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  • General Chemistry  (13,060)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (5,929)
  • SPACE RADIATION  (1,972)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (1,497)
  • 1970-1974  (13,600)
  • 1930-1934  (4,019)
  • 1925-1929  (4,839)
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Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 101
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    Progress in gamma ray burst astronomy (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Spectral observations on nine of the eleven known cosmic gamma ray bursts detected from IMP-7 from late 1972 through 1973 are reported. All nine events were found to have average spectra ranging from 100 to 1100 keV. The hypothesis of a single greater than 100 keV average event spectrum for all gamma ray bursts (inferred from IMP-6 observations) was investigated. In addition to the mutual consistency of these 14 IMP events, all independently reported average event spectra fit the IMP-7 common spectrum. This observed lack of variability of the average event spectrum suggests that the production mechanism is tied to more rigidly fixed source parameters than most celestial or solar hard X-ray phenomena. Other characteristics of gamma ray bursts events, are discussed: a high-energy spectral tail with power-law index -2.5, a rising size spectrum from the earlier event rate, and a hint of clustering of event occurrence in time.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 37-45
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  • 102
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    Reconstructing the vertical profile of humidity on the basis of the vertical profile of temperature (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The vertical profile of humidity in the atmosphere is developed on the basis of the vertical profile of temperature using an empirical formula linking changes in humidity with changes in temperature and altitude. The atmosphere is divided into three layers by altitude, since the condition for the formation of humidity varies with altitude.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Automation of the Collection and Analysis of Sci. Inform. in the Probl. of the Interaction of the Atmosphere and Ocean (NASA-TT-F-801); p 169-185
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  • 103
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    Molecular absorption parameters in atmospheric modelling (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Molecular spectroscopic parameters are compiled for a number of infrared-active molecules occurring naturally in the terrestrial atmosphere. The following molecules are included in this compilation: water vapor; carbon dioxide; ozone; nitrous oxide; carbon monoxide; methane; and oxygen. The spectral region covered extends from less than 1 micron to the far infrared, and data are presented on more than 100,000 spectral lines. The parameters included in the compilation for each line are: frequency, intensity, half-width, energy of the lower state of the transition, vibrational and rotational identifications of the upper and lower energy states, an isotopic identification, and a molecular identification. Using this data compilation, band model parameters are presented for water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone averaged over 20 wavenumber intervals. Using these parameters in a random model formulation, transmittance spectra are provided and compared with both degraded monochromatic calculations and laboratory data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Calif. Univ. Proc. of the UCLA Intern. Conf. on Radiation and Remote Probing of the Atmosphere; p 431-470
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  • 104
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    Lidar observations of atmospheric particulate content (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The role of lidar in atmospheric studies concerned with radiative energy transfer and remote sensing is summarized. The application of lidar to climatic change investigations is proposed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Calif. Univ. Proc. of the UCLA Intern. Conf. on Radiation and Remote Probing of the Atmosphere; p 367-394
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  • 105
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    Particulate sizes from polarization measurements (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Radiation measurements from a ground based polarimeter were used to infer the optical properties of atmospheric particles. The inherent nonunigueness in model calculations is discussed. The inverse problem in atmospheric optics is described, along with incident and emergent beams. Emergent radiation was calculated for all possible particulate distributions, and results were catalogued.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Proc. of the UCLA Intern. Conf. on Radiation and Remote Probing of the Atmosphere; p 337-366
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  • 106
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    Methods of calculating infrared transfer: A review (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Methods for calculating the transfer of infrared radiation in planetary atmospheres are summarized. Direct spectral integration is compared with high precision measurements, suggesting that calculational techniques are sufficient for molecular atmospheres. Infrared transfer is used to study the atmospheric energy budget and atmospheric structures.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Calif. Univ. Proc. of the UCLA Intern. Conf. on Radiation and Remote Probing of the Atmosphere; p 395-430
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  • 107
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    Lectures on the scattering of light (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The exact (Mie) theory for the scattering of a plane wave by a dielectric sphere is presented. Since this infinite series solution is computationally impractical for large spheres, another formulation is given in terms of an integral equation valid for a bounded, but otherwise general array of scatterers. This equation is applied to the scattering by a single sphere, and several methods are suggested for approximating the scattering cross section in closed form. A tensor scattering matrix is introduced, in terms of which some general scattering theorems are derived. The application of the formalism to multiple scattering is briefly considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Proc. of the UCLA Intern. Conf. on Radiation and Remote Probing of the Atmosphere; p 227-308
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  • 108
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    Influence of the atmosphere on spectral radiance and contrasts of natural formations measured from space (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The method of transfer functions is discussed that enable the elimination of atmospheric effects from spectral photometric data measured from spacecraft. Soyuz 7, 9 and Salyut spacecraft data were used. The results made it possible to estimate the variations in the transfer functions in the visible spectral region depending on the albedo of the underlying surface both for the uniform surfaces and near the boundary between two uniform underlying surfaces.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Calif. Univ. Proc. of the UCLA Intern. Conf. on Radiation and Remote Probing of the Atmosphere; p 309-336
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  • 109
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    Multiple scattering in cloud layers; some results (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Theoretical methods are discussed for calculating radiative effects of aerosols. Experimental determination is emphasized for relevant aerosol parameters on a global basis to arrive at realistic estimates of heating and cooling. Internal radiation fields in very thin and very thick slabs are reviewed. Phase functions, polarization, emission by internal sources, and path length distribution are also considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Calif. Univ. Proc. of the UCLA Intern. Conf. on Radiation and Remote Probing of the Atmosphere; p 162-195
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  • 110
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    Some analytical results for radiative transfer in thick atmospheres (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Singular eigenmode expansions are a convenient analytical tool with which to study problems of monochromatic radiative transfer in thick or semi-infinite atmospheres. Some closed-form solutions are presented for anisotropic scattering, with the neglect of polarization effects. A basic ingredient for applications to the semi-infinite medium is Chandrasekhar's H-function, which is best defined through the Wiener-Hopf factorization. The solutions of the Milne and albedo problems are discussed in order that the method of matched asymptotic approximations may be used to describe the solution for a thick atmosphere adjacent to a diffusely reflecting ground. Expressions for the emerging distributions are quoted. A possible extension of the general scheme to problems involving polarization is indicated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Calif. Univ. Proc. of the UCLA Intern. Conf. on Radiation and Remote Probing of the Atmosphere; p 196-226
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  • 111
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    Scattering and absorption from poly-dispersed aerosols (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results from numerical computations of the diffuse sky radiances and degree of polarization are given. These results were obtained by solving the equation of radiative transfer in the formulation of Eschelbach. In these computations, multiple scattering and absorption by aerosol particles were considered. In addition, results from experimental measurements of the complex refractive index of aerosol samples at different relative humidities are presented. From the radiation flux divergences which were computed based on the determined properties of atmospheric aerosol particles, atmospheric heating rates were derived which were found to be comparable to the heating rates by water vapor.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Calif. Univ. Proc. of the UCLA Intern. Conf. on Radiation and Remote Probing of the Atmosphere; p 135-161
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  • 112
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    Radiative transfer of visible radiation in turbid atmosphere (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Methods are presented for solving radiative transfer problems; they include the doubling method and the closely related matrix method, iterative method, Chandrasekhar's method of discrete ordinates, and Monte Carlo method. To consider radiation transport through turbid atmosphere, an atmospheric model was developed characterizing aerosols by parameters. Intensity and polarization of radiation in turbid atmospheres is discussed, as well as lower atmospheric heating due to solar radiation absorption by aerosols.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Calif. Univ. Proc. of the UCLA Intern. Conf. on Radiation and Remote Probing of the Atmosphere; p 74-134
