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  • 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring
  • 04.07. Tectonophysics
  • Elsevier  (32)
  • Wiley  (4)
  • 1
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    Quaternary slip-rates probabilistic estimation for the Northern Apennines frontal thrust in the Po Plain (Northern Italy) by integrating surface and subsurface data (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-01
    Description: The Northern Apennines thrust front in the Po basin exhibits active blind thrusts and associated anticlines, with some anticline crests either emerging or shallowly buried beneath late Pleistocene continental deposits. This study focuses on the outcropping San Colombano Structure and its buried neighbouring Casalpusterlengo-Zorlesco Structure, representing thrust-controlled anticlines in the central part of the Po basin. We reconstruct the Pleistocene evolution of these anticlines by integrating previously published surface geological maps and subsurface geological constraints from geophysical data and boreholes. We performed a trishear inversion of the deformation observed after the decompaction of the sediments. We used the solutions of the trishear inversion to compute the probabilistic distribution of slip rates over distinct time intervals. Our findings align with previous estimations of long-term slip rates in the Po Plain during the Quaternary, revealing rates of approximately 0.63 mm/yr and 0.53 mm/yr over the past 2.4 Myr for the San Colombano and Casalpusterlengo-Zorlesco Structures, respectively. The analysis of stratigraphic markers unveils a general decrease in faults activity during the Pleistocene, with slip rates around 0.2–0.3 mm/yr in the last 0.3 Myr, along with a diverse evolution of the thrust faults governing the two anticlines. Specifically, the activity rates of the San Colombano Structure supersede that of the Casalpusterlengo-Zorlesco Structure during the Middle to Late Pleistocene, implying an out-of-sequence propagation of the San Colombano ramp-anticline in the Late Pleistocene along an oblique right-lateral transfer zone. Incorporating a probabilistic approach in slip rates calculation provides a more comprehensive handling of uncertainties. This attribute is pivotal in seismic hazard assessment analyses and understanding complex fault systems' tectonic evolution.
    Description: Published
    Description: 230227
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: San Colombano thrust ; Quaternary tectonics ; Slip rates ; Trishear inversion ; Sediment compaction ; 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 04.04. Geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 2
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    Along-strike variations of strain partitioning within the Apennines determined from large-scale multi-temporal InSAR analysis (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: In the Apennine Mountains of the Italian Peninsula, GPS data display 3–4 mm/yr of divergent motion oriented N50°E between the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian coastlines. However, the mechanisms driving this extension remain debated and along-strike variations of extension within the actively deforming belt remain poorly constrained. Here, we derived the first large-scale extensional and vertical velocity field for the Apennines by multi-temporal InSAR analysis of 7 years of Sentinel-1 data at the scale of the entire range, improving the spatial resolution and vertical accuracy of existing GPS measurements. The results reveal along-strike variations of extensional rates and gradients, with extension concentrated on single fault systems in the north, consistent with the loci of seismicity and recent moderate earthquakes, and distributed throughout the central Apennines, where the range is widening. Vertical surface displacements do not resolve any active long-wavelength uplift of the orogenic belt and, on average, show more subsidence than uplift relative to the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic coasts. This work provides the first InSAR-based geodetic map of differential extension and uplift within the Italian Peninsula. Our results are compatible with a pure shear extensional model of the crust, driven by both boundary and gravitational forces.
    Description: Published
    Description: 230076
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    Fault dip vs shear stress gradient (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-28
    Description: In the brittle regime, faults tend to be oriented along an angle of about 30° relative to the principal stress direction. This empirical Andersonian observation is usually explained by the orientation of the stress tensor and the slope of the yield envelope defined by the Mohr-Coulomb criterion, often called critical-stress theory, assuming frictional properties of the crustal rocks (μ ≈ 0.6−0.8). However, why the slope has a given value? We suggest that the slope dip is constrained by the occurrence of the largest shear stress gradient along that inclination. High homogeneous shear stress, i.e., without gradients, may generate aseismic creep as for example in flat decollements, both along thrusts and low-angle normal faults, whereas along ramps larger shear stress gradients determine higher energy accumulation and stick-slip behaviour with larger sudden seismic energy release. Further variability of the angle is due to variations of the internal friction and of the Poisson ratio, being related to different lithologies, anisotropies and pre-existing fractures and faults. Misaligned faults are justified to occur due to the local weaknesses in the crustal volume; however, having lower stress gradients along dip than the optimally-oriented ones, they have higher probability of being associated with lower seismogenic potential or even aseismic behavior.
    Description: Published
    Description: 100211
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Fault dip ; Tectonic settings ; Shear stress gradients ; Tectonics ; Seismogenic faults ; 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Receiver function mapping of the mantle transition zone beneath the Western Alps: New constraints on slab subduction and mantle upwelling (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-17
    Description: To better constrain the deep structure and dynamics of the Western Alps, we studied the mantle transition zone (MTZ) structure using P-wave receiver functions (RFs). We obtained a total of 24904 RFs from 1182 events collected by 307 stations in the Western Alps. To illustrate the influence of the heterogeneity on the upper mantle velocity, we used both IASP91 and three-dimensional (3-D) velocity models to perform RF time-to-depth migration. We documented an MTZ thickening of about 40 km under the Western Alps and most of the Po Plain due to the uplift associated with the 410-km discontinuity and the depression associated with the 660-km discontinuity. Based upon the close spatial connection between the thickened MTZ and the location of the subducted slabs, we proposed that the thick MTZ was due to the subduction of the Alpine slab through the upper MTZ and the presence of remnants of subducted oceanic lithosphere in the MTZ. The uplift associated with the 410-km discontinuity provided independent evidence of the subduction depth of the Western Alps slab. In the Alpine foreland in eastern France, we observed localized arc-shaped thinning of the MTZ caused by a 12 km depression of the 410-km discontinuity, which has not been previously reported. This depression indicated a temperature increase of 120 K in the upper MTZ, and we proposed that it was caused by a small-scale mantle upwelling. Hardly any uplift of the 660 km discontinuity was observed, suggesting that the thermal anomaly was unlikely to be the result of a mantle plume. We observed that the thinning area of the MTZ corresponded to the area with the highest uplift rate in the Western Alps, which may have indicated that the temperature increase caused by the mantle upwelling contributed to the topographic uplift.
    Description: Published
    Description: 117267
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: receiver function, mantle transition, slab subduction ; Receiver function for the Western Alps ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    Slip localization on multiple fault splays accommodating distributed deformation across normal fault complexities (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Deformation across structural complexities such as along-strike fault bends may be accommodated by distributed faulting, with multiple fault splays working to transfer the deformation between two principal fault segments. In these contexts, an unsolved question is whether fault activity is equally distributed through time, with multiple fault splays recording the same earthquakes, or it is instead localized in time and space across the distributed faults, with earthquakes being clustered on specific fault splays. To answer this question, we studied the distributed deformation across a structural complexity of the Mt. Marine fault (Central Apennines, Italy), where multiple fault splays accommodate the deformation throughout the change in strike of the fault. Our multidisciplinary (remote sensing analysis, geomorphological-geological mapping, geophysical and paleoseismological surveys) study identified five principal synthetic and antithetic fault splays arranged over an across-strike distance of 500 m, all of which showing evidence of multiple surface-rupturing events during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene. The fault splays exhibit different and variable activity rates, suggesting that fault activity is localized on specific fault splays through space and time. Nonetheless, our results suggest that multiple fault splays can rupture simultaneously during large earthquakes. Our findings have strong implications on fault-based seismic hazard assessments, as they imply that data collected on one splay may not be representative of the behaviour of the entire fault. This can potentially bias seismic hazard calculations.
    Description: This work was realized under the agreement between the University of Chieti-Pescara (Dep. INGEO) and the National Institute of Geophysics and Vulcanology (INGV): “Ridefinizione delle Zone di Attenzione delle Faglie Attive e Capaci emerse dagli studi di microzonazione sismica effettuati nel territorio dei Centri abitati di Barete e Pizzoli in provincia de L'Aquila, interessati dagli eventi sismici verificatisi a far data dal 24 agosto 2016”, funded by the Commissioner structure for post-earthquake reconstruction of the Italian Government.
