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  • Chromatographie, Gas  (67)
  • oxidation  (57)
  • Springer  (124)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • American Meteorological Society (AMS)
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • 1975-1979  (124)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (124)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • American Meteorological Society (AMS)
  • Nature Publishing Group
Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-temperature oxidation of copper-manganese alloys (1979)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 181-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: copper-manganese alloys ; oxidation ; scale composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of copper-manganese alloys (2–35 wt. % Mn) in pure oxygen at 760 Torr was investigated at 100° intervals between 550 and 850°C. Gravimetric measurements of the oxidation kinetics have been combined with microstructural studies of the reacted samples in order to evaluate the reaction mechanisms. The scales formed on Cu-2Mn, Cu-5Mn, Cu-10Mn are always composed of three different layers; in any case manganese is present only in the inner layer. The scales formed on Cu-20Mn and Cu-35Mn are composed of two layers, both containing manganese, with a more Cu-rich outer layer. In all the samples internal oxidation in combination with external scale formation is observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00611978
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The oxidation of Fe-Cr surface and bulk alloys at 300°C (1979)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 283-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; surface alloys ; Fe-Cr alloys ; iron ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of several surface and bulk Fe-Cr alloys and iron at 300°C and 4×10−6 Torr oxygen was studied. The surface alloys were fabricated by implantation of 25 keV Cr ions into the outermost 300Å of polycrystalline iron samples. The oxide thickness as a function of oxygen exposure was obtained using proton-excited X-ray analysis, and composition profiles of oxide films were obtained using Auger electron spectroscopy and ion sputtering. The addition of Cr to Fe by surface and bulk alloying caused the oxidation rate to decrease and changed the oxidation kinetics from parabolic (for Fe) to logarithmic (for Cr concentrations ≥4.7at.%). Interpretation of the data in terms of simple oxidation theories indicates that the Cr additions may reduce the oxidation rate by altering the electronic properties of the metal-oxide interface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00603672
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation of iron-nickel aluminum alloys in oxygen at 600–800° C (1979)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 311-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; oxide maps ; alloying additives ; Fe-Ni-Al alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of iron-nickel-aluminum alloys containing 0–40 wt.% nickel and 0–30 wt.% aluminum has been investigated at 600 and 800° C. Through the construction of “oxide maps” it can be shown that three possible oxide morphologies may exist: Alloys containing less than approximately 5 wt.% aluminum form scales consisting of predominantly Fe2O3 and spinel; alloys with between 5 and 10 wt.% aluminum form Al2O3 scales interspersed by Fe2O3 nodules, and alloys with greater than 10 wt.% aluminum form predominantly γ-Al2O3 scales.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609303
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface oxidation of nickel metal as studied by X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (1979)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 223-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: nickel ; oxidation ; surface reactions ; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to study the oxidation of polycrystalline nickel metal. The results indicate that the oxidation process takes place in three stages; associative adsorption of molecular oxygen, followed by the combination of oxygen atoms with surface nickel atoms and, ultimately, the formation of bulk oxide. At room temperature only the first two stages can be detected. For exposures below 1 L the O 1s photoelectron spectrum is considered to be characteristic of an associatively adsorbed oxygen species, but for exposures above this value evidence for the formation of a monolayer of “NiO” is suggested by the development of an O 1s peak at 529.9 eV. Incorporation of oxygen into the nickel lattice is observed at temperatures 〉500°K. The activation energy for this place-exchange process was estimated at 1.80±0.06 eV.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00603667
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation of Fe-C alloys at 700°C (1979)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 255-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Fe-C ; graphite deposition ; nonadherent oxide ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of Fe-C alloys containing 0.5 and 1.0% C was studied in 1 atm O2 at 700° C. The oxidation rate is considerably slower than for pure Fe. The oxide scale formed is detached, multilayered, and overoxidized, containing little or no FeO. A thin film of graphite was identified at the metal-oxide interface by electron diffraction. It is proposed that the slow oxidation and abnormal scale are caused by a residue of graphite left at the metal surface from the oxidation of Fe3C. This inhibition of the oxidation of Fe by carbon at 700°C is in contrast to the stimulation observed at 500°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00603670
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transport processes in the oxidation of Ni studied using tracers in growing NiO scales (1979)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 519-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: nickel ; oxidation ; transport ; tracer ; duplex scale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Experimental techniques have been developed for determining Ni63 and O18 tracer distributions in NiO scales ranging in thickness from ∼0.1 to 100 μ. These have been used to investigate Ni and O transport in scales on {100} Ni crystals and polycrystalline Ni in the temperature range 500–1300° C. NiO grown on {100} Ni crystals at 1000°C was uniform and compact and grew by the bulk diffusion of Ni in NiO by a vacancy mechanism. At temperatures below 800°C the principal transport mechanism was short-circuit diffusion of Ni in NiO. At all temperatures short-circuit diffusion of oxygen contributed to scale growth on polycrystalline Ni and was responsible for growth of the inner layer of duplex scales. The oxygen diffusion paths are believed to be micro-cracks induced by growth stresses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00812776
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of cerium on the oxidation of Ni-50Cr alloys (1979)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 159-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: nickel-chromium alloys ; oxidation ; high temperature ; cerium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of Ni-50Cr alloys with minor cerium additions was studied between 800 and 1100° Cin oxygen, air, and oxygen at reduced partial pressures. Optical and scanning electron metallography, X-ray diffraction, and electron-probe microanalysis techniques were used to characterize the changes in scale and substrate morphology and to identify the oxidation products. Platinum markers were used to determine the direction of ionic transport. The effects of cold work, initial alloy phase distribution, and cyclic oxidation were also studied. The Cr 2 O 3 scales on the cerium-containing alloys grew while being largely separated from the metal substrate. Oxidation rate, oxide grain growth, and the tendency of scales to spall on cooling were reduced substantially with increasing alloy cerium content. The first two effects are suggested to result from the interaction of cerium ions and cerium oxide particles with oxide grain boundaries in reducing grain-boundary diffusion and oxide-boundary mobility. The third is suggested to result from the thinner, finer-grained scales formed on the Ce-containing alloys.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00611977
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-temperature oxidation of Fe-24 wt.%Cr (1979)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 437-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe-Cr ; oxidation ; kinetics ; oxide morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Ferritic polycrystalline Fe-24 wt.% Cr was oxidized in pure oxygen at 190 ≤ T≤490° C and pressures in the range 5.3×10−2–13.3 Pa for periods of up to 5 hr. The reaction proceeded in three stages. An initial period of accelerating rate was accompanied by oxide island nucleation and growth. Following island coalescence the rate was approximately logarithmic at low temperatures and somewhat slower than parabolic at high temperatures. Rate control during this period was thought to be due to mass transport through the oxide grain boundaries left by the island impingement process. During these first two stages the oxide formed was γ-M2O3 with possibly some spinel. The final stage of reaction involved the appearance of α-M2O3 on the outer oxide surface and a substantial slowing of the oxidation rate due to the low diffusivity in this phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00605109
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation of high-chromium Ni-Cr alloys (1979)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 119-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: nickel-chromium alloys ; oxidation ; high temperature ; kinetics ; mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of binary Ni-Cr alloys containing 44 and 50 wt. % Cr has been studied over a range of oxygen partial pressures at temperatures between 800 and 1100°C. The effects of cold work, surface preparation, and distribution of the Cr-rich second phase have been studied. The oxidation behavior is complex and cannot be described by a single model. The oxide grows by short-circuit diffusion as well as bulk transport through Cr 2 O 3 scales. The scale-growth mechanism includes extensive metal-oxide separation requiring Cr vapor transport to the scale, compressive stresses within the oxide which result in scale bulging and cracking, and the formation of a second oxide layer which results in voids being incorporated into the scale. Any factor which reduces the oxide grain size, such as cold work, finer distribution of the Cr-rich α phase or reduced oxygen pressure, results in an increased oxidation rate of binary alloys because of an increased number of grain-boundary short-circuit diffusion paths.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00611976
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The oxidation of copper studied by electron scattering techniques (1979)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 331-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; copper ; thin films ; electron microscopy ; electron diffraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of thin single-crystal (100) and (111) films of copper at pressures of around 10−5 Torr and temperatures of 400 to 700°C has been observed by medium-energy electron diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, scanning and conventional microscopy using diffracted electron beams in the reflection mode, transmission electron microscopy, and transmission electron diffraction. Epitaxed nuclei of oxide are observed to grow into very thin single-crystal plates, using oxygen previously trapped in the copper film. There is considerable diffusion of the copper film. There is considerable diffusion of the copper away from the oxide. Between the oxide crystallites the copper surfaces appear to be unoxidized. A mottled contrast of the diffracted beam images of the copper surface is shown to result from many-beam dynamical diffraction effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609304
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improvements in oxidation resistance by dispersed oxide addition: Al2O3-forming alloys (1979)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 381-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Co-Cr-Al ; oxidation ; dispersed oxides ; oxide scale adherence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The improvement in oxidation resistance produced by small additions of active elements to Al 2O3-forming CoCrAl alloys is primarily dependent on the formation of oxide pegs which grow into the alloy around the internal oxide particles of the active element; void formation at the alloy-scale interface is also suppressed. The distribution of these pegs is critical and this paper demonstrates that an internal oxidation pretreatment can be used to convert the active element to its oxide in a controlled manner, thereby optimizing the peg distribution. Al2O3-forming CoCrAl containing 1% Hf or Ce is internally oxidized in a sealed quartz capsule containing a 50/50 powder mixture of CoAl-Al2O3; it was not possible to oxidize internally Y-containing alloys. The isothermal and cyclic oxidation resistance of these alloys is superior to that of alloys not given a prior treatment. Detailed metallographic examination indicates that the prior internal oxidation treatment produces a finer, more uniform distribution of oxide pegs penetrating into the alloy which is more efficient in combatting scale spallation. Furthermore, the lower residual hafnium content in the alloy minimizes large HfO2 precipitates and the formation of gross Al2O3 intrusions, which can initiate scale failure. Thus, by internally oxidizing the alloy first, the advantages of a high alloy Hf content (1%) in producing sufficient oxide pegs, but of the right size, coupled with minimal thickening of the surface scale, can be achieved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609306
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas-chromatographische Kontrolle der Herstellung von Dimethylterephthalat (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 409-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Dimethylterephthalat ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Oxidationsgemisch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00468536
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid quantitative gas-chromatographic analysis of 1,3,5-trioxane (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 410-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von 1,3,5-Trioxan ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00468538
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluorspezifischer Detektor für die Gas-Chromatographie (GC) mit Hilfe der Candoluminescenz (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 297 (1979), S. 117-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Fluor ; Chromatographie, Gas ; F-spezifischer Detektor, Candoluminescenz
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein spektroskopischer fluor-spezifischer Detektor für gas-chromatographische (GC) Anwendungen beschrieben, der sich der Candoluminescenz bedient. Das Auftreten von InF-Bandenemissionen bei 233,7 nm bei Anwendung des MECA (= Molecular Emission Cavity Analysis)-Verfahrens kann als qualitatives Zeichen für die Anwesenheit von F in einer GC-Fraktion benützt werden. Nach entsprechender Kalibrierung kann die Bandenemission als Maß für die F-Konzentration in einer Fraktion dienen. Die Reproduzierbarkeit ist besser als ±2%, die Nachweisgrenze liegt bei 3,2 μg F pro Peak.
