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  • Animals
  • Cell Line
  • Molecular Sequence Data
  • Phosphorylation
  • Elsevier  (462)
  • Springer  (58)
  • Protein Phosphorylation in Human Health  (1)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
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  • 1
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    Chapter 8 Signalling DNA Damage (2021)
    InTechOpen | Protein Phosphorylation in Human Health | Protein Phosphorylation in Human Health
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: During our lifetime, the genome is constantly being exposed to different types of damage caused either by exogenous sources (radiations and/or genotoxic compound) but also as byproducts of endogenous processes (reactive oxigen species during respiration, stalled forks during replication, eroded telomeres, etc). From a structural point of view, there are many types of DNA damage including single or double strand breaks, base modifications and losses or base-pair mismatches. The amount of lesions that we face is enormous with estimates suggesting that each of our 1013 cells has to deal with around 10.000 lesions per day [1]. While the majority of these events are properly resolved by specialized mechanisms, a deficient response to DNA damage, and particularly to DSB, harbors a serious threat to human health [2]. DSB can be formed [1] following an exposure to ionizing radiation (X- or γ-rays) or clastogenic drugs; [2] endogenously, during DNA replication, or [3], as a consequence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during oxidative metabolism. In addition, programmed DSB are used as repair intermediates during V(D)J and Class-Switch recombination (CSR) in lymphocytes [3], or during meiotic recombination [4]. Because of this, immunodeficiency and/or sterility problems are frequently associated with DDR-related pathologies.
    Keywords: dna damage ; dna damage ; Apoptosis ; Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related ; ATM serine/threonine kinase ; DNA repair ; DNA-PKcs ; Phosphorylation ; Protein ; Ubiquitin ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphorylation is required for high-affinity binding of DBP, a yeast mitochondrial site-specific RNA binding protein (2000)
    Springer
    Current genetics 37 (2000), S. 356-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Dodecamer sequence ; RNA binding protein ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract All yeast mitochondrial mRNAs terminate at their 3′ ends with a conserved dodecamer sequence, a site for high-affinity binding by DBP (dodecamer binding protein). Using purified DBP, we show that binding requires an intact dodecamer site and is enhanced by the presence in an oligonucleotide of the immediate 4–5 upstream nucleotides. Binding affinity varied from 0.25 to 0.85 nM towards a set of RNA oligonucleotides containing messenger specific upstream sequences in addition to the dodecamer site. Furthermore, we show that phosphatase treatment of DBP abolishes its specific binding, indicating the involvement of reversible phosphorylation in the regulation of its binding activities. This finding will further our understanding of the mechanism of DBP in the regulation of RNA metabolism in yeast mitochondria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002940000117
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of Cdc25 phosphatases in cell cycle checkpoints (2000)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 211 (2000), S. 8-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cdc25 phosphatase ; Cell cycle ; DNA damage ; Checkpoint ; Cyclin-dependent kinase ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The major driving forces in the eukaryotic cell cycle are the cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk). Cdks can be activated through dephosphorylation of inhibitory phosphorylations catalyzed by the Cdc25 phosphatase family. In higher-eukaryotic cells, there exist three Cdc25 family members, Cdc25A, Cdc25B, and Cdc25C. While Cdc25A plays a major role at the G1-to-S phase transition, Cdc25B and C are required for entry into mitosis. The regulation of Cdc25C is crucial for the operation of the DNA-damage checkpoint. Two protein kinases, Chk1 and Cds1, can be activated in response to DNA damage or in the presence of unreplicated DNA. Chk1 and Cds1 may phosphorylate Cdc25C to prevent entry into mitosis through inhibition of Cdc2 (Cdk1) dephosphorylation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01279894
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tissue-specific requirements for a phosphorylation site in the Fushi tarazu homeodomain (1999)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 209 (1999), S. 427-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Drosophila ; Fushi tarazu ; Homeodomain ; Phosphorylation ; Neurogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The homeodomain protein Fushi tarazu (Ftz) is required for several embryonic patterning processes including segmentation and neurogenesis. During the stages that these processes are regulated the protein is differentially phosphorylated, suggesting that phosphorylation plays a role in helping the protein to regulate different functions in different tissues. We showed in a recent study that one of the Ftz phosphorylation sites, a protein kinase A-type site in the N-terminal arm of the homeodomain, is required for normal Ftz-dependent segmentation. Here we test whether phosphorylation of this site (Thr-263) is also required in the developing central nervous system (CNS). A well-established role for Ftz in the CNS is for the differentiation of neurons referred to as RP2 neurons. Absence of Ftz expression in these cells causes a failure of certain target genes to be expressed and subsequent defects in RP2 differentiation. In contrast to its effect on segmentation, we find that mutation of Thr-263 to Ala (or Asp) has no effect on these CNS functions. This suggests that the phosphorylation state of this site is irrelevant for Ftz function in the CNS, and that there are tissue-specific differences in the requirements for Ftz phosphorylation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004270050273
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of potential phosphorylation sites in human T cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of biomedical science 6 (1999), S. 206-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: Tax ; HTLV-1 ; Trans-activation ; Phosphorylation ; Mutagenesis ; Transcription ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax is a phosphoprotein, however, the contribution of phosphorylation to Tax activity is unknown. Previous studies have shown that phosphorylation of Tax occurs on serine residue(s), within one tryptic fragment, in response to 4β-phorbol-12β-myristate-13α-acetate, in both mouse and human cells. Studies were conducted in multiple cell lines to identify the specific phosphorylated serines as a prelude to functional analysis. The phosphorylation pattern of Tax was found to be different in 293T and COS-7 cells in comparison with MT-4 and Px-1 cells. However, one tryptic fragment remained consistent in comigration analyses among all cell lines. Using selected Tax serine mutants a tryptic fragment containing a serine at residue 113 believed to be the site of phosphorylation of Tax did not comigrate with the common phosphorylated tryptic fragment. Analysis of selected Tax mutants for ability totrans-activate the cytomegalovirus promoter demonstrated mutation of serine 77 to alanine reducedtrans-activation by 90% compared to wild-type Tax. However, examination of the phosphorylation pattern of the serine 77 mutant demonstrated that it is not the site of phosphorylation. These studies demonstrate the importance of using relevant cell lines to characterize the role of phosphorylation in protein function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02255904
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    An acidic modification of the cytoplasmic domain contributes to the charge heterogeneity of the MHC class I antigens (1998)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 47 (1998), S. 381-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words H2 ; Histocompatibility ; 2-D PAGE ; Glycan ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Polypeptide phosphorylation and sialylation of the glycan moieties contribute to the charge heterogeneity of the class I major histocompatibility complex glycoproteins. The present study demonstrates that a unique acidic modification unrelated to phosphorylation or glycosylation also affects the charge heterogeneity of the H2-Kk heavy chain of BW5147 lymphoma cells. In vitro cultivation of BW5147 cells results in changes in charge heterogeneity of the H2-Kk heavy chains due to the unique acidic modification. Sequential papain digestion of the 45 000 M r H2-Kk glycoprotein yields a 42 500 M r glycopolypeptide initially, followed by production of a 39 000 M r glycopolypeptide. Results from experiments designed to localize and characterize the novel acidic modification suggest that the modification resides in the segment of the H2-Kk polypeptide located between the two papain cleavage sites. This portion of the polypeptide consists of the transmembrane region and part of the cytoplasmic domain of the H2-Kk heavy chain. At steady state, 25% of the total cell surface H2-Kk possesses this modification. In addition, the modification is mutually exclusive with the phosphorylation of the H2-Kk heavy chain at Ser-333. The possible biological significance of the novel modification of class I antigens is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050373
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    The β7 integrin gene (Itgb-7) promoter is responsive to TGF-β1: defining control regions (1998)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 48 (1998), S. 184-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words β7 integrin gene ; Promoter elements ; TGFβ1 ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The β7 integrins LPAM-1 (α4β7) and M290 (αEβ7) mediate the homing of lymphocytes to gut-associated lymphoid tissue, and the proposed retention of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), respectively. Here we show that the gut mucosal cytokine TGF- β1 increases the expression of β7 and αE subunit mRNA transcripts and the cell-surface expression of M290 on T cells, and that it decreases the level of α4 integrin transcripts. Induced β7 integrin gene expression was inhibited by the protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, implicating a role for tyrosine phosphorylation. An analysis of the β7 integrin gene promoter revealed three DNAse I hypersensitivity sites, two of which mapped to the 5′ and 3′ ends of a promoter fragment (nucleotides +690 to +63) that directed both the basal and the TGF-β1-induced expression of a heterologous reporter gene. Deletion analysis identified two TGF-β1 response regions encompassing nucleotides –509 to –398 (TGFBRR1), and –122 to +32 (TGFBRR2). TGFBRR1 interacted with at least five protein complexes, whose binding could be induced with TGF-β1 stimulation and could be antagonized by TGFBRR2 which harbored both similar and distinctive cis-elements. TGFBRR2 interacted specifically with at least two major nuclear protein complexes, whose binding was phosphorylation dependent. These data provide new insights into the mechanism by which TGF-β may switch LPAM-1+ve migrating T cells to express M290, facilitating their retention in the gut.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050422
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Purification of a nitrate reductase kinase from Spinacea oleracea leaves, and its identification as a calmodulin-domain protein kinase (1998)
    Springer
    Planta 206 (1998), S. 435-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: Calmodulin-domain protein kinase ; Nitrate reductase ; Phosphorylation ; 14-3-3 proteins ; Spinacea (nitrate reductase)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) nitrate reductase (NR) is inactivated by phosphorylation on serine-543, followed by binding of the phosphorylated enzyme to 14-3-3 proteins. We purified one of several chromatographically distinct NRserine-543 kinases from spinach leaf extracts, and established by Edman sequencing of 80 amino acid residues that it is a calcium-dependent (calmodulin-domain) protein kinase (CDPK), with peptide sequences very similar to Arabidopsis CDPK6 (accession no. U20623; also known as CPK3). The spinach CDPK was recognized by antibodies raised against Arabidopsis CDPK. Nitrate reductase was phosphorylated at serine-543 by bacterially expressed His-tagged CDPK6, and the phosphorylated NR was inhibited by 14-3-3 proteins. However, the bacterially expressed CDPK6 had a specific activity approx. 200-fold lower than that of the purified spinach enzyme. The physiological control of NR by CDPK is discussed, and the regulatory properties of the purified CDPK are considered with reference to current models for reversible intramolecular binding of the calmodulin-like domain to the autoinhibitory junction of CDPKs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004250050419
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  • 9
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    Monoclonal antibodies SMI 311 and SMI 312 as tools to investigate the maturation of nerve cells and axonal patterns in human fetal brain (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 291 (1998), S. 433-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Neurofilaments ; Phosphorylation ; Differentiation ; Immunocytochemistry ; Brain storage ; Fixation ; Microwave ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Neurofilaments, which are exclusively found in nerve cells, are one of the earliest recognizable features of the maturing nervous system. The differential distribution of neurofilament proteins in varying degrees of phosphorylation within a neuron provides the possibility of selectively demonstrating either somata and dendrites or axons. Non-phosphorylated neurofilaments typical of somata and dendrites can be visualized with the aid of monoclonal antibody SMI 311, whereas antibody SMI 312 is directed against highly phosphorylated axonal epitopes of neurofilaments. The maturation of neuronal types, the development of area-specific axonal networks, and the gradients of maturation can thus be demonstrated. Optimal immunostaining with SMI 311 and SMI 312 is achieved when specimens are fixed in a mixture of paraformaldehyde and picric acid for up to 3 days and sections are incubated free-floating. Neurons, with their dendritic domains immunostained by SMI 311 in a Golgi-like manner, can be completely visualized in relatively thick sections. The limitations of Golgi-preparations, such as glia-labeling, artifacts, and the staining of only a small non-representative percentage of existing neurons, are not apparent in SMI preparations, which additionally provide the possibility of selectively staining axonal networks. The results achieved in normal fetal brain provide the basis for studies of developmental disturbances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051013