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  • 113
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    Solution of the radiative transfer theory problems by the Monte Carlo method (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Monte Carlo method is used for two types of problems. First, there are interpretation problems of optical observations from meteorological satellites in the short wave part of the spectrum. The sphericity of the atmosphere, the propagation function, and light polarization are considered. Second, problems dealt with the theory of spreading narrow light beams. Direct simulation of light scattering and the mathematical form of medium radiation model representation are discussed, and general integral transfer equations are calculated. The dependent tests method, derivative estimates, and solution to the inverse problem are also considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Calif. Univ. Proc. of the UCLA Intern. Conf. on Radiation and Remote Probing of the Atmosphere; p 58-73
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  • 114
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    Gamma radiation from the Crab Nebula above 35 MeV (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 251; Oct. 4
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  • 115
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    Cosmic rays - Astronomy with energetic particles (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: All nuclei in the periodic table of the elements, as well as electrons and positrons, are present in the stream of cosmic-ray particles. The cosmic-ray particles constitute the only sample of matter from outside the solar system which reaches the earth. Some of the most accurate knowledge of the extrasolar-element abundance distribution is based on the study of these particles. Observational data concerning the cosmic rays are discussed along with cosmic-ray sources, questions of particle interactions and propagation, the electron spectrum, and the significance of the positron component. The directions of cosmic ray research in the immediate future are also considered, giving attention to some fundamental questions which have not yet been answered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physics Today; 27; Oct. 197
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  • 116
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    Stimulation of the Harris instability in the ionosphere (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observations made with a sweep frequency rf sounder on the satellite ISIS 1 in the topside ionosphere are reported, and the interpretation of diffuse signals at the lower harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency is discussed. These signals are attributed to the stimulation of Harris instabilities of longitudinal plasma waves at multiples of the cyclotron frequency in a single electron distribution. The Harris instability is excited most readily when the frequency is near the midpoint between the harmonics of the cyclotron frequency. The cause of these instabilities is the large electron velocity anisotropy which results from collisionless cyclotron damping of the energy from the high power sounder pulse.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Physics of Fluids; 17; May 1974
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  • 117
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    The abundances of nuclei in the cosmic radiation (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The relative abundances are treated as a consequence of processes in cosmic ray transport occurring during passage of the radiation through interstellar material at high velocity. Some of the subjects mentioned are nuclear fragmentation and the production of secondary nuclei, nuclear reactions, energy loss and nuclear decay, ionization, the range-energy relation and propagation variables, capture and loss of electrons, the propagation of nuclei, the transport equation, equilibrium solutions, energy-dependent path length distribution, exponential path length distributions, discrete spectra, sources, supernovae, and the origin of the abundances. The connection between the space-time features of the sources, the material traversed, and the effects of magnetic fields is established by describing the particle-field interaction as a diffusive or random-walk process.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 118
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    High energy particles and quanta in astrophysics (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: The various subdisciplines of high-energy astrophysics are surveyed in a series of articles which attempt to give an overall view of the subject as a whole by emphasizing the basic physics common to all fields in which high-energy particles and quanta play a role. Successive chapters cover cosmic ray experimental observations, the abundances of nuclei in the cosmic radiation, cosmic electrons, solar modulation, solar particles (observation, relationship to the sun acceleration, interplanetary medium), radio astronomy, galactic X-ray sources, the cosmic X-ray background, and gamma ray astronomy. Individual items are announced in this issue.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 119
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    Cosmic ray experimental observations (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The current experimental situation in cosmic ray studies is discussed, with special emphasis on the development of new detector systems. Topics covered are the techniques for particle identification, energy measurements, gas Cerenkov counters, magnet spectrometers, ionization spectrometers, track detectors, nuclear emulsions, multiparameter analysis using arrays of detectors, the Goddard ionization spectrometer, charge spectra, relative abundances, isotope composition, antinuclei in cosmic rays, electrons, the measurement of cosmic ray arrival directions, and the prehistory of cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 120
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    Dependence of field-aligned electron precipitation occurrence on season and altitude (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An examination of factors affecting the occurrence of field-aligned 2.3-keV electron precipitation has been performed by using data from more than 7500 orbits of the polar-orbiting satellite Ogo 4. Both season and altitude were found to be parameters that are directly related to the probability of occurrence. The highest probabilities occurred when the measurements were made at altitudes from 800 km to apogee (914 km), except during summer. In this altitude interval, the electron precipitation was more likely to be field-aligned during winter than during any other season. The analysis suggests the establishment by electrostatic charge layers of localized electric fields parallel to the magnetic field. The resulting potential distribution focuses the electron beam along the field lines in the region between the charge layers but destroys the focused beam below the lower layer, and thus an altitude dependence is created.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 121
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    The day side mid-latitude plasma trough (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Above 2500 km the electrostatic probe experiment aboard the Isis 1 satellite detects a persistent dayside midlatitude plasma trough. The superposition of measurements taken over two-week intervals at noon is used to illustrate the form and location of the quiet time trough within each season. These measurement results contrast with those observations of a less prominent dayside trough at altitudes below 2500 km. Associated with the trough above 2500 km is an electron temperature maximum of about 6000 K that is sharp at midnight and broad at noon. In spring and summer a second noontime temperature maximum often appears poleward of 70-deg invariant latitude accompanied by an enhancement in the ionization. When it is assumed that the geophysical processes producing a plasmasphere act most directly upon the light ions, one factor contributing to the distinction between the plasma trough and the equatorial plasmapause is the increasing influence of O(+) on total plasma behavior at lower altitudes. Other factors are the local processes, such as dayside F region photoionization by energetic cusp particles that produce enhancements in plasma density and electron temperature.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 122
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    Ion composition and drift observations in the nighttime equatorial ionosphere (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The first in situ measurements of ion composition in the nighttime equatorial E- and F-region ionospheres are presented and discussed. These profiles were obtained by two rocket-borne ion mass spectrometers launched from Thumba, India, on March 9-10, 1970. Ionosonde data established that the composition was measured at times bounding a period of F-region downward drift. During this period, the ions O(+) and N(+) were enhanced by 1-3 orders of magnitude between 220 and 300 km. Below the drift region, O(+) ceased to be the major ionic constituent, but the concentrations of O(+) and N(+) remained larger than predicted from known radiation sources and loss processes. Here also, both the O2(+) and the NO(+) profiles retained nearly the same shape and magnitude throughout the night in agreement with theories assuming scattered UV radiation to be the maintaining source.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; June 1
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  • 123
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    On the breakup of tectonic plates by polar wandering (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The equations for the stresses in a homogeneous shell of uniform thickness caused by a shift of the axis of rotation are derived. The magnitude of these stresses reaches a maximum value of the order of 10 to the 9th power dyn/sq cm, which is sufficient for explaining a tectonic breakup. In order to deduce the fracture pattern according to which the breakup of tectonic plates can be expected the theory of plastic deformation of shells is applied. The analysis of this pattern gives an explanation of the existing boundary systems of the major tectonic plates as described by Morgan (1968), LePichon (1968) and Isacks et al. (1968).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; June 10
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  • 124