    Notes: Summary A fluorine-specific spectroscopical detector is described that takes advantage of candoluminescence. The intensity of the InF-band emission at 233.7 nm in Molecular-Emission-Cavity Analysis (MECA) is an indicator for F in a GC-fraction. After calibration the band intensity can be used as measure for the F-content in the fraction. The reproducibility is better than ±2%, the detection limit 3.2 μg F per peak.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00483590
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anreicherung und Nachweis polycyclischer aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoffe in Wasser (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 385-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von Kohlenwasserstoffen, aromat. polycycl. in Wasser ; Chromatographie, Gas ; ECD, Anreicherungsverfahren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein einfaches und schnelles Adsorptionsverfahren zur Anreicherung von polycyclischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (=PAK) wird angegeben: nach einer Magnesiumhydroxidfällung in der Wasserprobe wird der Niederschlag abzentrifugiert und durch Zugabe von Ammoniumchlorid gelöst; die organischen Substanzen in dieser Lösung werden mit sehr wenig Cyclohexan extrahiert, wodurch eine Einengung des Extraktes nicht erforderlich ist. Die PAK im Extrakt werden gas-chromatographisch mit ECD-Detektion getrennt. Ein Vergleich dieser neuen Methode mit der “rapid liquid extraction” wird beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary A simple and rapid adsorption method for the enrichment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (=PAH)is described: after precipitation of magnesium hydroxide in the water sample the precipitate is separated by centrifugation and then dissolved by adding ammonium chloride; the organic substances in this solution are extracted with a very small volume of cyclohexane. A concentration of the extract is not necessary. The PAH in the extract are, separated gaschromatographically using ECD detection. The new method is compared with the “rapid liquid extraction” method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00468528
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abtrennung von Barbitursäurederivaten und Phenytoin aus Harn als schwerlösliche Quecksilber-Verbindungen zur gas-chromatographischen Analyse (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 45-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Barbituraten, Phenytoin in Harn ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Hg-Verbindungen v. Barbituraten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00470051
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Subtraction method and its application in gas chromatography (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 1-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Chromatographie, Gas ; Anwendung der Subtraktionsmethode, Übersicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The fundamental principles of the subtraction method and its practical application in gas chromatography are discussed. Its use for identifying components of complex mixtures and analysing impurities is explained in detail and prospects for further development of the method are outlined. 136 Literature references.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein Überblick über die Grundlagen der Subtraktionsmethode und ihre praktische Anwendung in der Gas-Chromatographie wird gegeben. Die Anwendbarkeit zur Identifizierung der Bestandteile komplexer Gemische und zur Analyse von Verunreinigungen wird eingehend diskutiert. Abschließend wird die mögliche weitere Entwicklung der Methode betrachtet. 136 Literaturzitate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00481164
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas-chromatographische Analyse von Chlorkohlenwasserstoffen in Siliciumhalogenverbindungen (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 266-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von trans-Dichloräthen, 1,1-Dichloräthan, 1,1,1-Trichloräthan, Trichloräthylen in Siliciumtetrachlorid ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Anreicherung, Dampfraum, ppm-Gebiet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Chlorkohlenwasserstoffe trans-Dichloräthen, 1,1-Dichloräthan, 1,1,1-Trichloräthan und Trichloräthylen werden nach Abtrennung des SiCl4 mittels Dampfraumtechnik angereichert und gaschromatographisch analysiert. Die Nachweisgrenze liegt bei ca. 1 Gew.-ppm für diese Verbindungen.
    Notes: Summary The chlorinated hydrocarbons trans-dichloroethene, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and trichloroethylene are enriched after separation of tetrachlorosilane with the aid of head-space technique and are determined by gas-chromatography. The detection limit is found to be about 1 ppm (wt.) of these compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00481490
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  • 19
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    Electronic Resource
    Gas-chromatographische Spurenbestimmung von C1- und C2-Fluor- und Chlorkohlenwasserstoffen in Luft (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 297 (1979), S. 357-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Fluorkohlenwasserstoffen, Chlorkohlenwasserstoffen in Luft ; Chromatographie, Gas ; C1, C2, Spuren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Als Beitrag zur Untersuchung des viel diskutierten Ozonabbaus wurde eine Analysenmethode zur quantitativen Bestimmung von CCl4 (R10), CFCl3 (R11), CF2Cl2 (R 12), CHCl3, CH3-CCl3, C2HCl3 und C2Cl4 ausgearbeitet. Geeignete Methoden der Probenahme, Anreicherung, Detektion und der gesamten gas-chromatographischen Technik ermöglichen Bestimmungen in ppb-Bereich (10−9 V/V) und ppt-Bereich (10−12 V/V) bis herab zur Nachweisgrenze, die für alle genannten Verbindungen bei 10 ppt (V/V) liegt, u. U. auch darunter. Im Spurenbereich ≥ 100 ppt (V/V) werden eine Genauigkeit von 〈 10% und eine Reproduzierbarkeit von 〈 5 % erreicht, wenn die Untersuchung unmittelbar oder wenigstens innerhalb von 2 Tagen nach der Speicherung durchgeführt wird. Ist dies nicht möglich, wird ein besonderes Gas-Sammelgefäß verwendet, von dem aus in das Speicherrohr übergeführt werden kann.
    Notes: Summary As a contribution to the frequently discussed ozone decomposition an analytical method has been elaborated for the quantitative determination of CCl4, CFCl3, CF2Cl2, CHCl3, CH3-CCl3, C2HCl3, and C2Cl4. Suitable methods of sampling, enrichment, detection, and the whole gas-chromatographic operation allow determinations in the ppb range (10−9 V/V) and the ppt-range (10−12 V/V) down to the limit of detection at 10 ppt for all the cited compounds. For trace amounts of ≥ 100 ppt, an accuracy of 〈 10% and a reproducibility of 〈 5 % are reached if the determination is carried out immediately or at least 2 days after storage. If this is impossible, a special gassampling vessel is employed from which the sample is transferred to the storage column.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00480889
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation-sulfidation behavior of iron-chromium-nickel alloys (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 227-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; sulfidation ; iron-chromium-nickel alloy ; thermochemical diagram ; parabolic rate constant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Oxidation-sulfidation studies of Fe-Cr-8Ni alloys with 4, 12, and 22 wt. % Cr were conducted at 750 and 875°C in multicomponent gas mixtures that contained CO, CO2, CH4, H2, and H2S. The reaction processes resulted in parabolic kinetics. A chromium concentration in the range 0–12 wt. % in the alloy had a negligible effect on the parabolic rate constant; however, the rate constant for the alloy with 22 wt. % Cr was significantly lower. For a given sulfur partial pressure, the oxygen partial pressures required for the formation of a continuous oxide layer in an Fe-22Cr-8Ni alloy were ∼102 to 103 times those calculated for Cr-Cr2O3 equilibrium at temperatures of 875 and 750° C, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616098
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation of a Ni-Cr-Al alloy at 850°C in air containing HCl gas (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 451-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: HCl gas ; H2O vapor ; Ni-Cr-Al alloy ; oxidation ; hot corrosion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Moist air containing HCl gas caused the oxide formed on a Ni-Cr-Al alloy at 850°C to crack during the early stages of growth, and extensive blistering and spalling occurred on cooling. In dry air containing HCl gas no oxide cracking was observed at temperature although the oxide blistered and spalled on cooling. In dry or moist air free from HCl an adherent protective oxide formed which did not spall on cooling. The oxide cracking at temperature has been attributed to the production of hydrogen by reaction of Cr and Al in the alloy with water vapor and the removal of NiO as NiCl2 by reaction with HCl gas. Hydrogen produced by reaction of water vapor or HCl with Cr or Al dissolved in the alloy at temperature, but on cooling the hydrogen was released, causing the oxide to blister and spall. Preoxidation of the alloy in HCl-free atmospheres eliminated these effects of HCl gas in short-term isothermal tests.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612090
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    A microstructural study of the influence of NaCl vapor on the oxidation of a Ni-Cr-Al alloy at 850°C (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 1-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: NaCl vapor ; Ni-Cr-Al alloy ; oxidation ; hot-salt corrosion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A thin protective oxide formed on a Ni-19.7 Cr-2.4 Al alloy in air at 850°C. Microstructural examination of stripped films showed that the oxide was duplex with an inner chromium-rich layer of NiCr2O4 + Cr2O3 with probably some NiAl2O4 + Al2O3, and an outer nickel-rich layer, principally NiO. The oxide grew faster in the presence of NaCl and it differed significantly in microstructure and composition from a very early stage. The thicker regions of the oxide assumed regular polyhedral shapes in air + NaCl, rather than the irregular nodular shape exhibited in clean air, as well as becoming richer in chromium. The results suggest that chloride vapor increases cationic mobility in the oxide. It is proposed that Cl− ions are incorporated in the oxygen close-packed lattice, thereby increasing ionic mobility in Cr2O3.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609972
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    A new approach to the study of the oxidation of metals in hostile environments (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 83-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; iron ; chromium ; Fe-9% Cr alloy ; Auger electron spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation or general corrosion behavior of metals at pressures of 1 atm or more is usually investigated by oxidizing samples under prescribed conditions and then subsequently characterizing the surface produced using one or more of the experimental methods available. This article describes a method which obviates the necessity of transferring samples from the oxidizing environment to the instrument for analysis, is nondestructive, and monitors the oxidizing surface in situ. The oxidation of iron, chromium, and a 9% chromium-iron alloy in carbon dioxide at atmospheric pressure and at 773°K is described. The surfaces of these materials were analyzed by Auger electron spectroscopy during exposure to the gas. Spectra and diagrams illustrating the variation in surface composition as oxidation proceeded are shown and possible mechanisms for the oxidation reactions are briefly discussed. The formation of the surface oxide on iron and on the 9% Cr-Fe alloy appears to follow very similar paths under the conditions of oxidation used. In all the materials studied trace impurities such as sulfur participated in the oxidation reactions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609976
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  • 24
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    High-temperature oxidation kinetics of Cu-Si alloys containing up to 4.75 wt.% Si in $$p_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ =0.01 atm and pure CO2 (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 323-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Cu-Si alloys ; oxidation ; kinetics ; silica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of Cu-Si alloys (containing up to 4.75 wt. % Si) in $${\text{p}}_{O_2 } $$ =0.01 atm from 800 to 1000°C has been investigated using thermogravimetry and other techniques. A 0.04% Si alloy followed a parabolic oxidation law with a rate similar to that of pure Cu. As the Si concentration increased the rate decreased and became irregular owing to SiO2 particles or flakes at the alloy-scale interface. It is considered that sintering of SiO2 particles and rupture of the sinter because of contraction during sintering are responsible for the irregular kinetics. A SiO2 layer forms directly on the 4.75% Si alloy which oxidizes uniformly. The SiO2 was always amorphous. In pure CO2 a similar pattern of amorphous SiO2 particles, flakes, and layers occurs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00603576