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  • 10
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    The photosystem II subunit CP29 can be phosphorylated in both C3 and C4 plants as suggested by sequence analysis (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 36 (1998), S. 11-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chlorophyll a/b protein ; CP29 ; Phosphorylation ; Photosystem II ; cold stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The CP29 subunit of Photosystem II is reversibly phosphorylated in Zea mays upon exposure to high light in the cold (Bergantino et al., J Biol Chem 270 (1995) 8474–8481). This phenomenon was previously proposed to be restricted to C4 plants. We present the complete sequence of the CP29 protein, deduced from a maize Lhcb4 cDNA clone, and its comparison with the previously known Lhcb4 sequences of two C3 plants: Hordeum vulgare and Arabidopsis thaliana. Despite the relatively low degree of homology in their amino-terminal region, i.e. the part of the molecule which is phosphorylated in maize, the three polypeptides conserve consensus sequences for the site of phosphorylation. We proved by immunoblotting and 33P-labelling that the same post-translational modification occurs in barley. Being thus common to C3 and C4 plant species, the phosphorylation of this minor antenna complex of Photosystem II appears now as a widespread phenomenon, possibly part of the phosphorylation cascade which signals the redox status of the plastoquinone to the nuclear transcription apparatus. Arabidopsis plants do not show phosphorylation of CP29 in the same conditions, but other low-molecular-weight phosphoproteins, whose role need to be elucidated, become evident.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005904527408
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  • 11
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    Low temperature-stimulated phosphorylation regulates the binding of nuclear factors to the promoter of Wcs120, a cold-specific gene in wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 257 (1998), S. 157-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Cold ; Phosphorylation ; Promoter ; Transcription ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Wcs120 gene encodes a highly abundant protein which appears to play an important role during cold acclimation of wheat. To understand the regulatory mechanism controlling its expression at low temperature, the promoter region has been characterized. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays using short promoter fragments revealed the presence in nuclear extracts from non-acclimated (NA) plants of multiple DNA-binding proteins which interact with several elements. In contrast, no DNA-binding activity was observed in the nuclear extracts from cold-acclimated (CA) plants. In vitro dephosphorylation of these CA nuclear extracts with alkaline phosphatase restored the binding activity. Moreover, okadaic acid (a potent phosphatase inhibitor) markedly stimulated the in vivo accumulation of the WCS120 family of proteins. This suggests that protein phosphatases PP1 and/or PP2A negatively regulate the expression of the Wcs120 gene. In addition, both Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent kinase activities were found to be significantly higher in the CA nuclear extracts. Western analysis using antibodies directed against protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms showed that a PKCγ homolog (84 kDa) is selectively translocated into the nucleus in response to low temperature. Taken together, our results suggest that, in vivo, the expression of the Wcs120 gene may be regulated by nuclear factors whose binding activity is modulated by a phosphorylation/dephosphorylation mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004380050635
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  • 12
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    Characterisation and cloning of a calmodulin-like domain protein kinase from Chlamydomonas moewusii (Gerloff ) (1997)
    Springer
    Planta 202 (1997), S. 76-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: Calcium ; Calmodulin-like domain protein kinase ; Chlamydomonas ; Flagellum ; Gamete ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Calcium-stimulated protein kinase activity in the flagella of the green alga Chlamydomonas moewusii (Gerloff) was characterised. Using SDS-PAGE and an on-blot phosphorylation assay, a 65-kDa protein was identified as the major calcium-stimulated protein kinase. Its activity was directly stimulated by calcium, a characteristic of the calmodulin-like domain protein kinases (CDPKs). Monoclonal antibodies raised against the CDPKα from soybean cross-reacted with the 65-kDa protein in the flagella, and also with other proteins in the flagellum and cell body. The same monoclonal antibodies were used to screen a C. moewusii cDNA expression library in order to isolate CDPK cDNAs from C. moewusii. The CCK1 cDNA encodes a protein with a kinase and calmodulin-like domain linked by a junction domain typical of CDPKs. From Southern analyses, evidence was obtained for a CDPK gene family in C. moewusii and C. reinhardtii.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004250050105
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  • 13
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    Cloning of the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of casein kinase II from the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 256 (1997), S. 355-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key wordsYarrowia lipolytica ; Casein kinase II ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Casein kinase II from the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica is a heterotetramer of the form αα′β2. We report on the cloning and sequencing of a partial cDNA and of the complete genomic DNA coding for the catalytic α subunit of the casein kinase II from this yeast species. The sequence of the gene coding for this enzyme has been analyzed. No intron was found in the gene, which is present in a single copy. The deduced amino acid sequence of the gene shows high similarity with those of α subunit described in other species, although, uniquely, Y. lipolytica CKIIα lacks cysteines. We find that the α subunit sequence of Y. lipolytica CKII is shown greater homology with the corresponding protein from S. pombe than with that from S. cerevisiae. We have analyzed CKIIα expression and CKIIα activity. We show that expression of this enzyme is regulated. The catalytic subunit is translated from a single mRNA, and the enzyme is present at a very low level in Y. lipolytica, as in other yeasts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004380050579
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  • 14
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    Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 10 (1997), S. 249-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: Animals ; Asia ; consciousness ; Australia ; Hong Kong ; India ; Israel ; Japan ; New Zealand ; The Philippines ; Russia ; Singapore ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007774409131
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  • 15
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    Evolutionary relationships of eukaryotic kingdoms (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 42 (1996), S. 183-193 
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    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Small-subunit ribosomal RNA ; Phylogeny ; Animals ; Fungi ; Plants ; Alveolates ; Heterokonts ; Stramenopiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolutionary relationships of four eukaryotic kingdoms—Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista—remain unclear. In particular, statistical support for the closeness of animals to fungi rather than to plants is lacking, and a preferred branching order of these and other eukaryotic lineages is still controversial even though molecular sequences from diverse eukaryotic taxa have been analyzed. We report a statistical analysis of 214 sequences of nuclear small-subunit ribosomal RNA (srRNA) gene undertaken to clarify these evolutionary relationships. We have considered the variability of substitution rates and the nonindependence of nucleotide substitution across sites in the srRNA gene in testing alternative hypotheses regarding the branching patterns of eukaryote phylogeny. We find that the rates of evolution among sites in the srRNA sequences vary substantially and are approximately gamma distributed with size and shape parameter equal to 0.76. Our results suggest that (1) the animals and true fungi are indeed closer to each other than to any other “crown” group in the eukaryote tree, (2) red algae are the closest relatives of animals, true fungi, and green plants, and (3) the heterokonts and alveolates probably evolved prior to the divergence of red algae and animal-fungus-green-plant lineages. Furthermore, our analyses indicate that the branching order of the eukaryotic lineages that diverged prior to the evolution of alveolates may be generally difficult to resolve with the srRNA sequence data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02198844
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  • 16
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    Phosphorylation of style S-RNases by Ca2+-dependent protein kinases from pollen tubes (1996)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 9 (1996), S. 25-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Self-incompatibility ; S-ribonucleases ; Pollen ; Protein kinases ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Solanaceous plants with gametophytic self-incompatibility produce ribonucleases in the transmitting tract of the style that interact with self-pollen and inhibit its growth. These ribonucleases are a series of allelic products of the S-locus, which controls self-incompatibility. Little is known about the pollen components involved in this interaction or whether a signal transduction pathway is activated during the self-incompatibility response. We have partially purified a soluble protein kinase from pollen tubes of Nicotiana alata that phosphorylates the self-incompatibility RNases (S-RNases) from N. alata but not Lycopersicon peruvianum. The soluble protein kinase (Nak-1) has several features shared by the calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) class of plant protein kinases, including substrate specificity, calcium dependence, inhibition by the calmodulin antagonist calmidazolium, and cross-reaction with monoclonal antibodies raised to a CDPK from soybean. Phosphorylation of S 2-RNase by Nak-1 is restricted to serine residues, but the site(s) of phosphorylation has not been determined and there is no evidence for allele-specific phosphorylation. The microsomal fraction from pollen tubes also phosphorylates S-RNases and this activity may be associated with proteins of Mr∼60 K and 69 K that cross-react with the monoclonal antibody to the soybean CDPK. These results are discussed in the context of the involvement of phosphorylation in other self-incompatibility systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230363
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  • 17
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    Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation steps are key events in the phytochrome-mediated enhancement of nitrate reductase mRNA levels and enzyme activity in maize (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 251 (1996), S. 599-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Nitrate reductase ; Phytochrome ; Phosphorylation ; Protein kinase C ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We provide evidence to show that the increase in nitrate reductase (NR) transcript level stimulated by red light is mediated via a phosphorylation-dependent step. The light-stimulated enhancement of NR transcript level was significantly inhibited by H-7, a protein kinase inhibitor, whereas okadaic acid (OKA), a phosphatase inhibitor, had no effect. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), an activator of protein kinase C (PKC) enhanced the NR transcript level in dark-grown leaves. No correlation between changes in NR transcript level and NR activity (NRA) was observed. Inhibition of NRA by OKA and stimulation by H-7 indicated that NRA is increased by dephosphorylating the enzyme. We have identified a protein kinase (C type) that can phosphorylate the purified NR in vitro without the involvement of other accessory proteins. By in vivo labelling with 32P and immunoprecipitation of NR with NR antibodies it was found that in the presence of OKA most NR protein (NRP) was present in phosphorylated state, while with H-7 the reverse was seen. The red (R) and far-red (FR) light reversible experiments suggested that phytochrome (Pfr, an active form) stimulation of NRA is mediated by dephosphorylation of the enzyme, suggesting that Pfr regulates both NR transcription and NRA via phosphorylation/dephosphorylation steps controlled by separate signal transduction pathways.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02173650
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  • 18
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    Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation steps are key events in the phytochrome-mediated enhancement of nitrate reductase mRNA levels and enzyme activity in maize (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 251 (1996), S. 599-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Nitrate reductase ; Phytochrome ; Phosphorylation ; Protein kinase C ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We provide evidence to show that the increase in nitrate reductase (NR) transcript level stimulated by red light is mediated via a phosphorylation-dependent step. The light-stimulated enhancement of NR transcript level was significantly inhibited by H-7, a protein kinase inhibitor, whereas okadaic acid (OKA), a phosphatase inhibitor, had no effect. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), an activator of protein kinase C (PKC) enhanced the NR transcript level in darkgrown leaves. No correlation between changes in NR transcript level and NR activity (NRA) was observed. Inhibition of NRA by OKA and stimulation by H-7 indicated that NRA is increased by dephosphorylating the enzyme. We have identified a protein kinase (C type) that can phosphorylate the purified NR in vitro without the involvement of other accessory proteins. By in vivo labelling with32P and immunoprecipitation of NR with NR antibodies it was found that in the presence of OKA most NR protein (NRP) was present in phosphorylated state, while with H-7 the reverse was seen. The red (R) and far-red (FR) light reversible experiments suggested that phytochrome (Pfr, an active form) stimulation of NRA is mediated by dephosphorylation of the enzyme, suggesting that Pfr regulates both NR transcription and NRA via phosphorylation/dephosphorylation steps controlled by separate signal transduction pathways.