    Description: Published
    Description: 230075
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Structural geology ; Seismic Hazard ; Active faults ; Paleoseismology ; Distributed faulting ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Scaling properties of seismicity and faulting (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-01
    Description: The Gutenberg–Richter law and the Omori law are both characterized by a scaling behavior. However, their relation is still an open question. Although several hypotheses have been formulated, a comprehen- sive geophysical mechanism is still missing to explain the observed variability of the scaling exponents b-value and p-value, e.g., correlating the seismic cycle to statistical seismology and tectonic processes. In this work, a model for describing the size-frequency scaling and the temporal evolution of seismicity is proposed starting from simple assumptions. The parameter describing how the number of earthquakes decreases after a major seismic event, p, turns out to be positively correlated to the exponent of the frequency-size distribution of seismicity, b, and related to tectonics. Our findings suggest that p ≈ 23 (b + 1). It implies that a relationship between fracturing regimes, “efficiency” of the seismic process, duration of the seismic sequences and geodynamic setting exists, with outstanding potential impact on seismic hazard. On the other hand, the Gutenberg–Richter law simply reflects the tendency of the segments of the Earth’s crust to reach mechanical stability via constrained energy-budget optimization. Each perturbation has a probability of growing an earthquake or not, depending on disorder within the fault zone and the energy accumulated in the adjoining volume, mainly controlling the evolution of seismic sequences. The results are consistent with the different energy sources related to the tectonic settings, i.e., gravitational in extensional regimes, having higher b and p values, and generating lower maximum magnitude earthquakes with respect to strike-slip and contractional settings, which are rather fueled by elastic energy, showing lower b and p values, and they may generate higher magnitude events.
    Description: Published
    Description: 117511
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Gutenberg–Richter distribution ; fracturing and fault disorder ; Omori–Utsu law ; earthquake triggering ; tectonic setting ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    Paleoseismological evidence for historical ruptures along the Meduno Thrust (eastern Southern Alps, NE Italy) (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-29
    Description: We carried out new geological, morphotectonic, geophysical and paleoseismological investigations on the Meduno Thrust that belongs to the Pliocene-Quaternary front of the eastern Southern Alps in Friuli (NE Italy). The study area is located in the Carnic Prealps, where a series of alluvial terraces, linked to both climatic and tectonic pulses characterises the lower reach of the Meduna Valley. In correspondence of the oblique ramp of the Meduno Thrust, the Late Pleistocene Rivalunga terrace shows a set of scarps perpendicular to the Meduno valley, often modified by human activity. In order to reconstruct the tectonic setting of the area and identify the location for digging paleoseismological trenches, integrated geophysical investigations including electrical resistivity tomography, seismic refraction and reflection, ground penetrating radar and surface wave analyses (HVSR, ReMi and MASW), were carried out across the scarps of the Rivalunga terrace. Geophysical surveys pinpointed that in correspondence of the oblique ramp, stress is accommodated by a transpressive thrust system involving all the seismo-stratigraphic horizons apart from the ploughed soil. Trenching illustrated the Meduno Thrust movements during Late Pleistocene-Holocene. Trenches exhibited both shear planes and extrados fracturing, showing deformed alluvial and colluvial units. 14C datings of the colluvial units show that the most recent fault movements occurred after 1360 CE and 1670 CE. The age of the deformed stratigraphic units compared with the earthquakes listed in current catalogues, suggests that the 1776 earthquake (Mw 5.8, Io = 8–9 MCS) could represent the last seismic event linked to the Meduno thrust activity. This study provided new quantitative constraints improving seismic hazard assessment for Carnic prealpine area.
    Description: The research developed in the framework of the agreement between the Regione Autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia - Direzione Centrale Ambiente ed Energia - Servizio Geologico, the Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (I.S.P.R.A.) and the University of Udine. The project was funded by the Regione Autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia, Direzione Centrale Ambiente ed Energia, Servizio Geologico (C.I. G.: Z0E0C5EF75, p.i. Maria Eliana Poli).
    Description: Published
    Description: 229071
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Active fault ; Paleoseismology ; Morphogenic earthquake ; Eastern Southern Alps ; Applied geophysics ; NE Italy ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Aeromagnetism (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-10
    Description: The airborne magnetic method was established a few decades ago, as a strong tool in mining and petroleum exploration. Several economically relevant discoveries are often credited to aeromagnetism. Geological reconnaissance and mapping, deep crustal and upper mantle studies, environmental characterization, and national and international security issues can greatly benefit from the aeromagnetic method, as compared with other geophysical prospecting schemes. The rapid rate of coverage and the low cost per unit area explored represent just a few among the many advantages of the technique. Consequently, large-scale airborne magnetic surveys have been carried out in various parts of the globe. The amount of direct discoveries of ore bodies by means of aeromagnetism is impressive. Large magnetic iron deposits found in the early 1960s are in Southern California, Missouri, Nevada, Pennsylvania, Quebec, Ontario, and elsewhere. In the field of petroleum exploration, the method has also been used, although with less direct application. Depth to magnetic basement estimation in sedimentary basins narrows down areas of interest where to conduct exploration surveys in detail by means of more costly methods. The most relevant use of airborne magnetic results is crustal imaging and characterization. Nowadays, geology is interpreted in three dimensions using a digital aeromagnetic map.
    Description: Published
    Description: 675-688
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: 3A. Geofisica marina e osservazioni multiparametriche a fondo mare
    Description: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima
    Description: 7A. Geofisica per il monitoraggio ambientale
    Description: 1TR. Georisorse
    Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale
    Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Keywords: aeromagnetism ; potential fields ; magnetic anomaly ; 04.02. Exploration geophysics ; 04.05. Geomagnetism ; 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 9
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    A first appraisal of the seismogenic and tsunamigenic potential of the largest fault systems in the westernmost Mediterranean (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-22
    Description: The westernmost Mediterranean hosts part of the plate boundary between the European and African tectonic plates. Based on the scattered instrumental seismicity, this boundary has been traditionally interpreted as a wide zone of diffuse deformation. However, recent seismic images and seafloor mapping studies support that most of the plate convergence may be accommodated in a few tectonic structures, rather than in a broad region. Historical earthquakes with magnitudes Mw 〉 6 and historical tsunamis support that the low-to-moderate instrumental seismicity might also have led to underestimation of the seismogenic and tsunamigenic potential of the area. We evaluate the largest active faults of the westernmost Mediterranean: the reverse Alboran Ridge, and the strike-slip Carboneras, Yusuf and Al-Idrissi fault systems. For the first time, we use a dense grid of modern seismic data to characterize the entire dimensions of the main fault systems, accurately describe the geometry of these structures and estimate their seismic source parameters. Tsunami scenarios have been tested based on 3D-surfaces and seismic source parameters, using both uniform and heterogeneous slip distributions. The comparison of our results with previous studies, based on limited information on the fault geometry and kinematics, indicates that accurate fault geometries and heterogeneous slip distributions are needed to properly assess the seismic and tsunamigenic potential in this area. Based on fault scaling relations, the four fault systems have a large seismogenic potential, being able to generate earthquakes with Mw 〉 7. The reverse Alboran Ridge Fault System has the largest tsunamigenic potential, being able to generate a tsunami wave amplitude greater than 3 m in front of the coasts of Southern Spain and Northern Africa.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106749
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Western Mediterranean ; Seismogenic potential ; Tsunamigenic potential ; Numerical modelling ; Active faults ; Active seismic data ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.08. Risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    Out of phase Quaternary uplift-rate changes reveal normal fault interaction, implied by deformed marine palaeoshorelines (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-15