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    Oxidation of an Fe—19 wt. % Ni alloy in CO2 at 700–1000°C (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 215-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Fe-Ni alloys ; kinetics ; scale morphology ; EPMA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of an Fe—19.34 wt. % Ni alloy in dry CO2 has been studied at 700—1000°C using thermogravimetry, metallography, and EPMA. Weight gains for oxygen consumption followed a linear-parabolic-linear sequence at all temperatures. During the initial linear stage the scale consisted mainly of magnetite and the activation energy of 133±25 kJ · mole−1 is considered to be due to dissociation of CO2 into CO and adsorbed oxygen on the outer magnetite surface. During the parabolic oxidation stage a continuous Ni-rich layer containing ∼ 70% Ni forms a barrier to the diffusion which has an activation energy of 192±79 kJ · mole−1. The breakdown of the barrier layer causes a return to linear kinetics with an activation energy of 138±42 kJ · mole−1 for dissociation of CO2 on the outer surface. During the final linear stage there is pronounced general and intergranular subscale formation. Detailed information is presented of the Ni redistribution and concentrations during oxidation and its correlation with the kinetics and morphology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616097
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    The oxidation behavior of CoCrAI systems containing active element additions (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 35-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: CoCrAl ; oxidation ; oxide scale adherence ; rare-earth effect ; hafnium ; yttrium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of small amounts of yttrium (up to 1 wt. %) and hafnium (up to 1.5 wt.%) on the oxidation behavior of Co-Cr-Al alloys in the temperature range 1000–1200°C for times up to 1000 hr in air has been studied. The major portion of the study has been concerned with Co-10Cr-11Al base alloys. Both isothermal and cyclic tests have been carried out; the cycle used consisted of 20 hr at temperature, followed by cooling to room temperature. Both additions reduce the overall oxidation, Hf somewhat more so than Y. In part, this is due to the improved adhesion between scale and alloy reducing scale spallation at temperature, and in part due to possible modification of the Al2O3 grain size. The former factor is far more critical under thermal cycling conditions. Under isothermal conditions the oxidation rate increases with increasing Hf content with all but the 1.5 wt.% alloy oxidizing more slowly than the Hf-free alloy; increase in Y content has the reverse effect. Under thermal cycling conditions the 0.3 and 1.0 wt.% Hf alloys show the lowest overall weight gain. Metallographic evidence suggests that the improved scale adhesion is due principally to a pegging mechanism; the active elements promote the growth of intrusions of Al2O3 into the alloy. However, if the intrusions are too large, they can act as initiators of scale failure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609974
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    Application of the Rosenburg kinetic method for determination of the parabolic rate constants for metal oxidation (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 139-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Rosenburg method ; oxidation ; CoO
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The Rosenburg continuous kinetic method is proposed for the determination of the parabolic rate constants of metal oxidation as a function of temperature and oxidant pressure. Using this method, it is possible to make numerous measurements in a continuous manner on a single metal sample left in situ in the furnace, thus eliminating systematic errors due to differences between samples. Moreover, using this method it is possible to determine directly from a given kinetic curve such important parameters as the coefficients of chemical diffusion and self-diffusion of the more mobile species in the studied compound and the total equilibrium defect concentration. The latter parameter has been inaccessible up to now by the experimental method. The limits of applicability of this method are given in the paper. As an example of this method, the kinetics of cobalt oxidation are investigated in the range of temperature 1000–1250°C and oxygen pressure 10−3−1 atm; the results compare favorably with those obtained by other authors. The method is, however, applicable to certain other systems, namely, metal oxides and sulfides.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00740256
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    The penetration by sulfur of NiO scales growing on nickel (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 173-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; hot corrosion ; sulfidation ; preoxidation ; scale penetration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The transport of sulfur through growing scales may occur by chemical (solution and diffusion) or physical (gas molecule permeation) mechanisms. Both possibilities are examined theoretically for the case of NiO growing on nickel. Experiments are designed and carried out to establish which mechanism plays the major role in sulfur transport. The results indicate that the physical mechanism is likely to be predominant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00740258
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    Reaction of cobalt in Ar-SO2 atmospheres at 500–900°C (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 23-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: cobalt ; oxidation ; sulfidation ; conjoint attack
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The attack of cobalt by sulfur and oygen simultaneously in Ar-SO2 atmospheres in the temperature range 500–900°C has been found to conform to the pattern established by the attack of other metals under similar conditions. A thermodynamic and kinetic interpretation of the mechanism has been proposed. The results also indicate that during the initial stages sulfur diffuses through the initially formed oxide layer, eventually leading to formation of the commonly observed duplex sulfide and oxide scale.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609973
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    Oxidation of Fe-C alloys at 500°C (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 67-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Fe-C ; kinetics ; oxide grain size ; grain-boundary diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Fe-C alloys containing 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0% C were oxidized in 1 atm O2 at 500°C. Two specimen preparations were used: annealed followed by slow cooling to form coarse pearlite plus proeutectoid ferrite or cementite; and cold-worked by abrading after annealing. The cold-worked alloys oxidize more rapidly. Annealed pearlite oxidizes faster than annealed ferrite. The differences in oxidation rate are caused by differences in the Fe3O4 grain size, that is, by the number of oxide grain boundaries available to act as easy diffusion paths for the outward diffusion of Fe through the Fe3O4. The oxidation rate constant is 10 times larger for fine-grained poly crystalline oxide than for oxide in which the Fe3O4 is monocrystalline.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609975
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    High-temperature corrosion of nickel in SO2 (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 503-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: nickel ; sulfur dioxide ; oxidation ; sulfidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The reaction of nickel with SO2 has been studied in the temperature range 650–1100°C at SO2 pressures from 10 to 760 Torr. Reaction kinetics have been studied by thermogravimetry; the reacted specimens have been characterized by means of metallography, scanning electron microscopy, and electron microprobe analysis. The reaction involves oxidation and sulfidation except at sufficiently high temperatures and low pressures of SO2 (e.g., 1000°C and 10 Torr SO2) where only formation of NiO takes place. Approximately linear reaction kinetics are observed between 650 and 900°C. Reaction mechanisms are discussed, and the relative importance of oxide formation and sulfidation is interpreted in terms of the thermodynamics of the Ni-O-S system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00603807
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    Thickness determination of oxide films on iron by electron back-scattering Mössbauer spectroscopy (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 247-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; iron ; magnetite ; oxide thickness ; electron back-scattering Mössbauer spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Magnetite films in the range 265–4520 Å have been grown on natural iron substrates and subsequently investigated by electron back-scattering Mössbauer spectroscopy. In particular, the percentage, P, of the total spectrum area contributed by the oxide has been determined as a function of oxide thickness, d. It was found that d up to ≈ 3000Å may be expressed (to an accuracy of ∼ 5%) by d (Å)=−1.95 × 103 ln (1–0.01 P). The experimental data have been compared with the theoretical predictions of both Huffman and Bainbridge. Good agreement between experiment and Huffman's predictions of P is obtained using values of the electron attenuation coefficient, μ, of 1.10 × 104 cm2 g−1 for the 7.3 keV electrons and 1.73 × 104 cm2 g−1 for the 5.4 keV electrons. A good fit of our data to Bainbridge's expression requires a somewhat lower effective μ, value of 0.8 × 104 cm2 g−1. The experimental P value for the thickest oxide (4520 Å) is lower than the theoretical predictions, probably as a result of a neglected mechanism recently identified by Tricker, Ash, and Cranshaw.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616099
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    High-temperature corrosion and creep of Ni-Cr-Fe alloys in carburizing and oxidizing environments (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 387-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: carburization ; oxidation ; austenitic Fe-Ni-Cr alloys ; internal carbide formation ; high-temperature corrosion and creep
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The carburization of NiCr 32 20 and NiCrSi 60 16 has been studied in CH4-H2 mixtures in the temperature range 900–1100°C. The methods included thermogravimetric measurements and studies on reacted specimens by X-ray diffraction, metallographic, and chemical analysis. Upon carburization internal carbides M7C3 and M23C6 are formed (M=mainly Cr); the rate of carburization is determined by carbon diffusion in the Fe-Ni matrix with carbide precipitations. The effect of the alloying elements Ni and Si on the carburization resistance of austenitic alloys is explained. By the same methods the oxidation and carburization in CO-H2O-H2 mixtures have been studied. The important role of a stable chromium oxide layer for the carburization resistance was confirmed. Creep tests at 1000°C in a CO-H2O-H2 atmosphere where Cr2O3 is stable showed carburization occurring through cracks in the oxide layer. At high strain rates premature failure occurs by carburization, which is followed by internal oxidation and formation of cracks, voids, and holes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612086
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    Gas-chromatographische Analyse von Kohlenwasserstoffen in der Außenluft nach Probenahme mit dem Tieftemperaturgradientenrohr (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 291 (1978), S. 299-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Kohlenwasserstoffen in Luft ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Tieftemperaturgradientenrohr
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über ein gas-chromatographisches Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Alkanen, Alkenen und Aromaten in der Außenluft berichtet, bei dem die Probenahme an Tenax GC oder Carbopack mit Hilfe eines Tieftemperaturgradientenrohres erfolgt und die Analyse unter Einsatz eines Doppelsäulensystems in Verbindung mit zwei Flammenionisationsdetektoren durchgeführt wird. Eingehende Untersuchungen zum Verhalten der Substanzen bei der Probenahme zeigen, daß die Trocknung der Probeluft mit Magnesiumperchlorat das Ergebnis nicht beeinflußt und für Kohlenwasserstoffe mit drei oder mehr C-Atomen keine auf Durchbruch zurückzuführenden Substanzverluste zu befürchten sind. Bei einem Probenahmevolumen von 51 Luft können 2 μg Substanz/m3 gut bestimmt werden. Für Außenluft-Konzentrationen von 45 μg Benzol/m3, 95 μg Toluol/m3 und 35 μg n-Pentan/m3 betrugen die Standardabweichungen 3,5, 6,0 bzw. 3,6 μg/m3. Bei leichter Modifikation des Systems ist mit derselben Probenahmevorrichtung die gleichzeitige Bestimmung von Kohlenwasserstoffen mit einem Flammenionisationsdetektor und von Organohalogen Verbindungen mit einem Elektroneneinfangdetektor möglich.
