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  • Chemistry  (61,421)
  • AUXILIARY SYSTEMS  (2,895)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • 1970-1974  (29,209)
  • 1965-1969  (26,575)
  • 1925-1929
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Improvement of electric characteristics of lead accumulators under the action of ultrasounds (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results are given of experiments conducted in order to improve the electric characteristics of lead accumulators by ultrasonic irradiation of their electrolytes. The experimental results discussed complete the research conducted on static Le2, Le3 and D. Quaiser cells whose solutions were irradiated beforehand with ultrasounds of the frequency of 1 MHz. It is demonstrated that the discharge currents and capacitances of the investigated cells keep to higher values even 1 year after ultrasonic irradiation of the electrolyte. The experimental results are discussed.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: The 4th Natl. Conf. on Acoustics, Vol. 2, B (NASA-TT-F-15663); p 204-209
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    The development of a solar-powered residential heating and cooling system (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Efforts to demonstrate the engineering feasibility of utilizing solar power for residential heating and cooling are described. These efforts were concentrated on the analysis, design, and test of a full-scale demonstration system which is currently under construction at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama. The basic solar heating and cooling system under development utilizes a flat plate solar energy collector, a large water tank for thermal energy storage, heat exchangers for space heating and water heating, and an absorption cycle air conditioner for space cooling.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70089 , M-TU-74-3
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Comparative evaluation of solar, fission, fusion, and fossil energy resources. Part 1: Solar energy (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The utilization of solar energy to meet the energy needs of the U.S. is discussed. Topics discussed include: availability of solar energy, solar energy collectors, heating for houses and buildings, solar water heater, electric power generation, and ocean thermal power.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-CR-137242
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    High voltage solar array experiments (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The interaction between the components of a high voltage solar array and a simulated space plasma is studied to obtain data for the design of a high voltage solar array capable of 15kW at 2 to 16kV. Testing was conducted in a vacuum chamber 1.5-m long by 1.5-m diameter having a plasma source which simulated the plasma conditions existing in earth orbit between 400 nautical miles and synchronous altitude. Test samples included solar array segments pinholes in insulation covering high voltage electrodes, and plain dielectric samples. Quantitative data are presented in the areas of plasma power losses, plasma and high voltage induced damage, and dielectric properties. Limitations of the investigation are described.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-CR-121280
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Design of H2-O2 space shuttle APU. Volume 1: APU design (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The H2-O2 space shuttle auxiliary power unit (APU) program is a NASA-Lewis effort aimed at hardware demonstration of the technology required for potential use on the space shuttle. It has been shown that a hydrogen-oxygen power unit (APU) system is an attractive alternate to the space shuttle baseline hydrazine APU system for minimum weight. It has the capability for meeting many of the heat sink requirements for the space shuttle vehicle, thereby reducing the amount of expendable evaporants required for cooling in the baseline APU. Volume 1 of this report covers preliminary design and analysis of the current reference system and detail design of the test version of this reference system. Combustor test results are also included. Volume 2 contains the results of the analysis of an initial version of the reference system and the computer printouts of system performance. The APU consists of subsystems for propellant feed and conditioning, turbopower, and control. Propellant feed and conditioning contains all heat exchangers, valves, and the combustor. The turbopower subsystem contains a two-stage partial-admission pressure-modulated, 400-hp, 63,000-rpm turbine, a 0-to 4-g lubrication system, and a gearbox with output pads for two hydraulic pumps and an alternator (alternator not included on test unit). The electronic control functions include regulation of speed and system temperatures; and start-and-stop sequences, overspeed (rpm) and temperature limits, failsafe provisions, and automatic shutdown provisions.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-CR-121214 , AIRESEARCH-74-9874-PT-1
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Design of H2-O2 space shuttle APU. Volume 2: Appendixes (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: For abstract, see N74-15737.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-CR-134485 , AIRESEARCH-74-9874-PT-2
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    Evaluation program for secondary spacecraft cells. Initial evaluation tests of General Electric Company standard and teflonated negative electrode 20.0 ampere-hour, nickel-cadmium spacecraft cells with auxiliary electrodes (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The standard plate cells exhibited higher average end-of-charge (EOC) voltages than the cells with teflonated negative plates; they also delivered a higher capacity output in ampere hours following these charges. All the cells reached a pressure of 20 psia before reaching the voltage limit of 1.550 volts during the pressure versus capacity test. The average ampere hours in and voltages at this pressure were 33.6 and 1.505 volts respectively for the teflonated negative plate cells and 35.5 and 1.523 volts for the standard plate cells. All cells exhibited pressure decay in the range of 1 to 7 psia during the last 30 minutes of the 1-hour open circuit stand. Average capacity out for the teflonated and standard negative plate cells was 29.4 and 29.9 ampere hours respectively.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-CR-139654 , WQEC/C-74-337
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  • 8
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    Performance of finned thermal capacitors (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The performance of typical thermal capacitors, both in earth and orbital environments, was investigated. Techniques which were used to make predictions of thermal behavior in a one-g earth environment are outlined. Orbital performance parameters are qualitatively discussed, and those effects expected to be important under zero-g conditions are outlined. A summary of thermal capacitor applications are documentated, along with significant problem areas and current configurations. An experimental program was conducted to determine typical one-g performance, and the physical significance of these data is discussed in detail. Numerical techniques were employed to allow comparison between analytical and experimental data.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7690
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Transport dynamics of a high-power-density matrix-type hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Experimental transport dynamics tests were made on a space power fuel cell of current design. Various operating transients were introduced and transport-related response data were recorded with fluidic humidity sensing instruments. Also, sampled data techniques were developed for measuring the cathode-side electrolyte concentration during transient operation.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7757 , E-7876
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  • 10
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    Multi-kw dc power distribution system study program (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The first phase of the Multi-kw dc Power Distribution Technology Program is reported and involves the test and evaluation of a technology breadboard in a specifically designed test facility according to design concepts developed in a previous study on space vehicle electrical power processing, distribution, and control. The static and dynamic performance, fault isolation, reliability, electromagnetic interference characterisitics, and operability factors of high distribution systems were studied in order to gain a technology base for the use of high voltage dc systems in future aerospace vehicles. Detailed technical descriptions are presented and include data for the following: (1) dynamic interactions due to operation of solid state and electromechanical switchgear; (2) multiplexed and computer controlled supervision and checkout methods; (3) pulse width modulator design; and (4) cable design factors.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-CR-120241
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  • 11
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    Assessment and control of electrostatic charges (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The experience is described of NASA and DOD with electrostatic problems, generation mechanisms, and type of electrostatic hazards. Guidelines for judging possible effects of electrostatic charges on space missions are presented along with mathematical formulas and definitions.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-SP-8111
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 12
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    Structure and function of an inorganic-organic separator for electrochemical cells: Preliminary study (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The structure of a new separator material for electrochemical cells has been investigated. Investigation into details of the separator structure showed it to be multilayered and to consist mainly of a quasi-impervious organic skin, a porous region of mixed organic and inorganic material, and an area of nonuniformly treated substrate. The essential feature of the coating (slurry) is believed to be interconnected pores which allow ionic conductivity. The interconnected pores are believed to be formed by the interaction of the plasticizer and inorganic fibers. The major failure mode of silver zinc cells using such a separator (zinc nodules shorting adjacent plates) was investigated.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-3080 , E-7871
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  • 13
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    General survey of solid-waste management (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Potential ways of providing solid-waste management for a building complex serviced by a modular integrated utility system (MIUS) were explored. Literature surveys were conducted to investigate both conventional and unusual systems to serve this purpose. The advantages and disadvantages of the systems most compatible with MIUS are discussed.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-58133 , JSC-08696
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 14
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    Performance of a Brayton power system with a space type radiator (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Test results of an experimental investigation to measure Brayton engine performance while operating at the sink temperatures of a typical low earth orbit are presented. The results indicate that the radiator area was slightly oversized. The steady state and transient responses of the power system to the sink temperatures in orbit were measured. During the orbital operation, the engine did not reach the steady state operation of either sun or shade conditions. The alternator power variation during orbit was + or - 4 percent from its mean value of 9.3 kilowatts.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7708 , E-7799
