    Scanning and friction-force microscopy of thin C60 films on GeS(001) (1994)
    Springer
    Applied physics 59 (1994), S. 11-15 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The surface morphology of thin C60 films grown epitaxially under ultra-high vacuum conditions on layered GeS(001) substrates has been studied by scanning force microscopy. The individual C60 layers were imaged down to molecular resolution. The growth mechanism was found to be of layer-by-layer type at the initial stages of growth, but seems to be very sensitive to the substrate temperature. The tribological properties of these films have been probed simultaneously by means of lateral force microscopy. The frictional coefficient of the C60 layers was determined to be significantly smaller than the frictional coefficient of the GeS substrate. This demonstrates that well-ordered C60 films can have even better lubricating properties than a layered material.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00348413
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    Preparation of ultrathin metal-oxide layers by means of Langmuir-Blodgett films (1994)
    Springer
    Applied physics 58 (1994), S. 557-562 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; Gi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of fatty acid salts (Y-stearate, Y-arachidate, Cu-arachidate, Ba-stearate) were thermally oxidized. As a result one obtains ultrathin (a few Å thick) metal-oxide films at the substrate. The surface of the metal-oxide films was found to be rather inhomogeneous. Y and Cu ions remain quantitatively at the substrate despite the heating procedure. A linear dependence between area density of the metal ions in the oxidized films and the number of monolayers of the LB films was observed. The preparation of a mixed metal-oxide film containing Y, Ba, Cu with a given stoichiometry was found to be difficult due to the effect of counter ion exchange. The samples were investigated by means of plasma-desorption and spontaneous-desorption mass spectrometry, by Rutherford back-scattering and electron microscopy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00348166
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    Atomic force microscopy and UV-visible absorption-spectroscopy studies of ZnO nanometer colloidal particles supported on graphite (1994)
    Springer
    Applied physics 59 (1994), S. 115-117 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract ZnO nanometer particles were synthesized by depositing ZnO colloidal suspensions onto the substrate of Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG). The isolated particles and their aggregation phase were directly imaged by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). High-resolution AFM images have been used to measure the diameter of individual particles, and large area images revealed that these ZnO particles on graphite surface form netlike aggregation. Experimental results also indicated that dispersive particles on a flat area are very mobile and easy to be pushed around during scanning due to the their weak adsorption on the substrate and tip-particle interactions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00332203
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    Scanning tunneling microscopy study of molecular order at liquid-solid interfaces (1994)
    Springer
    Applied physics 59 (1994), S. 119-133 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.45 ; 68.55 ; 73.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Adsorbates of normal alkane C36H74, cycloalkanes (CH2)48 and (CH2)72, decanol C10H21OH, 4-hexyl-4′-CyanoBiphenyl (6CB) and 4-octyl-4t′-CyanoBiphenyl (8CB) on graphite and β-Nb3I8 were studied by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM), and the molecular arrangements at the liquid-solid interface were examined. Large-scale STM images show that the adsorbates possess complex multilayered structures, and that molecular ordering at the liquid-solid interfaces occurs primarily in the immediate vicinity of the substrate. Molecular-scale STM images are primarily determined by the electronic contributions of the most protruded atoms of the topmost overlayer. The underlying overlayers and the substrate affect the images indirectly by perturbing the topography of the topmost overlayer. The STM images of the adsorbates on graphite show that the atomically flat surface of graphite leads organic molecules to form lamella-like structures, while on the grooved surface of β-Nb3I8, long chain-like molecules are trapped in the grooves. We were unable to image the cycloalkanes on β-Nb3I8, which suggests that the cycloalkanes cannot assemble on the grooved surface due to a mismatch between the molecular shape and surface topography. The layers of 6CB and 8CB adsorbed on β-Nb3I8 exhibit two types of domains, which may be related to how the grooves of the β-Nb3I8 surface are occupied by the organic molecules. The STM images of decanol adsorbed on β-Nb3I8 show two domains of different brightness. The relative brightness of these domains switches reversibly as the gap resistance is changed in the region around −60 MΩ.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00332204
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    Growth stages of YSZ-buffer layers and YBa2Cu3O7−x thin films on silicon substrates studied by scanning probe microscopy (1994)
    Springer
    Applied physics 59 (1994), S. 57-62 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Scanning probe microscopy has been applied to study various growth stages of YSZ (yttria-stabilized zirconia) buffer layers on silicon and of YBa2Cu3O7−x thin films on YSZ/Si. YSZ buffer layers of 75 nm thickness exhibit a remarkable smooth surface with a rms roughness of about 0.5 nm for a surface area of 5 μm×5 μm. The subsequent growth of YBa2Cu3O7−x thin films was investigated from nucleation to the formation of growth hills. Screw dislocations were found only in very rare cases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00348420
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    Selective imaging of self-assembled monolayers by tunneling microscopy (1994)
    Springer