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the gas-chromatographic determination of alkanes, alkenes and aromatics in ambient air. The hydrocarbons are trapped by cryogenic sampling using Tenax GC or Carbopack as adsorbing material and are analyzed in a two-column system equipped with two flame-ionization detectors. A detailed examination of the sampling procedure shows that drying the air with magnesium perchlorate does not affect the results, and losses of substances due to break-through need not be reckoned with for hydrocarbons with three and more carbon atoms. In a 51 air sample 2 μg/m3 of hydrocarbons can be determined readily. The standard deviations for benzene, toluene and n-pentane were 3.5, 6.0 and 3.6 μg/m3 at ambient air concentrations of 45, 95 and 35 μg/m3. A slight modification of the system which includes the combined use of a flame-ionization detector and an electron-capture detector permits the simultaneous determination of hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00491945
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    A new analytical system for multicomponent gas-chromatographic analysis of metabolites in biological material (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 39-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Metaboliten in Biolog. Material ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Fraktionierung durch Extraktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new method for the gas-chromatographic multicomponent analysis of metabolites in biological material is described. It is an analytical procedure involving several extractions carried out under different conditions. In this procedure the metabolites are divided according to their functional groups and specific chemical behaviours into eight main fractions: lipids, hydrocarbons, organic acids, neutral substances, phenols, amines, amino acids and carbohydrates. Each of these fractions is derivatized; the components are separated and estimated by gas chromatography. This analytical system was applied to the determination of a number of metabolites in serum, urine, amniotic fluid, sperma, tissues and other biological materials.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Methode für die Multikomponenten-GC-Analyse von Metaboliten in Biomaterialien wird beschrieben. Das Verfahren umfaßt mehrere Extraktionen, die unter verschiedenen Bedingungen durchgeführt werden. Die Komponenten werden in Abhängigkeit von ihren funktionellen Gruppen und spezifischem chemischen Verhalten in acht Hauptfraktionen geteilt: Lipide, Kohlenwasserstoffe, organische Säuren, neutrale Substanzen, Phenole, Amine, Aminosäuren und Kohlenhydrate. Die Komponenten jeder Gruppe werden nach spezieller Derivatisierung gaschromatographisch getrennt und bestimmt. Dieses neue System ist bei verschiedenen biologischen Materialien (klinische Proben, Pflanzen- und Tiergewebe) angewandt worden.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00481328
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    Die Gas-Chromatographische Bestimmung von Spuren niederer Carbon- und Sulfonsäuren in wä\rigen Lösungen (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 385-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Carbonsäuren, Sulfonsäuren ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Spuren in wäßrigem Medium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Gas-chromatographische Methoden für die Spurenbestimmung einiger Carbonund Sulfonsäuren in wäßrigem Medium werden beschrieben. Die Nachweisvermögen für Ameisensäure, Essigsäure, Propionsäure, n-Buttersäure, n-Valeriansäure, Capronsäure, Acrylsäure, Benzoesäure und Chloressigsäure sowie für Methansulfonsäure und Äthansulfonsäure liegen zwischen 1 · 10−7 und 8 · 10−7 Mol/Liter. Anreicherung und Derivatisierung werden bei den Carbonsäuren durch Gefriertrocknung der Tetra-n-butylammoniumsalze und deren Umsetzung mit Benzylbromid zu den Benzylestern, bei den Sulfonsäuren durch Gefriertrocknung der Silbersalze und deren Umsetzung mit n-Butyljodid zu den n-Butylestern erreicht.
    Notes: Summary Gas-chromatographic methods for the determination of traces of several carboxylic and sulphonic acids in aqueous media are presented. Detection limits for formic, acetic, propionic, n-butyric, isobutyric, n-valeric, caproic, acrylic, benzoic, and chloroacetic acids as well as of methanesulphonic and ethanesulphonic acids range from 1 · 10−7 moles/liter to 8 · 10−7 moles/liter. Preconcentration and derivatisation of the carboxylic acids are achieved by freezedrying their tetra-n-butylammonium salts and converting the latter into the benzyl carboxylates using benzyl bromide. The sulphonic acids are converted to the corresponding silver salts, freeze-dried, and then esterified using n-butyl iodide.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00481558
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    Identifizierung von Einzelkomponenten in komplexen Gemischen durch Retentions-Index-Vergleich nach Capillar-Gas-Chromatographie mit Elektroneneinfangdetektor (ECD) (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 193-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Umweltmaterial, Pesticiden ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Capillar-, Ident. von Einzelkomponenten in komplexen Gemischen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Vergleich von präzise bestimmten Retentionsindices von Probe- und Referenzsubstanzen in der hochauflösenden Capillar-Gas-Chromatographie stellt eine aussagekräftige Methode der Identifizierung von Einzelkomponenten in komplexen Gemischen dar. Neben der Konstanz der GC-Parameter erfordert die präzise Bestimmung von Retentionsindices eine sehr genaue Bestimmung der Netto-Retentionszeiten. Insbesondere ist bei Anwendung einer Totzeitberechnung auf der Basis einer erzwungenen Linearisierung der log t s/Homologenzahl-Beziehung auf eine sehr genaue Retentionszeitmessung zu achten. Die Reproduzierbarkeit von präzise bestimmten Retentionsindices hängt von der Konstanz der Polarität und von der Adsorptivität der Capillarsäule ab. An ausreichend desaktivierten und konditionierten Hochleistungs-Capillarsäulen (TZ≥40) können unter der Voraussetzung einer Retentionszeit-Meßgenauigkeit von besser als 0,05% Retentionsindices über einen Zeitraum von mehreren Wochen innerhalb ±0,15 Indexeinheiten reproduziert werden. Eine Übertragung des n-Alkan bezogenen Retentionsindex-Konzeptes auf die homologe Reihe der n-Allkyl-trichloracetate (ATA) ermöglicht die Verwendung des Elektroneneinfang-Detektors (ECD) zur präzisen RetentionsindexBestimmung als Methode einer zuverlässigen Identifizierung von Substanzen im Picogrammbereich.
    Notes: Summary High resolution glass-capillary gas chromatography can be used as a powerful identification tool for single components in complex mixtures, when the matching of retention indices of reference compounds with those found in the sample is based on precise measurements. Besides the constancy of the GC-parameters high precision measurements of retention indices require an accurate determination of net retention times. Special care has to be taken for an accurate measurement of retention times when using a dead-time calculation on the basis of an enforced linearisation of the log t s/homologues-number relationship. The reproducibility of precise retention-index determinations strongly depends on the constancy of the polarity and on the adsorptivity of the capillary column. Provided a sufficiently deactivated and conditioned high performance capillary column (separation number ≥40) and an accuracy of retention-time measurement of better than 0,05 % retention indices can be reproduced within ±0.15 i.u. over a period of several weeks. A conversion of the n-alkane based retention-index concept to the use of the homologous series of n-alkyl-trichloro-acetates (ATA) allows the use of the electron-capture detector (ECD) for precise retention-index determinations for a reliable identification of compounds in the picogram range.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00491046
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    Gas-chromatographische Kontrolle der Herstellung von Dimethylterephthalat (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 412-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Dimethylterephthalat in Wasser ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Abwasser
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00471464
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    Gas-chromatographische Elementanalyse über Di(trifluoräthyl)dithiocarbamatochelate (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 11-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei neben Wismut ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Di(trifluoräthyl)dithiocarbamat. — Verhalten von Kupfer(II), Nickel(II), Kobalt(III), Eisen(III), Wismut(III), Blei(II), Antimon(III) ; Verteilung zwischen wäßriger Lösung und Chloroform
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Verteilungsverhalten der oben genannten Di(trifluroäthyl)dithiocarbamato-Chelate zwischen wäßrigen Lösungen und Chloroform wird untersucht. Eine Anwendung zur gleichzeitigen gaschromatographischen Bestimmung von Blei und Wismut im ppm-Bereich (0,2–3 ppm) nach Ausschütteln aus wäßrigen Lösungen wird beschrieben (Säule: 5 % GE SE50 auf Gas Chrom Q; 180–240° C; 4°/min; Einspritzblock: 240° C).
    Notes: Summary The solvent extraction of the above di(trifluoroethyl)dithiocarbamatochelates with chloroform is investigated. An application for the simultaneous gas-chromatographic determination 0.2–3 ppm of lead and bismuth after extraction out of aqueous solutions is reported (column: 5% GE SE 50 on Gas Chrom Q; 180–240° C; 4°/min; injection block: 242°C).
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    Effect of Ca++ and GABA on oxidation of glutamate and glutamine by rat brain synaptosomes (1978)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 86 (1978), S. 1158-1160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: synaptosomes ; oxidation ; glutamine ; glutamate ; γ-aminobutyric acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Experiments in vitro showed that the addition of Ca++ inhibits respiration of rat brain synaptosomes in the presence of glutamate and glutamine. The addition of GABA potentiates the inhibitory effect of Ca++ on the oxidation of glutamine but not of glutamate. GABA itself has no effect on the oxidation of either glutamate or glutamine.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00845014
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    Gas-chromatographische Elementanalyse über Di(trifluoräthyl)dithiocarbamatochelate (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 199-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Verhalten von Di(trifluoroäthyl)dithiocarbamatochelaten ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das gas-chromatographische Verhalten einiger Di(trifluoäthyl)dithiocarbamatochelate unter isothermen und temperaturprogrammierten Arbeitsbedingungen verschiedener Säulen wird beschrieben. Multielementanalyse von bis zu wenigstens neun Elementen dürfte auch nach Ausschütteln aus wäßrigen Lösungen möglich sein.
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic behaviour of some di(trifluoroethyl)dithiocarbamatochelates is investigated under isothermal and temperature programmed working conditions of various columns. Multielemental analysis of up to at least nine elements seems to be possible even after extraction out of aqueous solutions.
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    Entfernung körpereigener Substanzen aus Harnproben an Extrelut® zur gas-chromatographischen Analyse saurer und neutraler Arzneistoffe (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 216-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Pharmazeut. Produkten im Harn ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Extrelut, saure u. neutrale Stoffe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zum gas-chromatographischen Nachweis saurer und neutraler Arzneistoffe wurden Harnproben bei pH 6 an Extrelut® (Merck) mit Diäthyläther extrahiert. Die Wiederfindungsraten der meisten untersuchten Arzneistoffe liegen im gleichen Bereich wie bei der üblichen Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktion im stärker sauren Milieu. Jedoch verbleiben endogene Carbonsäuren, welche die Auswertung der Chromatogramme erschweren, in der wäßrigen Phase.