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 15
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    Study of oxygen gas production phenomenon during stand and discharge in silver-zinc batteries (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Standard production procedures for manufacturing silver zinc batteries are evaluated and modified to reduce oxygen generation during open circuit stand and discharge. Production predictions of several variable combinations using analysis models are listed for minimum gassing, with emphasis on the concentration of potassium hydroxide in plate formation. A recommendation for work optimizing the variables involved in plate processing is included.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-CR-140306
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 16
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    Energy and economic analysis of total energy systems for residential and commercial buildings (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Energy and economic analyses were performed for an on-site power-plant with waste heat recovery. The results show that for any specific application there is a characteristic power conversion efficiency that minimizes fuel consumption, and that efficiencies greater than this do not significantly improve fuel consumption. This type of powerplant appears to be a reasonably attractive investment if higher fuel costs continue.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71617 , E-8099
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 17
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    Solar energy to heat and cool a new NASA Langley office building (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A solar heating and cooling system will be installed at a new NASA office building. The objective of this project is to establish a full-scale working test-bed facility to investigate solar energy for heating and cooling buildings. The energy collected will provide between 80 and 100 percent of the heating and cooling requirements during the cool months and between one-half and two-thirds of the cooling requirements in the summer. Thermal energy storage will be provided to bridge the gap between cloudy and clear days.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71615 , E-8103
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 18
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    Long life, rechargeable nickel-zinc battery (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A production version of the inorganic separator was evaluated for improving the life of the nickel-zinc system. Nickel-zinc cells (7-10 Ah capacities) of different electrode separator configurations were constructed and tested. The nickel-zinc cells using the inorganic separator encasing the zinc electrode, the nickel electrode, or both electrodes had shorter lives than cells using Visking and cellophane separation. Cells with the inorganic separation all fell below 70% of their theoretical capacity within 30 cycles, but the cells constructed with organic separation required 80 cycles. Failure of the cells using the ceramic separator was irreversible capacity degradation due to zinc loss through cracks developed in the inorganic separator. Zinc loss through the separator was minimized with the use of combinations of the inorganic separator with Visking and cellophane. Cells using the combined separation operated 130 duty cycles before degrading to 70% of their theoretical capacity.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-CR-134658 , GOULD-742-031
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 19
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    Force sharing in high-power parallel servo-actuators (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The various existing force sharing schemes were examined by conducting a literature survey. A list of potentially applicable concepts was compiled from this survey, and a brief analysis was then made of each concept, which resulted in two competing schemes being selected for in-depth evaluation. A functional design of the equalization logic for the two schemes was undertaken and specific space shuttle application was chosen for experimental evaluation. The application was scaled down so that existing hardware could be utilized. Next, an analog computer study was conducted to evaluate the more important characteristics of the two competing force sharing schemes. On the basis of the computers study, a final configuration was selected. A load simulator was then designed to evaluate this configuration on actual hardware.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-CR-120469 , MR-E-1905
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 20
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    Fabrication and testing of negative-limited sealed nickel-cadmium cells (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Negative-limited sealed nickel-cadmium cells are a possible means toward increasing the life of nickel-cadmium cells to about a decade or more. The purpose of this program is to design, construct, and test 100, 20 Ah and 100, 30 Ah negative-limited sealed cells. The cell design was completed and hardware was ordered during the first quarter. Electrode fabrication was started in the first quarter and carried on through the second quarter. The fabrication and selection of the necessary electrodes has been completed during the third quarter. Cell construction has been completed and the preparatory cell cycling is underway. The preliminary testing to select the initial delivery cell has been started.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-CR-139374 , REPT-732-015-3
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 21
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    The development of a solar powered residential heating and cooling system (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A solar energy collector design is disclosed that would be efficient for both energy transfer and fluid flow, based upon extensive parametric analyses. Thermal design requirements are generated for the energy storage systems which utilizes sensible heat storage in water. Properly size system components (including the collector and storage) and a practical, efficient total system configuration are determined by means of computer simulation of system performance.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-CR-120400 , LMSC-HREC-TR-D390138
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  • 22
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    Integrated Power/Attitude Control System (IPACS) study. Volume 1: Feasibility studies (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An Integrated Power/Attitude Control System (IPACS) concept consisting of an array of spinning flywheels, with or without gimbals, capable of performing the dual function of power storage and generation, as well as attitude control has been investigated. This system provides attitude control through momentum storage, and replaces the storage batteries onboard the spacecraft. The results of the investigation are presented in two volumes. The trade-off studies performed to establish the feasibility, cost effectiveness, required level of development, and boundaries of application of IPACS to a wide variety of spacecraft are discussed. The conceptual designs for a free-flying research application module (RAM), and for a tracking and data relay satellite (TDRS) are presented. Results from dynamic analyses and simulations of the IPACS conceptual designs are included.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-CR-2383 , SD-73-SA-0101-1
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 23
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    Study of process variables associated with manufacturing hermetically-sealed nickel-cadmium cells (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A two year study of the major process variables associated with the manufacturing process for sealed, nickel-cadmium, areospace cells is summarized. Effort was directed toward identifying the major process variables associated with a manufacturing process, experimentally assessing each variable's effect, and imposing the necessary changes (optimization) and controls for the critical process variables to improve results and uniformity. A critical process variable associated with the sintered nickel plaque manufacturing process was identified as the manual forming operation. Critical process variables identified with the positive electrode impregnation/polarization process were impregnation solution temperature, free acid content, vacuum impregnation, and sintered plaque strength. Positive and negative electrodes were identified as a major source of carbonate contamination in sealed cells.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-CR-139025
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  • 24
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    Evaluation program for secondary spacecraft cells: Initial evaluation tests of Eagel-Picher Industries, Incorporated, 20.0 amphere-hour nickel-cadmium spacecraft cells (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An evaluation test of the 20.0 ampere-hour cells was conducted to insure that all cells put into the life cycle program are of high quality. This is accomplished by the screening of cells found to have electrolyte leakage, internal shorts, low capacity, or inability of any cell to recover its open circuit voltage above 1.150 volts during the internal short test. The results obtained in the test are given, as well as the recommendations based on these findings.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-CR-138611 , QEEL/C-74-228
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  • 25
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    Solar energy research and utilization (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The role is described that solar energy will play in the heating and cooling of buildings, the production of renewable gaseous, liquid and solid fuels, and the production of electric power over the next 45 years. Potential impacts on the various energy markets and estimated costs of such systems are discussed along with illustrations of some of the processes to accomplish the goals. The conclusions of the NSF/NASA Solar Energy Panel (1972) are given along with the estimated costs to accomplish the 15 year recommended program and also the recent and near future budget appropriations and recommendations are included.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70660 , X-704-74-139
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  • 26
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    A computer program to determine geometric parameters for the AFM solar arrays (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A computer program has been written to aid in the design of the A. E. M.-1 solar array and to determine the power that will finally be available from the array. The program will plot the array output as a function of the satellite's position in a given orbit and will calculate the average output over the orbit.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70656 , X-711-74-121
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  • 27
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    SNAP-8 refractory boiler development program (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Performance and endurance tests of the SNAP-8, SN-1 refractory metal boiler are described. The tests were successful and indicated that the boiler heat transfer area could be reduced significantly primarily because of the wetting characteristics of mercury on tantalum in a contaminant-free environment. A continuous endurance test of more than 10,000 hours was conducted without noticeable change in the thermal performance of the boiler. A conclusion of the metallographic examination of the boiler following the endurance test was that expected boiler life would be of the order of 40,000 hours at observed corrosion rates.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-CR-2372