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    Phylogenetic position of Dictyostelium inferred from multiple protein data sets (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 238-246 
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    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Cellular slime molds ; Animals ; Fungi ; Plantae ; Maximum-likelihood method ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The phylogenetic position of Dictyostelium inferred from 18S rRNA data contradicts that from protein data. Protein trees always show the close affinity of Dictyostelium with animals, fungi, and plants, whereas in 18S rRNA trees the branching of Dictyostelium is placed at a position before the massive radiation of protist groups including the divergence of the three kingdoms. To settle this controversial issue and to determine the correct position of Dictyostelium, we inferred the phylogenetic relationship among Dictyostelium and the three kingdoms Animalia, Fungi, and Plantae by a maximum-likelihood method using 19 different protein data sets. It was shown at the significance level of 1 SE that the branching of Dictyostelium antedates the divergence of Animalia and Fungi, and Plantae is an outgroup of the Animalia-Fungi-Dictyostelium clade.
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    Microsomal casein kinase II in endoplasmic reticulum- and Golgi apparatus-rich fractions of ROS 17/2.8 osteoblast-like cells: An enzyme that modifies osteopontin (1995)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 57 (1995), S. 285-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Casein kinase II ; Osteoblasts ; Osteopontin ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Osteopontin is an acidic phosphoprotein containing casein kinase II (CKII) phosphorylatable sites and an acidic amino acid cluster. The metabolically 32P-labelings of both serines and threonines in vitro in osteopontin immunoprecipitated from rat osteoblast-like ROS 17/2.8 cells may suggest that casein kinase II catalyzes this modification. The enzyme occurs in microsomal fractions of rat osteoblast-like ROS 17/2.8 cells. Subcellular fractions containing endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus were isolated by differential centrifugation and were identified according to their ultrastructures and the presence of marker enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphatase and thiamine pyrophosphatase, respectively. Both fractions phosphorylated the partially dephosphorylated osteopontin and the specific substrate peptide RRREEETEEE. Endoplasmic reticulum-catalyzed peptide phosphorylation was 2.7 times lower than that of Golgi although both endoplasmic reticulum- and Golgi-catalyzed peptide reactions were 50% inhibited by 20 and 100 ng/ml heparin, respectively. Western blot analysis revealed that both fractions contained osteopontin and microsomal CKII. Furthermore, microsomal CKII was immunogold-labeled in endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Heparin inhibition and utilization of [γ-32P]GTP as a phosphate donor by both fractions confirmed their capacity to phosphorylate osteopontin. The results suggest that microsomal CKII modifies the acidie matrix proteins during transportation. These matrix phosphoproteins may participate in the mineralization process of hard tissues.
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    Segmentation and tracking of piglets in images (1995)
    Springer
    Machine vision and applications 8 (1995), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1769
    Keywords: Tracking ; Segmentation ; Pigs ; Animals ; Computer vision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract An algorithm was developed for the segmentation and tracking of piglets and tested on a 200-image sequence of 10 piglets moving on a straw background. The image-capture rate was 1 image/140 ms. The segmentation method was a combination of image differencing with respect to a median background and a Laplacian operator. The features tracked were blob edges in the segmented image. During tracking, the piglets were modelled as ellipses initialised on the blobs. Each piglet was tracked by searching for blob edges in an elliptical window about the piglet's position, which was predicted from its previous two positions.
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    Phosphorylation of β-lactoglobulin using amino acids as the sole base and nucleophile of the reaction (1995)
    Springer
    The protein journal 14 (1995), S. 145-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Phosphorylation ; β-lactoglobulin ; amino acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract β-Lactoglobulin was phosphorylated with 20, 40, and 80 mol of POCl3/mol protein in the presence of 4, 5, and 6 molar excess of basic amino acid per mol POCl3. Maximal phosphorylation yields of 5 and 3 mol P/mol protein were achieved when the highest stoichiometries of POCl3/arginine and lysine were used. Proportional high amounts of basic amino acids were also grafted to the protein molecule during its phosphorylation through the phosphoamide bond. Modified proteins displayed increased negative charges and reduced isoelectric points and were monomeric. The phosphorylated and phosphoamidatedβ-lactoglobulin showed improved functional properties.
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    Structure and function of amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels (1995)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 143 (1995), S. 1-18 
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    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: Phosphorylation ; Planar lipid bilayers ; Kidney ; Membrane proteins ; Antibodies ; Lipidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A new molecular biological epoch in amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel physiology has begun. With the application of these new techniques, undoubtedly a plethora of new information and new questions will be forthcoming. First and foremost, however, is the question of how many discrete amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels exist. This question is important not only for elucidating structure-function relationships, but also for developing strategies for pharmacological or, ultimately, genetic intervention in such diseases as obstructive nephropathy, Liddle's syndrome, or salt-sensitive hypertension where amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel dysfunction has been implicated [17, 62]. Epithelia Na+ channels purified from kidney are multimeric. However, it is not yet clear which subunits are regulatory and which participate directly as a part of the Na+ conducting core and what is the nature of the gate. The combination of electrophysiologic techniques such as patch clamp and the ability to study reconstituted channels in planar lipid bilayers along with molecular biology techniques to potentially manipulate the individual subunits should provide the answers to questions that have puzzled physiologists for decades. It seems clear that the robust versatility of the channel in responding to a wide range of differing and potentially synergistic regulatory inputs must be a function of its multimeric structure and relation to the cytoskeleton. Multiple mechanisms of regulation imply multiple regulatory sites. This hypothesis has been validated by the demonstration that enzymatic carboxyl methylation and phosphorylation have both individual and synergistic effects on the purified channel in planar lipid bilayers. Of the multiple mechanisms proposed for channel regulation, evidence is now available to support the ideas that channels may be activated (or inactivated) by direct modifications including phosphorylation and carboxyl methylation, by activation or association of regulatory proteins such as G proteins, and by recruitment from subapical membrane domains. The observation that channel gating is achieved primarily through regulation of open probability without alterations in conductance may simplify future understanding of the molecular events involved in gating once the regulatory sites have been identified. As more Na+ channels or Na+ channel subunits are cloned from different epithelia, it will become possible to piece together the puzzle of epithelial Na+ channels. It is interesting to observe that renal Na+ channel proteins contain a subunit which falls into the 70 kD range. This size protein is in the range reported for the aldosterone-induced proteins [12, 46, 153]. Recent reports indicate that polyclonal antibodies directed against the bovine renal Na+ channel cross-react with GP70, an aldosterone-induced protein [149], especially in light of the recent cloning of an epithelial Na+ channel whose subunit sizes are 70–80 kD [24, 25]. It is tempting to speculate that this size polypeptide forms the basic building block of amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels, which can then be subsequently modified and custom-tailored in different epithelia by the addition of various other associated regulatory proteins.