    Notes: Summary Samples of urine at pH 6 were extracted with diethyl ether from Extrelut® (Merck) columns for the gas-chromatographic identification of acidic and neutral drugs. The recovery rates for most of the investigated substances were similar to those of usual liquid-liquid extraction from strongly acidic media. Endogenous carboxylic acids however, which would otherwise interfere in the chromatogram, remained in the aqueous phase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00491811
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    Gas-chromatographische Profilanalyse der polycyclischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffe in Klärschlammproben (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 289 (1978), S. 91-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Kohlenwasserstoffen, polycycl. in Klärschlamm ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Profilanalyse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein einfaches und selektives Anreicherungsverfahren für polycyclische aromatische Verbindungen angegeben (flüssig-flüssig-Verteilung: Dimethylformamid + Wasser + Cyclohexan; Chromatographie an Sephadex LH 20/Isopropanol; Filtration an Aluminiumoxid/Cyclohexan). Das Gemisch der polycyclischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffe (= PAH) wird gas-chromatographisch an gepackten Hochleistungssäulen getrennt und die FID-Signale mit einem anfangs zugegebenen inneren Standard verglichen. Es wurden 18 Hauptkomponenten quantitativ ausgewertet. Die Variationskoeffizienten einer fünffachen Bestimmung derselben Probe lagen zwischen 1,6 und 11,3%. Die Nachweisgrenze des Verfahrens beträgt bei einer mittleren elektronischen Signalverstärkung in Abhängigkeit von der Retentionszeit 0,5–5 ng (für Benzo(a)pyren 1 ng). Die Charakterisierung der PAH mit 4–7 Ringen erfolgte mit einer GC-MS-Kombination, was für den Routinebetrieb aufgrund der großen Ähnlichkeit der PAH-Profile verschiedener Klärschlammproben nicht erforderlich ist.
    Notes: Summary A simple and selective method of enrichment of polycylic aromatic compounds is described (liquid-liquid-distribution with DMF + water + Cyclohexane; chromatography on Sephadex LH 20/isopropanol; filtration on aluminium oxide/cyclohexane). The fraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (= PAH), separated gas-chromatographically using high performance columns, is evaluated by comparising the FID-signals with those of the internal standard added to the sample. Eightteen main components are evaluated. The variation coefficient of five analyses of the sample is in the range of 1.6–11.3%. The detection limit by moderate amplification depends on retention time of the PAH (0.5–5 ng; for benzo(a)pyrene 1 ng). As the PAH profiles of different samples of sludge are very similar, it is normally not necessary to characterize the PAH by mass spectrometry.
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    Gas-chromatographic determination of small amounts of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone in horse plasma and urine (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 289 (1978), S. 287-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Phenylbutazon, Oxyphenbutazon in Plasma, Harn ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Pferde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00440215
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    Eine gas-chromatographische Methode zur quantitativen Bestimmung von Pentachlorphenol in Urin und Plasma (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 111-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Pentachlorphenol in Plasma, Urin ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00482275
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    Gas-chromatographischer Nachweis von Methylquecksilber im Vollblut im Nanogrammbereich (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 113-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Methylquecksilber in Blut ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00482276
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    Eine einfache und zuverlässige gas-chromatographische Bestimmung von Ameisensäure im Urin (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 114-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Ameisensäure in Harn ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00482277
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    Quantitative gas chromatography of α-keto acids with a nitrogen-selective detector (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 132-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best, von α-Ketosäuren ; Chromatographie, Gas ; N-selektiver Detektor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00482293
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    Simultaneous gas-chromatographic profile analysis of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic compounds: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbazoles and acridines/aromatic amines (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 147-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Polycycl. Verbindungen, Carbazole, Acridine ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Carcinogene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00482305
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    A simple method for the gas-chromatographic determination of the most common hypnotics in the same extract of serum (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 155-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Schlafmitteln in Serum ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00482312
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    Quantitative GLC determination of the cis- and trans-isomers of doxepin and desmethyldoxepin in human plasma (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 158-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Doxepin, Desmethyldoxepin in Plasma ; Chromatographie, Gas ; cis-trans-Isomere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00482315
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    Gas-chromatographische Bestimmung von Dimethylchlorsilan in Trichlorsilan (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 316-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Dimethylchlorsilan in Trichlorsilan ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Chlorierung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00470136
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    Dialkyldithiocarbamate als Reagentien zur gas-chromatographischen Bestimmung von Metallen (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 211-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Metallen mit Dialkyldithiocarbamaten ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Eigenschaften, Extinktionskoeff., Dampfdrucke der Chelate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Darstellung, Eigenschaften, Extinktionskoeffizienten, thermogravimetrisches Verhalten und Dampfdrucke einer Reihe von Dialkyldithiocarbamatochelaten werden beschrieben und die Möglichkeiten zu ihrer gas-chromatographischen Bestimmung umrissen.
    Notes: Summary Preparation, properties, extinction coefficients, thermogravimetric behaviour and vapour pressure are reported of various dialkyldithiocarbamato chelates. Possibilities for their gas-chromatographic determination are outlined.
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    Rapid gas-chromatographic determination of nimetazepam in biological media (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 303-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Nimetazepam in biolog. Material ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00491332
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    Dialkyldithiocarbamate als Reagentien zur gas-chromatographischen Bestimmung von Metallen (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 290-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Zink, Kupfer, Nickel mit Dipropyldithiocarbamat ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Extraktion aus wäßr. Lösung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Kleine Mengen Ni, Cu und Zn in wäßrigen Lösungen können nach Ausschütteln ihrer Dipropyldithiocarbamatochelate gas-chromatographisch bestimmt werden. Arbeitsbedingungen für den 0,01–1 ppm-Bereich werden angegeben. Die Reproduzierbarkeit der Bestimmung wird durch Zusatz eines inneren Standards verbessert.
    Notes: Summary Small amounts of Ni, Cu and Zn in aqueous solutions can be determined by gas chromatography after extraction of their dipropyldithiocarbamatochelates. Working details for the 0.01–1 ppm range are reported. Reproducibility is markedly improved by addition of an inner standard.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00491327
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    Single component analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)- and chlorinated pesticide residues in marine fish samples (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 97-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Biphenylen, polychlorierte, Pesticide, chlorhaltig in Fisch ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Capillar, Persistenz
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Besides 83 structurally defined trichloro- to octachloro-biphenyls (PCB), the following chlorinated pesticides have been identified in fish liver oil (DAB 6) and fish liver extracts: HCB;α-HCH;γ-HCH; 2,4′-DDE; 4,4′-DDE; 2,4′-DDT; 4,4′-DDT; 2,4′-DDD; 4,4′-DDD; dieldrin; endrin. By analysing constant relative amounts of PCB-components present only in defined technical PCB-mixtures, the original PCB-pattern in environmental samples could be calculated. A mixture of Clophen A 60/Clophen A50 or of Aroclor 1260/Aroclor 1254 of 2.2∶1 gives the best fit. The constant ratio of four octachloro-biphenyls in technical mixtures and environmental samples as well requires the assumption of complete environmental stability of these compounds despite of any thinkable differences in environmental pathways. This assumption of environmental persistency is supported by a degree of degradation up to 80% of the calculated input observed for some higher chlorinated PCB-components, e.g. 2,2′,3,4,5′,6-hexachloro-biphenyl. Correlating the amount of each identified PCB-component to the octachloro-biphenyl as the internal standard, a correlation of the degradation with the PCB-substitution pattern is possible. Persistency is observed, if vicinal hydrogens are missing or a 4-position is chlorinated. A 4,4′-disubstitution favours persistency most.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Neben 83 strukturell definierten Trichlor- bis Octachlor-biphenylen (PCB) wurden folgende chlorierte Biocide in Lebertran (DAB6) und Fischleberextrakten identifiziert: HCB;α-HCH;γ- HCH; 2,4′-DDE; 4,4′-DDE; 2,4′-DDT; 4,4′-DDT; 2,4′-DDD; 4,4′-DDD; Dieldrin; Endrin. Aus den Verhältnissen von nur in PCB-Produkten mit bestimmtem Chlorierungsgrad vorkommenden, schwer abbaubaren PCB-Komponenten konnte die ursprünglich in die Umwelt gelangte Zusammensetzung der PCB berechnet werden: eine Mischung aus Aroclor 1260/Aroclor 1254 (Monsanto, USA) oder Clophen A 60/Chlophen A 50 (Bayer, Deutschland) im Verhältnis 2,2∶1 ergibt die beste Näherung. Aus dem in technischen Produkten und den Umweltproben gleichen relativen Vorkommen von vier Octachlor-biphenylen muß auf deren völlige Stabilität unter Umweltbedingungen geschlossen werden. Diese Annahme wird durch den Abbau von bis zu 80% des ursprünglichen Gehalts anderer hochchlorierter Biphenyle, wie des 2,2′,3,4,5′,6-Hexachlor-biphenyls, gestützt. Wird das Vorkommen der identifizierten Chlorbiphenyle, auf die als persistent angenommenen Octachlor-biphenyle als internen Standard bezogen, ergibt sich eine klare Persistenz-Abbau-Beziehung zu dem PCB-Substitutionsmuster. Persistenz ist gegeben bei fehlenden vicinalen Wasserstoffatomen oder 4-Chlorsubstitution, wobei die 4,4′-Di-Substitution die Persistenz am stärksten fördert.
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    Gas-chromatographic analysis of carbides in aluminium and magnesium (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 207-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Carbiden in Aluminium, Magnesium ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A quantitative gas-chromatographic method (molecular sieve column, FID) for the determination of Al4C3 in aluminium and magnesium has been developed. The effect of methane from external sources has been investigated and eliminated. Metallographic analysis of carbides in polished specimens were consistent with the gas-chromatographic measurements within a factor of 2. The discrepancy can be explained by the large uncertainties in light microscopy analysis of the small carbides. Analysis of commercial magnesium shows that the metal contains ca. 2–9 ppm of Al4C3. The concentration of carbides in aluminium from the electrolysis cell is in the range of 10–35 ppm and in the final product of ca. 2–12 ppm Al4C3. CaC2 has been detected in a few magnesium and aluminium samples by means of gas-chromatography and microprobe analysis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung von Al4C3 in Aluminium und Magnesium wurde eine quantitative gas-chromatographische Methode (MolekularsiebSäule, FID) entwickelt. Der Einfluß von Methan aus äußeren Quellen, wurde untersucht und ausgeschaltet. Die metallographischen Untersuchungen von Carbiden an polierten Proben stimmten mit den Ergebnissen der gas-chromatographischen Messungen mit einem Faktor von 2 überein. Der Unterschied kann durch die großen Unsicherheiten bei der lichtmikroskopischen Analyse der kleinen Carbide erklärt werden. Die Analyse des technisch reinen Magnesiums zeigt, daß das Metall ca. 2–9 ppm Al4C3 enthält. Die Konzentration von Carbiden in elektrolytisch raffiniertem Aluminium liegt im Bereich 10–35 ppm und im Endprodukt bei ca. 2–12 ppm Al4C3. CaC2 wurde in einigen Magnesium- und Aluminiumproben mit Hilfe von gas-chromatographischen und Mikrosondenuntersuchungen festgestellt.