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    A discussion of interplanetary postshock flows with two examples (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Plasma and magnetometer observations of two types of flare-associated shock flows are described and compared with present models. One type represents a class of flows in which the shock is followed by a stream and separated from it by a region in which density, temperature, and speed decrease monotonically. Neither the blast wave model nor the two-stage model, in which the stream and the shock are attributed to the same flare, can quantitatively describe this class. The other type is characterized by a complex region between the shock and the following stream, which has many discontinuities and fluctuations but in which there is no increase in helium concentration. This class of event is not describable in terms of the conventional pictures presented, for example, by Hundhausen (1972). These two types of flow can be distinguished by using ground magnetograms, since the first type shows no sudden impulses following the shock, whereas the second type shows many.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; June 1
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  • 125
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    On the generation of the sequence of diffuse resonances observed on top side ionograms (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two different plasma wave instabilities have been invoked in earlier models for the generation of top side ionogram diffuse resonances. Arguments are presented that support the model based on the Harris instability, i.e., the instability resulting from a sounder-stimulated anisotropic electron velocity distribution. Two modifications to this model are also presented. First, it is only necessary for the instability mechanism to operate for a period of the order of milliseconds (rather than tens of milliseconds) in order to explain the observations. Second, the wave associated with the second harmonic of the electron cyclotron frequency, which enters into the nonlinear wave-wave interaction process included in the model, comes from the side bands of the transmitted sounder pulse rather than from the turbulent state of the plasma caused by the pulse. The second modification provides an explanation for the variation of the time duration observed among the members of the sequence of diffuse resonances.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; July 1
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  • 126
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    Thermospheric 'temperatures' (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The present work attempts to illustrate some of the differences one would expect to find between inferred thermospheric temperatures (i.e., inferred from satellite drag observation of mass density or from molecular nitrogen in situ mass spectrometer measurements) and direct gas temperature measurements (as have been made on board the San Marco satellite). The various temperatures are simulated with theoretical models for the diurnal and annual variations in the thermosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; July 1
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  • 127
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    Possible evidence for structured acceleration of cosmic rays on a galactic scale from recent gamma-ray observations (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent data from SAS-2 on the galactic gamma-ray line flux as a function of longitude reveal a broad maximum in the region below 30 deg. These data, as unfolded here, imply that the low-energy (1-10 GeV) galactic cosmic-ray flux varies with the radial distance from the galactic center and is about an order of magnitude higher than the local value in a toroidal region for radial distances between 4 and 5 kpc. We further show that this enhancement can be plausibly accounted for by Fermi acceleration and compression caused by a hydrodynamic shock driven by the expanding gas in the 3-kpc arm and invoked in some versions of galactic structure theory.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 188; Mar. 1
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  • 128
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    Interpretation techniques (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The image enhancement and geometric correction and registration techniques developed and/or demonstrated on ERTS data are relatively mature and greatly enhance the utility of the data for a large variety of users. Pattern recognition was improved by the use of signature extension, feature extension, and other classification techniques. Many of these techniques need to be developed and generalized to become operationally useful. Advancements in the mass precision processing of ERTS were demonstrated, providing the hope for future earth resources data to be provided in a more readily usable state. Also in evidence is an increasing and healthy interaction between the techniques developers and the user/applications investigators.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: 3rd ERTS Symp., Vol. 3; p 123-143
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  • 129
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    Environment surveys (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Environment applications are concerned with the quality, protection, and improvement of water, land, and air resources and, in particular, with the pollution of these resources caused by man and his works, as well as changes to the resources due to natural phenomena (for example, drought and floods). The broad NASA objectives related to the environment are directed toward the development and demonstration of the capability to monitor remotely and assess environmental conditions related to water quality, land and vegetation quality, wildlife resources, and general environment. The contributions of ERTS-1 to these subdiscipline areas are broadly summarized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: 3rd ERTS Symp., Vol. 3; p 107-122
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  • 130
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    Marine resources (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Techniques have been developed for defining coastal circulation patterns using sediment as a natural tracer, allowing the formulation of new circulation concepts in some geographical areas and, in general, a better capability for defining the seasonal characteristics of coastal circulation. An analytical technique for measurement of absolute water depth based upon the ratios of two MSS channels has been developed. Suspended sediment has found wide use as a tracer, but a few investigators have reported limited success in measuring the type and amount of sediment quantitatively from ERTS-1 digital data. Significant progress has been made in developing techniques for using ERTS-1 data to locate, identify, and monitor sea and lake ice. Ice features greater than 70 meters in width can be detected, and both arctic and antarctic icebergs have been identified. In the application area of living marine resources, the use of ERTS-1 image-density patterns as a potential indicator of fish school location has been demonstrated for one coastal commercial resource, menhaden. ERTS-1 data have been used to locate ocean current boundaries using ERTS-1 image-density enhancement, and some techniques are under development for measurement of suspended particle concentration and chlorophyll concentration. The interrelationship of water color and surface characteristics (sea state) are also being studied to improve spectral and spatial interpretive techniques.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: 3rd ERTS Symp., Vol. 3; p 83-106
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  • 131
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    Water resources (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Substantial progress has been made in applying ERTS-1 data to water resources problems, nevertheless, more time and effort still appear necessary for further quantification of results, including the specification of thematic measurement accuracies. More modeling can be done very profitably. In particular, more strategy models describing the processes wherein ERTS-1 data would be acquired, analyzed, processed, and utilized in operational situations could be profitably accomplished. It is generally observed that the ERTS-1 data applicability is evident in several areas and that the next most general and substantive steps in the implementation of the data in operational situations would be greatly encouraged by the establishment of an operational earth resources satellite organization and capability. Further encouragement of this operational capability would be facilitated by all investigators striving to document their procedures as fully as possible and by providing time and cost comparisons between ERTS-1 and conventional acquisition approaches.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: 3rd ERTS Symp., Vol. 3; p 52-82
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    Mineral resources, geological structure, and landform surveys (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Diagnostic ERTS imagery has been used to pinpoint surface conditions associated with known mining districts. These include enhancements which depict hitherto unrecognized surface alteration and allow analysis of ore-controlling fractures distribution in a regional context. ERTS has likewise provided observational data containing previously unrecognized surface anomalies in large oil-producing basins which correlate closely with known oil fields. These observational data offer promise of providing new and powerful techniques for oil exploration, especially if further work using more sophisticated enhancement-processing proves capable of emphasizing the anomalies. ERTS is showing a better-than-anticipated potential for producing accurate small-scale (large-area) geologic maps, often containing details that were previously not recorded on similar regional maps. The maps produced from ERTS imagery can be prepared more effectively than previously possible, mainly because of the synoptic, multispectral, and repetitive character of ERTS data. ERTS has also provided extensive information on possible geologic hazards. Many new fractures have been identified in several regions of the Pacific Coast seismic belt that have histories of recent earthquakes. This has obvious implications for engineering projects such as dams, aqueducts, and transportation routes. In the mid-continent area, ERTS data have been used to predict zones of rooffall danger in a working coal mine from newly discovered lineations (probably fractures) used as indicators of hazards.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: 3rd ERTS Symp., Vol. 3; p 33-51
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  • 133