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    Preparation and properties of polyamide-imides derived from 1,3-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene, trimellitic anhydride, and various aromatic diamines (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of polymer research 1 (1994), S. 43-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8935
    Keywords: Poly(amide-imide)s ; Polycondensation ; Phosphorylation ; Aromatic diamines ; 1,3-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene ; 1, 3-bis(4-trimellitimidophenoxy)benzene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A diamine, 1,3-bis(4-aminophenoxy) benzene (II), was synthesized in two steps; fist from the condensation of resorcinol with p-chloronitrobenzene in the presence of potassium carbonate, producing I ,3-bis(4-nitrophenoxy) benzene (I), followed by hydrazine hydrate/Pd-C reduction. A two imide rings-preformed dicarboxylic acid, 1,3-bis(4-trimellitimidophenoxy)benzene (III), was prepared from the condensation of diamine II and trimellitic anhydride in 1:2 molar ratio. A series of structurally new polyamide-imides (Va-p) were directly synthesized from the diacid III and various aromatic diamines (IVa-p). The resultant polyamide-imides had inherent viscosities between 0.56–1.39 dl/g. All polymers, except some derived from diamines with p-phenoxy structure, showed excellent solubility. Some polymer resulted in tough or flexible transparent films. Dynamic TG data indicated that all polymers possess excellent thermal stability with no significant weight loss up to the temperature of approximately 450 °C in nitrogen, and their 10% weight loss temperature was recorded in the range of 489–577 °C. Measurements of wide-angle X-ray diffraction revealed that some polymers derived from p-phenoxy group-containing diamines showed crystalline patterns.
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    Mass-spectrographic analysis of a porcine amelogenin identifies a single phosphorylated locus (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 55 (1994), S. 398-400 
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    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Enamel ; Proteins ; Phosphorylation ; Amelogenins ; Tooth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The amelogenins of the extracellular matrix of developing dental enamel, comprise a family of tissue-specific proteins which are postulated to play a central role in the biomineralization of dental enamel [1]. The primary structures of amelogenins derived from cow, pig, human, mouse and rat have now been elucidated by the interpretation of cDNA sequences or by direct amino acid sequence determinations [2–6] demonstrating a high degree of sequence homology between species [1]. However, the nature of post-translational modification of these proteins is less clear. In particular, early reports of amelogenin phosphorylation [7–8] have proved to be difficult to confirm by direct chemical analyses [1]. Using mass spectrographic analysis, we recently [9], reported that the lower molecular weight (5–7 kDa) bovine and porcine amelogenin polypeptides (TRAP and LRAP) contained a single phospho-serine residue at position 16Ser and, since these polypeptides are derived by proteolytic processing from the higher molecular weight “parent” amelogenins (18–25 kDa), we concluded that these precursor molecules must also be phosphorylated, as has previously been suggested [10]. In contrast to these observations, an extensive amino acid sequencing study of porcine amelogenins has recently reported no evidence for such phosphorylation [11]. We now report that a new analysis of the major porcine(“20K”) amelogenin provides positive evidence for porcine amelogenin phosphorylation.
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    Characterization of the gap junction protein, connexin45 (1994)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 139 (1994), S. 31-40 
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    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: Connexin45 ; Gap junction ; Intercellular communication ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Connexin45 is a gap junction protein which forms channels with unique characteristics. RNA blots demonstrated that connexin45 is expressed in a number of cell lines including WB, SK Hepl, BHK, A7r5, CLEM, and BWEM cells. Connexin45 was further studied in BWEM cells using specific affinity-purified antibodies directed against a synthetic peptide representing amino acids 285–298 of its sequence. Immunofluorescence experiments demonstrated that the BWEM cells expressed both connexin43 and connexin45 and that these connexins colocalized. Connexin45 polypeptide, immunoprecipitated from BWEM cells metabolically labeled with [35S]-methionine, consisted of a predominant 48 kD polypeptide. Connexin45 and connexin43 contained radioactive phosphate when immunoprecipitated from BWEM cells metabolically labeled with [32P]-orthophosphoric acid. This phosphate label was removed from connexin45 by alkaline phosphatase digestion. Treatment of BWEM cells with the tumor promoting agent 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) inhibited intercellular passage of microinjected Lucifer yellow. While TPA treatment induced phosphorylation of connexin43 in these cells, it reduced the expression of connexin45. Furthermore, the connexin45 expressed after TPA treatment was not phosphorylated. These results suggest that treatments which alter protein phosphorylation may regulate connexin43 and connexin45 in BWEM cells by different mechanisms.
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    Pheromone-induced phosphorylation of antennal proteins from insects (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 164 (1994), S. 76-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Insect antennae ; Pheromones ; Second messenger ; Phosphorylation ; Moth,Heliothis virescens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Protein kinase C inhibitors, such a calphostin C, abolish the transient nature of pheromone-induced rapid inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) responses, suggesting that pheromone signalling is terminated by phosphorylation of specific proteins. Challenging antennal preparations fromHeliothis virescens with species-specific pheromones in the presence of [32P]-γ-ATP led to a rapid, stimulus-dependent incorporation of32Pi into antennal proteins. Pheromone-induced phosphorylation was completely abolished by a blockade of protein kinase C. Electrophoretic analysis revealed that upon stimulation with a pheromone blend two polypeptide bands were labelled; stimulation solely with the major compound (Z-11-hexadecenal) resulted in only a single labelled band. The data indicate that pheromones cause phosphorylation of specific antennal proteins which may be receptors for pheromones.
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    Neurofilaments in rat and cat spinal cord; a comparative immunocytochemical study of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated subunits (1993)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 272 (1993), S. 249-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Motoneurones ; Dorsal horn ; Neurofilament ; Phosphorylation ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neurofilament immunoreactivity was examined in spinal cords of rats and cats with antibodies to all three subunits (68 kD, 155 kD and 200 kD) and to different phosphorylation states of 200 kD. NFHP-, an antibody against non-phosphorylated 200 kD, labelled all rat neuronal perikarya but failed to labet cat neurofilaments. In both species, the perikarya and processes of motoneurones were immunoreactive for all three subunits but most dorsal horn neuronal perikarya were not immunoreactive for 68 kD and 155 kD. Motoneuronal perikarya and proximal processes showed filamentous labelling for 68 kD but not for 155 kD in the rat, while in neither species did these show labelling with RT97, an antibody against a highly phosphorylated form of 200 kD; immunoreactivity for 200 kD was present in both filamentous (probably partially phosphorylated) and non-filamentous (non-phosphorylated) forms, but in dorsal horn neurones only the latter was present. Interpretations consistent with this data are: in rat and possibly also cat, motoneuronal neurofilaments consist of a 68 kD backbone with partially phosphorylated 200 kD sidearms, with both 155 kD and 200 kD (non-phosphorylated) subunits in a non-filamentous form; this neurofilament becomes more highly phosphorylated along the proximal processes. The dorsal horn neurones probably contain 200 kD in a non-filamentous form but may lack the other subunits.
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    Isolation and characterization of a phosphoprotein phosphatase type 2A gene from alfalfa (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 240 (1993), S. 126-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Cell cycle ; Medicago sativa ; Phosphorylation ; Mitosis ; Phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phosphoprotein phosphatases are central regulatory components of the cell cycle in eukaryotes. We report the cloning and sequencing of an alfalfa phosphoprotein phosphatase type 2A (pp2aMs) cDNA. The predicted protein sequence shows high similarity to PP2A from Brassica napus, rabbit and Drosophila. No changes in pp2aMs mRNA abundance during the cell cycle were found. During growth of a batch cell culture, mRNA levels decreased gradually. In planta, all organs contained pp2a transcripts but maximal mRNA levels were detected in stems. Since Southern analysis indicated the presence of a small pp2a gene family in alfalfa, it appears that different subtypes may have specialized roles in various tissues and developmental situations which await characterization.
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    Osmoregulation of the fatty acid receptor gene fadL in Escherichia coli (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 240 (1993), S. 339-347 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: OmpR ; EnvZ ; Phosphorylation ; Transcriptional control ; DNA binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The fadL gene of Escherichia coli codes for an outer membrane protein that is involved in the uptake of long-chain fatty acids. Uptake is regulated by environmental osmolarity, and decreases when the cells are grown under conditions of high osmolarity. A temperature-sensitive mutant that requires fatty acid for growth at 42° C was unable to grow at the high temperature even in the presence of fatty acid if the medium contained 10% sucrose. Promoter activity of the fadL gene in vivo was repressed by high osmolarity in a FadR repressor null mutant. Furthermore, in vitro transcription of the fadL gene was strongly repressed by the addition of OmpR and EnvZ proteins. The results of gel retardation and DNase I protection experiments indicated that OmpR, after incubation with the protein kinase EnvZ, specifically binds to at least four sites around the fadL promoter, two upstream and two downstream from the transcriptional start site. These results suggest that transcription of the fadL gene is osmotically regulated by the OmpREnvZ two-component system.
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    Protein kinase C in turtle brain: changes in enzyme activity during anoxia (1993)
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    Journal of comparative physiology 163 (1993), S. 84-88 
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    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Anoxia ; Protein kinase C ; Phosphorylation ; Brain ; Turtle, Pseudemys elegans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Protein kinase C from the anoxia-tolerant turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans was investigated to determine its role in mediating changes in brain metabolism associated with anoxia. Measurements of protein kinase C distribution in cytosol and membrane-associated fractions of cerebrum and hindbrain were performed with warm (18 °C)- and cold (7 °C)-acclimated animals exposed to normoxic or anoxic conditions. In cerebrum, the percentage of bound protein kinase C decreased from 48.5% to 35.1% in warm-acclimated animals and from 45.0% to 25.6% in cold-acclimated animals. In the hind-brain, bound protein kinase C increased from 45.0% to 72.9% in warm-acclimated animals and from 40.3% to 68.8% in cold-acclimated animals. The presence of three distinct protein kinase C isozymes (Types I, II and III) was confirmed by hydroxylapatite chromatography. The distribution of isozymes between cytosolic and membrane-associated fractions in cerebrum was 24% I, 37% II and 39% III (cytosolic) and 32% I, 35% II and 34% III (membrane-associated). In the hindbrain, the protein kinase C isozyme distribution was 34% I, 40% II and 26% III (cytosolic) and 18% I, 47% II and 35% III (membrane-associated). Kinetic characterization of the three isozymes showed that Type I was 27% activated by Ca2+, whereas Types II and III were only 4% and 2% activated by Ca2+, respectively. Full activity for all enzymes was observed only in the presence of phosphatidylserine and diacylglycerol. No differences in the K m for ATP, the K a for Ca2+ or the K a for phosphatidylserine were observed.