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    Gas-chromatographische Kontrolle der Herstellung von Dimethylterephthalat (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 236-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Dimethylterephthalat ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Oxidationsgemisch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00491815
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    The diffusional growth of a scale with variable composition, diffusivity, and molar volume (1977)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 11 (1977), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; scale growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Equations are presented to modify the classical theoretical expressions for the parabolic rate constant for the case in which the scale has a large composition range and a large variation in molar volume. The modifications appear as simple averages, together with a factor f.Evaluation of f for some hypothetical cases shows that it is near unity unless the composition gradient has an extreme deviation from linearity.
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    Thickness of the oxide layers formed during the oxidation of iron (1977)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 11 (1977), S. 193-198 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; scaling ; wustite ; magnetite ; iron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The theory of the growth of two oxide layers by Yurek et al. has been applied to the oxidation of iron at 1100° C. The theoretical parabolic rate constants for the simultaneous growth of the two oxide layers were calculated from radioactive tracer diffusion coefficients for wustite and magnetite. Good agreement was found between the theoretical and experimental values of the ratio of scale thicknesses.
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    Behavior of oxide films on high-temperature alloys in carbonaceous gas atmospheres (1977)
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    Oxidation of metals 11 (1977), S. 23-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; carburization ; carbonaceous gases ; superalloys ; stainless steels ; film formation ; structure of oxide scales ; preoxidation ; metal dusting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Formation and deterioration of oxide films on several contemporary high-temperature alloys was studied in various carbonaceous gas atmospheres. Scanning electron microscopy and metallographic examination were applied to films on Fe-Cr-Ni and Ni-Cr-Al type alloy compositions exposed in CH 4/H2 and CO/CO2 atmospheres at temperatures up to 900° C and pressures up to 900 psi (6.2 × 106 N/m2). The effects of various preoxidation treatments were evaluated. Reduction of certain oxide phases is observed to promote catalytic gas decomposition. Al2O3 components in the films are observed to be stable under the reducing conditions experienced. Carbon uptake by various alloys is found to be quite sensitive to surface finish, with an observed increase in penetration with surface roughness.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00611601
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    Oxidation of tantalum in oxygen-nitrogen and oxygen-inert gas mixtures (1977)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 11 (1977), S. 225-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: tantalum ; oxidation ; high temperature ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of tantalum in oxygen-nitrogen and oxygen-inert gas mixtures at925°C has been studied. The oxygen pressure was close to 0.5 atm in all experiments, and partial pressures of the second component of from 0 to 180 Torr were employed. Spherical specimens were used to provide quantitatively significant kinetic data. A model has been proposed which suggests that the oxygen pressure at the reaction interface close to the metal surface is lower than the external pressure because of the finite permeability of the porous outer oxide layer, and that the inert gas effectively reduces the permeability. The model gives good quantitative agreement with the experimental results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00606059
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    The effect of ΔT (oxidizing temperature minus cooling temperature) on oxide spallation (1977)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 11 (1977), S. 91-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; cyclic ; spallation ; stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Several alloys (one iron base and five nickel base) were cyclically oxidized in a series of tests in which the higher temperature (1100 or 1200° C) of the cycle was fixed at a level to allow ample oxidation in reasonable time and the lower temperature was variable to allow cycle temperature differences (ΔT s ) of up to 1400°C. The alloys oxidized included those which formed simple oxides such as Al2O3 or Cr2O3, as well as those which formed complex scales. Cooling rates were relatively low to minimize thermal shock effects. Each cycle consisted of 1 hr at the higher temperature and 1/2 hr at the lower temperature. Samples were tested up to 370 cycles. The extent of attack was determined by specific weight change which was continuously monitored. For all nickel alloys, as ΔT increased the extent of spallation increased. This effect was attributed to thermal expansion mismatches between the oxide and the nickel substrate. The FeCrAl alloy was not sensitive to ΔTand resisted spalling at ΔT levels to 1400°C. FeCrAl, and the Al2O3 scale which forms on it, have thermal expansion coefficients which are substantially more alike than any of the other oxide-metal combinations tested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612137
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    The oxidation behavior of dilute Ni-V alloys at 1200°C (1977)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 11 (1977), S. 109-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: nickel-vanadium ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of nickel and dilute Ni-V alloys has been studied in flowing oxygen at 1 atm pressure, using various kinetic and electron-optical techniques. The oxidation rate rises progressively as the alloy vanadium content is increased from 0 to 0.8% and then to 1.7%. However, further additions to 4.2% cause only a slight further increase. These increases in oxidation rate are largely controlled by the extent of doping of the NiO, particularly for the two more dilute alloys, although internal oxidation, spinel blocking effects in the oxide, and dissociation of the NiO affect the weight gains to some extent, particularly for the case of the Ni-4.2% V alloy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00606398
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    The isothermal oxidation of Co-Cr alloys in 760 Torr oxygen at 1000°C (1977)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 11 (1977), S. 163-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: cobalt-chromium ; oxidation ; oxygen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The isothermal oxidation of Co-Cr alloys containing 0–30% Cr in 760 Torr oxygen at 1000° C has been studied kinetically and by appropriate physical techniques. Chromium additions to cobalt increase the parabolic oxidation rate to an almost constant level from 2 to 15% Cr, while further additions to 20–30% Cr decrease the rate. All the alloys produce a virtually pure CoO layer outside a layer containing Co-Cr spinel particles in a Cr3+ -doped CoO matrix. The variation of oxidation rate with alloy chromium content is explained in terms of the complex interplay of doping, blocking of cation transport by voids and spinel particles and short circuiting by transport of dissociative oxygen across these voids and other processes, internal oxidation making a negligible direct contribution to weight gain. Complete spinel layers are never quite developed under the conditions studied, although formation of spinel does slow the oxidation rate. The improved protection eventually obtained at higher chromium levels is produced by the tendency to form a Cr2O3 healing layer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00606542
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    Volatilization of oxides during oxidation of some superalloys at 1200°C (1977)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 11 (1977), S. 289-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: superalloys ; oxidation ; oxides ; volatilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Volatilization of oxides during cyclic oxidation of commercial Nichrome, Inconel 750, René 41, Stellite 6B, and GE-1541 was studied at 1200°C in static air. Quantitative analysis of oxide vapor deposits revealed that oxides of tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, manganese, and chromium volatilized preferentially from the oxide scales. Aluminum and silicon were not detected in vapor deposits. For all the alloys except GE-1541 chromium was found to be the main metallic element in the oxide scales.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00608013
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    Retentionsindices n-aliphatischer Schwefelverbindungen (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 285 (1977), S. 45-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Schwefelverbindungen, aliphat ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Zusammenstellung von Retentionsindices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00446017
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    Gas-chromatographische Trennung und Bestimmung einiger Kationen als Diäthyldithiophosphinatochelate (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 285 (1977), S. 107-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Trenn. von Kationen als Diäthyldithiophosphinatochelate ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das thermogravimetrische und gas-chromatographische Verhalten einiger Bis-(diäthyldithiophosphinato) chelate wird beschrieben. Beispiele für Trennungen und Bestimmungen anorganischer Kationen (Zn, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb) werden gegeben.
    Notes: Abstract The thermogravimetric and gas-chromatographic behaviour of some bis-(diethyldithiophosphinato) chelates is described. Examples for the separation and determination of several inorganic cations (Zn, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb) are given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00573708
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    Application of a micro carbon rod atomizer as Br-spezific gas-chromatographic detector (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 285 (1977), S. 103-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Brom in organ. Verbindungen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Mikrographitküvette als Br-spezifischer Detektor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A micro carbon rod atomizer has been employed for specific and quantitative bromine determinations. This Br-specific gas-chromatographic detector works by help of InBr-bands and measurement at 372.7 nm. The performance of this flame band emission detector (FBD) is demonstrated by calibration curves and the detection limits of 2 examples (ethyl bromide, ethylene dibromide), the latter being 5 and 36 ng of bromine, respectively. The reproducibility has been found to be 4.3%. An example of this detector in comparison with a thermoconductivity detector (TCD) is presented.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Mikro-Graphit-Küvette wird für spezifische quantitative Brombestimmungen nach der Indium-Methode bei 372,7 nm benützt und in Verbindung mit einem Gas-Chromatographen als Br-spezifischer Detektor eingesetzt. Die Leistungsfähigkeit dieses Detektors wird an 2 Beispielen (Äthylbromid, Dibromäthan) mit Hilfe von Eichkurven, Bestimmung von Nachweisgrenzen u. ä. demonstriert. Die Nachweisgrenzen liegen bei 5 bzw. 36 ng Brom für die 2 genannten Substanzen. Die Reproduzierbarkeit der Messungen liegt bei 4,3%. Ein Beispiel für die Registrierung eines Gemisches verschiedener Substanzen, gemessen mit dem GC + Flammen-Banden-emissions-Detektor (FBD) und zum Vergleich mit einem Wärmeleitfähigkeitsdetektor (TCD), wird dargestellt.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00573707
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    Automated clean-up procedure for the analysis of sugars and acids in food (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 285 (1977), S. 238-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Zuckern, organ. Säuren in Lebensmitteln ; Chromatographie, Gas ; automatisches Aufarbeitungsverfahren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the gas-chromatographic analysis of sugars and acids in foodstuffs, isolation and purification of the two types of components is time-consuming and laborious. An automated clean-up procedure, based on ion-exchange, has therefore been developed. A liquid food sample is successively percolated over a cation and anion and a cation exchanger. Sugars and acids are collected under the second and third column, respectively. A time programmer operates a set of pumps and a pneumatic valve system enabling simultaneous regeneration of columns not being eluted. Hence, handling of samples is continuous; each clean-up cycle takes 50 min.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine flüssige Nahrungsmittelprobe wird nacheinander über einen Kationen-, einen Anionen- und einen Kationenaustauscher perkoliert. Die Zucker und die Säuren werden abgetrennt und im Eluat der zweiten bzw. dritten Austauschersäule gefunden. Ein Steuergerät schaltet auf Zeitbasis eine Gruppe von Pumpen und ein System mit pneumatischen Hähnen derart, daß in einem Cyclus (50 min) die Substanzen eluiert und die Säulen regeneriert werden. Anschließend werden die Proben verarbeitet. Einige Ergebnisse verschiedener Nahrungsmittel werden angeführt.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00453569
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    Determination of 3-sulfolene in sulfolane by reaction gas chromatography (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 286 (1977), S. 219-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von 3-Sulfolen in Sulfolan ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Best. als 1,3-Butadien
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A simple gas-liquid chromatographic method has been developed for determining 3-sulfolene in sulfolane. The method involves thermal decomposition of sulfolene and determination of the 1.3-butadiene evolved, by GLC. Influence of the operating parameters on quantitative decomposition of sulfolene has been studied. The accuracy of the method as studied in the concentration range from 0.05 to 4.0 % (w/v) of 3-sulfolene in sulfolane is found to be within ±3.0%. It is rapid and sensitive down to 10 ppm and has potentialities for on-line applications also.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine einfache gas-chromatographische Methode wurde entwickelt, die auf der thermischen Zersetzung der Probe und der Bestimmung des dabei aus 3-Sulfolen gebildeten 1,3-Butadiens beruht. Der Einfluß der einzelnen Parameter wurde untersucht. Innerhalb eines Konzentrationsbereichs von 0,05–4,0% 3-Sulfolen ergaben sich Fehler von ±3%. Das Verfahren ermöglicht bis herab zu 10 ppm eine schnelle und empfindliche Bestimmung und eignet sich auch zum on-line Betrieb.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01155591
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    Gas-chromatographische Bestimmung des Arsens als Trimethylsilylarsenat in biologischem Material (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 286 (1977), S. 226-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Arsen in biolog. Material ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Trimethylsilylarsenat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur gas-chromatographischen Bestimmung von Arsen in biologischem Material wird die Probe in einer Teflon-Bombe aufgeschlossen, das Arsen mit Dithiocarbamat extrahiert, oxidiert und mit Methyltrimethylsilylheptafluorbutyramid silyliert. Die gas-chromatographische Bestimmung läßt sich bis zu einem Arsengehalt von 0,1 ppm ausführen. Die Methode wurde radiochemisch überprüft. Der Einsatz eines flammenphotometrischen Detektors gegenüber einem Flammenionisationsdetektor brachte keine Vorteile.