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    Land use and mapping (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This summary is divided into two basic sections-one dealing with land use classification and delineation, and the other dealing with mapping. The term land use classification is used in respect to the actual use of land rather than land capability, land suitability, or the potential use of land. The classification of actual use of the land, as defined by man's activities that are related to the land, may be only inferred, rather than directly interpreted, in the case of the identification and classification of some surface features or vegetation cover types. Also, in the case of some surface features or vegetational cover types, the specific activity involving man's use of the land may not be designated in a four-level classification system until level 3 or level 4 is reached. Most investigations employed or implied a hierarchial land use classification scheme with more than two levels, but mainly addressed themselves to classifying and delineating surface features (land use) that would fall in the first two levels of a three- or four-level hierarchial scheme. Although not all investigators used a hierarchial classification scheme or concurred with the idea (computer-implemented classifications with digital data are not conducive to a hierarchial classification approach), the classification system proposed by the U.S. Department of the Interior is used as reference.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: 3rd ERTS Symp., Vol. 3; p 15-32
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  • 134
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    Agriculture, forestry, range resources (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In the area of crop specie identification, it has been found that temporal data analysis, preliminary stratification, and unequal probability analysis were several of the factors that contributed to high identification accuracies. Single data set accuracies on fields of greater than 80,000 sq m (20 acres) are in the 70- to 90-percent range; however, with the use of temporal data, accuracies of 95 percent have been reported. Identification accuracy drops off significantly on areas of less than 80,000 sq m (20 acres) as does measurement accuracy. Forest stratification into coniferous and deciduous areas has been accomplished to a 90- to 95-percent accuracy level. Using multistage sampling techniques, the timber volume of a national forest district has been estimated to a confidence level and standard deviation acceptable to the Forest Service at a very favorable cost-benefit time ratio. Range specie/plant community vegetation mapping has been accomplished at various levels of success (69- to 90-percent accuracy). However, several investigators have obtained encouraging initial results in range biomass (forage production) estimation and range readiness predictions. Soil association map correction and soil association mapping in new area appear to have been proven feasible on large areas; however, testing in a complex soil area should be undertaken.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: 3rd ERTS Symp., Vol. 3; p 1-14
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  • 135
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    Auroral effects in the D region of the ionosphere (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Physical phenomena associated with the interaction between auroral particles and electromagnetic fields, auroral energy flow, and the propagation of auroral effects to low altitudes are discussed in detail. It is concluded that energy deposition of soft auroral X-rays would be negligible at stratospheric altitudes. New data from incoherent backscatter measurements of neutral winds in the auroral region indicate a lack of correlation between stratospheric winds and winds in the auroral ionosphere. Magnetograms are used to show that sector boundary crossings with a time scale of approximately one hour (as opposed to the sector structure itself with a time scale of several days) do not couple effectively with the magnetosphere and are not significant energy inputs to it.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 340-357
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  • 136
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    High latitude ionospheric winds related to solar-interplanetary conditions (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two recent results imply that the distribution of winds in the polar ionosphere should change as a function of the direction of the interplanetary magnetic field. From the motions of chemically released ion and neutral clouds, it is apparent that neutral winds in the high latitude ionosphere are driven principally by ion drag forces. OGO-6 electric field measurements have demonstrated that there are definite relationships between the time latitude distribution of ionospheric plasma convection and interplanetary magnetic field parameters, and also that the distribution is most sensitive to the azimuthal angle of the interplanetary field. The lower altitude, meteorological effects of these externally driven ionospheric winds are not known. However, observations of infrasonic waves following sudden ionization enhancements indicate the existence of momentum transfer.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 266-271
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  • 137
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    Future monitoring of charged particle energy deposition into the upper atmosphere and comments on possible relationships between atmospheric phenomena and solar and/or geomagnetic activity (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The charged particle observations proposed for the new low altitude weather satellites, TIROS-N, are described that will provide the capability of routine monitoring of the instantaneous total energy deposition into the upper atmosphere by the precipitation of charged particles from higher altitudes. Estimates are given to assess the potential importance of this type of energy deposition. Discussion and examples are presented illustrating the importance in distinguishing between solar and geomagnetic activity as possible causative sources.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 250-257
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  • 138
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    Geomagnetic responses to the solar wind and to solar activity (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A unified overview of present knowledge of the geomagnetic response to the dynamic solar wind is reported. The formation of the magnetosphere and the magnetospheric tail is discussed the importance of electric fields is stressed, and the magnetospheric convection of plasma and frozen-in magnetic field lines under the influence of large scale magnetospheric electric fields is outlined. Ionospheric electric fields and currents are intimately related to electric fields and currents in the magnetosphere and the strong coupling between the two regions is discussed. The energy input of the solar wind to the magnetosphere and upper atmosphere is discussed in terms of the reconnection model where interplanetary magnetic field lines merge or connect with the terrestrial field on the sunward side of the magnetosphere. The merging model emphasizes the importance of the interplanetary magnetic field and especially the north-south component. The solar sector structure with its organized magnetic field and embeeded high speed plasma streams is identified as the source of recurrent geomagnetic disturbances while flare associated interplanetary shock waves are the source of most violet and sporadic geomagnetic storms.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 188-230
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  • 139
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    Solar flux and its variations (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Current knowledge of the electromagnetic solar spectrum and radiant energy output for conditions of quiet and active sun is summarized. Discussed are temporal behavior and occurrence of solar phenomena such as active regions, calcium plages and flares, X-rays, UV and other energetic emissions, and their relationships to 11- and 22-year solar cycles.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 143-187
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  • 140
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    Direct satellite observations on bremsstrahlung radiation as a technique to investigate its role in meteorological processes (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Satellite observations on bremsstrahlung produced in the atmosphere by precipitating energetic electrons are reported. This type of observation affords the possibility of directly monitoring the bremsstrahlung energy input to the lower atmosphere over large segments of the earth and at frequent intervals. From comparison of the ion production rates from cosmic rays with those calculated for bremsstrahlung from precipitating energetic electrons, it is concluded that bremsstrahlung is a negligible contributor to the ionization near the 300-mb level.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 130-140
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  • 141
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    The aurora as a source of planetary-scale waves in the middle atmosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Photographs of global scale auroral forms taken by scanning radiometers onboard weather satellites in 1972 show that auroral bands exhibit well organized wave motion with typical zonal wave number of 5 or so. The scale size of these waves is in agreement with that of well organized neutral wind fields in the 150- to 200-km region during the geomagnetic storm of May 27, 1967. Further, the horizontal scale size revealed by these observations are in agreement with that of high altitude traveling ionospheric disturbances. It is conjectured that the geomagnetic storm is a source of planetary and synoptic scale neutral atmospheric waves in the middle atmosphere. Although there is, at present, no observation of substorm related waves of this scale size at mesospheric and stratospheric altitudes, the possible existence of a new source of waves of the proper scale size to trigger instabilities in middle atmospheric circulation systems may be significant in the study of lower atmospheric response to geomagnetic activity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 122-129
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  • 142
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    A possible correlation between maxima of the far ultraviolet solar irradiance and central meridian passages of solar magnetic sector boundaries (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Satellite observations of the sun over almost five years have shown that principally two UV active longitudes have persisted over a significant portion. A comparison between the position of solar magnetic sector boundaries and UV enhancements of the sun indicates that the UV maxima tend to occur near the times when a solar sector boundary is near central meridian. An estimate of the magnitude of the variable UV solar energy input into the atmosphere resulting from the rotation of active solar longitudes is that for wavelengths less than 175 nm and down to H. Lyman-alpha it exceeds the annual variation, whereas at longer wavelengths it is less. The total observed peak-to-peak variation in the UV irradiance from 120 to 300 nm over a solar rotation is typically at least 230 ergs/sq cms.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 116-121