    Applied physics 59 (1994), S. 135-138 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 61.16.Ch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The properties of thin organic films offer many challenging opportunities for science and technology. A crucial requirement for the advancement of molecular film technology is the selective characterization and modification on an atomic level. Local proximal probes like Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) or Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) bear certainly the potential for this purpose. So far, however, mainly adsorbed organic molecules lying flat on a smooth substrate have been imaged with near atomic resolution. Here, we demonstrate the ability of STM to selectively image self-assembled monolayers of long-chain molecules (hexanethiol) oriented upright on the substrate Au(111) with molecular resolution. Upon proper choice of the tunneling parameters we can image the molecular head-group anchored at the substrate and/or the molecular tail group.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00332205
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    Vibrational property of the slow N 2 + ions deposited SiNx films (1994)
    Springer
    Applied physics 59 (1994), S. 445-448 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.14 ; 68.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated vibrational properties of silicon-nitride films, SiNx (0.3≤×≤1.33), produced by a non-thermal method using high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. The results, based on a continuous random network model assuming a planar XY3 vibrational bond unit, show that the Si-N bonds in the films closely resemble those in typical thermal silicon nitride although nitrogens occupy some metastable binding sites. We estimate force constants of the restoring forces for a Si3N bond unit, which tend to increase gradually with increasing nitrogen content x. In particular, the central force constant k1 for the in-plane stretching mode of silicon atoms varies with x in the range 297≤k≤331 N/M, larger than the theoretical value for a nitrogen atom imbedded in a pure Si crystal.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331727
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    A 13C isotopic tracing study of a-C:H thin-film growth (1994)
    Springer
    Applied physics 58 (1994), S. 187-190 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 66.00 ; 81.15
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The growth mechanisms of amorphous carbon (a-C:H) thin films obtained by the decomposition of methane gas in a multipolar plasma set up were studied using 13C as a tracer. Hydrogenated carbon films first grown in a methane plasma with natural isotopic composition (12C) were further grown in highly enriched 13C methane discharge (experiments were also carried out with the reverse order). 13C profiles were obtained by resonant nuclear reaction depth profiling using the narrow (FWHM〈100 eV) resonance at 1747.6 keV, in the 13C(p, γ)14N nuclear reaction. Plasma conditions were varied so as to vary the energy of particles arriving at the sample surface from 30 eV to 500 eV. In all cases, a system of two layers was observed: a pure 13C film overlaying a pure 12C film (or the reverse order) with a rather sharp interface between the two layers. These results suggest layer by layer amorphous hydrogenated carbon film growth with minimal mixing or interdiffusion of the isotopic layers induced by the ionic bombardment during the growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00332177
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    Ultrathin-film hardness investigations by a modified atomic force microscope (1994)
    Springer
    Applied physics 59 (1994), S. 29-32 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have modified an atomic force microscope in order to determine the hardness of ultrathin films (10 nm) typically used in modern magnetic thin-film disk media.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00348416
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    Evaluation of copper Chemical-Vapor-Deposition films on glass and Si(100) substrates (1994)
    Springer
    Applied physics 58 (1994), S. 607-613 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 81.15 ; 68.55 ; 07.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Thin films of pure copper have been deposited on glass and Si(100) substrates using copper acetylacetonate [Cu(acac)2] and copper HexaFluoroAcetylacetonate [Cu(HFA)2] sources. A thermal, cold-wall, reduced pressure (3325–5985 Pa) Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) process was employed. The effect of H2O vapor on the grain size, deposition rate, and resistivity was examined. Electrical resistivities of 2.4 μω cm for copper films deposited on Si(100) and 3.44 μω cm for copper films deposited on glass at substrate temperatures of 265° C and a [Cu(acac)2] source temperature of 147° C with the use of H2O vapor were measured. When [Cu(HFA)2] was used, the substrate temperature was 385° C and the source temperature was 85° C. An activation energy for the copper film deposition process was calculated to be 22.2 kJ/mol in the case of the [Cu(acac)2] source. A deposition rate of 11 nm/min was obtained with Cu(acac)2 as the source and the rate was 44.4 nm/min with the Cu(HFA)2 source; both were obtained with the use of H2O vapor. No selectivity was observed with either source for either substrate. The deposited films were fully characterized using XRD, LVSEM, SAXPS, and RBS.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00348173
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    Domain structures of phospholipid monolayer Langmuir-Blodgett films determined by atomic force microscopy (1994)
    Springer
    Applied physics 59 (1994), S. 139-143 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) has been used to show the formation of solid-phase domains from fluid-phase domains on compression of DiPalmitoyl-PhosphatidylCholine (DPPC) monolayer Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films. The chiral structures on the solid substrates were observed for the first time. By applying the friction force technique, we were able to distinguish the different regions of LB films according to their elastic properties. The influence of rates of compression on the domain shape as well as the microstructure within the domain were also studied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00332206
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    Characterization of SIPOS films by spectroscopic ellipsometry and transmission electron microscopy (1994)
    Springer