    Description: We have mapped and constrained the timing of tectonically deformed uplifted Late Quaternary palaeoshorelines in the Messina Strait, southern Italy, an area above a subduction zone containing active normal faults. The palaeoshorelines are preserved from up to thirteen Late Quaternary sea-level highstands, providing a record of the deformation over this timescale (~500 ka) for the Messina-Taormina Fault, the Reggio Calabria Fault and the Armo Fault. The palaeoshorelines reveal spatial patterns of uplift through time along the strike of these normal faults, and, given the across strike arrangement of the faults, also reveal how the contribution of each fault to the regional strain-rate progressed through time. The results reveal that the uplift rates mapped within the fault hangingwalls and footwalls were not constant through time, with a marked change in the location of strain accumulation at ~50 ka. The uplift rates, once converted into throw-rates, imply that the three faults comprised similar throw-rates prior to ~50 ka (in the range 0.77–0.96 mm/yr), with the Armo and Reggio Calabria faults then switching to lower rates (0.32 mm/yr and 0.33 mm/yr respectively), whilst the Messina-Taormina Fault accelerated to 2.34 mm/yr. The regional extension rate, gained by summing the implied heave rates across the three faults, was maintained through time despite this re-organisation of local strain accumulation at ~50 ka. We explain these out-of-phase fault throw-rate changes during the constant-rate regional extension conditions as due to interactions between these upper plate normal faults. We finally discuss how fault throw-rates changing through time may affect a long-term seismic hazard assessment within active normal fault systems.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105432
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Crustal Deformation ; Active Faults ; Marine terraces ; Uplift ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 11
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    The epicentral fingerprint of earthquakes marks the coseismically activated crustal volume (2021)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: InSAR images allow to detect the coseismic deformation, delimiting the epicentral area where the larger displacement has been concentrated. By inspecting the InSAR fringe patterns it is commonly recognized that, for dip-slip faults, the most deformed area is elliptical, or quadrilobated for strike-slip faults. This area coincides with the surface projection of the volume coseismically mobilized in the hanging wall of thrusts and normal faults, or the crustal walls adjacent to strike-slip faults. In the present work we analyzed a dataset of 32 seismic events, aiming to compare the deformation fields in terms of shape, spatial extents, and amount of deformed rock volumes, and the corresponding earthquake type and magnitudes. The dimension of the deformed area detected by InSAR scales with the magnitude of the earthquake, and we found that for M ≥ 6 is always larger than 100 km2, increasing to more than 550 km2 for M ≈ 6.5. Moreover, the comparison between InSAR and Peak Ground Accelerations documents the larger shaking within the areas suffering higher vertical deformation. As well established, the seismic epicenter rarely coincides with the area of larger shaking. Instead, the higher macro- seismic intensity often corresponds to the area of larger vertical displacement (either downward or upward), apart local site amplification effects. Outside this area, the vertical displacement is drastically lower, determining the strong attenuation of seismic waves and the decrease of the peak ground acceleration in the surrounding far- field area. Indeed, the segment of the activated fault constrains the area where the vertical oscillations are larger, allowing the contemporaneous maximum freedom degree of the crustal volume affected by horizontal maximum shaking, i.e., the near-field or epicentral area; therefore, the epicentral area and volume are active, i.e., they coseismically move and are contemporaneously crossed by seismic waves (active volume and surface active domain) where trapped waves and constructive interference are expected, whereas the surrounding far-field area is mainly fixed and passively crossed by seismic waves (passive volume and surface passive domain). All these considerations point out that InSAR images of areas affected by earthquakes are a powerful tool representing the fingerprint of the epicentral area where the largest shaking has taken place during an earthquake. Seismic hazard assessments should primarily rely on the expected future active domains.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103667
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: InSAR coseismic vertical deformation ; Constructive waves inferference ; Seismic hazard assessment ; Earthquake epicentral area ; Near-field active domain ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
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    Asymmetric Atlantic continental margins (2021)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-31
    Description: We analyze the gross crustal structure of the Atlantic Ocean passive continental margins from north to the south, comparing eleven sections of the conjugate margins. As a general result, the western margins show a sharper continental-ocean transition with respect to the eastern margins that rather show a wider stretched and thinner margin. The Moho is in average about 5.7 ±1 dipping toward the interior of the continent on the western side, whereas it is about 2.7 ±1 in the eastern margins. Moreover, the stretched continental crust is on average 244 km wide on the western side, whereas it is up to about 439 km on the eastern side of the Atlantic. This systematic asymmetry reflects the early stages of the diachronous Mesozoic to Cenozoic continental rifting, which is inferred as the result of a polarized westward motion of both western and eastern plates, being Greenland, Northern and Southern Americas plates moving westward faster with respect to Scandinavia, Europe and Africa, relative to the underlying mantle.
    Description: Published
    Description: 101205
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Passive continental margin ; Westward drift of the lithosphere ; Moho dip Continental-ocean transition ; Asymmetric rift ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
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    Integrated on‐land‐offshore stratigraphy of the Campi Flegrei caldera: new insights into the volcano‐tectonic evolution in the last 15 kyr (2021)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-22
    Description: Silicic calderas are volcanic systems whose unrest evolution is more unpredictable than other volcano types because they often do not culminate in an eruption. Their complex structure strongly influences the post-collapse volcano-tectonic evolution, usually coupling volcanism and ground deformation. Among such volcanoes, the Campi Flegrei caldera (southern Italy) is one of the most studied. Significant long- and short-term ground deformations characterize this restless volcano. Several studies performed on the marinecontinental succession exposed in the central sector of the Campi Flegrei caldera provided a reconstruction of ground deformation during the last 15 kyr. However, considering that over one-third of the caldera is presently submerged beneath the Pozzuoli Gulf, a comprehensive stratigraphic on-land-offshore framework is still lacking. This study aims at reconstructing the offshore succession through analysis of high-resolution single and multichannel reflection seismic profiles and correlates the resulting seismic stratigraphic framework with the stratigraphy reconstructed on-land. Results provide new clues on the causative relations between the intra-caldera marine and volcaniclastic sedimentation and the alternating phases of marine transgressions and regressions originated by the interplay between ground deformation and sea-level rise. The volcano-tectonic reconstruction, provided in this work, connects the major caldera floor movements to the large Plinian eruptions of Pomici Principali (12 ka) and Agnano Monte Spina (4.55 ka), with the onset of the first post-caldera doming at ~10.5 ka. We emphasize that ground deformation is usually coupled with volcanic activity, which shows a self-similar pattern, regardless of its scale. Thus, characterizing the long-term deformation history becomes of particular interest and relevance for hazard assessment and definition of future unrest scenarios.
    Description: Published
    Description: 855-882
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: offshore stratigraphy ; seismic units ; La Starza succession ; volcanism, ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
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  • 14
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    The impact of structural complexity, fault segmentation, and reactivation on seismotectonics: Constraints from the upper crust of the 2016–2017 Central Italy seismic sequence area (2021)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-09
    Description: Young and tectonically active chains like the Central Apennines (Italy) are featured by high structural complexity as a result of the overprint of subsequent deformational stages, making interpretation of seismotectonics challenging. The Central Apennines are characterized by the stacking of tectono-sedimentary units organized in thrust sheets. However, extensional tectonics is currently affecting the axial sector of the thrust belt, mostly expressing in extensional earthquakes. Using a large subsurface dataset acquired for hydrocarbon exploration in the region struck by the 2016–2017 Central Italy seismic sequence, we built a comprehensive 3D geological model and compared it with the seismicity. The model primarily shows a series of thrusts developed during the Miocene-Pliocene Apennines orogenesis and inherited normal faults developed during the Mesozoic extensional phase and the Miocene foreland flexural process. These normal faults were segmented and transported within the thrust sheets, and sometimes they still show a clear surface expression. The succession of tectonic stages resulted in a widespread reactivation of inherited structures, sometimes inverting their kinematics with different styles and rates, and disarticulating pre-existing configurations. Such evolution has a strong impact on the seismicity observed in the area, as demonstrated by some examples that show how the seismicity is aligned on segments of inherited faults, both compressional and extensional. Their reactivation can be explained by their favorable orientation within the current extensional stress field. Results feed the debate about the seismogenic potential of faults identified both at depth and surface, which can impact the seismic hazard of the Apennines.