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    Dual role of calmodulin in excitable cells (1993)
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 21 (1993), S. 669-677 
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    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Channel ; Phosphorylation ; Calmodulin ; Membrane ; Electrostatics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Consideration of the enzymatic reactions governing calcium channel phosphorylation and dephosphorylation leads one to deduce that there exist separate groups of enzymes, membrane-bound and cytoplasmic, that are activated by a common mediator, calmodulin (CaM), whose time-dependent appearance (via diffusion) at both locales is controlled by both intracellular calcium levels and electrostatic interaction with the membrane. In brief, the change in the sign and extent of the electrical charge borne by the modulator in the presence of calcium (Ca) brings about the electrostatic attraction that enables the transport of [Ca−CaM] to the membrane. This translocation of Ca−CaM makes possible a sequential activation of cellular enzymes whose locations differ. The sequence, both spatial and temporal, of the activation of various cellular enzymes by Ca−CaM appears to be a control network shared in common by excitable cells containing a stimulus-response pathway mediated by second messengers.
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    Gametophytic self-incompatibility inPapaver rhoeas L. (1992)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 5 (1992), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Self-incompatibility ; Papaver rhoeas ; in vitro system ; Pollen response genes ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have developed an in vitro system whereby we can reproduce the self-incompatibility (SI) reactions ofP. rhoeas in pollen grown in vitro, using stigmatic extracts. This has enabled us to investigate a number of aspects of SI, which would otherwise be difficult. On the stigma side of the reaction, the in vitro system has enabled us to characterize and partially purify the stigmatic S-component, following S-specific activity. It has also enabled us to establish that, in contrast to the S-linked glycoprotein ofNicotiana alata, no detectable ribonuclease activity correlates with the presence of the functional stigmatic S-gene product in this species. Turning to look at the pollen side, we have used the in vitro system to study the metabolic events occurring in the pollen ofP. rhoeas as a consequence of the SI reaction. We have determined that it requires both de novo glyco-sylation and RNA transcription for full inhibition of pollen-tube growth during the SI reaction. Transcription products of pollen SI response genes, which are produced specificially in an incompatible reaction, have been identified. These pollen response genes have been cloned and are currently being characterized. Since the extracellular pollen-stigma interaction results directly in gene transcription in the pollen, it seems likely that a signal transduction mechanism may be operating in the SI response. The in vitro system has allowed us to begin to investigate this possibility. We have detected rapid and transient phosphorylation of certain pollen proteins, together with changes in phosphatase activity during the SI reaction. These studies provide evidence for a role for signal transduction in the SI reaction. Thus, our in vitro system has enabled us to begin to examine, not only stigma and pollen components, but also the interaction between them in the SI reaction.
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    Phosphorylation of proteins in Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae (1992)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 158 (1992), S. 262-266 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bacterium ; Phosphorylation ; Protein kinase ; Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Protein phosphorylation was studied in Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae in vivo and in vitro. In vitro labelling showed that the protein kinases in this bacterium used both ATP and GTP as nucleotide substrates at nearly the same efficiency. At least 6 proteins were phosphorylated in vitro, including abundant species of p81, p44, and p32 with M r of 81000, 44000, and 32000, respectively. Three types of phosphate-protein linkage were found in this bacterium: O-phosphate, N-phosphate and probably acyl phosphate. The p81 and p32 were phosphorylated at histidine. The p44 had mainly phosphoserine and a small part of phosphohistidine. The phosphorylation profile was variable depending on the growth conditions. Furthermore, by a virulent phage Xp10 infection the quantity of phosphorylation increased: for phosphohistinine more than 10-fold, and for phosphoserine about 3-fold. Thus, in this bacterium phosphorylation may be linked with a physiological regulation system and with Xp10 phage development.
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    Phosphorylation of a putative myosin light chain inChara by calcium-dependent protein kinase (1992)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 171 (1992), S. 85-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Ca2+-dependent protein kinase ; Chara ; Cytoplasmic streaming ; Myosin light chain ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ca2+-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) has been proposed to mediate inhibition by Ca2+ of cytoplasmic streaming in the green algaChara. We have identified the in vivo substrate(s) of CDPK inChara by using vacuolar perfusion of individual internodal cells with [γ-32P]ATP. Phosphorylation of several polypeptides is enhanced when perfusions are performed at 10−4M free Ca2+ compared to 〈10−9M free Ca2+. The Ca2+-stimulated phosphorylation of these proteins is inhibited by the presence of a monoclonal antibody to soybean CDPK. One of these proteins is 16 to 18kDa and is recognized by an antibody against gizzard myosin light chains. These results demonstrate that inChara, several polypeptides are phophorylated by CDPK and one of these proteins has been tentatively identified as a myosin light chain. These observations support the hypothesis that Ca2+-regulated phosphorylation of myosin is involved in the regulation of cytoplasmic streaming.
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    Single cardiac outwardly rectifying K+ channels modulated by protein kinase A and a G-protein (1991)
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 20 (1991), S. 281-286 
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    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Cardiac K+ channels ; Phosphorylation ; GTP ; GDP ; Neonatal rat heart myocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Elementary K+ currents were recorded at 19 °C in cell-attached and in inside-out patches excised from neonatal rat heart myocytes. An outwardly rectifying K+ channel which prevented Na+ ions from permeating could be detected in about 10% of the patches attaining (at 5 mmol/l external K+ and between − 20 mV and + 20 mV) a unitary conductance of 66 +- 3.9 pS. K (outw.-rect.) + channels have one open and at least two closed states. Open probability and τopen rose steeply on shifting the membrane potential in the positive direction, thereby tending to saturate. Open probability (at −7 mV) was as low as 3 ± 1% but increased several-fold on exposing the cytoplasmic surface to Mg-ATP (100 μmol/l) without a concomitant change of τopen. No channel activation occurred in response to ATP in the absence of cytoplasmic Mg−+. The cytoplasmic administration of the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (120–150 μ/ml) or GTP-γ-S (100 μmol/l) caused a similar channel activation. GDP-β-S (100 μmol/l) was also tested and found to be ineffective in this respect. This suggests that cardiac K (outw.-rect.) + channels are metabolically modulated by both cAMP-dependent phosphorylation and a G-protein.
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    Qualitative and quantitative comparison of the distribution of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated neurofilament epitopes within central and peripheral axons of adult hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 265-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurofilaments ; Phosphorylation ; Axon ; Immunocytochemistry ; Golden syrian hamster, Mesocricetus auratus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated neurofilament epitopes was determined immunocytochemically in adjacent 2 μm-thick sections of sciatic nerve, ventral root and spinal cord. Staining was scored as either intense, moderate or absent and the proportion of labeled axons was calculated for each category. Nearly all sciatic nerve and ventral root axons were immunoreactive with both antibodies against phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated neurofilaments and there were no significant differences in the number of intensely- or moderately-labeled axons. Within the spinal cord however, while the majority of large caliber axons was stained with both antibodies, there was a significant number of small caliber axons which stained only with antibodies against phosphorylated neurofilaments. These results show that phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated neurofilaments are extensively codistributed in CNS and PNS axons, and that in the CNS, staining intensity for non-phosphorylated epitopes is less in the smaller axons.
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    An update on fibrous flagellar roots in green algae (1991)
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    Protoplasma 164 (1991), S. 38-44 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Flagellate green algae ; Fibrous flagellar roots ; System II fibres ; System I fibres ; Centrin ; Assemblin ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In flagellate green algae two types of fibrous flagellar roots can be distinguished: system I fibres, cross-striated bundles of 2nm filaments (striation periodicity about 30 nm), which are associated with flagellar root microtubules, and system II fibres, contractile bundles of 4–8 nm filaments which are often cross-striated (striation periodicity variable but greater than 80 nm). The major protein of system II fibres is centrin, a Ca2+-modulated phosphoprotein, which is a member of the EF-hand protein family. The major protein of system I fibres (of severalChlamydomonas-type green algae) is a 34 kDa phosphoprotein, named assemblin. Because of the solubility characteristics of system I fibres and the properties of their major protein (paracrystal-formation in vitro, several isoelectric variants, heptad motifs in parts of the amino acid sequence), assemblin is presumably related to the k-m-e-f class of α-helical fibrous proteins.
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    Purification of macrolide 2′-phosphotransferase fromStreptomyces coelicolor Müller (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 6 (1990), S. 295-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Phosphorylation ; Oleandomycin ; Macrolide 2′-phosphotransferase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary An enzyme that catalyzes 2′-O-phosphorylation of oleandomycin and several other macrolide antibiotics has been purified approximately 47-fold from cell-free extracts ofStreptomyces coelicolor Müller, NRRL 3532 (UC™ 5240). The reaction product was verified as being oleandomycin-2′-O-phosphate by mass spectrometry. As a result of purification, the enzyme was separated from two lincosaminide inactivating enzyme activities also present in the cell-free extract.
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    Characterization of a GDP-sensitive phosphorylation in plasma membranes ofD. discoideum (1990)
    Springer
    The protein journal 9 (1990), S. 417-425 
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    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Phosphorylation ; GDP-stimulated ; developmental regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In a previous study, we reported the GDP-dependent phosphorylation of a 36 kD membrane protein, p36, inD. discoideum membranes prepared from starved (aggregation competent) cells (Anschutzet al., 1989). Here we show that p36 can be phosphorylated when membranes are supplied either ATP or GTP as the phosphate donor, but that a greater level of p36 phosphorylation is achieved with GTP. The rate of phosphorylation of p36, using either nucleotide triphosphate, is enhanced by GDP. This reflects a decrease in the apparentK m of the enzyme for the particular nucleotide triphosphate. p36 can also be phosphorylated in membranes prepared from vegetative cells. However, the ability of GDP to stimulate p36 phosphorylation is not observed in vegetative cell membranes. Competition experiments indicate that there are also developmental differences in the nucleotide triphosphate site(s) available to phosphorylate p36.
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    Primary structure of the ribosomal protein gene S6 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 13 (1988), S. 57-63 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Fission yeast ; Ribosomal protein gene ; Phosphorylation ; Termination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have determined the nucleotide sequence of a ribosomal protein gene which codes for the ribosomal protein S6 (rps6). The sequence analysis revealed that the gene comprises 239 amino acids, giving rise to a basic protein with a molecular weight of 27,502 Da. The product of this gene is the equivalent of the ribosomal protein S1O from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Northern analyses and S1 mapping of both the 5′ and the 3′ end of the transcripts of this gene show that it is transcribed into three distinct transcripts with different sizes and heterogeneous termini. In the DNA region flanking the coding sequence, several conserved elements are present that may be involved in the transcription initiation and termination.