    Notes: Abstract Organic matter is destroyed by acid oxidation in a Teflon bomb. Arsenic is extracted by dithiocarbamate, oxidized, and silylized by methyl-trimethylsilyl-heptafluorobutyramide. 0.1 ppm and more of arsenic can be determined by gas chromatography of trimethylsilyl arsenate. The method was controlled by radiochemical analysis. For the detection of arsenic, a flame photometric detector is not more advantageous than a flame ionisation detector.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01155593
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    Gas-chromatographische Kontrolle der Herstellung von Dimethylterephthalat. I. Analyse des Rohesters (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 286 (1977), S. 253-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Dimethylterephthalat ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Rohester
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01155609
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    Die Analytik von Celluloseäthergruppen (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 286 (1977), S. 161-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Celluloseäthergruppen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Spaltung mit HJ oder HBr, Übersicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden Methoden und Apparaturen zur qualitativen und quantitativen Bestimmung von Äthergruppen in Cellulosederivaten mit einer oder mehreren Alkoxyl- und Hydroxyalkylgruppen (C1-nC4) beschrieben. Die Ätherspaltung erfolgt im allgemeinen mit Jodwasserstoffsäure und in Sonderfällen mit Bromwasserstoffsäure. Als Reaktionsprodukte entstehen Monojodalkane und Alkene oder Monobromalkane und Dibromalkane. Diese werden der gas-chromatographischen Trennung unterworfen, über die Retentionszeit identifiziert und durch Titration oder über das Gas-Chromatogramm quantitativ bestimmt.
    Notes: Abstract A report is given on methods and apparatus for the qualitative and quantitative determination of ether groups in cellulose derivatives with one or more alkoxyl and hydroxyalkyl groups (C1-nC4). Ether splitting generally takes place with hydriodic acid and in special cases with hydrobromic acid. The resulting reaction products are monoiodoalkanes and alkenes or monobromoalkanes and dibromoalkanes, which are subjected to gas chromatographic separation and identified via the retention time and quantitatively evaluated by titration or via the gas chromatogram.
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    On the feasibility of the numerical Laplace Transform in the calculation of the statistical moments in GC (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 287 (1977), S. 112-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Chromatographie, Gas ; Berechnung statistischer Momente, Laplace-Transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Statistical moments may be used to augment the information content of stored GC data. Their calculation can be performed either directly by the methods of statistics or by the numerical Laplace Transform. It was found that the direct statistical computation will yield the better results.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die statistischen Momente können zur Erhöhung der Aussagekraft von GC-Daten verwendet werden. Diese Berechnungen können auf dem Weg der Statistik direkt oder mittels numerischer Laplace-Transformation durchgeführt werden. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die direkte statistische Bestimmung der numerischen Laplace-Transformation vorzuziehen ist.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00439849
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    Gas-chromatographic determination of a mixture of testosterone and oestradiol esters in oily injection (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 288 (1977), S. 281-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Testosteronestern, Östradiolestern in Injektionslösungen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; ölige Lösung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A gas-liquid chromatographic method is described for the determination of testosterone and oestradiol esters in oily injection. The separation of the steroids from the injection is performed by partition in the acetonitrile-hexane system. For gas chromatography the oestradiol esters were preliminary transformed to their mono-TMS derivatives. For the separation Dexsil 400 was preferably used as stationary phase. Mestranol was employed as internal standard for quantitation. A complete separation for all the individual components can be achieved within 12 min. The relative standard deviation is in the range of 1–1.5%.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Abtrennung der Steroide aus der Injektionslösung erfolgt durch Extraktion mit Acetonitril und n-Hexan. Zur Gas-Chromatographie werden die Östradiolester in die Mono-trimethylsilylderivate übergeführt. Als stationäre Phase dient vorzugsweise Dexsil 400. Zur quantitativen Bestimmung wird Mestranol als inneren Standard benutzt. Eine vollständige Trennung der Ester läßt sich innerhalb von 12 min erreichen. Die relative Standardabweichung liegt im Bereich von 1–1,5%.
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    Observations on the oxidation behavior of Ni-Cr alloys containing minor additions of group III, IV, or V elements (1976)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 347-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; nickel-chromium alloys ; Group III–V elements ; reactive minor additions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The corrosion of a number of experimental ternary Ni-15 wt. % Cr-0.5wt. %X alloys (where X= Y, La, Ce, Sm, Th, U, Zr, or V) has been assessed in pure oxygen at 900° C for periods of exposure up to 450 hr, and compared with the behavior of an Ni-15% Cr control alloy. It has been established that while all of the alloys oxidize in accordance with a protective, approximately parabolic regime, considerable differences in oxidation rates are exhibited. In particular, additions of La, Ce, and Th bring about progressively enhanced rates of oxidation relative to the binary alloy, whereas Y, Sm, V, U, and Zr effect increasingly reduced rates of oxidation in the order given. The rate constant for the Th-bearing alloy is about two orders of magnitude larger than that for the alloy containing Zr. Such differences in behavior seem to be associated with subtle variations in the morphology/composition of the corrosion products from alloy to alloy. The observations are considered in the light of earlier published literature concerning the effects of rare-earth and other reactive elements on the oxidation behavior of Ni/Cr alloys.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612047
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    Development, growth, and adhesion of Al2O3 on platinum-aluminum alloys (1976)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 189-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; platinum ; platinum-aluminum alloys ; alumina (Al2O3) ; oxide-scale adhesion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The development, growth, and adhesion of α-Al2O3 scales on platinum-aluminum alloys containing between 0.5 and 6 wt.% aluminum have been studied at temperatures in the interval between 1000 and 1450° C. The morphologies and microstructures of the α-Al2O3 scales were found to be influenced by the temperature, oxygen pressure, and the microstructures of the alloys. The oxidation rates of the alloys appeared to be controlled by transport of oxygen along grain boundaries in the α-Al2O3 scales. The α-Al2O3 scales adhered to the platinum-aluminum substrates even after extensive periods of cyclic oxidation. The good adhesion of the α-Al2O3 may result from mechanical keying of the oxide to the alloys due to the development of irregular oxide-alloy interfaces.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612159
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    The high-temperature oxidation resistance of iron-silicon-aluminum alloys (1976)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 277-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: alloy ; iron ; aluminum ; silicon ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Silicon or chromium can be used as an oxygen getter in iron-aluminum alloys to prevent the internal oxidation of aluminum. This suppresses the formation of the iron oxide nodules that tend to destroy binary iron-aluminum alloys during high-temperature oxidation. Alloys of iron containing aluminum and silicon in varying proportions were heated in flowing air for 50 hr at 1093°C. Of the alloys tested, one containing 6% aluminum and 1 % silicon was the most resistant to oxidation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00618248
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    Defect structure in CoO (1976)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 311-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: defect structure ; CoO ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The total concentration of point defects and deviation from stoichiometry in Co1-yO have been determined experimentally as functions of temperature and equilibrium oxygen pressure in the temperature range 1000–1250°C and oxygen pressure range 10−3-1 atm. This total concentration of defects has also been calculated from known values of the coefficients of chemical diffusion and tracer self-diffusion of cobalt. The results of the two methods agree well. It has been found in the investigated range of temperature and oxygen pressure that the defect structure of cobaltous oxide is composed not only of defects due to deviation from stoichiometry, singly ionized cation vacancies, and an equivalent amount of electron holes, but also of intrinsic defects, probably of the Frenkel type.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612029
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    The influence of platinum on the maintenance of α-Al2O3 as a protective scale (1976)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 341-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: α-Al2O3 ; platinum ; oxidation ; adhesion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of externally located platinum on the isothermal stability of α-Al2O3 scales formed at high temperatures has been examined. It has been observed that a nickel-base alloy forms an external scale of α-Al2O3 during oxidation at 1200°C, but this scale breaks down isothermally, enabling a faster-growing Cr2O3-rich scale to develop. However, in the presence of platinum metal alongside the specimen in the furnace hot zone, the breakdown of the α-Al2O3 scale is postponed for a substantial period of time. It appears that platinum, as the volatile species PtO2, is incorporated into the growing α-Al2O3 scale where it either influences the stress relief mechanism at temperature or reduces oxidation growth stress generation and thus significantly enhances the isothermal stability of the scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612031
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  • 82
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    Electron re-emission Mössbauer study of the oxidation of metallic iron in oxygen (1976)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 377-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; iron ; Mössbauer ; electron re-emission ; ERM spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The results of an electron re-emission Mössbauer (ERM) spectroscopy study of the oxidation of metallic Fe at temperatures from 150 to 500°C in pure oxygen ( $${\text{p}}_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } \approx {\text{ }}10$$ Torr) are presented. The oxidized samples were prepared from a metallic Fe sample enriched to 70% in the Mössbauer isotope Fe57 and the oxidation kinetics were determined volumetrically. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to characterize the morphology of the oxide films. The hematite, magnetite, and total-oxide thicknesses were determined from the ERM spectra using a theory recently developed in this laboratory, and the results were found to agree well with the measured oxygen content of the oxide films. For Fe and Fe-base alloys it is shown that the ERM technique is most useful in the oxide-thickness range of approximately 20–3000 Å within that range, oxide-phase identifications and thickness determinations are perhaps more readily determined by ERM spectroscopy than by any competing technique. In particular, the ERM measurement is nondestructive, and no supplementary measurements (such as surface-roughness determinations) or special sample preparations (such as oxide-film stripping) are required
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612049
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  • 83
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    Kinetics of high-temperature oxidation of boron carbide in oxygen (1976)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 85-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: boron carbide ; oxidation ; kinetics ; chromatography method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Thermogravimetry and gas-adsorption chromatography were used to study the kinetics of formation of solid and gaseous products during the hightemperature oxidation of compact boron carbide in oxygen at 740 Torr. Oxidation resistance was observed at temperatures up to 1200°C. The main oxidation products were B2O3 and CO2. Oxidation was paralinear; the carbon consumption exceeded the consumption of boron as compared to the ratio of these elements in the compound B4C. This difference resulted in carbon depletion of the carbide layer in the substrate near the scale〉.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614238