    Description: Published
    Description: 228861
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Normal faults ; Thrust sheets ; Inherited faults ; Earthquakes ; Central Apennines ; 3D geological model ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 15
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    Minor earthquake sequences in the Amatrice-Norcia epicentral area (Central Italy) (2021)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-21
    Description: This study presents a detailed analysis of minor seismic sequences recorded in the Amatrice-Norcia area (central Italy) before 2016 when the most important seismic sequence of the last 40 years struck the region with the Mw 6.0 Amatrice and the Mw 6.5 Norcia earthquakes. We observe that, in the four decades before the 2016–2018 Amatrice-Visso-Norcia sequence, the instrumental seismicity rate is low, with maximum magnitudes lower than Mw 4.0, and is characterized by different types of behaviours as single shock events, swarms and minor se- quences. For the first time, we relocate the minor seismicity recorded before 2016 by the Italian National Seismic Network of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia by applying the nonlinear inversion code Non- LinLoc in a local velocity model. Revised earthquake locations of the past seismic sequences are compared to the recent 2016–2018 seismicity in order to investigate some possible correlations with the seismogenic structures reactivated in 2016. With this goal, we also integrated our new hypocentral locations with fault plane solutions and geological data to interpret our results with respect to the 2016–2018 seismicity. Our results show how some of the structures identified by the minor seismicity before 2016 were reactivated during the recent sequence, while others seismic structures remained silent. We therefore highlight how the study of minor seismic sequences provides important information about the seismogenic attitude of less active or less known seismogenic struc- tures with consequent impact on the evaluation of the seismic hazard.
    Description: Published
    Description: 228858
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 04. Solid Earth
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 16
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    Tidal modulation of plate motions (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-09-07
    Description: While mantle convection is a fundamental ingredient of geodynamics, the driving mechanism of plate tectonics remains elusive. Are plates driven only from the thermal cooling of the mantle or are there further astronomical forces acting on them? GPS measurements are now accurate enough that, on long baselines, both secular plate motions and periodic tidal displacements are visible. The now 〉20 year-long space geodesy record of plate motions allows a more accurate analysis of the contribution of the horizontal component of the body tide in shifting the lithosphere. We review the data and show that lithospheric plates retain a non-zero horizontal component of the solid Earth tidal waves and their speed correlates with tidal harmonics. High-frequency semidiurnal Earth's tides are likely contributing to plate motions, but their residuals are still within the error of the present accuracy of GNSS data. The low-frequency body tides rather show horizontal residuals equal to the relative motion among plates, proving the astronomical input on plate dynamics. Plates move faster with nu- tation cyclicities of 8.8 and 18.6 years that correlate to lunar apsides migration and nodal precession. The high- frequency body tides are mostly buffered by the high viscosity of the lithosphere and the underlying mantle, whereas low-frequency horizontal tidal oscillations are compatible with the relaxation time of the low-velocity zone and can westerly drag the lithosphere over the asthenospheric mantle. Variable angular velocities among plates are controlled by the viscosity anisotropies in the decoupling layer within the low-velocity zone. Tidal oscillations also correlate with the seismic release.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103179
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Body tide ; Plate tectonics ; Geeodynamics ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 17
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    Present-day uplift of the European Alps: Evaluating mechanisms and models of their relative contributions (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: Recent measurements of surface vertical displacements of the European Alps show a correlation between vertical velocities and topographic features, with widespread uplift at rates of up to ~2–2.5 mm/a in the North-Western and Central Alps, and ~1 mm/a across a continuous region from the Eastern to the South-Western Alps. Such a rock uplift rate pattern is at odds with the horizontal velocity eld, characterized by shortening and crustal thickening in the Eastern Alps and very limited deformation in the Central and Western Alps. Proposed me- chanisms of rock uplift rate include isostatic response to the last deglaciation, long-term erosion, detachment of the Western Alpine slab, as well as lithospheric and surface de ection due to mantle convection. Here, we assess previous work and present new estimates of the contributions from these mechanisms. Given the large range of model estimates, the isostatic adjustment to deglaciation and erosion are su cient to explain the full observed rate of uplift in the Eastern Alps, which, if correct, would preclude a contribution from horizontal shortening and crustal thickening. Alternatively, uplift is a partitioned response to a range of mechanisms. In the Central and Western Alps, the lithospheric adjustment to deglaciation and erosion likely accounts for roughly half of the rock uplift rate, which points to a noticeable contribution by mantle-related processes such as detachment of the European slab and/or asthenospheric upwelling. While it is di cult to independently constrain the patterns and magnitude of mantle contributions to ongoing Alpine vertical displacements at present, future data should provide additional insights. Regardless, interacting tectonic and surface mass redistribution processes, rather than an individual forcing, best explain ongoing Alpine elevation changes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 589-604
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04. Solid Earth ; 04.03. Geodesy ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 18
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    Tectonics and seismicity in the Northern Apennines driven by slab retreat and lithospheric delamination (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-10
    Description: Understanding how long-term subduction dynamics relates to the short-term seismicity and crustal tec tonics is a challenging but crucial topic in seismotectonics. We attempt to address this issue by linking long-term geodynamic evolution with short-term seismogenic deformation in the Northern Apennines. This retreating subduction orogen displays tectonic and seismogenic behaviors on various spatiotemporal scales that also characterize other subduction zones in the Mediterranean area. We use visco-elasto-plastic seismo-thermo-mechanical (STM) modeling with a realistic 2D setup based on available geological and geophysical data. The subduction dynamics and seismicity are coupled in the numerical modeling, and driven only by buoyancy forces, i.e., slab pull. Our results suggest that lower crustal rheology and lithospheric mantle temperature modulate the crustal tectonics of the Northern Apennines, as inferred by previous studies. The observed spatial distribution of upper crustal tectonic regimes and surface displacements requires buoyant, highly ductile material in the subduction channel beneath the internal part of the orogen. This allows protrusion of the asthenosphere in the lower crust and lithospheric delamination associated with slab retreat. The resulting surface velocities and principal stress axes generally agree with present-day observations, suggesting that slab delamination and retreat can explain the dynamics of the orogen. Our simulations successfully reproduce the type and overall distribution of seismicity with thrust faulting events in the external part of the orogen and normal faulting in its internal part. Slab temperatures and lithospheric mantle stiffness affect the cumulative seismic moment release and spatial distribution of upper crustal earthquakes. The properties of deep, sub-crustal material are thus shown to influence upper crustal seismicity in an orogen driven by slab retreat, even though the upper crust is largely decoupled from the lithospheric mantle. Our simulations therefore highlight the effect of deep lower crustal rheologies, self-driven subduction dynamics and mantle properties in controlling shallow deformation and seismicity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 228481
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Numerical modeling ; Geodynamics ; Seismotectonics orogen ; Delamination ; Northern Apennines ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.03. Geodesy ; 05.01. Computational geophysics ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 19
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    Active Extension in a Foreland Trapped Between Two Contractional Chains: The South Apulia Fault System (SAFS) (2020)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-08
    Description: The response of continental forelands to subduction and collision is a widely investigated topic in geodynamics. The deformation occurring within a foreland shared by two opposite‐verging chains, however, is uncommon and poorly understood. The Apulia Swell in the southern end of the Adria microplate (Africa‐Europe plate boundary, central Mediterranean Sea) represents one of these cases, as it is the common foreland of the SW verging Albanides‐Hellenides and the NE verging Southern Apennines merging into the SSE verging Calabrian Arc. We investigated the internal deformation of the Apulia Swell using multiscale geophysical data: multichannel seismic profiles recording up to 12‐s two‐way time (TWT) for a consistent image of the upper crust; high‐resolution multichannel seismic profiles, high‐resolution multibeam bathymetry, and CHIRP profiles acquired by R/V OGS Explora to constrain the Quaternary geological record. The results of our analyses characterize the geometry of the South Apulia Fault System (SAFS), a 100‐km‐long and 12‐km‐wide structure attesting an extensional (and possibly transtensional) response of the foreland to the two contractional fronts. The SAFS consists of two NW‐SE right‐stepping master faults and several secondary structures. The SAFS activity spans from the Early Pleistocene through the Holocene, as testified by the bathymetric and high‐resolution seismic data, with long‐term slip rates in the range of 0.2–0.4 mm/yr. Considering the position within an area with few or none other active faults in the surroundings, the dimension, and the activity rates, the SAFS can be a candidate causative fault of the 20 February 1743, M 6.7, earthquake.