    Applied physics 58 (1994), S. 77-80 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 07.80 ; 68.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structural and compositional properties of undoped SIPOS thin films have been studied by spectroscopic ellipsometry and transmission electron microscopy. It is shown that in most cases the former method provides fast and reliable results. The growth rate and crystallinity of SIPOS layers are studied as a function of N2O concentration in the gas phase and annealing temperature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331521
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    Improvement of corrosion resistance of carbon steel using chemical vapor deposition from the mixture of Mo(CO)6 and Cr(CO)6 with an ArF-excimer laser (1994)
    Springer
    Applied physics 58 (1994), S. 99-105 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 81.15 ; 81.60 ; 68.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The corrosion resistance of carbon steel has been improved by the deposition from the mixture of Mo(CO)6 and Cr(CO)6 as well as from each carbonyl alone with an ArF-excimer laser (193 nm). The corrosion resistance attained by coating with the films from the mixture is higher than from Mo(CO)6 alone, while lower than from Cr(CO)6 alone. While the corrosion resistance increases with beam intensity monotonically over the range 4–25 MW cm−2 for the deposition from Cr(CO)6 alone, it tends to decrease slightly above 15 MW cm−2 for the deposition from Mo(CO)6 alone and from the mixture. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) photographs show that the films from each carbonyl and their mixture consist of small grains that are more densely packed at higher beam intensities. The comparison of the film thickness evaluated from sputtering time to remove the films with that from direct observation with SEM suggests that the density of the film increases with beam intensity. In the films deposited from the mixture, molybdenum is preferentially incorporated from the gas phase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331525
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    A simple estimate of deposited energy and concentration profiles in films produced by Ion-Assisted Physical Vapour Deposition (1994)
    Springer
    Applied physics 58 (1994), S. 619-622 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 81.15 ; 81.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Analytical expressions for estimating the energy dissipation and the film constituent concentration profiles in films grown by Ion-Assisted Physical Vapour Deposition (IA PVD) are given. Two cases of IA PVD are considered: ion-assistance performed by inert-gas ions as well as by ions of a film constituent. As an example of application, concentration and damage depth profiles in h-BN films grown by IA PVD are calculated and a comparison is made with results obtained by computer simulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00348175
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    Observation of the early stages of growth and the formation of growth spirals in epitaxial YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin films by AFM (1994)
    Springer
    Applied physics 59 (1994), S. 49-56 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 61.70 ; 74.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ultrathin epitaxial films of YBa2Cu3O7−δ on SrTiO3 prepared by Direct Current (DC) sputtering and pulsed laser deposition were imaged by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to follow the different stages of growth of the thin films. Series of films with thicknesses between 1.2 nm and 12 nm (1–10 monolayers of YBa2Cu3O7−δ) were prepared under identical conditions, optimized with respect to electrical and structural properties, to obtain information on the mechanisms responsible for the formation of growth spirals which are commonly observed in films having a thickness of several 10 nm or more. It could be shown that few layers are formed by a layered growth mode where material is attached laterally to 2D islands which are only one c-axis unit cell in height. In a later stage of growth when about 8–10 layers have been formed, the growth process changes to a mode which is mediated by growth spirals. This could be directly monitored in the AFM images where different defect structures like vertically sheared growth fronts and dendrite-like terraces of stacked islands as well as the resulting growth spirals could be identified.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00348419
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    Definition and measurement of salinity in salt lakes (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 3 (1994), S. 53-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: salinity ; athalassic ; salt lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Salinity is the most important chemical attribute of athalassic salt lakes. Even so, some confusion persists of what ‘salinity’ means and how to measure it. For sal lakes, salinity is best defined as the sum total of all ion concentrations, or total ion concentration. Ideally, it is recommended that salinities be expressed on a mass per mass basis and as ppt (parts per thousand). Direct measurements of salinity can only be derived from full ionic analyses. Indirect measurements can be derived by determinations of density, conductivity, freezing point depression and total dissolved solids or matter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01990642
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    Heavy carbon doping of AlAs by elemental-source molecular beam epitaxy (1993)
    Springer
    Applied physics 57 (1993), S. 217-219 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 72.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Heavily carbon-doped AlAs films with free-hole concentrations in excess of 1019 cm−3 have been grown by conventional molecular beam epitaxy using elemental sources. The hole concentration in AlAs:C saturates at 6×1019 cm−3 without any detectable deterioration of the smooth surface morphology and of the structural properties. At very high carbon concentrations the lattice contraction due to the smaller covalent radius of carbon leads to an in-plane lattice constant of the AlAs:C films which is even smaller than that of the GaAs substrate. The high freehole concentration and the tunability of the lattice constant are important for application in p-type GaAs/AlAs Bragg reflectors in surface emitting lasers having a low series resistance and a significantly reduced lattice mismatch.