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    The X-ray induced G2 arrest in mouse eggs: a maternal effect involving a lack of polypeptide phosphorylation (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 302-304 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Mouse egg ; Maternal effect ; X irradiation ; Cell cycle ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In some strains of mice, eggs when X irradiated during the pronuclear stage, undergo a mitotic block in the G2 phase of the first cell cycle and cleave when the second division takes place in controls. The importance of this effect varies considerably with the strain and depends exclusively on the maternal genotype. In previous work, two-dimensional electrophoresis showed that eggs blocked at the one-cell stage after irradiation, undergo the same modifications in polypeptide synthesis as two-cell controls of the same age, except at the time of normal first mitosis, where three polypeptide sets of 30, 35 and 45 kDa appear only in cleaving controls. In the present study, we have found phosphorylations in dividing controls, on polypeptides of 30, 35 and 45 kDa. These phosphorylations are not seen in blocked irradiated eggs.
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    Phosphorylation of neuronal microtubule proteins (1988)
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    Protoplasma 145 (1988), S. 82-88 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Tubulin ; Microtubule-associated proteins ; Phosphorylation ; Neuronal differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Phosphorylation of microtubule protein was tested during differentiation in neuroblastoma cells. Two microtubule proteins were modified, β-tubulin and MAP-1 B. In the first case less than one mol of phosphate was incorporated per mol of protein, whereas several residues were phosphorylated in MAP-1 B. The localization of the phosphorylated residue of β-tubulin indicated that it is present in an isoform, at its carboxy-terminal region, and probably correspond to the serine 444. When comparing thein vivo phosphorylation of tubulin with that produced by casein kinase IIin vitro, a similar pattern was obtained. A similar result was found upon the comparison of the phosphorylation pattern of MAP-1 B after phosphorylationin vivo andin vitro using casein kinase II. These results suggest a role for casein kinase II in the phosphorylation of microtubule proteins in neuroblastoma cells. A result similar to that found for neuroblastoma cells was found after injection of [32P]phosphate into the brain of seven-day-old rats; however, a more complex pattern was found for the phosphorylationin vivo in adult rats.
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    ATP formation onset lag and post-illumination phosphorylation initiated with single-turnover flashes. III. Characterization of the ATP formation onset lag and post-illumination phosphorylation for thylakoids exhibiting localized or bulk-phase delocalized energy coupling (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 20 (1988), S. 129-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Phosphorylation ; localized energy coupling ; delocalized energy coupling ; proton gradients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract When 100 mM KCl replaced sucrose in a chloroplast thylakoid stock suspension buffer, the membranes were converted from a localized proton gradient to a delocalized proton gradient energy coupling mode. The KCl-suspended but not the sucrose-suspended thylakoids showed pyridine-dependent extensions of the ATP onset lag and pyridine effects on post-illumination phosphorylation. The ATP formation assays were performed in a medium of identical composition, using about a 200-fold dilution of the stock thylakoid suspension; hence the different responses were due to the pretreatment, and not the conditions present in the phosphorylation assay. Such permeable buffer effects on ATP formation provide a clear indicator of delocalized proton gradients as the driving force for phosphorylation. The pyridine-dependent increases in the onset lags (and effects on post-illumination phosphorylation) were not due to different ionic conductivities of the membranes (measured by the 515 nm electrochromic absorption change), H+/e − ratios, or electron transport capacities for the two thylakoid preparations. Thylakoid volumes and [ 14C]pyridine equilibration were similar with both preparations. The KCl-induced shift toward a bulk-phase delocalized energy coupling mode was reversed when the thylakoids were placed back in a low-salt medium. Proton uptake, at the ATP-formation energization threshold flash number, was much larger in the KCl-treated thylakoids and they also had a longer ATP formation onset lag, when no pyridine was present. These results are consistent with the salt treatment exposing additional endogenous buffering groups for interaction with the proton gradient. The concomitant appearance of the pyridine buffer effects implies that the additional endogenous buffering groups must be located on proteins directly exposed in the aqueous lumen phase. Kinetic analysis of the decay of the post-illumination phosphorylation in the two thylakoid preparations showed different apparent first-order rate constants, consistent with there being two different compartments contributing to the proton reservoirs that energize ATP formation. We suggest that the two compartments are a membrane-phase localized compartment operative in the sucrose-treated thylakoids and the bulk lumen phase into which protons readily equilibrate in the KCl-treated thylakoids.
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    Inhibition of protein phosphorylation by chloroquine (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 147 (1987), S. 235-239 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Chloroquine ; Yeast ; Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase ; Phosphorylation ; Protein kinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The rapid phase of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) inactivation following glucose addition to starved yeast cells [reported previously] is inhibited on addition of 10 mM chloroquine (CQ) at about pH 8. This inhibition of inactivation was shown to be due to the prevention of phosphorylation of the enzyme. CQ was also found to inhibit general protein phosphorylation in the yeast cells. Glycolysis, as observed by changes in intracellular glucose-6-phosphate and extracellular glucose and ethanol concentrations, was shown to be significantly inhibited in cells treated with CQ. Similarly, a decrease in ATP concentrations was observed. However, during the early stages of phosphorylation of FBPase, levels of ATP were similar in cells containing CQ as in those without CQ. Thus, decrease in ATP levels is not thought to be significantly responsible for the inhibition of protein phosphorylation. However, the phosphorylating activity of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases is inhibited in vitro by relatively low concentrations of CQ. Thus, prevention of protein phosphorylation by CQ is believed to be due to inhibition of protein kinases in yeast cells.
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    Isolation, characterization, phosphorylation and site of synthesis of Spinacia chloroplast ribosomal proteins (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 147-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Chloroplast ; Ribosomal proteins ; Spinacia oleracea ; Phosphorylation ; Protein synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have characterized the ribosomal proteins from Spinacia chloroplasts using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The 30S and 50S subunits contain 23–25 and 36 ribosomal proteins, respectively. In contrast to prokaryotic ribosomes, chloroplast ribosomes contain at least one (and possibly two) phosphorylated ribosomal proteins. Isolated chloroplasts synthesize in the presence of (35S) labeled methionine and cysteine at least seven 30S and thirteen 50S ribosomal proteins which are assembled into (pre)ribosomes. This suggests that about one third of the chloroplast ribosomal proteins is encoded by the chloroplast DNA itself. The identity of several labeled proteins in the two-dimensional gel electrophoretic patterns which did not comigrate with stained chloroplast ribosomal proteins is discussed.
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    Animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to air emissions (1984)
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    Environmental management 8 (1984), S. 309-324 
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    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Animals ; Indicators ; Air pollution ; Ecosystem responses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract With existing and proposed air-quality regulations, ecological disasters resulting from air emissions such as those observed at Copperhill, Tennessee, and Sudbury, Ontario, are unlikely. Current air-quality standards, however, may not protect ecosystems from subacute and chronic exposure to air emissions. The encouragement of the use of coal for energy production and the development of the fossil-fuel industries, including oil shales, tar sands, and coal liquification, point to an increase and spread of fossil-fuel emissions and the potential to influence a number of natural ecosystems. This paper reviews the reported responses of ecosystems to air-borne pollutants and discusses the use of animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to these pollutants. Animal species and populations can act as important indicators of biotic and abiotic responses of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. These responses can indicate long-term trends in ecosystem health and productivity, chemical cycling, genetics, and regulation. For short-term trends, fish and wildlife also serve as monitors of changes in community structure, signaling food-web contamination, as well as providing a measure of ecosystem vitality. Information is presented to show not only the importance of animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to air-quality degradation, but also their value as air-pollution indices, that is, as air-quality-related values (AQRV), required in current air-pollution regulation.
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    Role of silicon in diatom metabolism (1984)
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    Archives of microbiology 137 (1984), S. 291-294 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Proteins ; Phosphorylation ; Silicon requirement ; Diatom ; Cylindrotheca fusiformis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Proteins of Cylindrotheca fusiformis which incorporated significant 32PO4 were identified as soluble, acidic proteins, and their two-dimensions gel positions were determined. Upon addition of silicate to silicon-starved cells, at least 3 of these proteins showed a significant and rapid change in the level of phosphorylation. Under the same conditions the amount of 32PO4-labeled ATP, ADP, and GTP remained relatively constant. Thus silicon appears to affect phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of specific proteins, and these changes are sufficiently rapid to suggest that phosphorylation may have a role in mediating the silicon requirement for both DNA synthesis and the accumulation of specific mRNAs.
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    Light-dependent interactions between rhodopsin and photoreceptor enzymes (1983)
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    European biophysics journal 9 (1983), S. 231-234 
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    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Rhodopsin ; GTP-binding protein ; Phosphorylation ; Photoreceptor membrane ; Photoactivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This short review summarizes recent results and hypotheses about the activation mechanism of photoreceptor enzymes via photoexcitation of rhodopsin.
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    Phosphorylative fumarate reduction in Vibrio succinogenes: Stoichiometry of ATP synthesis (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 129 (1981), S. 100-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: P/fumarate ratio ; Fumarate reduction ; Phosphorylation ; Vibrio succinogenes ; Uncouplers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. Cells of Vibrio succinogenes, treated with EDTA at pH 8, catalyze the phosphorylation of their endogenous ADP and AMP as a function of the electron transport from formate to fumarate. The P/fumarate ratio obtained from the initial velocity of the phosphorylation on initiation of the electron transport and from the activity of fumarate reduction in the steady state was 0.90. The phosphorylation was prevented by 10μmol/g protein carbonylcyanide-3-chlorophenylhydrazone. 2. The esterification of external phosphate in the presence of ADP, hexokinase and glucose is catalysed by a membrane preparation of V. succinogenes in the steady state of fumarate reduction by H2. The phosphorylation was fully abolished by either 5μmol/g protein carbonylcyanide-4-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone or 30μmol/g protein carbonylcyanide-3-chlorphenylhydrazone. Phosphorylation was blocked also by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, an inhibitor of the Mg2+-dependent membrane bound ATP synthase, and by low concentrations of the inhibitors of electron transport 2-(n-nonyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide or 4-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate. 3. The P/fumarate ratios, measured with the membrane preparation, were found to increase with progressive inhibition of the electron transport from hydrogen to fumarate by means of 4-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate. The extrapolated ratio at vanishing electron transport activity was 0.47. 4. About 50% of the membrane preparation was found to consist of inverted vesicles with the hydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase oriented to the inside. The residual part is considered as being incapable of performing energy transduction. The extrapolated P/fumarate ratio valid for the inverted vesicles was 0.94.