    Description: Italian Ministry for Education, University, and Research (MIUR), Premiale 2014 D. M. 291 03/05/2016.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2020TC006116
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: active tectonics ; apulia ; south apulia fault system ; 1743 earthquake ; marine geology ; stable continental region ; ionian sea ; active faults ; subsurface geology ; seismic interpretation ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 04.02. Exploration geophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 20
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    Multi-temporal tectonic evolution of Capo Granitola and Sciacca foreland transcurrent faults (Sicily channel) (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-09
    Description: Joint analysis of high-penetration multi-channel and high-resolution single-channel seismic reflection profiles, calibrated by deep well boreholes, allowed a detailed reconstruction of the Late Miocene to Recent tectonic history of the Capo Granitola and Sciacca fault systems offshore southwestern Sicily. These two fault arrays are part of a regional system of transcurrent faults that dissect the foreland block in front of the Neogene Sicilian fold and thrust belt. The Capo Granitola and Sciacca faults are thought to reactivate inherited Mesozoic to Miocene normal faults developed on the northern continental margin of Africa. During Latest Miocene-Pliocene, the two ~NNE-SSW striking faults were active in left transpression, which inverted Late Miocene extensional half-grabens and created push-up ridges along both systems. Tectonic activity decreased during the Pleistocene, but transpressional folds deform Middle-Late Pleistocene sediments as well, suggesting that the two fault systems are active. The ~40 km long longitudinal amplitude profile of 1st order folds (Capo Granitola and Sciacca anticlines) shows ~15–20 km bell-shaped undulations that represents 2nd order folds. The length of these undulations together with the map pattern of faults allowed to divide the CGFS and SFS into two segments, northern and southern, respectively. Total uplift of the Sciacca Anticline is twice than the uplift of the Capo Granitola Anticline. Incremental fold growth rates decreased during time from 0.22 mm/yr (Capo Granitola Anticline) and 0.44 mm/yr (Sciacca Anticline) in the Pliocene, to 0.07 and 0.22 mm/yr, respectively, during the last ~1.8 Ma.
    Description: Published
    Description: 187-204
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: 3A. Geofisica marina e osservazioni multiparametriche a fondo mare
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Multiscale analysis ; Basin inversion ; Strike-slip faults ; Fold growth rates ; Pelagian foreland ; SW Sicily offshore ; 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.02. Exploration geophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 21
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    Stick-slip vs. stable sliding fault behaviour: A case-study using a multidisciplinary approach in the volcanic region of Mt. Etna (Italy) (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-26
    Description: In active volcanic zones, fault dynamics is considerably fast but it is often difficult to separate the pattern of nearly continuous large-scale volcanic processes (inflation/deflation processes, flank instability) from impulsive episodes such as dyke intrusions or coseismic fault displacements. At Etna, multidisciplinary studies on active faults whose activity does not strictly depend on volcanic processes, are relatively few. Here we present the case-study of the San Leonardello fault, an active structure located in the eastern flank of Mt. Etna characterised by a well-known seismic history. This fault saw renewed activity in May 2009, when pre-seismic creeping along the southern segment preceded an MW 4.0 earthquake in the northern segment, followed by some twenty-five aftershocks. Later, in March–April 2016, creep events reactivated the southern section of the same fault. Both the seismic and aseismic phenomena were recorded by the seismic and GNSS networks of INGV-Osservatorio Etneo, and produced surface faulting that left a footprint in the pattern of ground deformation detected by the InSAR measurements. We demonstrate that the integration of multidisciplinary data collected for volcano surveillance may shed light on different aspects of fault dynamics, and allow understanding how coseismic slip and creep alternate in space and time along the strike. Moreover, we use findings from our independent datasets to propose a conceptual model of the San Leonardello fault, taking into account behaviour and previous constraints from fault-based seismic hazard analyses. Although the faulting mechanisms described here occur at a very small scale compared with those of a purely tectonic setting, this case-study may represent a perfect natural lab for improving knowledge of seismogenic processes, also in other fault zones characterised by stick slip vs. stablesliding fault behaviour.
    Description: Published
    Description: 228554
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Fault ; Earthquake ; Creep ; Seismotectonics ; Behaviour ; Mt. Etna volcano ; 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.03. Geodesy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 22
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    Complexity of the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake causative fault system (Abruzzi Apennines, Italy) and effects on the Middle Aterno Quaternary basin arrangement (2019)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-15
    Description: An Mw 6.1, devastating earthquake, on April 6, 2009, struck the Middle Aterno Valley (Abruzzi Apennines, Italy) due to the activation of a poorly known normal fault system. Structural analysis of the fault population and investigation of the relationships with the Quaternary continental deposits through integrated field and laboratory techniques were conducted in order to reconstruct the long-term, tectono-sedimentary evolution of the basin and hypothesize the size of the fault segment. A polyphasic evolution of the Middle Aterno Valley is characterized by a conjugate, ∼E-W and ∼NS-striking fault system, during the early stage of basin development, and by a dip-slip, NW-striking fault system in a later phase. The old conjugate fault system controlled the generation of the largest sedimentary traps in the area and is responsible for the horst and graben structures within the basin. During the Early Pleistocene the E-W and NS system reactivated with dip-slip kinematics. This gave rise to intra-basin bedrock highs and a significant syn-tectonic deposition, causing variable thickness and hiatuses of the continental infill. Subsequently, since the end of the Early Pleistocene, with the inception of the NW-striking fault system, several NW-strands linked into longer splays and their activity migrated toward a leading segment affecting the Paganica-San Demetrio basin: the Paganica-San Demetrio fault alignment. The findings from this work constrain and are consistent with the subsurface basin geometry inferred from previous geophysical investigations. Notably, two major elements of the ∼E-W and ∼NS-striking faults likely act as transfer to the nearby stepping active fault systems or form the boundaries, as geometric complexities, that limit the Paganica-San Demetrio fault segment overall length to 19 ± 3 km. The resulting size of the leading fault segment is coherent with the extent of the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila earthquake causative fault. The positive match between the geologic long-term and coseismic images of the 2009 seismogenic fault highlights that the comprehensive reconstruction of the deformation history offers a unique contribution to the understanding faults seismic potential.
    Description: MIUR (Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research) project “FIRB Abruzzo - High-resolution analyses for assessing the seismic hazard and risk of the areas affected by the 6 April 2009 earthquake”, ref. RBAP10ZC8K_005 and RBAP10ZC8K_007, and by Agreement INGV-DPC 2012–2021
    Description: Published
    Description: 30-66
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Quaternary geology ; L'Aquila earthquake ; structural geology ; Middle Aterno Valley ; neotectonics ; active fault ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
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  • 23
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    Searching for the 1912 Maymyo earthquake: New evidence from paleoseismic investigations along the Kyaukkyan Fault, Myanmar (2019)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-12-12
    Description: The Great Burma earthquake (MsGR 8.0; Ms 7.6–7.7) occurred on May 23rd, 1912, and was one of the most remarkable early 1900's seismic events in Asia as described by Gutenberg and Richter (1954). The earthquake, focused near Maymyo, struck the Northern Shan State in eastern Myanmar. Contemporary evaluation of damage distribution and oral accounts led to a correlation between the earthquake and the topographically prominent Kyaukkyan Fault near the western margin of the Shan Plateau, although direct evidence has never been reported. This study aims to find evidence of paleoseismic activity, and to better understand the relationship between the 1912 earthquake and the Kyaukkyan Fault. Paleoseismic trenching along the Kyaukkyan Fault revealed evidence of several surface rupturing events. The northernmost trench exposes at least two visible rupture events since 4660 ± 30 BP: an older rupture stratigraphically constrained by AMS 14C dating to between 4660 ± 30 BP and 1270 ± 30 BP, and a younger rupture formed after 1270 ± 30 BP. The presence of pottery, bricks and cookingrelated charcoal in the younger faulted stratigraphy demonstrates Kyaukkyan Fault activity within human times, and a possible correlation between the younger rupture and the 1912 Maymyo earthquake is not excluded. The southern paleoseismic trench, within a broad transtensional basin far from bounding faults, exposes two (undated) surface ruptures. Further study is required to correlate those ruptures to the events dated in the north. These preliminary paleoseismological results constitute the first quantitative evidence of paleoseismic activity along the northern ~160 km of the Kyaukkyan Fault, and support existing evidence that the Kyaukkyan Fault is an active but slow-slipping structure with a long interseismic period.