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  • 143
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    Certain regularities of geomagnetic and baric fields at high latitudes (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Evidence is presented that the atmospheric pressure at the surface of the earth polar regions varies regularly with changes in the polarity of the interplanetary magnetic field.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomana; p 71-80
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  • 144
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    On possible interactions between upper and lower atmosphere (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Comparison of geomagnetic data with data on tropospheric and stratospheric circulation characteristics shows a statistically highly significant shrinking in areal extent of the stratospheric vortex from the third to the eight day following a geomagnetic storm. During the contraction of the polar vortex edge, the mean height of the vortex central contour decreases only slightly. This indicates that a stratospheric warming event is associated with a steepening of the contour gradient rather than a warming over the entire area of the stratospheric polar vortex. The troposphere reacts to these weak, but nevertheless significant stratospheric warming events by a shrinkage of the area of the 500-mb cold air pool. It is shown that the observed warming of the stratosphere that follows a geomagnetically disturbed key day cannot be explained by simple radiation absorption.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 81-101
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  • 145
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    Summary (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 20 p
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  • 146
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    Power law time dependence of river flood decay and its relationship to long term discharge frequency distribution (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Techn.; 11 p
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  • 147
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    Investigation of atmospheric effects in image transfer (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 33 p
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  • 148
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    Activities of the Social Sciences Group, Berkeley campus (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 74 p
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  • 149
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    On the feasibility of benefit-cost analysis applied to remote sensing projects (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 7 p
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  • 150
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    Separation of manmade and natural patterns in high altitude imagery of agricultural areas (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 30 p
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  • 151
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    Multispectral combination and display of ERTS-1 data (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 9 p
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  • 152
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    Water demand studies in southern California (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 41 p
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  • 153
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    Water demand studies in central California (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 48 p
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  • 154
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    Water supply studies (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 113 p
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  • 155
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    Introduction (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 7 p
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  • 156
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    The particle background observed by the X-ray detectors onboard Copernicus (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The design and characteristics of low energy detectors on the Copernicus satellite are described. The functions of the sensors in obtaining data on the particle background. The procedure for processing the data obtained by the satellite is examined. The most significant positive deviations are caused by known weak X-ray sources in the field of view. In addition to small systemic effects, occasional random effects where the count rate increases suddenly and decreases within a few frames are analyzed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Workshop on Electron Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 12 p
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  • 157
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    Geomagnetic background events observed by Uhuru (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Problems due to sporadic background events observed by Uhuru (Small Astronomy Satellite - A) do not compromise the study of discrete X-ray sources. Nevertheless, direct particle effects and auroral type X-ray events in the atmosphere may occasionally occur. Therefore, even on the geomagnetic equator, an experiment must be prepared to recognize and eliminate such events when the ultimate level of sensitivity is desired. The test equipment contained in the satellite and the orbital mechanics of Small Astronomy Satellite - A are described. The sporadic events which were observed by the satellite are analyzed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Workshop on Electron. Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 18 p
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  • 158
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    Electron contamination in a mid-latitude soft X-ray astronomy experiment during an intense magnetic storm (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A large area X-ray sky survey payload was launched from White Sands Missile Range (106 deg W 32 deg N) on 1 Nov. 1972 at 0530 hours U.T. The launch time coincided with intense geomagnetic activity (3 hour K sub p index = 8) following a solar flare. The data have been analyzed to determine possible contamination of X-ray data by large fluxes of low energy electrons that can precipitate down to low altitudes during magnetic storms. There is clear evidence in the data for low energy electrons of 10 - 50 keV contributing appreciably at about 200 km altitude in the 1 - 10 keV X-ray energy channels of the proportional counters used for the X-ray observations. The McIlwain parameters L and B for this altitude at White Sands are 1.25 and 0.46G, respectively.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Workshop on Electron Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 21 p
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  • 159
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    AE-LEE measurements at low and mid latitude (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Shortly after the Low Energy Electron Experiment (LEE) on the Atmosphere Explorer-C was turned on following launch, an unexpected phenomenon was encountered at mid-latitudes, a counting rate was acquired with one maximum per roll. Recent analysis shows that these counting rates occur when the detectors are looking in the ram direction of the spacecraft and the spacecraft is near perigee, and are indeed not due to properly analyzed charged particles. After showing the probable cause of these counting rates, some upper limits to true fluxes at low altitudes in the energy range 200 eV to 25 keV from the LEE experiment are shown. OGO-4 data taken at mid-latitudes are included.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Proc. of the Workshop on Electron Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 14 p
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  • 160
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    Quasitrapped electrons in the low L region. Preliminary results of a rocket observation on 22 January 1972 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Suprathermal electrons in the energy range 5 - 100 keV were measured with thin-window proportional counters on board a sounding rocket. The flux of the electrons was found to increase with altitude in the range .100 - 550 km, corresponding to L = 1.15 - 1.22, the angular distribution to be peaked in the direction perpendicular to the geomagnetic line of force, and the energy to be represented by a power law.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Workshop on Electron Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 12 p
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  • 161
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    Catalog of low frequency oscillations of the earth's magnetic field as observed at ATS-1 during May 1968 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: For abstract, see N74-27815.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Study of Low Freq. Hydromagnetic Waves using ATS-1 Data; 5 p
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  • 162
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    Catalog of low frequency oscillations of the earth's magnetic field as observed at ATS-1 during January 1968 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A catalog of ATS-1 observed magnetic field oscillations is presented. The catalog holds only those events with a duration of at least ten minutes and with a frequency that remains roughly constant. Events are distinguished on the basis of the frequency of oscillations. A comparison was made between ATS-1 data and other ground and satellite magnetometer data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Study of Low Freq. Hydromagnetic Waves using ATS-1 Data; 6 p
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  • 163
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    Study of low frequency hydromagnetic waves using ATS-1 data (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An analysis was made of ATS-1 data to determine at what point in the magnetic storm recovery phase are oscillations most likely to begin. The catalog of hourly values of equatorial Dst was used to determine the time of main phase decrease, and a catalog of oscillations from January to May 1968 to determine onset time as observed by ATS-1. For each oscillation event at ATS-1, the nearest prior main phase decrease with a magnitude of at least -35 gamma was determined, and the time difference between the onset of the event at ATS-1 and the time of main phase decrease was measured. The resulting data indicate that the most probable time to observe onset of transverse oscillations is within 24 hours after the main phase decrease.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Study of Low Freq. Hydromagnetic Waves using ATS-1 Data; 6 p