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  • 28
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    Determination of life for a polyimide-epoxy alternator insulation system (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Tests were conducted to predict remaining electrical insulation life of a polyimide epoxy insulated 60 KW, 208 volt homopolar inductor alternator, following completion of 23,130 hours of turbo-alternator endurance tests. The sectioned armature winding of this alternator stator was used as means to evaluate and measure end-life at several aging temperatures for development of an Arrhenius plot. A one-half life rate of 11.3 C was established from these data with a predicted remaining life of 60,000 hours at an armature winding temperature of 248 C and a total life, including endurance test time, of 61,645 hours.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-CR-134600
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  • 29
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    Optical properties of thin gold films applied to Schottky barrier solar cells (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Schottky barrier solar cell is considered a possible candidate for converting solar to electrical energy both for space and terrestrial applications. Knowledge of the optical constants of the ultrathin metal film used in the cell is essential for analyzing and designing higher efficiency Schottky barrier cells. The optical constants of 7.5 -nm (75-A) gold films on gallium arsenide have been obtained. In addition, the absolute collection efficiency of Schottky barrier solar cells has been determined from measured spectral response and optical constants of the gold film.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-CR-137981 , JPL-TM-33-676
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 30
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    Evaluation program for secondary spacecraft cells: Initial evaluation tests of General Electric Company 6.0 ampere hour nickel-cadmium spacecraft cells with auxiliary electrodes for the atmospheric Explorer satellite C and D (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The capacity of the cells ranged from 6.6 to 7.6 ampere hours during the three capacity tests. No voltage requirements or limits were exceeded during any portion of the test. All cells recovered to a voltage in excess of 1.193 volts during the 24-hour open-circuit portion of the internal short test. All the cells reached a pressure of 20 psia before reaching the voltage limit of 1.550 volts during the pressure versus capacity test. The average ampere/hours in and voltages at this pressure were 9.1 and 1.513, respectively. All cells exhibited pressure decay in the range of 1 to 5 psia during the last 30 minutes of the 1-hour open circuit stand. Average capacity out was 7.2 ampere/hours.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-CR-138985 , QEEL/C-74-1
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 31
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    Skylab technology electrical power system (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The solar array/battery power systems for the Skylab vehicle were designed to operate in a solar inertial pointing mode to provide power continuously to the Skylab. Questions of power management are considered, taking into account difficulties caused by the reduction in power system performance due to the effects of structural failure occurring during the launching process. The performance of the solar array of the Apollo Telescope Mount Power System is discussed along with the Orbital Workshop solar array performance and the Airlock Module power conditioning group performance. A list is presented of a number of items which have been identified during mission monitoring and are recommended for electrical power system concepts, designs, and operation for future spacecraft.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: AAS PAPER 74-129 , Annual Meeting; Aug 20, 1974 - Aug 22, 1974; Los Angeles, CA
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 32
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    The NASA Langley building solar project and the supporting Lewis solar technology program (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A solar energy technology program is described that includes solar collector testing in an indoor solar simulator facility and in an outdoor test facility, property measurements of solar panel coatings, and operation of a laboratory-scale solar model system test facility. Early results from simulator tests indicate that non-selective coatings behave more nearly in accord with predicted performance than do selective coatings. Initial experiments on the decay rate of thermally stratified hot water in a storage tank have been run. Results suggest that where high temperature water is required, excess solar energy collected by a building solar system should be stored overnight in the form of chilled water rather than hot water.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Annual Meeting of the International Solar Energy Society; Aug 19, 1974 - Aug 23, 1974; Fort Collins, CO
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  • 33
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    A brief summary of the attempts to develop large wind-electric generating systems in the U.S. (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Interest in developing large wind-electric generating systems in the United States was stimulated primarily by one man, Palmer C. Putnam. He was responsible for the construction of the largest wind-power system ever built - the 1250 kilowatt Smith-Putnam wind-electric plant. The existence of this system prompted the U.S. Federal Power Commission to investigate the potential of using the winds as a source energy. Also, in 1933 prior to Putnam's effort, there was an abortive attempt by J. D. Madaras to develop a wind system based on the Magnus effect. These three projects comprise the only serious efforts in America to develop large wind driven plants. In this paper, the history of each project is briefly described. Also discussed are some of the reasons why wind energy was not seriously considered as a major source of energy for the U.S.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Wind Energy Conference; Aug 29, 1974 - Aug 30, 1974; Stockholm; Sweden
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  • 34
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    Flat-plate collector performance determined experimentally with a solar simulator (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The NASA is constructing a new office building at Langley Research Center that will utilize solar energy for heating and cooling. A collector technology program is described which includes testing collectors in an indoor facility under simulated solar radiation. Tests have been conducted on five collectors to date and performance data are presented. The collector performance obtained with the solar simulator will be correlated with data obtained by conducting tests outdoors at Lewis.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Annual Meeting of the International Solar Energy Society; Aug 19, 1974 - Aug 23, 1974; Fort Collins, CO
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  • 35
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    Electrode kinetics of a water vapor electrolysis cell (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The anodic electrochemical behavior of the water vapor electrolysis cell was investigated. A theoretical review of various aspects of cell overvoltage is presented with special emphasis on concentration overvoltage and activation overvoltage. Other sources of overvoltage are described. The experimental apparatus controlled and measured anode potential and cell current. Potentials between 1.10 and 2.60 V (vs NHE) and currents between 0.1 and 3000 mA were investigated. Different behavior was observed between the standard cell and the free electrolyte cell. The free electrolyte cell followed typical Tafel behavior (i.e. activation overvoltage) with Tafel slopes of about 0.15, and the exchange current densities of 10 to the minus 9th power A/sq cm, both in good agreement with literature values. The standard cell exhibitied this same Tafel behavior at lower current densities but deviated toward lower than expected current densities at higher potentials. This behavior and other results were examined to determine their origin.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-CR-139369
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  • 36
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    Study, selection, and preparation of solid cationic conductors (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Crystal chemical principles and transport theory have been used to predict structures and specific compounds which might find application as solid electrolytes in rechargeable high energy and high power density batteries operating at temperatures less than 200 C. Structures with 1-, 2-, and 3-dimensional channels were synthesized and screened by nuclear magnetic resonance, dielectric loss, and conductivity. There is significant conductivity at room temperature in some of the materials but none attain a level that is comparable to beta-alumina. Microwave and fast pulse methods were developed to measure conductivity in powders and in small crystals.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-CR-134610 , SRD-74-034
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  • 37
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    Status of FEP encapsulated solar cell modules used in terrestrial applications (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Lewis Research Center has been engaged in transferring the FEP encapsulated solar cell technology developed for the space program to terrestrial applications. FEP encapsulated solar cell modules and arrays were designed and built expressly for terrestrial applications. Solar cell power systems were installed at three different land sites, while individual modules are undergoing marine environment tests. Four additional power systems are being completed for installation during the summer of 1974. These tests have revealed some minor problems which have been corrected. The results confirm the inherent utility of FEP encapsulated terrestrial solar cell systems.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71564 , E-7998 , Intersoc. Energy Conversion Eng. Conf.; Aug 26, 1974 - Aug 30, 1974; San Francisco
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  • 38
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    Energy conversion research and development with diminiodes (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Diminiodes are variable-gap cesium diodes with plane miniature guarded electrodes. These converters allow thermionic evaluations of tiny pieces of rare solids. In addition to smallness, diminiode advantages comprise simplicity, precision, fabrication ease, parts interchangeability, cleanliness, full instrumentation, direct calibration, ruggedness, and economy. Diminiodes with computerized thermionic performance mapping make electrode screening programs practical.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71533 , E-7936 , Inst. of Elec. and Electron. Engr.; May 15, 1974 - May 17, 1974; Knoxville, TN; United States
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  • 39
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    Clean fuels from biomass (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The feasibility of converting biomass to portable fuels is studied. Since plants synthesize biomass from H2O and CO2 with the help of solar energy, the conversion methods of pyrolysis, anaerobic fermentation, and hydrogenation are considered. Cost reduction methods and cost effectiveness are emphasized.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71538 , E-7945 , Southeastern Seminar on Thermal Sci.; Apr 11, 1974 - Apr 12, 1974; New Orleans
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  • 40