    Description: Published
    Description: 75-86
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Paleoseismology ; active tectonics ; Myanmar ; 1912 earthquake ; strike-slip faulting ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 24
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    The combined inversion of seismological and GOCE gravity data: New insights into the current state of the Pacific lithosphere and upper mantle (2017)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-26
    Description: In this study we combine seismological and GOCE satellite gravity information by using a Bayesian-like technique, with the aim of inferring the density structure of the Pacific (90°N 90°S) (121°E 60°W) lithosphere and upper mantle. We recover a 1° × 1° 3-D density model, down to 300 km depth, which explains gravity observations with a variance reduction of 67.41%. The model, with an associated a posteriori standard deviation, provides a significant contribution to understanding the evolution of the Pacific lithosphere and answers to some debated geodynamic questions. Our methodology enables us to combine the recovery of density parameters with the optimum density-vSV scalings. The latter account for both seismological and gravity observations in order to identify the regions characterized by chemically-induced density heterogeneities which add to the thermally-induced anoma- lies. Chemically-modified structures are found west of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) and are of relevant amplitude both below the north-western side of the Pacific Plate, at the base of the lithosphere, and up to 100 km depth beneath the Hawaiian and Super Swell regions, thus explaining the anomalous shallow regions without invoking the thermal buoyancy as the sole justification. Coherently with the chemically modified structures, our results a) support a lighter and more buoyant lithosphere than that predicted by the cooling models and b) are in favor of the hypothesized crustal underplating beneath the Hawaiian chain and be- neath the volcanic units in the southern branch of the Super Swell region. The comparison between calculated mantle gravity residuals and residual topography a) suggests a lateral viscosity growth associated with the increasing thickness and density of the Plate and b) correlates well with sub-lithospheric mantle flow from the EPR towards west, up to the Kermadec and Tonga Trench in the south and the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench in the north.
    Description: Published
    Description: 101-115
    Description: 7T. Struttura della Terra e geodinamica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Pacific lithosphere ; GOCE ; Satellite gravity ; Seismological observations ; Residual Topography ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
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  • 25
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    Narrow-band, transient signals in Central Apennines, Italy: hints for underground fluid migration? (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In this paper we investigate nature and properties of narrow-band, transient seismic signals observed by a temporary array deployed in the Val Tiberina area (central Apennines, Italy). These signals are characterized by spindle-shaped, harmonic waveforms with no clear S-wave arrivals. The first portion of the seismograms exhibits a main frequency peak centred at 4.5 Hz, while the spectrum of the slowly decaying coda is peaked at about 2 Hz. Events discrimination is performed using a matched-filtering technique, resulting in a set of 2466 detections spanning the 2010 January–March time interval. From a plane-wave-fitting procedure, we estimate the kinematic properties of signals pertaining to a cluster of similar events. The repetition of measurements over a large number of precisely aligned seismograms allows for obtaining a robust statistics of horizontal slownesses and propagation azimuths associated with the early portion of the waveforms. The P-wave arrival exhibits horizontal slownesses around 0.1 s km−1, thus suggesting waves impinging at the array almost vertically. Separately, we use traveltimes measured at a sparse network to derive independent constraints on epicentral location. Ray parameters and azimuths are calibrated using slowness measurements from a local, well-located earthquake. After this correction, the joint solution from traveltime inversion and array analysis indicates a source region spanning the 1–3 km depth interval. Considerations related to the source depth and energy, and the occurrence rate which is not related to the daily and weekly working cycles, play against a surface, artificial source. Instead, the close resemblance of these signals to those commonly observed in volcanic environments suggest a source mechanism related to the resonance of a fluid–filled fracture, likely associated with instabilities in the flux of pressurized CO2.
    Description: Published
    Description: 918-928
    Description: 1.1. TTC - Monitoraggio sismico del territorio nazionale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Fracture and flow ; Earthquake source observations ; Interface waves ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring
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  • 26
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    Societal need for improved understanding of climate change, anthropogenic impacts, and geo-hazard warning drive development of ocean observatories in European Seas (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Society’s needs for a network of in situ ocean observing systems cross many areas of earth and marine science. Here we review the science themes that benefit from data supplied from ocean observatories. Understanding from existing studies is fragmented to the extent that it lacks the coherent long-term monitoring needed to address questions at the scales essential to understand climate change and improve geo-hazard early warning. Data sets from the deep sea are particularly rare with long-term data available from only a few locations worldwide. These science areas have impacts on societal health and well-being and our awareness of ocean function in a shifting climate. Substantial efforts are underway to realise a network of open-ocean observatories around European Seas that will operate over multiple decades. Some systems are already collecting high-resolution data from surface, water column, seafloor, and sub-seafloor sensors linked to shore by satellite or cable connection in real or near-real time, along with samples and other data collected in a delayed mode. We expect that such observatories will contribute to answering major ocean science questions including: How can monitoring of factors such as seismic activity, pore fluid chemistry and pressure, and gas hydrate stability improve seismic, slope failure, and tsunami warning? What aspects of physical oceanography, biogeochemical cycling, and ecosystems will be most sensitive to climatic and anthropogenic change? What are natural versus anthropogenic changes? Most fundamentally, how are marine processes that occur at differing scales related? The development of ocean observatories provides a substantial opportunity for ocean science to evolve in Europe. Here we also describe some basic attributes of network design. Observatory networks provide the means to coordinate and integrate the collection of standardised data capable of bridging measurement scales across a dispersed area in European Seas adding needed certainty to estimates of future oceanic conditions. Observatory data can be analysed along with other data such as those from satellites, drifting floats, autonomous underwater vehicles, model analysis, and the known distribution and abundances of marine fauna in order to address some of the questions posed above. Standardised methods for information management are also becoming established to ensure better accessibility and traceability of these data sets and ultimately to increase their use for societal benefit. The connection of ocean observatory effort into larger frameworks including the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) and the Global Monitoring of Environment and Security (GMES) is integral to its success. It is in a greater integrated framework that the full potential of the component systems will be realised.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-33
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Seafloor and water columnobservatories ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.04. Processes and Dynamics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.08. Instruments and techniques ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.03. Global climate models ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.07. Physical and biogeochemical interactions ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.08. Instruments and techniques ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.01. Air/water/earth interactions ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.02. General circulation ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.03. Interannual-to-decadal ocean variability ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.05. Instruments and techniques ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.01. Biogeochemical cycles ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.02. Carbon cycling ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.03. Chemistry of waters ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.04. Ecosystems ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.06. Hydrothermal systems ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.08. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.04. Marine geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.11. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.05. Main geomagnetic field ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.08. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.07. Tomography and anisotropy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.10. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.03. Heat generation and transport ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.04. Plate boundaries, motion, and tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.02. Experimental volcanism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.01. Data processing ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.02. Seismological data ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.04. Hydrogeological data ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.01. Environmental risk ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.02. Hydrogeological risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 27
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    Geochemical evidence for and characterization of CO2 rich gas sources in the epicentral area of the Abruzzo 2009 earthquakes (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We describe the results of a detailed hydrogeochemical campaign on the groundwater circulating in two regional aquifers located in the area of the Abruzzo 2009 earthquakes. The influx of deeply derived CO2 rich gases into the two aquifers is highlighted by the 13C isotopic composition of dissolved carbon species. The source of the gas is roughly localised beneath the epicentral area of the earthquakes where the presence of sources of fluids under high pressure is suggested by seismological investigations. The carbon isotopic-mass balance of the aquifers indicates that the amount of the deep CO2 dissolved and transported by the groundwaters is ~530 t/day. The chemical and isotopic composition of the gas entering the aquifers, named Abruzzo gas, has been derived by comparing the data measured in the springs with the results of a gas–water– rock reaction model, that simulates the evolution of the chemical and isotopic composition of groundwater affected by the input of a deeply-derived CO2 rich gas phase. The composition of Abruzzo gas is compared to that of 40 large gas emissions located in central Italy. The gas becomes progressively richer in radiogenic elements (4He and 40Ar) and in N2, from the volcanic complexes in the west to the Apennines in the east. The Abruzzo gas, in agreement with its location, well matches the composition of the gases emitted in the pre- Apennine region. These geochemical features, consistent with the structural setting of the region, indicate increasing residence times of the gas in the crust moving from west to east. In particular we suggest that the strong increase in radiogenic crustal gases reflects the occurrence of deep traps where the gas is stored at high pressures for a long time and that such high pressure gas pockets play a major role in the generation of Apennine earthquakes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 389–398