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    Compositional and structural characterization of strained Si/Si x Ge1−x multilayers and interfaces by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (1993)
    Springer
    Applied physics 57 (1993), S. 407-414 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 68.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A method is described for the quantitative characterization of strained Si/Si x Ge1−x multilayers and interfaces by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) in [110] and [100] crystal projections. The method relies on systematic variations of the image contrast with variations of the local composition x for certain ranges of objective lens defocus Δf and specimen thickness t and takes tetragonal lattice distortions fully into account. From an extensive study of the image formation process for Si x Ge1−x alloys and coherent Si/Si x Ge1−x interfaces, ranges of Δf and t were identified by Bloch-wave and multi-slice image simulations at 400 keV for which a quasi-linear functional relationship between the composition x and the first-order Fourier coefficients of the image intensity exists. By application of a novel image-processing algorithm, which allows a precise measurement of image Fourier coefficients in geometrically distorted lattice images, local composition values x can be determined at near-atomic resolution with an accuracy of Δx ≤ ±0.1 and interface sharpness can be detected at the atomic level. Recent applications of the method to the characterization of interfaces of strained Si x Ge1−x layers and short-period Si m Ge n superlattices fabricated by different deposition techniques will be presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331779
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Interfacial reaction barriers during thin-film solid-state reactions: The crystallographic origin of kinetic barriers at the NiS2/Si(111) interface (1993)
    Springer
    Applied physics 57 (1993), S. 415-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.35 ; 68.55 ; 82.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Epitaxial NiSi2 islands have been grown on Si(111) substrates by the direct reaction of nickel vapour with the silicon substrate in ultra-high vacuum at 400° C. Growth kinetics was shown to depend on the orientation of the islands: A-oriented islands grow about ten times faster than B-oriented ones, with the ratio of the advance rates of the main growth fronts even reaching 30. Applying plan-view transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution electron microscopy of cross sections, a corresponding difference was found in the structure of the NiSi2/Si(111) growth front: Steps at the B-oriented growth front were of three or six interplanar (111) spacings in height, whereas at the A-oriented growth front step-like defects of less than one interplanar (111) spacing in height were observed. These observations are explained by an atomic-scale model of the solid-state reaction, which involves the diffusion of nickel to the interfaces and the nucleation and subsequent lateral propagation of interfacial steps. The difference in the reaction kinetics originates from the presence of kinetic reaction barriers at the NiSi2/Si(111) growth fronts, the barrier at the B-front being higher owing to the lower formation rate of steps of triple atomic height than that of steps of lower height at the A-NiSi2/Si(111) growth front.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331780
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ion-beam-induced atomic transport and phase formation in the system nickel/antimony (1993)
    Springer
    Applied physics 57 (1993), S. 469-473 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.80 ; 68.35 ; 68.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Nickel-antimony intermetallic compounds of different stoichiometries were studied by means of perturbed angular correlation (PAC) spectroscopy. The hyperfine interaction parameters for 111Cd probes in the crystal lattices of NiSb, Ni5Sb2, Ni3Sb and NiSb2 were determined. The results are discussed in the light of crystallographic data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331787
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Entropy-controlled site occupation of CO adsorbed on Ni(100) (1993)
    Springer
    Applied physics 57 (1993), S. 499-505 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 82.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The adsorption of CO on a Ni(100) surface has been studied by FT-IRAS in the temperature range from 85 K to 300 K. At 300 K and for Θ=0.5, the CO molecules are predominantly adsorbed in on-top sites with only a minor fraction located at two-fold bridge sites. Measurements on a Ni(100) surface pre-covered with sulphur, oxygen and carbon indicate that the occupation of bridge sites may be caused by small amounts of surface impurities. The relative broadness of the infrared bands is explained by CO molecules occupying intermediate positions at domain walls. Upon lowering the temperature, the bridge sites are increasingly occupied at the expense of terminal sites. This process is completely reversible and is explained by a contribution of the hindered translations of the adsorbed CO molecules to the entropy. At 85 K and for low initial coverages, we observe an unusual high CO stretching frequency at 2205 cm−1 which cannot be explained at present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331748
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