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    Physarum myosin light chain one: A potential regulatory factor in cytoplasmic streaming (1981)
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    Protoplasma 109 (1981), S. 13-21 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Actomyosin ; Cytoplasmic streaming ; Myosin light chains ; Phosphorylation ; Physarum polycephalum ; Regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Physarum myosin is composed of a heavy chain of about 225,000 daltons and two small polypeptides of 17,700 and 16,100 daltons, called light chain one (LC 1) and two (LC 2). Light chain one is shown to belong to the general class of regulating light chains by two independent criteria. After denaturation, purification and renaturation of thePhysarum light chains only LC 1 will combine with scallop myofibrils in which one myosin regulatory light chain has been removed. This LC 1 can restore inhibition of the ATPase activity of the myofibrils at 10−8 M Ca++ just as well as light chains from rabbit skeletal myosin. Secondly, this LC 1 is the only component of the myosin that is significantly phosphorylated by an endogenous kinase present in crude actomyosin. An active phosphatase is also present. Preliminary results could not detect calcium sensitivity for either kinase or phosphatase, nevertheless the importance of phosphorylation in affecting activity of biological systems suggests that LC 1 may serve some regulating function for plasmodial actomyosin.
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    Substrate level versus oxidative phosphorylation in the generation of ATP in Thiobacillus denitrificans (1980)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 128 (1980), S. 19-25 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Phosphorylation ; Thiobacillus denitrificans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Particulate fractions of Thiobacillus denitrificans catalyse the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP during the oxidation of various inorganic sulphur compounds or NADH via an electron transport chain. On the other hand, a “soluble” cell-free fraction synthesized ATP from APS and inorganic phosphate. The production of ATP was verified either by the firefly luciferin-luciferase enzyme system or by the incorporation of 32Pi into ATP. During the oxidation of sulphide, sulphite and NADH the production of ATP from ADP by particulate fractions is inhibited by compounds that inhibit electron transfer and by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. However, these compounds had little effect on the production of ATP from AMP during the oxidation of sulphite by the soluble fraction. NADH was the most effective electron donor for oxidative phosphorylation. The soluble fraction contained high activities of ATP sulphurylase, inorganic pyrophosphatase and adenylate kinase but ADP sulphurylase activity was relatively low. The effects of inhibitors on ATP production from APS and Pi are compared with those on adenylate kinase and ATP sulphurylase.
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    Geometry of the dry-state oligomerization of 2′,3′-cyclic phosphates (1979)
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    Journal of molecular evolution 13 (1979), S. 287-293 
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    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Phosphorylation ; Prebiotic ; Dinucleoside monophosphorothioate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Evaporation of a solution of thymidine plus either theexo or theendo diastereomer of uridine cyclic 2′,3′-O, O-phosphorothioate (U 〉 p(S) in 1,2-diaminoethane hydrochloride buffer gave the 2′,5′ and 3′,5′ isomers of (P-thio) uridylylthymidine (Up(S)dT) in a ratio of 1:2 with a combined yield of about 20%. These isomers were re-converted to U 〉 p(S) and dT by a reaction that is known to proceed by an in-line mechanism. Both the 2′,5′ and 3′,5′ isomers gave as product the same diastereomer of U 〉 p(S) that had been used originally in their formation. These dry-state ‘prebiotic’ reactions (Verlander, Lohrmann, and Orgel 1973) are thus shown to be stereospecific, and both the 2′,5′ and 3′,5′ internucleotide bonds are formed by an in-line mechanism.
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    Phosphorylation of rhodopsin as a possible mechanism of adaptation (1977)
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    European biophysics journal 3 (1977), S. 175-180 
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    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Rodopsin ; Phosphorylation ; Adaptation ; Retina ; Cyclic nucleotides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Light-induced phosphorylation of rhodopsin has been extensively studied by a number of investigators from a biochemical point of view. However, little is known about the physiological function of this reaction. The slow rates measured for phosphorylation and dephosphorylation suggest that it may be involved in visual adaptation rather than in excitation. This paper presents biochemical data obtained from phosphorylation experiments in isolated photoreceptor membranes as well as in the more physiological system of whole retinas and living animals. An attempt is made to compare the phosphorylation reaction with visual adaptation hypotheses taken from the electrophysiological literature. Finally, effects of cyclic nucleotide metabolism on the sensitivity of photoreceptors are presented and discussed.
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    Isoelectric focusing of phosphorylated cattle rhodopsin (1977)
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    European biophysics journal 3 (1977), S. 199-203 
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    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Rhodopsin ; Isoelectric focusing ; Phosphorylation ; Membrane proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract 32P-rhodopsin was partially separated by isoelectric focusing into several fractions of different phosphorylation extent. It was found that the incorporated phosphate is not uniformly distributed in a population of rhodopsin molecules. In a preparation with an average phosphorylation extent of 2.4 moles of phosphate per mole of rhodopsin, most of the 32P-phosphate was found in fractions where 4–5 phosphates are bound per rhodopsin, whereas a large fraction of the total rhodopsin was not phosphorylated at all. The maximum number of phosphate binding sites in rhodopsin appears to be at least five.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00535820
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    The influence of light and different ATP concentrations on cell aggregation in cyclic AMP sensitive and insensitive species of the cellular slime molds (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 115 (1977), S. 333-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Dictyostelium ; Cell aggregation ; Illumination ; Phosphorylation ; Cyclic AMP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of light and different concentrations of ATP on cell aggregation in cyclic AMP sensitive (Dictyostelium mucoroides, D. purpureum) and cyclic AMP insensitive species (Polysphondylium violaceum, P. pallidum, D. lacteum) of the cellular slime molds was observed in small and in large amoebal populations. Both light and ATP (optimal concentration:10-5M) accelerated cell aggregation and increased the number of aggregating centers in large populations. For cyclic AMP sensitive species the effect of ATP in large populations was more pronounced than for the species that do not react to cyclic AMP. A possible explanation for the similar effect of light and ATP has been discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00446460
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    The ultrastructure, catecholamine, and prolactin contents of the rostral pars distalis of the fish Mugil platanus after reserpine or 6-hydroxydopamine administration (1975)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 162 (1975), S. 551-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophysis ; Rostral pars distalis ; Mugil platanus ; Animals ; Prolactin hormone secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rostral pars distalis (RPD) of the teleost Mugil platanus from animals pretreated with reserpine or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-HODA) were assayed for dopamine (DA) or noradrenaline (NA) or for prolactin hormone. Such determinations were coupled with electron microscopy. It was found that reserpine and 6-HODA produced a significant decrease in the content of DA, NA, and prolactin. Electron microscope studies revealed that prolactin cells became activated as judged by ultrastructural criteria. After 6-HODA treatment type “B” neurosecretory fibers entering the RPD became selectively destroyed. These observations lead us to suggest that prolactin secretion is under inhibitory control by type “B” neurosecretory fibers of adrenergic nature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00209354
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    Catalysts for the self-polymerization of adenosine cyclic 2′,3′-phosphate (1973)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 2 (1973), S. 303-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Polymerization ; Phosphorylation ; Adenosine Cyclic 2′,3′-phosphate ; Oligonucleotides ; Amines ; 2-Aminoethanol ; Amino Acids ; Prebiotic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary When adenosine cyclic 2′,3′-phosphate is evaporated from solution in the presence of simple catalysts such as aliphatic diamines at alkaline pH, and maintained in a dry state at moderate temperatures (25-85°C), self-polymerization to give oligonucleotides of chainlength up to at least 6 is observed. The products contain an excess of [3′→5′]-linkages over [2′→5′]-linkages. The effects of different catalysts and reaction conditions on the efficiency of the reaction are described. The prebiological relevance of these reactions is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01654098
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    Further studies of urea-catalyzed phosphorylation reactions (1973)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 2 (1973), S. 231-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Phosphorylation ; Nucleotides ; Nucleoside Polyphosphates ; Oligonucleotides ; Urea ; Prebiotic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have analyzed the products formed when mixtures of a nucleoside and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate are heated with an excess of urea. If there is more phosphate than nucleoside in the mixture, compounds containing pyrophosphate bonds are obtained. If uridine, as nucleoside, is in excess over phosphate, di- and oligonucleotides are formed.