    Description: 2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; Abruzzo earthquakes ; carbon isotopes ; helium isotopes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.10. Instruments and techniques
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  • 28
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    Seismotectonic of Southern Apennines from recent passive seismic experiments (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We used data of local earthquakes collected during two recent passive seismic experiments carried out in southern Italy in order to study the seismotectonic setting of the Lucanian Apennine and the surrounding areas. Based on continuous recordings of the temporary stations we extracted over 15,600 waveforms, which were hand-picked along with those recorded by the permanent stations of the Italian national seismic network obtaining a dense, high-quality dataset of P- and S-arrival times. We examined the seismicity occurring in the period 2001–2008 by relocating 566 out of 1047 recorded events with magnitudes ML ≥1.5 and computing 162 fault-plane solutions. Earthquakes were relocated using a minimum one-dimensional velocity model previously obtained for the region and a Vp/Vs ratio of 1.83. Background seismicity is concentrated within the upper crust (between 5 and 20km of depth) and it is mostly clustered along the Lucanian Apennine chain axis. A significant feature extracted from this study relates to the two E–W trending clusters located in the Potentino and in the Abriola–Pietrapertosa sector (central Lucania region). Hypocentral depths in both clusters are slightly deeper than those observed beneath the Lucanian Apennine. We suggest that these two seismic features are representative of the transition from the inner portion of the chain to the external margin characterized by dextral strike-slip kinematics. In the easternmost part of the study area, below the Bradano foredeep and the Apulia foreland, seismicity is generally deeper and more scattered. The sparse seismicity localized in the Sibari Plain, in the offshore area along the northeastern Calabrian coast and in the Taranto Gulf is also investigated thanks to the new recordings. This seismicity shows hypocenters between 12 and 20km of depth below the Sibari Plain and is deeper (foci between 10 and 35km of depth) in the offshore area of the Taranto Gulf. 102 well-constrained fault-plane solutions, showing predominantly normal and strike-slip character with tensional axes (T-axes) generally NE oriented, were selected for the stress tensor analysis. We investigated stress field orientation inverting focal mechanism belonging to the Lucanian Apennine and the Pollino Range, both areas characterized by a more concentrated background seismicity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 110-124
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 5.7. Consulenze in favore di istituzioni nazionali e attività nell'ambito di trattati internazionali
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Background seismicity ; Passive seismic experiments ; Southern Apennines ; Apulia foreland ; Stress field ; Seismotectonic ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
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  • 29
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    Tsunami early warning using earthquake rupture duration and P-wave dominant-period: the importance of length and depth of faulting (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: After an earthquake, rapid, real-time assessment of hazards such as ground shaking and tsunami potential is important for early warning and emergency response. Tsunami potential depends on sea floor displacement, which is related to the length, L, width, W, mean slip, D, and depth, z, of earthquake rupture. Currently, the primary discriminant for tsunami potential is the centroid-moment tensor magnitude, MwCMT, representing the seismic potency LWD, and estimated through an indirect, inversion procedure. The obtained MwCMT and the implied LWD value vary with the depth of faulting, assumed earth model and other factors, and is only available 30 min or more after an earthquake. The use of more direct procedures for hazard assessment, when available, could avoid these problems and aid in effective early warning. Here we present a direct procedure for rapid assessment of earthquake tsunami potential using two, simple measures on P-wave seismograms – the dominant period on the velocity records, Td, and the likelihood that the high-frequency, apparent rupture-duration, T0, exceeds 50-55 sec. T0 can be related to the critical parameters L and z, while Td may be related to W, D or z. For a set of recent, large earthquakes, we show that the period-duration product TdT0 gives more information on tsunami impact and size than MwCMT and other currently used discriminants. All discriminants have difficulty in assessing the tsunami potential for oceanic strike-slip and back-arc or upper-plate, intraplate earthquake types. Our analysis and results suggest that tsunami potential is not directly related to the potency LWD from the “seismic” faulting model, as is assumed with the use of the MwCMT discriminant. Instead, knowledge of rupture length, L, and depth, z, alone can constrain well the tsunami potential of an earthquake, with explicit determination of fault width, W, and slip, D, being of secondary importance. With available real-time seismogram data, rapid calculation of the direct, period- duration discriminant can be completed within 6-10 min after an earthquake occurs and thus can aid in effective and reliable tsunami early warning.
    Description: In press
    Description: 1.1. TTC - Monitoraggio sismico del territorio nazionale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Earthquake dynamics ; Earthquake source observations ; Seismic monitoring ; Body waves ; Early warning ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring
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  • 30
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    Clues of Post-seismic Relaxation for the 1915 Fucino Earthquake (Central Italy) from Modeling of Leveling Data (2010)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The 1915 Fucino earthquake (Ms=6.9) was one of the largest and most destructive events in Italy during the last century. The epicentral area is centered in the Abruzzi region (Central Italy), where a long historical record of large earthquakes is available. Seismotectonic studies on this region, based on instrumental seismicity (focal mechanism solutions of major events and stress analysis of background seismicity), borehole break-out studies and several geological and paleoseismological investigations, suggest NE-SW oriented active extension. The 1915 earthquake fault produced detectable surface ruptures for about 20 km along NW-SE striking SW-dipping structures. Coseismic geodetic data recorded in the epicentral area have been inverted in the past (Amoruso et al. 1998 and references therein), indicating a source fault dipping at moderate angle toward SW and a normal focal mechanism, with a non-negligible left-lateral component. Three high precision leveling lines located in a wide sector north and east of the Fucino plain were measured in 1950 and 1997-2000 by the IGM (Istituto Geografico Militare). Two consecutive lines run in a NW-SE direction along the chain, and form a "T-shape" net together with a third line SW-NE striking, towards the Adriatic sea. The total length is about 360 km with a mean benchmark density higher than 0.5 bm/km. The relative elevation changes recorded during this time interval show maximum values between 7 and 12 cm with a signal wavelength of 40-70 km. The observed elevation changes stand significantly above the calculated total error of 1.13 mm sqrt(L) km. A sharp gradient has been observed east of the earthquake epicenter, where we observe peculiar elevation changes along a 40 km long section of the leveling line. The observed elevation changes in Fucino earthquake area seem to comprise both regional tectonic deformation and post-seismic relaxation. The former and the latter effects are expected to dominate along sections of the leveling lines which are respectively about perpendicular and parallel to the Apennines. Since we compare measurements performed in 1950 and 1997-2000, relaxation effects refer to a late stage of the process. We have used Pollitz (1997) code for computing gravitational-viscoelastic postseismic relaxation on a layered spherical Earth. Different Earth models, characterized by different thicknesses and viscosities of crustal layers and of the upper mantle, have been considered. Even if S/N ratio of expected post-seismic effects is not high, comparison between predictions and observations allows to constrain regional crustal structure. Best-fit seismic moment is in good agreement with Amoruso et al. (1998) and residuals are fully consistent with expected regional tectonic deformation in central Apennines.
    Description: Published
    Description: San Francisco, USA
    Description: open
    Keywords: postseismic ; 1915 Fucino earthquake ; levelling ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring
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  • 31
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    A model for seismicity rates observed during the 1982-1984 unrest at Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) (2010)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We consider the space-time distribution of seismicity during the 1982-1984 unrest at Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) where a correlation between seismicity and rate of ground uplift was suggested. In order to investigate this effect, we present a model based on stress transfer from the deformation source responsible for the unrest to potential faults. We compute static stress changes caused by an inflating source in a layered half-space. Stress changes are evaluated on optimally oriented planes for shear failure, assuming a regional stress with horizontal extensional axis trending NNE-SSW. The inflating source is modeled as inferred by previous studies from inversion of geodetic data with the same crustal model here assumed. The magnitude of the regional stress is constrained by imposing an initial condition of "close to failure" to potential faults. The resulting spatial distribution of stress changes is in agreement with observations. We assume that the temporal evolution of ground displacement, observed by a tide-gauge at Pozzuoli, was due mainly to time dependent processes occurring at the inflating source. We approximate this time dependence in piecewise-linear way and we attribute it to each component of average stress-change in the region interested by the observed seismicity. Then we evaluate the effect of a time dependent stressing rate on seismicity, by following the approach indicated by Dieterich (1994) on the basis of the rate- and state-dependent rheology of faults. The seismicity rate history resulting from our model is in general agreement with data during the period 1982-1984 for reasonable values of unconstrained model-parameters, the initial value of the direct effect of friction and the reference shear stressing rate. In particular, this application shows that a decreasing stressing-rate is effective in damping the seismicity rate.