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  • 164
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    Predicting soil moisture and wheat vegetative growth from ERTS-1 imagery (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. Study results indicate: (1) Vegetative growth was best predicted by a linear relationship between leaf area index and the radio of band 4 to band 5. All significant soil moisture effects were cancelled by the ratio. (2) Soil moisture at a depth of 0 to 15 cm, with specific soil factors, was predicted by band 4 and leaf area index with a high regression coefficient. (3) Vegetative growth, measured by leaf area index, was one of the necessary inputs in evaluating the winter wheat crop coefficient from March to maturity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Wheat: Its Water Use, Production and Disease Detection and Prediction; 70 p
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  • 165
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    Introduction (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. The objectives of the investigation were: (1) to evaluate the effect of water stress, disease, and leaf area on the reflectance characteristics of wheat; (2) to evaluate disease losses in terms of yield and water use; and (3) to predict disease severity and economic loss.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Wheat: Its Water Use, Production and Disease Detection and Prediction; p 1-69
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  • 166
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    Scientific value of Seasat for geodesy (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: SEASAT altimetry data which relate directly to geoid heights provide the means to obtain information on the geoid on a global scale which is not attenuated by height or by high frequency averaging. The most important geodetic application of these data is to provide a standard reference surface for oceans.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Seasat-A Sci. Contrib.; p 50-53
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  • 167
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    Investigation of electron dynamics in the magnetosphere with electron beams injected from sounding rockets (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper describes an empirical study of the basic mechanisms by which electrons precipitate from the geomagnetic field to produce 'auroral X rays' during periods of geomagnetic activity. The study was based on data obtained by the Echo satellites. Echo I, launched in 1970, injected 40 keV, 0.1 amp electron pulses at low latitude (L ? 2.6) and successfully measured the returning pulses from the conjugate region. Electric fields and multiple Coulomb scattering were studied. Echo II, launched in 1972 from high latitude (L ? 8) studied the interaction of the beams with background radiation and the detailed motion of the beams near the rocket. Evidence for a beam plasma instability was obtained. Echo III launched in April 1974, (L ? 5.5) detected a series of conjugate echoes during the presence of a strong convective field in the magnetosphere. It was shown that the electric field measurement in the ionosphere using the incoherent backscatter radar and detectors on the rocket was transferred to the equatorial plane as though field lines were equipotentials.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Zeitschrift fuer Geophysik; 40; 6, 19; 1974
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  • 168
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    Observation and explanation of a 0.3% sunward radial streaming of 1 to 5 GV cosmic radiation (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A high-energy proton telescope on board the HEOS-1 satellite obtained quiet-time anisotropy data between December 1968 and April 1970. Analysis of the data showed an integral radial streaming component towards the sun of 0.3% for particles of rigidity greater than 1 GV. This value is not explicable in terms of any experimental defect, the effect of the earth's magnetosphere or energy loss effects under spherical symmetry in the solar cavity. An explanation in terms of a falling off ecliptic gradient in cosmic ray density most affecting the 1-5 GV range would seem to be the most compelling.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 39; Nov. 197
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  • 169
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    Rocket observation of soft energetic particles at the magnetic equator (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Dec. 1
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  • 170
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    Deformation of the night side plasmasphere and ionosphere during the August 1972 geomagnetic storm (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Dec. 1
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  • 171
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    Nimbus 4 observations of changes in total ozone and stratospheric temperatures during a sudden warming (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 31; Nov. 197
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  • 172
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    Distant bow shock observations by Explorer 33 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Locations, orientations and magnetic field changes are given for 135 bow shock crossings at distances downstream from earth between 84 and 117 earth radii. The shock locations bracket those calculated for the hypersonic analogue by Dryer and Heckman (1967) for a Mach number of 3.8. The shock normal vectors have been calculated using magnetic coplanarity. The average normal vectors have a greater inclination by about 17 plus or minus 5 deg from the symmetry axis than the Dryer and Heckman shock orientations for a 3.8 Mach number. Over a range of downstream distances from 60 to 115 earth radii, the median magnetic field magnitude jump across the shock changes from 1.90 to 1.70 times.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 30; Oct. 197
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  • 173
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    Physics of solar cosmic rays (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A review of the historical development of solar cosmic ray research is presented and details concerning the solar atmosphere, the interplanetary space, and solar activity are considered, giving attention to solar-atmosphere structure, problems of radiative transfer, questions of solar magnetism, solar wind, and interplanetary plasmas. Solar flares and associated phenomena are discussed along with the generation of solar cosmic ray events, the mechanism of solar flares, the acceleration process of solar cosmic rays, the propagation of solar cosmic rays, and relations between the flow of energetic protons and solar active regions. Questions regarding the origin theory of cosmic rays are also explored, taking into account the solar origin theory and problems of flare stars.
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  • 174
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    SAS-2 observations of celestial diffuse gamma radiation above 30 MeV (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The small astronomy satellite, SAS-2, used a 32-deck magnetic core digitized spark chamber to study gamma rays with energies above 30 MeV. Data for four regions of the sky away from the galactic plane were analyzed. These regions show a finite, diffuse flux of gamma rays with a steep energy spectrum, and the flux is uniform over all the regions. Represented by a power law, the differential energy spectrum shows an index of 2.5 + or - 0.4. The steep SAS-2 spectrum and the lower energy data are reasonably consistent with a neutral pion gamma-ray spectrum which was red-shifted (such as that proposed by some cosmological theories). It is concluded that the diffuse celestial gamma ray spectrum observed presents the possibility of cosmological studies and possible evidence for a residual cosmic ray density, and supports the galactic superclusters of matter and antimatter remaining from baryon-symmetric big bang.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 83-88
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  • 175
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    Solar modulation (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The important aspects of solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays are outlined. The conditions in the interplanetary medium that affect the modulation are summarized, and equations are developed to describe the behavior of cosmic rays in the solar system, including the effects of diffusion, convection, and energy loss due to adiabatic deceleration in the expanding solar wind. The particle diffusion coefficient is determined from the power spectra of interplanetary magnetic field irregularities. After some solutions for the modulation equations have been derived, the probable forms of the unmodulated cosmic ray spectra are discussed. Other topics include solar cycle variations, energy loss effects, anisotrophies, and gradients.
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  • 176
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    Pioneer 10 observations of the solar wind interaction with Jupiter (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Detailed analysis of the Pioneer 10 plasma analyzer experiment flight data during the Jupiter flyby in late November and early December 1973 has been performed. The observations show that the interaction of Jupiter's magnetic field with the solar wind is similar in many ways to that at earth, but the scale size is over 100 times larger. Jupiter is found to have a detached standing bow shock wave of high Alfven Mach number. Like the earth, Jupiter has a prominent magnetopause that deflects the magnetosheath plasma and excludes its direct entry into the Jovian magnetosphere. Unlike that of the earth, the sunward hemisphere of Jupiter's outer magnetosphere is found to be highly inflated with thermal plasma and a high-beta region that is highly responsive to changes in solar wind dynamic pressure.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 177
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    The cosmic X-ray background (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: After a phenomenological description of the diffuse X-ray sky the various mechanisms of X-ray generation are discussed. These include radiation by high-energy particles in their interactions with magnetic fields, ambient electromagnetic waves, and interstellar grains and radiation from subrelativistic suprathermal charged particles in collisions with ambient gas. The generation of X-rays by plasmas through thermal electron-ion interactions is noted. The incidence of X-ray emission inside the Galaxy is first examined; then the extragalactic isotropic background is analyzed in the framework of modern cosmology. Interpretations of the X-ray background based on discrete sources as well as metagalactic cosmic rays are reviewed.