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    NASA Lewis H2-O2 MHD program (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Performance and power costs of H2-O2 combustion powered steam-MHD central power systems are estimated. Hydrogen gas is assumed to be transmitted by pipe from a remote coal gasifier into the city and converted to electricity in a steam MHD plant having an integral gaseous oxygen plant. These steam MHD systems appear to offer an attractive alternative to both in-city clean fueled conventional steam power plants and to remote coal fired power plants with underground electric transmission into the city. Status and plans are outlined for an experimental evaluation of H2-O2 combustion-driven MHD power generators at NASA Lewis Research Center.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71520 , E-7907 , Symp. on Eng. Aspects of Magnetohydrodynamics; Apr 08, 1974 - Apr 10, 1974; Tullahoma, TN; United States
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  • 41
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    H2-O2 combustion powered steam-MHD central power systems (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Estimates are made for both the performance and the power costs of H2-O2 combustion powered steam-MHD central power systems. Hydrogen gas is assumed to be transmitted by pipe from a remote coal gasifier into the city and converted to electricity in a steam MHD plant having an integral gaseous oxygen plant. These steam MHD systems appear to offer an attractive alternative to both in-city clean fueled conventional steam power plants and to remote coal fired power plants with underground electric transmission into the city.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71512 , E-7890 , Hydrogen Economy Miami Energy Conf.; Mar 18, 1974 - Mar 20, 1974; Miami Beach, FL; United States
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  • 42
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    Voltage-spike analysis for a free-running parallel inverter (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Unwanted and sometimes damaging high-amplitude voltage spikes occur during each half cycle in many transistor saturable-core inverters at the moment when the core saturates and the transistors switch. The analysis shows that spikes are an intrinsic characteristic of certain types of inverters even with negligible leakage inductance and purely resistive load. The small but unavoidable after-saturation inductance of the saturable-core transformer plays an essential role in creating these undesired thigh-voltage spikes. State-plane analysis provides insight into the complex interaction between core and transistors, and shows the circuit parameters upon which the magnitude of these spikes depends.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
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  • 43
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    Surface photovoltage method extended to silicon solar cell junction (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The conventional surface photovoltage (SPV) method is extended to the measurement of the minority carrier diffusion length in diffused semiconductor junctions of the type used in a silicon solar cell. The minority carrier diffusion values obtained by the SPV method agree well with those obtained by the X-ray method. Agreement within experimental error is also obtained between the minority carrier diffusion lengths in solar cell diffusion junctions and in the same materials with n-regions removed by etching, when the SPV method was used in the measurements.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: ECS PAPER 211
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  • 44
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    Hydrogen energy: A bibliography with abstracts. Cumulative volume, 1953 - 1973 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A bibliography on hydrogen as an energy source is presented. Approximately 8,000 documents are abstracted covering the period 1953 through 1973. Topics covered include: production, utilization, transmission, distribution, storage, and safety.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-CR-138940 , TAC-H-74-500
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  • 45
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    A theoretical analysis of the current-voltage characteristics of solar cells (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The current-voltage characteristics and efficiencies of solar cells are discussed. For one solar cell structure detailed curves are presented which include carrier densities, current densities, potential, and quasi-Fermi levels at different voltage levels both with and without optically generated carriers (AMO conditions). In addition some results are presented concerning the influence of various parameter variations such as lifetime, cell thickness, and high-low junction width on solar cell performance.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-CR-138828
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  • 46
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    Performance of a flight-type laminar radiator with a Brayton power system (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A space-type laminar flow radiator was designed and integrated with a 2- to 15-kilowatt Brayton electrical power generating system. The design, fabrication, and testing of this radiator are presented. Test results include performance under steady state and transient conditions. Included in the transient results is performance in a simulated low earth orbit. Results show that the computer design is conservative. Orbital transients show that a further reduction in radiator area over that determined from steady state conditions is possible. Radiator efficiency was always greater than 83 percent.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7573 , E-7716
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  • 47
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    Computer program for thermodynamic analysis of open cycle multishaft power system with multiple reheat and intercool (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A computer program to analyze power systems having any number of shafts up to a maximum of five is presented. On each shaft there can be as many as five compressors and five turbines, along with any specified number of intervening intercoolers and reheaters. A recuperator can be included. Turbine coolant flow can be accounted for. Any fuel consisting entirely of hydrogen and/or carbon can be used. The program is valid for maximum temperatures up to about 2000 K (3600 R). The system description, the analysis method, a detailed explanation of program input and output including an illustrative example, a dictionary of program variables, and the program listing are explained.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7589 , E-7518
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  • 48
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    Development of a mercury electromagnetic centrifugal pump for the SNAP-8 refractory boiler development program (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An electromagnetic pump, in which pressure is developed in mercury because of the interaction of the magnetic field and current which flows as a result of the voltage induced in the mercury contained in the pump duct, was developed for the SNAP-8 refractory boiler test facility. Pump performance results are presented for ten duct configurations and two stator sizes. These test results were used to design and fabricate a pump which met the SNAP-8 criteria of 530 psi developed pressure at 12,500 lb/hr. The pump operated continuously for over 13,000 hours without failure or performance degradation. Included in this report are descriptions of the experimental equipment, measurement techniques, all experimental data, and an analysis of the electrical losses in the pump.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-CR-2375
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  • 49
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    Uncertainties in predicting solar panel power output (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The problem of calculating solar panel power output at launch and during a space mission is considered. The major sources of uncertainty and error in predicting the post launch electrical performance of the panel are considered. A general discussion of error analysis is given. Examples of uncertainty calculations are included. A general method of calculating the effect on the panel of various degrading environments is presented, with references supplied for specific methods. A technique for sizing a solar panel for a required mission power profile is developed.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-CR-138455 , JPL-TM-33-673
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  • 50
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    Integrated Power/Attitude Control System (IPACS) study. Volume 2: Conceptual designs (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: For abstract, see N74-22706.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-CR-2384 , SD-73-SA-0101-2
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  • 51
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    Terrestrial applications of FEP-encapsulated solar cell modules (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: FEP-encapsulated solar cell modules and arrays have been designed and built expressly for terrestrial applications. System design including solar cell array mechanical design and the approach to system sizing is outlined. Such solar cell systems have been installed at six sites. Individual modules have undergone marine environment tests. Results from seven months of operation indicate that the system is meeting its electrical design requirements. No mechanical degradation has been reported. An array on Mammoth Mountain, California has been damaged by rime ice but shows no loss in electrical output. Marine environment tests on single modules have shown that elements of the module must be completely sealed by the FEP. Based on the limited test data available, the FEP-encapsulated solar cell module appears well suited to terrestrial applications.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: International Conference on Photovoltaic Power Generation; Sept. 25-27, 1974; Hamburg; Germany
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  • 52
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    NASA and energy (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: NASA technology contributions to create energy sources include direct solar heating and cooling systems, wind generation of electricity, solar thermal energy turbine drives, solar cells, and techniques for locating, producing, and collecting organic materials for conversion into fuel.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-EP-121
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  • 53
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    A brief summary of the attempts to develop large wind-electric generating systems in the US (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Interest in developing large wind-electric generating systems in the United States was simulated primarily by one man, Palmer C. Putnam. He was responsible for the construction of the 1250 kilowatt Smith-Putnam wind-electric plant. The existence of this system prompted the U. S. Federal Power Commission to investigate the potential of using the winds as a source energy. Also, in 1933 prior to Putnam's effort, there was an abortive attempt by J. D. Madaras to develop a wind system based on the Magnus effect. These three projects comprise the only serious efforts in America to develop large wind driven plants. In this paper the history of each project is briefly described. Also discussed are some of the reasons why wind energy was not seriously considered as a major source of energy for the U. S.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71605 , E-8088 , Wind Energy Conf.; Aug 29, 1974 - Aug 30, 1974; Stockholm
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  • 54