    Description: In press
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Stress triggering ; Bradyseism ; Rate- and state-dependent friction ; Variable stressing rates ; Coulomb stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring
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  • 32
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    Monitoring ash emission episodes at Mt. Etna: the 16 November 2006 case study (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-17
    Description: Mt. Etna in Sicily (Italy) is one of the best monitored basaltic volcanoes in the world due to the frequent eruptions from its summit and flanks. Routine monitoring carried out by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania, for surveillance purposes permits following the evolution of volcanic events. In this paper, a description of the ash monitoring system as occurred during the August-December 2006 summit eruption at the Southeast Crater (SEC) is shown. This eruption was characterized by lava flow effusions and vigorous Strombolian activity. Eighteen paroxysmal episodes occurred up to the end of November, forming weak ash plumes accompanied by moderate tephra fallout over Etna’s slopes. During these events, we applied a multidisciplinary approach to promptly monitor the paroxysmal activity and the associated tephra fallout, through analysis from seismic tremor and observation from live-cameras, sampling operations, mapping and analysis of the deposit. During the most significant episodes, we carried out textural and grain-size analysis on tephra samples and evaluated the whole grain-size deposit and the erupted volume, while numerical simulations of tephra dispersal allowed better understanding eruptive dynamics. An example of this methodology is applied to the 16 November episode, during which seismic tremor furnished important constraints on the chronology. This paroxysmal eruption produced light fallout on the north-east sector of the volcano for about ten hours and a number of debris-avalanches over the slopes of the SEC cone. The erupted deposit was composed for the most part of lithic components and characterized by a whole grain-size distribution centered on 2.2 , while its total mass was evaluated 7 x 106 kg. On the whole, such integrated studies help to obtain information on magma fragmentation and eruptive mechanisms, to characterize the explosive styles shown by Etna and finally, to better approach the monitoring of imminent eruptions.
    Description: FIRB Italian project “Sviluppo Nuove Tecnologie per la Protezione e Difesa del Territorio dai Rischi Naturali” funded by Italian Minister of University and Research
    Description: Published
    Description: 123-134
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Mt. Etna ; volcanic ash monitoring ; tephra deposit ; 2006 eruption ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring
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  • 33
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    Integrated geophysical surveys at the archaeological site of Tindari (Sicily, Italy) (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The results of geophysical survey carried out at the archaeological site of Tindari, located 70 km west-north-west of Messina (Sicily, Italy), are presented and discussed. The site is one of the most important archaeological sites, about 90 ha large, on the north-eastern side of Sicily and it was one of the last Greek settlements in Sicily. Keeping in mind the vastness of the site, according to the archaeologists an area, of about 1200 m2 was selected, for a geophysical survey. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), including induced polarization (IP) measurements, and seismic refraction tomography were applied in the course of geophysical exploration in the area. The objective of this preliminary geophysical investigation was to verify the effectiveness of the technique for a spatial definition of the buried archaeological structures (mostly walls, columns, etc.) to determine their characteristics and to study the presence of collapsed columns within the zone of archaeological interest, in view of their application in the rest of the site, that, for obvious reasons, could not be entirely excavated in brief times. The geophysical data, visualized in 3D space, revealed a distribution of low-contrast shallow anomalies that indicate the presence of different types of buried structures in the surveyed area. Also, the probable accumulations of collapsed columns could be determined. These results confirm the hypothesis of a large northern extension of the archaeological site and provide useful information to design a more efficient excavation plan.
    Description: Published
    Description: 961-970
    Description: 3.8. Geofisica per l'ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Greek settlements ; Seismic refraction tomography ; 3D electrical resistivity ; Induced polarization tomography ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring
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  • 34
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    Empirical site-specific response-spectra correction factors for the Gubbio basin (central Italy) (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Providing quantitative microzonation results that can be taken into account in urban land-use plans is a challenging task that requires collaborative efforts between the seismological and engineering communities. In this study, starting from the results obtained by extensive geophysical and seismological investigations, we propose and apply an approach to the Gubbio basin (Italy) that can be easily implemented for cases of moderate-to-low ground motion and that takes into account not only simple 1D, but also more complicated 3D effects. With this method, the sites inside the basin are classified by their fundamental resonance frequencies, estimated from the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio applied to noise recordings (HVNSR). The correspondence between estimates of the fundamental frequency from this method and those derived from earthquake recordings was verified at several calibration sites. The amplification factors used to correct the response spectra are computed by the ratio between the response spectra at sites within the basin and the response spectra at a hard-rock site using data from two seismic transects. Empirical amplification functions are then assigned to the fundamental frequencies after applying an interpolation technique. The suitability of the estimated site-specific correction factors for response spectra was verified by computing synthetic response spectra for stations within the basin, starting from the synthetic recording at a nearby rock station, and comparing them with observed ones.
    Description: In press
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: sedimentary basin ; response spectra ; site effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.10. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
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  • 35
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    Co-seismic displacements associated to the Molise (Southern Italy)earthquake sequence of October–November 2002 inferred from GPS measurements (2007)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The 2002 earthquake sequence of October 31 and November 1 (main shocks Mw=5.7) struck an area of the Molise region in Southern Italy. In this paper we analyzed the co-seismic deformation related to the Molise seismic sequence, inferred from GPS data collected before and after the earthquake, that ruptured a rather deep portion of crust releasing a moderate amount of seismic energy with no surface rupture. The GPS data have been reduced using two different processing strategies and softwares (Bernese and GIPSY) to have an increased control over the result accuracy, since the expected surface displacements induced by the Molise earthquake are in the order of the GPS reliability. The surface deformations obtained from the two approaches are statistically equivalent and show a displacement field consistent with the expected deformation mechanism and with no rupture at the surface. In order to relate this observation with the seismic source, an elastic modeling of fault dislocation rupture has been performed using seismological parameters as constraints to the model input and comparing calculated surface displacements with the observed ones. The sum of the seismic moments (8.9×1017 Nm) of the two main events have been used as a constraint for the size and amount of slip on the model fault while its geometry has been constrained using the focal mechanisms and aftershocks locations. Since the two main shocks exhibit the same fault parameters (strike of the plane, dip and co-seismic slip), we modelled a single square fault, size of 15 km×15 km, assumed to accommodate the whole rupture of both events of the seismic sequence. A vertical E–W trending fault (strike=266°) has been modeled, with a horizontal slip of 120 mm. Sensitivity tests have been performed to infer the slip distribution at depth. The comparison between GPS observations and displacement vectors predicted by the dislocation model is consistent with a source fault placed between 5 and 20 km of depth with a constant pure right-lateral strike-slip in agreement with fault slip distribution analyses using seismological information. The GPS strain field obtained doesn't require a geodetic moment release larger than the one inferred from the seismological information ruling out significant post-seismic deformation or geodetic deformation released at frequencies not detectable by seismic instruments. The Molise sequence has a critical seismotectonic significance because it occurred in an area where no historical seismicity or seismogenic faults are reported. The focal location of the sequence and the strike-slip kinematics of main shocks allow to distinguish it from the shallower and extensional seismicity of the southern Adriatic block from the northern one.
    Description: Published
    Description: 21-35
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: GPS ; molise earthquake ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring
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    Type: article
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  • 36
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    Probabilistic source location of explosion quakes at Stromboli volcano estimated with double array data (2005)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Data from two dense arrays of short-period seismometers are used to retrieve source locations of the explosion quakes at Stromboli volcano. Slowness vectors stimated at both arrays with the zero-lag cross-correlation technique constitute the experimental data set. A probabilistic approach based on a grid search spanning the volcano interior is used to calculate the probability of the source location. Results depict a shallow source, located beneath the crater area, at depths not greater than 500 m below the surface. Results are slightly different from, but comparable to, those obtained in a companion experiment carried out in the same time period using a broad-band seismometer network, which show a source shifted some hundreds of meters northwest of the crater area. The method is revealed to be effective and useful for future studies having the purpose of real-time tracking of the explosion quakes and tremor.
    Description: Published
    Description: 123-142
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Stromboli ; Array ; Explosion quake ; Source location ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.06. Seismic methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.10. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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    Type: article
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