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  • 178
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    Observations of interactions between interplanetary and geomagnetic fields (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Magnetospheric effects associated with variations of the north-south component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) are examined in light of recent experimental and theoretical results. Although the occurrence of magnetospheric substorms is statistically related to periods of southward IMF, the details of the interaction are not understood. In particular, attempts to separate effects resulting directly from the interaction between interplanetary and geomagnetic fields from those associated with substorms have produced conflicting results. It is possible, however, to say with some assurance that the transfer of magnetic flux from the dayside to the nightside magnetosphere, as evidenced by equatorward motion of the polar cusp and increases of the magnetic energy density in the lobes of the geomagnetic tail, is a direct consequence of the southward IMF. On the other hand, the formation of a macroscopic X-type neutral line at tail distances less than 35 earth radii appears to be a substorm phenomenon.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 12; Aug. 197
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  • 179
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    Energetic particles in the Jovian magnetosphere (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Detail account of the Pioneer 10 encounter with Jupiter as viewed by the Goddard-University of New Hampshire cosmic ray experiment. Flux time histories of electrons and protons are given over a wide energy band. These show a marked variation with magnetic latitude. Significant removal of low-energy protons by Io is apparent in the inner magnetosphere (less than or equal to 6 Jovian radii). Proton and electron energy spectra are given at various Jovicentric distances. The electron spectra are remarkably hard and constant in slope in the 0.12 to 8.0-MeV interval, the electron spectral index having a value of 1.5 to 2.0 in the region outside 25 Jovian radii. Proton spectra are shown to transform from a power law with indices in the 3 to 4.2 range to more nearly exponential forms in the inner regions (less than or equal to 40 Jovian radii). Extensive data are presented on the angular distributions of protons and electrons at various locations in the Jovicentric magnetosphere.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 180
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    Relative abundances of positrons and antiprotons in the primary cosmic ray flux (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observations on the ratio of positrons to the electron-positron sum made in the 5 to 50 GeV range by Buffington et al. (1974) are used to put an upper limit on the ratio of antiprotons to protons at various energies. The calculation of the latter ratio is based on detailed measurements of the cross section of antiproton production up to intersecting storage ring energies.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 251; Sept. 13
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  • 181
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    The unique cosmic-ray history of the Malakal chondrite (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Cosmogenic radionuclides, including Na-22, Al-26, and Mn-54, were measured in a sample of the recently-fallen Malakal hypersthene chondrite. The high Al-26 activity, 79 plus or minus 2 dpm/kg, greatly exceeds the levels expected from elemental production rates, shielding considerations, or comparisons with other ordinary chondrites, and can only be explained by exposure to a uniquely high cosmic-ray flux. Calculations including noble gas, H-3, and Mn-53 data from other laboratories require a two-stage irradiation. Malakal's most probable history is: exposure in excess of 4 m.y. to an effective cosmic-ray flux approximately three times that experienced by other chondrites, an orbit change (very possibly caused by a collision), and a final period of about 2 m.y. during which it was exposed to a normal cosmic-ray flux.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 22; 3, Ju; June 197
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  • 182
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    SAS-2 observations of the high-energy gamma radiation from the Vela region (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 190; June 1
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  • 183
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    Is the zodiacal light intensity steady (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is pointed out that conclusions reported by Sparrow and Ney (1972, 1973) could be confirmed in an investigation involving the refinement of OSO-5 data on zodiacal light. It had been found by Sparrow and Ney that the absolute value of both the surface brightness and polarization of the zodiacal cloud varied by less than 10% over the 4-yr period from January 1969 to January 1973.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 249; June 14
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  • 184
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    Energetic particles from the sun (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Discussion of solar cosmic ray phenomena and related topics from the solar physical point of view. Since solar cosmic rays are usually produced by solar flares, it is necessary to understand the processes and mechanism of solar flares, especially the so-called proton flares, in order to understand the acceleration mechanism of solar cosmic rays and their behavior in both the solar atmosphere and interplanetary space. For this reason, a detailed discussion is given of various phenomena associated with solar flares, proton flare characteristics, and the mechanism of solar flares. Since the discovery of solar cosmic rays by Forbush, the interplanetary space has been thought of as a medium in which solar cosmic rays propagate. The propagation of solar cosmic rays in this space is therefore discussed briefly by referring to the observed magnetic properties of this space. Finally, some problems related to the physics of galactic cosmic rays are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 28; June 197
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  • 185
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    An interpretation of the observed oxygen and nitrogen enhancements in low-energy cosmic rays (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The possibility is suggested that the enhancement of cosmic-ray oxygen and nitrogen observed at about 10 MeV per nucleon could result from neutral interstellar particles that are swept into the solar cavity by the motion of the sun through the interstellar medium. These particles are subsequently ionized and accelerated. It is pointed out that this mechanism imposes no severe requirements either on the number of particles that have to be accelerated or on the energy that has to be removed from the solar wind to perform this acceleration.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 190; May 15
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  • 186
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    Observations of the infrared radiation from the nuclei of NGC 1068 and NGC 4151 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Data resulting from monitoring the flux of radiation at 11 microns from NGC 1068 and NGC 4151 are presented. There is some evidence for changes of flux of 50% on a time scale of approximately 100 days from NGC 4151. This evidence is suggestive but not compelling. Limits are set on the possible change of the 11-micron flux from NGC 1068. The energy distribution of radiation from NGC 1068 between 8 and 13 microns has been shown to have no spectral features within the accuracy and resolution of our measurement. This is in contrast to energy distributions observed from galactic sources in which the source of energy is generally interpreted as thermal reradiation from grains.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 187; Jan. 15
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  • 187
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    Measurement of the positron-electron ratio in the primary cosmic rays from 5 to 50 GeV (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Res. in the Space Sci., vol. 1, no. 3,; 4 p
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  • 188
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    Secular-invariant relationships among internal geomagnetic field coefficients (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Some features of the secular variation of the geomagnetic field are examined. Contours encircling constant magnetic flux (third adiabatic invariant), corresponding to a shell of field lines in secular motion, reveal a general westward drift that is longitude and latitude dependent (with minima in the north Pacific and south Atlantic areas). Some invariant relationships appear among the field coefficients in the tilted, centered dipole (geomagnetic) coordinate system.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 1; Dec. 197
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  • 189
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    On the possibility of a geocoronal contribution to the celestial soft X-ray background (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The possibility is investigated that a significant fraction of the X-ray background in the energy range from 0.2 to 0.28 keV originates in the geocorona through bremsstrahlung. It is concluded that the geocoronal flux must be substantial at some times and the possibility exists that an observable geocoronal background exists at all times. The existing data on the soft X-ray background is found to be compatible with the hypothesis of a geocoronal component.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 30; Sept
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  • 190
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    Ocean color spectrum calculations (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: There is obvious value in developing the means for measuring a number of subsurface oceanographic parameters using remotely sensed ocean color data. The first step in this effort should be the development of adequate theoretical models relating the desired oceanographic parameters to the upwelling radiances to be observed. A portion of a contributory theoretical model can be described by a modified single scattering approach based on a simple treatment of multiple scattering. The resulting quasisingle scattering model can be used to predict the upwelling distribution of spectral radiance emerging from the sea. The shape of the radiance spectrum predicted by this model for clear ocean water shows encouraging agreement with measurements made at the edge of the Sargasso Sea off Cape Hatteras.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Oct. 197