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    Preliminary design of a 100 kW turbine generator (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The National Science Foundation and the Lewis Research Center have engaged jointly in a Wind Energy Program which includes the design and erection of a 100 kW wind turbine generator. The machine consists primarily of a rotor turbine, transmission, shaft, alternator, and tower. The rotor, measuring 125 feet in diameter and consisting of two variable pitch blades operates at 40 rpm and generates 100 kW of electrical power at 18 mph wind velocity. The entire assembly is placed on top of a tower 100 feet above ground level.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71585 , E-8037 , Intern. Solar Energy Soc.; Aug 21, 1974 - Aug 23, 1974; Ft. Collins, CO; United States
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  • 55
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    Advanced Rankine and Brayton cycle power systems: Materials needs and opportunities (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Conceptual advanced potassium Rankine and closed Brayton power conversion cycles offer the potential for improved efficiency over steam systems through higher operating temperatures. However, for utility service of at least 100,000 hours, materials technology advances will be needed for such high temperature systems. Improved alloys and surface protection must be developed and demonstrated to resist coal combustion gases as well as potassium corrosion or helium surface degradation at high temperatures. Extensions in fabrication technology are necessary to produce large components of high temperature alloys. Long time property data must be obtained under environments of interest to assure high component reliability.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71583 , E-8035 , Mater. for Power Systems Meeting; Jun 17, 1974 - Jun 19, 1974; Seven Springs, PA; United States
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  • 56
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    Predicted energy densitites for nickel-hydrogen and silver-hydrogen cells embodying metallic hydrides for hydrogen storage (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Simplified design concepts were used to estimate gravimetric and volumetric energy densities for metal hydrogen battery cells for assessing the characteristics of cells containing metal hydrides as compared to gaseous storage cells, and for comparing nickel cathode and silver cathode systems. The silver cathode was found to yield superior energy densities in all cases considered. The inclusion of hydride forming materials yields cells with very high volumetric energy densities that also retain gravimetric energy densities nearly as high as those of gaseous storage cells.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71556 , E-7981 , Intersoc. Energy Conversion Eng. Conf.; Aug 26, 1974 - Aug 30, 1974; San Francisco
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  • 57
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    Solar energy research and utilization (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The role of solar energy is visualized in the heating and cooling of buildings, in the production of renewable gaseous, liquid and solid fuels, and in the production of electric power over the next 45 years. Potential impacts of solar energy on various energy markets, and estimated costs of such solar energy systems are discussed. Some typical solar energy utilization processes are described in detail. It is expected that at least 20% of the U.S. total energy requirements by 2020 will be delivered from solar energy.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Symposium on Solar Energy Utilization; Apr 30, 1974; Washington, DC
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  • 58
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    The energy crisis and energy from the sun; Proceedings of the Symposium on Solar Energy Utilization, Washington, D.C., April 30, 1974 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Papers on the state of the art and future prospects of solar energy utilization in the United States are included. Research and technologies for heating and cooling of buildings, solar thermal energy conversion, photovoltaic conversion, biomass production and conversion, wind energy conversion and ocean thermal energy conversion are covered. The increasing funding of the National Solar Energy Program is noted. Individual items are announced in this issue.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Symposium on Solar Energy Utilization; Apr 30, 1974; Washington, DC; US
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  • 59
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    Utilization of space technology for terrestrial solar power applications (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A description is given of the evolution of photovoltaic power systems designed and built for terrestrial applications, giving attention to problem areas which are currently impeding the further development of such systems. The rooftop testing of surplus solar panels is considered along with solar powered seismic observatories, solar powered portable radio sets, and design considerations identified from past experience. Present activities discussed are related to a solar powered on-shore beacon flasher system, a solar powered buoy, and a solar powered beacon flasher buoy.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Nov 13, 1973 - Nov 15, 1973; Palo Alto, CA
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  • 60
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    State space representations of distributed fluid line dynamics (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the convenience of using a systematic straight forward procedure to obtain meaningful dynamic information for a class of complex distributed parameter fluid line networks. System transients in the time domain are determined by means of state space techniques. Digital computer implementation yields a simple but consistent way of obtaining overall system time solutions. A step-by-step analysis procedure flow chart is shown in Appendix I which illustrates the basic approach for modeling, approximating and selecting digital techniques for simulating the dynamic response of fluid line systems.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: ASME PAPER 74-FE-19 , Fluids Engineering Conference; May 13, 1974 - May 15, 1974; Montreal; Canada
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  • 61
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    NASA Lewis H2-O2 MHD program (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Performance and power costs of H2-O2 combustion powered steam-MHD central power systems are estimated. Hydrogen gas is assumed to be transmitted by pipe from a remote coal gasifier into the city and converted to electricity in a steam MHD plant having an integral gaseous oxygen plant. These steam MHD systems appear to offer an attractive alternative to both in-city clean fueled conventional steam power plants and to remote coal fired power plants with underground electric transmission into the city. Status and plans are outlined for an experimental evaluation of H2-O2 combustion-driven MHD power generators at NASA Lewis Research Center.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Symposium on Engineering aspects of magnetohydrodynamics; Apr 08, 1974 - Apr 10, 1974; Tullahoma, TN
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  • 62
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    Temperature, illumination, and fluence dependence of current and voltage in electron irradiated solar cells (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Empirical equations have been derived from measurements of solar cell photovoltaic characteristics relating light-generated current and open circuit voltage to cell temperature, intensity of illumination and 1-MeV electron fluence. Both 2-ohm-cm and 10-ohm-cm cells were tested over the temperature range from 120 to 470 K, the illumination intensity range from 5 to 1830 mW/sq cm, and the electron fluence range from 1 x 10 to the 13th to 1 x 10 to the 16th electrons/sq cm. The normalized temperature coefficient of the light generated current varies as the 0.18 power of the fluence for temperatures above approximately 273 K and is independent of fluence at lower temperatures. At 140 mW/sq cm, a power law expression was derived which shows that the light-generated current decreases at a rate proportional to the 0.153 power of the fluence for both resistivities. The coefficient of the expression is larger for 2-ohm-cm cells; consequently, the advantage for 10-ohm-cm cells increased with increasing fluence.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Nov 13, 1973 - Nov 15, 1973; Palo Alto, CA
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  • 63
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    The drift field model applied to the lithium-containing silicon solar cell (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The drift field model used by Wolf (1963) to calculate the short-circuit current was extended to permit calculations of the open-circuit voltage and the maximum power under conditions of illumination of either tungsten (2800 C) source or air mass zero sunlight. Voltages were calculated using an expression for the drift field diode saturation current. The model, applied to the oxygen-rich (C-13 group) lithium solar cells, was used to calculate the pre- and post-electron bombardment trends of the open-circuit voltage, maximum power, and short-circuit current for lithium gradients in the range from 10 to the 18th power to 10 to the 19th power Li/cm to the 4th power. Diffusion length degradation and carrier removal effects were sufficient to predict the cell performance up to 3 x 10 to the 14th electrons per sq cm. Beyond this fluence it was necessary to include drift field removal effects.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Nov 13, 1973 - Nov 15, 1973; Palo Alto, CA
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    Proton irradiation of conventional and lithium solar cells - 11-37 MeV (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Conventional n/p and lithium solar cells were irradiated with 11- to 37-MeV protons. The energy dependence of the solar cell degradation, calculated from electrical parameters and lifetime measurements, is shown to be very slight. Damage coefficients for the n/p cells are calculated. Annealing characteristics of both the lithium cells and the n/p cells are presented.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Nov 13, 1973 - Nov 15, 1973; Palo Alto, CA
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  • 65
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    The use of FEP Teflon in solar cell cover technology (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: FEP plastic film was used as a cover and as an adhesive to bond cover glasses to silicon solar cells. Various anti-reflective coatings were applied to cells and subsequently covered with FEP. Short-circuit currents were measured before and after application of the coating and of the FEP. FEP bonded to seven of the nine differently coated cells, with no change in the total short circuit current in four cases.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Nov 13, 1973 - Nov 15, 1973; Palo Alto, CA
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  • 66
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    Thermoelastic analysis of solar cell arrays and their material properties (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Description of a thermoelastic stress analysis procedure for predicting the thermally induced stresses and failures in silicon solar cell arrays. A prerequisite for the analysis is the characterization of the temperature-dependent thermal and mechanical properties of the solar cell materials. Extensive material property testing was carried out in the temperature range from -200 to +200 C for the filter glass, P- and N-type silicon, interconnector metals, solder, and several candidate silicone rubber adhesives. The analysis procedure is applied to several solar cell array design configurations, which were tested in the Space Molecular Sink. Results of the analysis indicate the optimum design configuration with respect to materials and geometry, effect of the solder coating, and effect of the interconnector geometry.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Nov 13, 1973 - Nov 15, 1973; Palo Alto, CA