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    Phosphorylation of ribosomal proteins S3, L1 and L24 during spherulation in Physarum polycephalum
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Gene Structure and Expression 696 (1982), S. 87-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0167-4781
    Keywords: (Physarum polycephalum) ; Phosphorylation ; Ribosomal protein ; Spherulation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0167-4781(82)90013-6
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    Phosphorylation of ribosomal proteins during the cell cycle of Physarum polycephalum
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Gene Structure and Expression 698 (1982), S. 211-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 0167-4781
    Keywords: (P. polycephalum) ; Cell cycle ; Phosphorylation ; Ribosomal protein
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
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    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0167-4781(82)90137-3
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    Phytochrome-mediated light signal transmission to the phosphorylation of proteins in the plasma membrane and the soluble fraction of etiolated pea stem sections
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 24 (1994), S. 163-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1011-1344
    Keywords: 15 kDa protein ; Phosphorylation ; Plasma membrane ; Red-far-red reversibility ; Third internodes
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
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    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/1011-1344(94)07017-2
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    Cation dependence of the phosphorylation of specific residues in red cell membrane protein band 3
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 899 (1987), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Human erythrocyte membrane) ; Anion channel protein ; Band 3 protein ; Cation dependence ; Magnesium ion effect ; Manganese ion effect ; Phosphorylation ; Protein kinase effector
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2736(87)90232-X
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    Purification and properties of pyruvate kinase type M"2 from rat lung
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/General Subjects 717 (1982), S. 337-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 0304-4165
    Keywords: (Rat and chicken liver) ; Phosphorylation ; Pyruvate kinase type M"2 ; cyclic AMP independent protein kinase
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
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    Properties of enzyme activities involved in protein phosphorylatino-dephosphorylation of the thyroid plasma membranes
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/General Subjects 718 (1982), S. 125-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 0304-4165
    Keywords: (Thyroid plasma membrane) ; Dephosphorylation ; Phosphorylation ; Protein kinase
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
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    S-substituted derivatives of 6-mercaptopurine ribosides interact both with the transport and metabolic phosphorylation of uridine by virus-transformed hamster fibroblasts
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 601 (1980), S. 206-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Hamster fibroblast) ; 6-Mercaptopurine riboside ; Phosphorylation ; Transformation ; Uridine transport
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2736(80)90525-8
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    Characterization of the ATP-promoted aspects of Na^+-Ca^2^+ exchange present in squid retinal nerve axolemma
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 860 (1986), S. 662-671 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Squid retinal axon) ; ATP hydrolysis ; Dephosphorylation ; Na^+-Ca^2^+ exchange ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
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    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2736(86)90566-3
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    A permeability change of myelin membrane vesicles towards cations is induced by MgATP but not by phosphorylation of myelin basic protein
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 640 (1981), S. 195-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: Cation ; Membrane vesicle ; MgATP ; Myelin ; Permeability change ; Phosphorylation ; Protein kinase
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
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    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2736(81)90545-9
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    Tyrosine protein kinase activity in renal brush-border membranes
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 1108 (1992), S. 183-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Kidney) ; Brush-border membrane ; Phosphorylation ; Tyrosine protein kinase
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2736(92)90024-G
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    Modulation of Na^+/H^+ exchange and intracellular pH by protein kinase C and protein phosphatase in blood platelets
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 1068 (1991), S. 161-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: Phosphatase ; Phosphorylation ; Platelet ; Protein kinase C ; Sodium ion-proton exchange ; pH, intracellular
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2736(91)90205-M
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    Cation sidedness in the phosphorylation step of Na^+/K^+-ATPase
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 983 (1989), S. 142-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: ATPase, Na^+/K^+- ; Cation sideness ; Liposome ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2736(89)90227-7
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    Phosphorylation of H^+/K^+-ATPase by inorganic phosphate. The role of K^+ and SCH 28080
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 1061 (1991), S. 141-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (SCH 28080) ; ATPase, H^+/K^+- ; Dephosphorylation ; Phosphate, inorganic ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2736(91)90278-G
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    Differentiational regulation and phosphorylation of the fatty acid-binding protein from rat mammary epithelial cells
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Lipids and Lipid Metabolism 1211 (1994), S. 189-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2760
    Keywords: Differentiation ; Fatty acid-binding protein ; Immunoaffinity purification ; Mammary epithelial cell ; Mass spectrometry ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
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    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2760(94)90268-2
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    Conformational changes of the in situ red cell membrane calcium pump affect its proteolysis
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 899 (1987), S. 129-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Red cell membrane) ; Calcium pump ; Conformational change ; Inside-out vesicle ; Phosphorylation ; Proteolysis ; Vanadate
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
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    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2736(87)90247-1
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    Membrane-bound protein kinase activity in acetylcholine receptor-enriched membranes
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 600 (1980), S. 421-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: Acetylcholine receptor ; Membrane protein ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
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    Insulin stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of a 165 kDa protein that is associated with microsomal membranes of rat adipocytes
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 986 (1989), S. 41-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Rat) ; Insulin ; Insulin receptor ; Kinase ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine ; Protein, 165 kDa
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2736(89)90270-8
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    Effect of okadaic acid on apo B and apo A-I secretion by CaCo-2 cells
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Lipids and Lipid Metabolism 1168 (1993), S. 130-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2760
    Keywords: Apolipoprotein B ; CaCo-2 cell ; Okadaic acid ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
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    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2760(93)90117-R
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    Phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositolphosphate kinases in plant plasma membranes
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Lipids and Lipid Metabolism 958 (1988), S. 268-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2760
    Keywords: Lipid kinase ; Phosphatidylinositol diphosphate ; Phosphoinositide ; Phospholipid ; Phosphorylation ; Polyphosphoinositide
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
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    In vitro regulation of bovine adrenal cortical Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase and comparison with the rat liver enzyme
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Lipids and Lipid Metabolism 753 (1983), S. 422-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2760
    Keywords: (Adrenal cortex) ; 25-Hydroxycholesterol ; Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase ; Mg^2^+ ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
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    Studies on the mechanisms of the rapid modulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase in intact liver by mevalonolactone and 25-hydroxycholesterol
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Lipids and Lipid Metabolism 620 (1980), S. 70-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2760
    Keywords: (Rat liver) ; 25-Hydroxycholesterol ; Cholesterol biosynthesis ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase ; Mevalonolactone ; Phosphatase ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
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    Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions by erythrocyte plasma membrane enzymes
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 598 (1980), S. 463-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Erythrocyte membrane) ; Phosphatase ; Phosphoprotein ; Phosphorylation ; Protein kinase
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
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    Phosphorylation of the isolated high-affinity (Ca^2^+ + Mg^2^+)-ATPase of the human erythrocyte membrane
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 598 (1980), S. 472-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Ca^2^+ + Mg^2^+)-ATPase ; (Erythrocyte membrane) ; Binding site ; Phosphoenzyme ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
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    Rate-limiting steps of 2-deoxyglucose uptake in rat adipocytes
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 599 (1980), S. 689-698 
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    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Rat adipocyte) ; 2-Deoxyglucose transport ; 3-O-Methylglucose ; Glucose ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
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    Membrane actions of male contraceptive gossypol tautomers
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 863 (1986), S. 101-109 
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    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: Gossypol tautomer ; Membrane interaction ; Membrane potential ; Oxidative phosphorylation ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
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    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2736(86)90391-3
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    Structural domain mapping and phosphorylation of human erythrocyte pallidin (band 4.2)
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 1148 (1993), S. 19-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: Band 4.2 ; Erythrocyte membrane ; Membrane protein ; Pallidin ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
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    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2736(93)90156-T
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    Metabolic depletion effect on serine/threonine- and tyrosine-phosphorylations of membrane proteins in human erythrocytes
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 1023 (1990), S. 319-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Human erythrocyte) ; Metabolic depletion ; Phosphorylation ; Protein phosphorylation ; Serine ; Threonine ; Tyrosine
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
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    A comparative study of plasma membrane Mg^2^+-ATPase activities in normal, regenerating and malignant cells
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 684 (1982), S. 67-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Rat liver) ; Mg^2^+-ATPase ; Phosphorylation ; Polylysine-coated bead
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
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    Solubilization of active (H^+ + K^+)-ATPase from gastric membrane
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 732 (1983), S. 579-585 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (H^+ + K^+)-ATPase ; (Porcine gastric mucosa) ; Enzyme solubilization ; Glycerol gradient ; Octyl glucoside ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2736(83)90234-1
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    Comparison of red cell and kidney (Na^+ + K^+)-ATPase at 0^oC
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 688 (1982), S. 685-690 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Na^+ + K^+)-ATPase ; Phosphorylation ; Temperature effect
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2736(82)90280-2
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  • 90
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    ATP-P"i and ITP-P"i exchange by cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 550 (1979), S. 259-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Sarcoplasmic reticulum, Cardiac) ; ATPase ; Ca^2^+ transport ; NTP-P"i exchange ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2736(79)90212-8
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  • 91
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    Direct evidence for an ADP-sensitive phosphointermediate of (K^+ + H^+-ATPase
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 821 (1985), S. 377-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Gastric mucosa) ; (K^+ + H^+)-ATPase ; ADP sensitivity ; Dephosphorylation ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2736(85)90041-0
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of cyclic nucleotides and cholera toxin on in vivo and in vitro phosphorylation of small intestinal brush border membranes
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 730 (1983), S. 321-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Rat intestine) ; Brush border membrane ; Cholera toxin ; Cyclic nucleotide ; Membrane protein ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2736(83)90349-8
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  • 93
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    Immunoreactivity of subunits of the (Na^+ + K^+)-ATPase Cross-reactivity of the α,α+ and β forms in different organs and species
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 649 (1981), S. 691-700 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (M. sexta brain) ; (Na^+ + K^+)-ATPase subunit: Immunoreactivity ; Phosphorylation ; Protein A
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2736(81)90173-5
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  • 94
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    Electronic Resource
    Pb^2^+ and imidazole-activated phosphorylation by ATP of (Na^+ + K^+)-ATPase
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 903 (1987), S. 525-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Rabbit kidney) ; ATPase, (Na^+ + K^+)- ; Imidazole ; Lead ion ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2736(87)90060-5
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In squid axons, ATP modulates Na^+-CA^2^+ exchange by a Ca"i^2^+-dependent phosphorylation
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 897 (1987), S. 347-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Squid axon) ; Calcium ion transport ; Phosphorylation ; Sodium-calcium ion exchange
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2736(87)90432-9
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  • 96
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    Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the Ca^2^+ pump of human red cells in the presence of monovalent cations
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 645 (1981), S. 10-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Erythrocyte membrane) ; Ca^2^+ pump ; Ca^2^+-ATPase ; K^+ ; Monovalent cation ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2736(81)90505-8
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Membrane protein phosphorylation during stomatocyte-echinocyte transformation of human erythrocytes
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 862 (1986), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: Erythrocyte shape ; Membrane protein ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2736(86)90462-1
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Na^+-dependent and -independent transport of uridine and its phosphorylation in mouse spleen cells
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 981 (1989), S. 315-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Mouse spleen cell) ; Nucleoside salvage ; Nucleoside transport ; Phosphorylation ; Uridine
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2736(89)90043-6
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  • 99
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    Effect of free fatty acids and detergents on H,K-ATPase. The steady-state ATP phosphorylation level and the orientation of the enzyme in membrane preparations
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 1070 (1991), S. 283-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: ATPase, H^+/K^+- ; Detergent ; Free fatty acid ; Orientation ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2736(91)90068-J
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    Phosphorylation sites in human erythrocyte band 3 protein
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 1061 (1991), S. 253-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Human erythrocyte membrane) ; Band 3 protein ; Phosphopeptide ; Phosphorylation ; Protein structure
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2736(91)90291-F
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