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  • 191
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    Interplanetary MeV electrons of Jovian origin (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observation of low-energy (0.2- to 8-MeV) electron increases observed in interplanetary space on Pioneer 10 as it approached within 1 AU of Jupiter. These discrete bursts or increases were typically several hundred times the normal quiet-time electron flux and became much more frequent with decreasing distance to Jupiter, the result being the quasi-continuous presence of large fluxes of these electrons in interplanetary space. In view of the likely origin of these electrons at Jupiter and the similarity of these increases to quiet-time electron increases previously observed at earth, the temporal presence of the quiet-time increases has been reexamined. It is found that these increases have a 13-month periodicity, indicating a Jovian origin for the events near the earth as well. It is noted that the integrated flux from quiet-time increase electrons at 1 AU is comparable to the integrated ambient electron flux itself.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 192
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    Plasma tail interpretations of pronounced detached plasma regions measured by Ogo 5 (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurements of the light ion thermal plasma distribution in the magnetosphere frequently show apparent isolated patches of enhanced plasma density in the trough region beyond the main plasmasphere. These patches of light ions viewed along a satellite orbit appear detached from the main plasmasphere. By using a simple time-dependent convection model to determine the length of time a magnetic flux tube has been closed and in daylight (a rough indicator of the expected equatorial plasma density variation), the most prominent 'detached' regions measured by the mass spectrometer on Ogo 5 in the noon-dusk quadrant are seen on a global scale to be readily interpreted as filamentary extensions of the plasmasphere, called plasma tails. Hence on a global scale the pronounced detached regions may be attached to the main plasmasphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 193
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    Finding the earth in ERTS (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Itek's Optical System Division recently completed an investigation funded by NASA to develop interpretation methods and algorithms suitable for recognition of earth resources by machines using multispectral data from ERTS. Through the algorithms developed (and described here) it is now possible to automatically recognize terrain types. The clustering algorithm guarantees high accuracy in the recognition process with almost complete automation. Interestingly, the machine recognition seems to be more accurate than a human photointerpreter who has been restricted to using only ERTS-1 color composites. That is, machine recognition appears to be more sensitive, it can operate much closer, to the resolution limit of the ERTS-1 imagery than the human photointerpreter.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Optical Spectra; 8; Aug. 197
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  • 194
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    Temporal variations in the dawn and dusk midlatitude trough and plasmapause position (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The temporal development of the latitudinal position of a 600-km midlatitude electron density trough at dawn and dusk during the period 25-27 May 1967, which encompassed a large magnetic storm, was measured by the RF capacitive probe on the polar orbiting Ariel 3 satellite. The substorm-related changes in the L coordinate of the trough minimum and the point of most rapid change of density gradient on the low latitude side of the trough are similar. Oscillations of the trough position at dusk are in phase with substorm activity whereas movement of the trough at dawn is only apparent with the onset of the large storm. Detailed model calculations of the plasmasphere dynamics assuming a spatially invariant equatorial convection E-field which varies in step with the K sub p index produces a plasmapause motion which parallels the observed trough behaviour.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 22; July 197
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  • 195
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    Charge composition of cosmic rays between 4 and 100 GV (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Balloon-flight measurements were used to determine ratios of cosmic-ray L nuclei (charge Z ranging from 3 to 5) to M nuclei (Z ranging from 6 to 8) and of VH nuclei (Z from 20 to 27) to M nuclei using a magnetic spectrometer. The purpose of the measurements was to establish whether both ratios vary with rigidity as this would provide evidence for more than one basic acceleration mechanism. The results provide no indication that the VH spectrum is steeper than the M spectrum.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 249; June 28
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  • 196
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    Solar-flare emission lines in the range from 66 to 171 A; 2sr 2pk - 2s/r-1/ 2p/k+1/ transitions in highly ionized iron (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: New emission lines found in several flare spectra obtained with the Goddard grating spectrometer on the OSO-5 satellite, in 1969, have been listed by wavelength and relative intensity. These new lines, including several as strong as normal quiet-sun lines, are extremely variable in intensity and have been assigned mainly to transitions of the type 2sr 2pk - 2s(r-1) 2p(k+1) in iron ions up to Fe XXIII.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 1
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  • 197
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    Satellite observations of type III solar radio bursts at low frequencies (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Type III solar radio bursts have been observed from 10 MHz to 10 kHz by satellite experiments above the terrestrial plasmasphere. Solar radio emission in this frequency range results from excitation of the interplanetary plasma by energetic particles propagating outward along open field lines over distances from 5 earth radii to at least 1 AU from the sun. This review summarizes the morphology, characteristics, and analysis of individual as well as storms of bursts. Substantial evidence is available to show that the radio emission is observed at the second harmonic instead of the fundamental of the plasma frequency. This brings the density scale derived by radio observations into better agreement with direct solar wind density measurements at 1 AU and relaxes the requirement for type III propagation along large density-enhanced regions. This density scale with the measured direction of arrival of the radio burst allows the trajectory of the exciter path to be determined from 10 earth radii to 1 AU.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 16; June-Jul
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  • 198
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    Observation of a two-temperature ion energy distribution in regions of polar wind flow (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Study of deviations from thermal equilibrium among the ions in the ionosphere by considering that the 'light' ions H(+) and He(+) may be at a different temperature from the 'heavy' ion O(+). In particular, the case in which thermal protons are observed to be flowing relative to the assumed static ambient oxygen ions is considered. The proton flow is assumed to be along the direction of the magnetic field. Of the cases tested, it is found that the measured proton temperature is from one to ten times the measured oxygen ion temperature. Such temperature enhancements may be expected both because of the energy transfer associated with the ion flow and as a consequence of the preferential energy coupling from the light-ion distribution in the exosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; June 1
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  • 199
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    Microwave radiometer measurements of the Cape Cod Canal (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Microwave radiometer measurements were conducted from a railroad bridge which spans the Cape Cod Canal in Massachusetts. Data were collected as a function of viewing angle and polarization at frequencies of 1.4, 4.0, and 7.5 GHz. The results compare differences in the microwave emmissivity of a smooth vs rough water surface. Results are also given which show the effects of roughness on the bistatic scattering of sunlight.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Science; 9; July 197
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    Some new aspects on the superrotation of the thermosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The motion of the thermosphere with a rotational velocity between 10 and 20 per cent in excess of the earth's rotational velocity has been deduced by King-Hele and his co-workers from the change of the inclination of satellite orbits. To date, no completely satisfactory explanation of the observations has been presented. In this paper, it is shown that in the thermosphere there exists a small diurnal mean driving force in the eastward direction. This force has not previously been considered in analyses of superrotation. A critical review of the observations and a theoretical analysis that takes account of both equinox and solstice conditions is presented. In the lower height region, where the great majority of observations were made, it is possible to achieve agreement between observations and a dynamical model. Additional observational data are needed in the isothermal region for a more complete analysis.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 36; June 197
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