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    FEP-Teflon covered solar cell array advancements (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Progress is reported on the design and development of lightweight, flexible, FEP encapsulated solar cell modules. Such modules are intended to form standardized building blocks for larger roll-up or fold-up solar cell blankets having specific performance in the order of 100 W/sq m and 80 W/kg in space near earth. Modules are constructed by heat-laminating interconnected 200-micron thick single crystal silicon solar cells with solderless front and back contacts between two layers of clear FEP. The outer FEP layer is 125 microns thick and serves as the solar cell cover material. The inner layer is 50 microns thick and serves as the adhesive between the solar cells and a 25-micron thick loadbearing Kapton substrate sheet.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Nov 13, 1973 - Nov 15, 1973; Palo Alto, CA
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  • 68
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    The NASA-Lewis terrestrial photovoltaics program (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Those parts of the present NASA-Lewis research and technology effort on solar cells and arrays having relevance to terrestrial uses are outlined. These include raising cell efficiency, developing the FEP-covered module concept, and exploring low-cost cell concepts. Solar cell-battery power systems for remote weather stations have been built to demonstrate the capabilities of solar cells for terrestrial applications.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Nov 13, 1973 - Nov 15, 1973; Palo Alto, CA
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  • 69
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    Terrestrial applications of solar cell powered systems (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A study was initiated to search out, list, and evaluate terrestrial applications of solar cells and design systems for those applications that show the most promise for becoming practical and accepted by users within the next five years. From a list of over 65 potential applications, ten were selected for further study. The study culminated in detailed engineering designs of systems for the two most attractive applications.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Nov 13, 1973 - Nov 15, 1973; Palo Alto, CA
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  • 70
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    Performance of epitaxial back surface field cells (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Epitaxial back surface field structures were formed by depositing a 10 micron thick 10 ohm-cm epitaxial silicon layer onto substrates with resistivities of 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 10 ohm-cm. A correlation between cell open-circuit voltage and substrate resistivity was observed and was compared to theory. The cells were also irradiated with 1-MeV electrons to a fluence of 5 times 10 to the 15th electrons per sq cm. The decrease of cell open-circuit voltage was in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions and the measured short-circuit currents were within 2% of the prediction. Calculations are presented for optimum cell performance as functions of epitaxial layer thickness, radiation fluence, and substrate diffusion length.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Nov 13, 1973 - Nov 15, 1973; Palo Alto, CA
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  • 71
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    Design, fabrication and characteristics of new types of back surface field cells (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Several new types of back surface field (BSF) cells were designed and fabricated. These include boron and phosphorus diffused BSF cells, single crystal epitaxially grown BSF cells and chemically vapor deposited (CVD) polycrystalline BSF cells. Boron diffusion yielded 10 ohm-cm BSF cells with 0.6 volt open-circuit voltages and collection efficiencies equal to those previously reported for aluminum alloying. The epitaxially grown cells also exhibited high open-circuit voltages and collection efficiencies and may be more radiation damage resistant. The polycrystalline cells had very high internal series resistance. No direct relationship was found to exist between collection efficiency and open-circuit voltage in BSF cells.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Nov 13, 1973 - Nov 15, 1973; Palo Alto, CA
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  • 72
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    The multiple junction edge illuminated solar cell (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The multiple junction edge illuminated solar cell (M-J Cell) was devised for high voltage, low current applications. Devices to be flight-tested in early 1974 with 96 series-connected PNN+ junctions in a 2 cm x 2.3 cm size deliver 36 volts at 1 milliampere. Test data of M-J Cells fabricated with resistivities of 10, 50, 100, 200, 450, and 1000 ohm-cm silicon are presented and problem areas are discussed. An additional potential application of the M-J Cell lies in utilization of its high-intensity performance that has been demonstrated at levels in excess of 100 AMO suns.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Nov 13, 1973 - Nov 15, 1973; Palo Alto, CA
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  • 73
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    Optimum design of antireflection coating for silicon solar cells (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Based on classical electromagnetic theory, reflectivity calculations for various single and double optical coating systems for silicon solar cells are presented. From calculations and considerations of solar spectral response of the solar cells, the number and thickness of coating materials needed to obtain efficient solar cells can be predicted. Some experimental results on single layer coated cells are also presented for comparison with calculations, and agreement is good. By means of microwave transmission line analogy, the design of the multilayer coating can be simplified by using Tchebycheff polynomials.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Nov 13, 1973 - Nov 15, 1973; Palo Alto, CA
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  • 74
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    Flight qualification test results for violet cells (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The violet solar cell has been submitted to a flight qualification program. The tasks included in this program were: to define the violet cell's electrical output from -100 C to +100 C; to determine the violet cell's degradation under 2 MeV, 1 MeV and .3 MeV proton irradiation, under a high humidity environment and under ultraviolet light; to thermal cycle two similar modules of violet cells; to flight qualify a full size violet cell panel for the IMP-J flight; and to obtain a primary balloon-flown standard of the violet cell type. The results of these tests demonstrate that the violet cell is fully qualified for space flight use with no further development work. The tests show that the violet cell offers a power increase of at least twenty-one per cent over presently available commercial cells.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Nov 13, 1973 - Nov 15, 1973; Palo Alto, CA
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  • 75
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    Solar array experiments on the SPHINX satellite (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Space Plasma, High Voltage Interaction Experiment (SPHINX) is the name given to an auxiliary payload satellite scheduled to be launched in January 1974. The principal experiments carried on this satellite are specifically designed to obtain the engineering data on the interaction of high voltage systems with the space plasma. The classes of experiments are solar array segments, insulators, insulators with pin holes and conductors. The satellite is also carrying experiments to obtain flight data on three new solar array configurations: the edge illuminated-multijunction cells, the teflon encased cells, and the violet cells.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Nov 13, 1973 - Nov 15, 1973; Palo Alto, CA
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  • 76
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    Reliability analysis of Skylab ATM solar cell modules (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A detailed reliability analysis was performed on both types of Skylab Apollo telescope mount solar cell modules. Failure rates used were based on testing of several modules of each type for over 4000 thermal cycles. The analysis delineated several important differences between the failure modes of the two differently designed solar cell modules, and, more importantly, showed that the modules can be expected to meet all mission requirements.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Nov 13, 1973 - Nov 15, 1973; Palo Alto, CA
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  • 77
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    High voltage solar cell power generating system (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A laboratory solar power system regulated by on-panel switches has been delivered for operating high power (3 kW), high voltage (15,000 volt) loads (communication tubes, ion thrusters). The modular system consists of 26 solar arrays, each with an integral light source and cooling system. A typical array contains 2,560 series-connected cells. Each light source consists of twenty 500-watt tungsten iodide lamps providing plus or minus 5 percent uniformity at one solar constant. An array temperature of less than 40 C is achieved using an infrared filter, a water-cooled plate, a vacuum hold-down system, and air flushing.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Nov 13, 1973 - Nov 15, 1973; Palo Alto, CA
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  • 78
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    An induced junction photovoltaic cell (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Silicon solar cells operating with induced junctions rather than diffused junctions have been fabricated and tested. Induced junctions were created by forming an inversion layer near the surface of the silicon by supplying a sheet of positive charge above the surface. Measurements of the response of the inversion layer cell to light of different wavelengths indicated it to be more sensitive to the shorter wavelengths of the sun's spectrum than conventional cells. The greater sensitivity occurs because of the shallow junction and the strong electric field at the surface.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Nov 13, 1973 - Nov 15, 1973; Palo Alto, CA
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  • 79
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    Thermally-restorable optical degradation and the mechanism of current transport in Cu2S-CdS photovoltaic cells (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The photovoltaic properties of single-crystal Cu2S-CdS heterojunctions have been investigated as a function of heat treatment by detailed measurements of the dependence of short-circuit current on photon energy, temperature, and the state of optical degradation or enhancement. A coherent picture is formulated for the relationship between enhancement and optical degradation, and their effect on the transport of short-circuit photoexcited current and dark, forward-bias current in the cell. Optical degradation in the Cu2S-CdS cell is shown to be closely identical to optical degradation of lifetime in a homogeneous CdS:Cd:Cu crystal, indicating that the CdS:Cu layer near the junction interface controls carrier transport in the cell. It is proposed that both the photoexcited short-circuit current and the dark, forward-bias current are controlled by a tunneling-recombination process through interface states.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Nov 13, 1973 - Nov 15, 1973; Palo Alto, CA
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  • 80
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    Theoretical and experimental investigation of 'grating' type photovoltaic cells (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The fabrication procedure and properties of 'grating' cells made by forming a fine grating pattern of aluminum alloyed into n-silicon wafers are described. The finest grating lines achieved in the cells described were 5 microns; the smallest spacing was about 15 microns. The best temperature for alloying was found to be about 600 C, a bit above the Si-Al eutectic temperature (576 C). The short-circuit current obtained from the best of these cells exposed to 100 mW/sq cm of (simulated air mass zero) illumination was at least equal to that obtained from conventional diffused cells, but their open-circuit voltage was lower. Their quantum yield was strongly blue-shifted; it was flat from 4000 to 8500 A.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Nov 13, 1973 - Nov 15, 1973; Palo Alto, CA
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  • 81
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    Low-high junction theory applied to solar cells (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Recent use of alloying techniques for rear contact formation has yielded a new kind of silicon solar cell, the back surface field (BSF) cell, with abnormally high open-circuit voltage and improved radiation resistance. Several analytical models for open-circuit voltage based on the reverse saturation current are formulated to explain these observations. The zero surface recombination velocity (SRV) case of the conventional cell model, the drift field model, and the low-high junction (LHJ) model can predict the experimental trends. The LHJ model applies the theory of the low-high junction and is considered to reflect a more realistic view of cell fabrication. This model can predict the experimental trends observed for BSF cells.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Nov 13, 1973 - Nov 15, 1973; Palo Alto, CA
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  • 82
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    The effect of Be/+/ ion implanted exponential and uniform impurity profiles on the electrical characteristics of GaAs solar cells (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The high surface recombination velocity is the major deterrent to obtaining efficient GaAs solar cells. If, however, an electric field is built in at the surface, the carriers will be swept away from the surface thus minimizing the surface recombination velocity problem. It has been previously shown theoretically that an exponential impurity distribution in the doped region of the cell results in a built-in electric field. Ion implantation was used to produce solar cells with an exponential impurity profile and cells with uniform profiles. It is shown that cells with an exponential impurity profile have higher open-circuit voltage, fill factors, and spectral response than those with a uniform impurity profile.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Nov 13, 1973 - Nov 15, 1973; Palo Alto, CA
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  • 83
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    Solar and laser energy conversion with Schottky barrier solar cells (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Photovoltaic devices have been fabricated for solar and short-wavelength laser energy conversion using the thin metal film-semiconductor (Schottky barrier) approach. Studies of the metal film optical characteristics and the voltage outputs were emphasized. Air mass zero efficiencies of 8 to 9% in GaAs and laser conversion efficiencies of 25% at 4880 A in GaAs(0.6)P(0.4) are presently measured, with projected efficiencies of 15 and 45%, respectively. The techniques, if applied successfully to semiconductor thin films, could have an impact in solar energy terrestrial application.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Nov 13, 1973 - Nov 15, 1973; Palo Alto, CA
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  • 84
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    Energy-conversion research and development with diminiodes (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Diminiodes are variable-gap cesium diodes with plane emitters and guarded collectors a few millimeters in diameter. This miniaturization allows the electrodes to be made of little pieces of rare materials like single crystals of unusual metals or metallides. In addition to smallness, diminiode advantages include simplicity, precision, fabrication ease, parts interchangeability, cleanliness, full instrumentation, ruggedness, and economy. The diminiode design also stresses effective, economical use with computers that control, collect, and correlate thermionic current and voltage data. Such diminiode tests completed recently for ultrapure metal electrodes produced relatively low, sharply defined ultimate power outputs.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: International Conference on Plasma Science; May 15, 1974 - May 17, 1974; Knoxville, TN
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  • 85
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    High-efficiency, low-temperature cesium diodes with lanthanum-hexaboride electrodes (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Lanthanum-hexaboride electrodes in 1700 K cesium diodes may triple power outputs compared with those demonstrated for nuclear thermionic space applications. Still greater relative gains seem possible for emitters below 1700 K. Further improvements in cesium-diode performance should result from the lower collector temperatures allowed for earth and low-power-space duties. Decreased temperatures will lessen thermal-transport losses that attend thermionic-conversion mechanisms. Such advantages will add to those from collector-Carnot and electrode effects. If plasma ignition difficulties impede diode temperature reductions, recycling small fractions of the output power could provide ionization. So high-efficiency, low-temperature cesium diodes with lanthanum-hexaboride electrodes appear feasible.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: International Conference on Plasma Science; May 15, 1974 - May 17, 1974; Knoxville, TN
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  • 86
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    Converter design techniques and applications (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The design of transistorized voltage converters of the series, shunt, and switching types is developed and explained. The shunt converter has the smallest size, lowest weight, and lowest parts count. Regulation and stability are very good but efficiency is poor. The series converter is somewhat larger in size, heavier, uses more parts, and has an order of magnitude (10 to 1) decrease in regulation performance in comparison with the shunt converter. The switching converter tends to be a compromise with increased size, weight, and circuit complexity to gain in efficiency and regulation over a series converter. A switching converter will usually exhibit ringing in the output filter for some types of loads so it has only fair stability performance.-
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Semiconductor Electronics Conference; May 09, 1974; Cleveland, OH
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    Applications of fluidics to light aircraft instrumentation and control (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Review of a program for the development of advanced fluidic components and the application of these components to general aviation instrumentation and control. The major project in this category has been the development of a simple, reliable, two-axis autopilot for light aircraft, using a fluidic inertial rate sensor for stability and roll attitude control, and a simple magnetometer for azimuth reference. This autopilot has been succesfully flight-tested. Fluidic hardware developed for this autopilot is described, and projected improvements and extensions are discussed. Application of fluidic components to such flight instruments as turn coordinators, artificial horizons, and true airspeed indicators is explored.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: SAE PAPER 740351 , Business Aircraft Meeting; Apr 02, 1974 - Apr 05, 1974; Wichita, KS
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  • 88
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    H2-O2 combustion powered steam-MHD central power systems (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Estimates are made for both the performance and the power costs of H2-O2 combustion powered steam-MHD central power systems. Hydrogen gas is assumed to be transmitted by pipe from a remote coal gasifier into the city and converted to electricity in a steam MHD plant having an integral gaseous oxygen plant. These steam MHD systems appear to offer an attractive alternative to both in-city clean fueled conventional steam power plants and to remote coal fired power plants with underground electric transmission into the city.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Hydrogen Economy Miami Energy Conference; Mar 18, 1974 - Mar 20, 1974; Miami Beach, FL
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  • 89
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    Fabrication and test of inorganic/organic separators (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Completion of testing and failure analysis of MDC 40 Ahr silver zinc cells containing largely inorganic separators was accomplished. The results showed that the wet stand and cycle life objectives of the silver zinc cell development program were accomplished. Building, testing and failure analysis of two plate cells employing three optimum separators selected on the basis of extensive screening tests, was performed. The best separator material as a result of these tests was doped calcium zirconate.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-CR-134646 , SRI-PYU-2285
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  • 90
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    Digital computer simulation of inductor-energy-storage dc-to-dc converters with closed-loop regulators (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The simulation of converter-controller combinations by means of a flexible digital computer program which produces output to a graphic display is discussed. The procedure is an alternative to mathematical analysis of converter systems. The types of computer programming involved in the simulation are described. Schematic diagrams, state equations, and output equations are displayed for four basic forms of inductor-energy-storage dc to dc converters. Mathematical models are developed to show the relationship of the parameters.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-69467 , 1974 Spacecraft Power Conditioning Electron. Seminar; May 20, 1974 - May 22, 1974; Frascati; Italy
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  • 91
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    Electrically rechargeable redox flow cells (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Considering the topographical and sizing requirements for a typical pumped water storage installation and the immergence of energy conversion schemes that are time dependent as to their generating capability, a closer look is being given to nonpumped water storage schemes for storing electricity. An electrochemical bulk power storage concept, which was named a rechargeable redox flow cell is described. This scheme, based on pumping a redox couple through a power conversion section, appears to offer high overall efficiency, no cycle life limitations for the electrodes, and deep discharger capability.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71540 , E-7922 , Intersoc. Energy Conversion Eng. Conf.; Aug 26, 1974 - Aug 30, 1974; San Francisco
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  • 92
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    Computer simulation of the NASA water vapor electrolysis reactor (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The water vapor electrolysis (WVE) reactor is a spacecraft waste reclamation system for extended-mission manned spacecraft. The WVE reactor's raw material is water, its product oxygen. A computer simulation of the WVE operational processes provided the data required for an optimal design of the WVE unit. The simulation process was implemented with the aid of a FORTRAN IV routine.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: Winter Simulation Conference; Jan 14, 1974 - Jan 16, 1974; Washington, DC
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  • 93
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    Research on spacecraft electrical power conversion (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The steady state characteristics and starting behavior of some widely used self-oscillating magnetically coupled square wave inverters were studied and the development of LC-tuned square wave inverters is reported. An analysis on high amplitude voltage spikes which occur in dc-to-square-wave parallel converters shows the importance of various circuit parameters for inverter design and for the suppression of spikes. A computerized simulation of an inductor energy storage dc-to-dc converter with closed loop regulators and of a preregulating current step-up converter are detailed. Work continued on the computer aided design of two-winding energy storage dc-to-dc converters.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-CR-140038 , SR-26
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 94
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    Flat plate collector performance determined experimentally with a solar simulator (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The NASA is constructing a new office building at Langley Research Center that will utilize solar energy for heating and cooling. A collector technology program being conducted at Lewis will provide the basis for selecting collectors for use at Langley. The technology program includes testing collectors in an indoor facility under simulated solar radiation. Tests have been conducted on five collectors to date and performance data are presented herein.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71602 , Intern. Solar Energy Soc. Meeting; Aug 19, 1974 - Aug 23, 1974; Fort Collins, CO; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 95
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    Terrestrial applications of FEP-encapsulated solar cell modules (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: FEP-encapsulated solar cell modules and arrays have been designed and built expressly for terrestrial applications. System design including solar cell array mechanical design and the approach to system sizing is outlined. Such solar cell systems have been installed at six sites. Individual modules have undergone marine environment tests. Results from seven months of operation indicate that system is meeting its electrical design requirements. No mechanical degradation has been reported. The array on Mammoth Mountain, California has been damaged by rime ice but shows no loss in electrical output. Marine environment tests on single modules have shown that elements of the module must be completely sealed by the FEP. Based on the limited test data available, the FEP-encapsulated solar cell module appears well suited to terrestrial applications.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71608 , E-8086 , Intern. Conf. on Photovoltaic Power Generation; Sep 25, 1974 - Sep 27, 1974; Hamburg
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 96
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    The NASA program for standardizing silicon solar cells (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The program is discussed which was initiated to formulate standard silicon solar cell and cover specifications. The program includes (1) compilation of solar cell and cover specifications, both past and present (2) elicitation of inputs from major users and suppliers and (3) establishment of tentative standardized solar cell and cover specifications.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71563 , E-7995 , Intersoc. Energy Conversion Eng. Conf.; Aug 26, 1974 - Aug 30, 1974; San Francisco
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 97
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    Methods of improving the efficiency of photovoltaic cells (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Work on aluminum-alloyed silicon grating cells is continued. Optimization of the geometry (grating line width and spacing) confirms the analysis of such cells. A 1 sq cm grating cell was fabricated and its i-V characteristic was measured under an AMO solar simulator. It is found that the efficiency of this cell would be about 7.9%, if it were covered by the usual antireflection coating. The surface of the cell is not covered by a diffused junction. The response is blue shifted; the current is somewhat higher than that produced by a commercial Si cell. However, the open circuit voltage is low, and attempts to optimize the open circuit voltage of the aluminum-alloy junctions are described. A preliminary X-ray topographic examination of GaAs specimens of the type commonly used to make solar cells is studied. The X-ray study shows that the wafers are filled with regions having strain gradients, possibly caused by precipitates. It is possible that a correlation exists between the presence of low mechanical perfection and minority carrier diffusion lengths of GaAs crystals.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: NASA-CR-138485 , SAR-8
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) on bone and serum chemistry in rabbits (1974)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 145-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: EHDP ; Bone ; Chemistry ; Serum ; Rabbits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) on bone and serum chemistry were investigated in adult rabbits. EHDP was administered by subcutaneous injection at doses of 0.25, 2.5 and 10 mg/kg body weight/day for of 28 days. Blood samples were obtained weekly from each rabbit and serum levels of total calcium, ionized calcium, inorganic phosphate and alkaline phosphatase were determined. At the end of the treatment period all rabbits were sacrificed and the tibiae removed for chemical analysis and histological evaluation. The effect of EHDP administration on serum chemistry was both dose- and time-related. The highest of the three doses, 10 mg/kg/day, resulted in a time-related decrease in total serum calcium. This dose also caused a rapid but transient reduction in serum ionized calcium. The effect of EHDP on serum inorganic phosphate was biphasic. Administration of 2.5 mg/kg/day resulted in a time-related elevation in this parameter, whereas the 10 mg/kg/day dose resulted in a time-related hypophosphatemic response. There were no significant drug-related changes in tibial fat-free dry weight, ash weight, total calcium or total phosphorus values. However, administration of 2.5 and 10 mg/kg/day EHDP resulted in increased osteoid tissue as measured histologically. These results are compared with data from other EHDP studies, and discussed in relation to the maturity and growth-state of the experimental animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02008220
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies in the basic mineralizing system, CaO-P2O5-H2O (1974)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 3-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Hydroxyapatite ; Mineral ; Phase ; Chemistry ; Synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des diagrammes de phase d'équilibre ont été déterminés pour le système CaO-P2O5-H2O en utilisant des techniques de synthèse hydrothermique au cours de variatio nsde température allant de 300–600° et 2 Kb H2O de pression. De l'hydroxyapatite bien cristallisé a été synthétisé et caractérisé. De faibles variations de paramètres de la maille cristalline, liées à la température de synthèse et composition globale du matériel initial, ont été déterminées. Des conditions chimiques précises sont nécessaires pour obtenir de l'apatite, en tant que seule phase solide en équilibre dans la solution. Les résultats de diagramme de phase d'équilibre sont comparés avec ceux obtenus dans des milieux synthétiques.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurden Gleichgewichts-Phasendiagramme für das System CaO-P2O5-H2O bestimmt, indem hydrothermale Synthese-Techniken im Temperaturbereich von 300–600° und bei einem Druck von 2 Kb H2O verwendet wurden. Es wurde gut-kristallisiertes Hydroxyapatit erzeugt und charakterisiert. Es wurden geringe Unterschiede in den Parametern der Zelleinheiten festgestellt, welche von der angewandten Temperatur und der Zusammensetzung des Startmaterials abhingen. Es waren genaue chemische Bedingungen nötig, um Apatit als die einzige feste Phase im Gleichgewicht mit der Lösung zu erhalten. Die Resultate der Gleichgewichts-Phasendiagramme werden mit früheren Untersuchungen mit der Synthesetechnik verglichen.
    Notes: Abstract Equilibrium phase diagrams have been determined for the system CaO-P2O5-H2 using hydrothermal synthesis techniques in the temperature range 300–600° and 2 Kb H2O pressure. Well-crystallized hydroxyapatite has been produced and characterized. Small variations in unit cell parameters dependent on temperature of synthesis and bulk composition of the starting materials have been determined. Precise chemical conditions were required to obtain apatite as the only solid phase in equilibrium with solution. Equilibrium phase diagram results are compared with previous synthetic investigations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02060279
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. I. Conceptual basis and theory (1974)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 13 (1974), S. 1-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We describe a method for determining chemical kinetic constants and diffusion coefficients by measuring the rates of decay of spontaneous concentration fluctuations. The equilibrium of the system is not disturbed during the measurement. We measure the number of molecules of a specified type in a defined open volume as a function of time and compute the time course of the deviations from the thermodynamic mean concentration. The method is based on the principle that the rates of decay of spontaneous microscopic fluctuations are determined by the same phenomenological rate coefficients as those of macroscopic departures from equilibrium which result from external perturbations. Hence, an analysis of fluctuations yields the same chemical rate constants and diffusion coefficients as are measured by conventional procedures. In practice the number of the specified molecules is measured by a property such as absorbance or fluorescence which is specific and sensitive to chemical change. The sample volume is defined by a light beam which traverses the cell. As the molecules appear in or disappear from the light beam, either due to diffusion or chemical reaction, their concentration fluctuations give rise to corresponding fluctuations of the intensity of absorbed or emitted light. This paper presents the theory needed to derive chemical rate constants and diffusion coefficients from these fluctuations in light intensity. The theory is applied to three examples of general interest: pure diffusion in the absence of chemical reaction; the binding of a small rapidly diffusing ligand to a larger slowly diffusing macromolecule; and a unimolecular isomerization. The method should be especially useful in studying highly cooperative systems, relatively noncooperative systems with intermediate states closely spaced in free energy, small systems, and systems not readily subject to perturbations of state.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1974.360130102
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