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  • 84
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    Microstructures of the scales formed on zircaloy-4 in steam at elevated temperatures (1976)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 255-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Zircaloy-4 ; zirconium ; alloy ; oxidation ; microstructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The ZrO 2 scales formed on Zircaloy-4 PWR tubes during corrosion in steam in the temperature range of 1000–1300°C have been found to contain a metallic phase that is relatively rich in Sn. The precise composition of the metallic phase has not been determined. Most of the metallic phase is located in a line of metallic particles, which is oriented parallel to the alloy-scale interface and located near the center of the scale. The exact morphology of the scale on either side of the particle line has not been identified. The oxide between the metallic particles and the scale-steam interface contains very little Sn, except for a narrow zone adjacent to the scale-steam interface, which was formed in the beginning of the reaction. It appears that the scale between the metallic particles and the alloy-scale interface consists of thin columnar grains of ZrO 2 with a very fine metallic phase probably located at the ZrO 2 grain boundaries. The experimental evidence presently available indicates that the metallic phase exists in the scales at the reaction temperature. If the metallic particles were rich enough in Sn, then a liquid metallic phase would exist in the oxide during the reaction. Kinetic studies demonstrate that these particles move with respect to the scale-steam interface toward the center of the alloy during the course of the oxidation reaction. It appears that the presence of the line of metallic particles could, under certain conditions, markedly influence the mechanical properties of the oxide scales formed on Zircaloy-4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00618247
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  • 85
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    High-temperature oxidation of SiC in a glow-discharge oxygen plasma (1976)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 97-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: silicon carbide ; oxidation ; molecular oxygen ; glow-discharge oxygen plasma ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation kinetics and structure of the oxide scales formed on high-density SiC were studied in molecular oxygen at 740 Torr and in a glow-discharge oxygen plasma at 0.1 Torr at temperatures of 1000, 1100, and 1200°C. The monatomic oxygen formed by the glow discharge markedly increased the reaction rate and the vaporization of some of the oxidation products. The marked differences in kinetics suggest that the rate-controlling step during oxidation in molecular oxygen is the dissociation of adsorbed diatomic oxygen to the monatomic species. Films formed in molecular oxygen were mostly amorphous SiO2 with small inclusions of SiC and graphite, whereas films formed in dissociated oxygen were primarily amorphous SiO2 containing SiO, S2O3, and the coesite form of SiO2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614239
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  • 86
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    Modification of the oxidation behavior of high-purity austenitic Fe-14Cr-14Ni by the addition of silicon (1976)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 1-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; film spalling ; fayalite ; internal oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of Fe-14Cr-14Ni (wt.%) and of the same alloy with additions of 1 and 4% silicon was studied in air over the range of 900-1100° C. The presence of silicon completely changed the nature of the oxide scale formed during oxidation. The base alloy (no silicon) formed a thick outer scale of all three iron oxides and an internally oxidized zone of (Fe,Cr,Ni) spinels. The alloy containing 4% silicon formed an outer layer of Cr2O3 and an inner layer of either (or possibly both) SiO2 and Fe2SiO4. The formation of the iron oxides was completely suppressed. The oxidation rate of the 4% silicon alloy was about 200 times less than that of the base alloy, whereas the 1% silicon alloy exhibited a rate intermediate to the other two alloys. The actual ratio of the oxidation rates may be less than 200 due to possible weight losses by the oxidation of Cr2O3 to the gaseous phase CrO3. The lower oxidation rate of the 4% silicon alloy was attributed to the suppression of iron-oxide formation and the presence of Cr2O3, which is a much more protective scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00611695
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  • 87
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    Theoretical study of heterogeneous reaction kinetics: A comparison between microcalorimetric and thermogravimetric curves (1976)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 105-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: kinetics ; oxidation ; microcalorimetry ; thermogravimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In the kinetic theories of Bodenstein or Semenov the expression for the rate of a chemical reaction with several elementary stages can be expressed by different physical parameters. If two experimental methods are used, one method of necessity being microcalorimetry to measure the thermal flux produced by the reaction, it is possible to distinguish a pure kinetics case from a mixed one. The two-method technique has been verified by a study of the oxidation of niobium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614240
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  • 88
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    Packed high-performance GC-columns (about 50000 HETP) for profile analysis of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in foods, mineral oil products, vehicle exhaust- and cigarette smoke condensate etc. (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 139-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Polycyclen in Lebensmitteln, Erdölprodukten, Abgasen, Tabakrauch ; Chromatographie, Gas ; gepackte Glassäulen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00440807
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  • 89
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    Anwendung der Radio-Gas-Chromatographie bei der Identifizierung von Hormonmetaboliten im Gewebe (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 161-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von Hormonmetaboliten in Biolog. Gewebe ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Radio-GC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00440828
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  • 90
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    Gas-chromatographische Bestimmung von Mono-, Di- und Triäthylenglykol in Wasser (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 280 (1976), S. 32-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Äthylenglykol, Diäthylenglykol, Triäthylenglykol in Wasser ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00443548
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  • 91
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    Gas-chromatographic determination of traces of acetylsalicylic anhydride and acetylsalicylsalicylic acid in acetylsalicylic acid (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 278 (1976), S. 365-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Acetylsalicylsäureanhydrid, Acetylsalicylsalicylsäure in Acetylsalicylsäure ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00531104
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  • 92
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    Einfache und zuverlässige gas-chromatographische Bestimmungen von Trichloräthylen und seinen Metaboliten in Blut und Urin (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 115-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Trichloräthylen, Trichloräthanol, Trichloressigsäure in Blut, Harn ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00440786
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  • 93
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    Gas chromatography of halogens (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 195-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Chlor, Brom, Jod, Halogenen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; verbesserte Theorie zum Retentionsvolumen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The semi-empirical theory on the retention volume in gas chromatography recently developed by some experiments, was found to require partial correction. It was newly refined and summarized. Overall experimental checking was performed by the use of Cl2, Br2, and I2.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die halbempirische Theorie über das Retentionsvolumen in der Gas-Chromatographie, die kürzlich an Hand einiger Versuche entwickelt wurde, erforderte eine teilweise Korrektur. Sie wurde verbessert und zusammenfassend dargestellt. Kontrollversuche wurden mit Hilfe von Chlor, Brom und Jod durchgeführt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424109
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  • 94
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    FID response factors for aliphatic sulphur compounds at higher concentration levels (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 199-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Schwefelorganoverbindungen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; FID-Empfindlichkeitsfaktoren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The molar responses and specific weight correction factors for 25 aliphatic sulphur compounds in the 10 μg range were measured with a hydrogen flame-ionisation detector. No abnormal behaviour was found with sufficiently high ratio air/H2. The molar response of the sulphides and disulphides is strictly proportional to the carbon number. For a certain organic residue the weight correction factor is proportional to the number of sulphur atoms (or the molecular weight). No destructive effects on the detector burner and no decrease of sensitivity were observed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die molaren Empfindlichkeiten und stoffspezifischen Gewichtskorrekturfaktoren für 25 aliphatische Schwefelverbindungen im 10 μg-Bereich wurden mit einem Wasserstoff-Flammionisationsdetektor gemesssen. Bei genügend hohem Strömungsverhältnis (Luft/Wasserstoff) wird kein ungewöhnliches Verhalten gefunden. Die molare Empfindlichkeit der Sulfide und Disulfide ist streng proportional der Kohlenstoffzahl. Für einen bestimmten organischen Rest ist der Gewichtskorrekturfaktor proportional der Zahl der S-Atome (oder dem Molgewicht). Destruktive Einflüsse auf den Brenner des Detektors und Abnahme der Empfindlichkeit wurden nicht beobachtet.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424110
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  • 95
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    Gas-chromatographic determination of trimethylsilyl groups in N-silylated compounds and in trimethylsilyl esters of carboxylic acids (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 281 (1976), S. 29-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Trimethylsilyl-Gruppen in N-silylierten Verbindungen, Carbonsäuretrimethylsilylestern ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A method has been developed for the determination of trimethylsilyl groups in N-silylated compounds and in trimethylsilyl esters of carboxylic acids. The method is based on the desilylation of the compound to be analysed with phenol followed by gas-chromatographic determination of the trimethylphenoxysilane formed. The relative error of the determination is around 1% and the standard deviation is 1.20 × 10−3 (3.12%). A single determination takes less than 2 h.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Verfahren beruht auf der Desilylierung der zu analysierenden Verbindung mit Phenol und der anschlie\enden gas-chromatographischen Bestimmung des gebildeten Trimethylphenoxysilans. Der relative Fehler der Bestimmung beträgt ca. 1% und die Standardabweichung 1,20 × 10−3 (3,12%). Die Bestimmungszeit ist kürzer als 2 h.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01155813
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  • 96
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    Determination of molecular weights and solubility parameters of high-polymers by gas chromatography (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 281 (1976), S. 131-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Molekulargewicht, Löslichkeitsparameter von Hochpolymeren ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new method for the simultaneous determination of molecular weight and solubility parameter of high-polymer was proposed using the sample polymer as the solvent and a halogen as the solute in gas chromatography at two different temperatures. Molecular weights of Silicon Oil DC 550, 702, and 710, and of PEG 1500, 4000, and 6000 are 50000, 62300, and 89200, and 1500, 3100, and 6750, respectively. Solubility parameters of them are 8.1, 8.0, and 7.9, and 11.7, 11.6, and 11.6, respectively.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei der empfohlenen Methode wird eine gas-chromatographische Bestimmung bei zwei verschiedenen Temperaturen mit dem Polymeren als Lösungsmittel und einem Halogen als gelöster Substanz durchgeführt. Die Molekulargewichte von Silicon Oil DC 550, 702 und 710 sowie von PEG 1500, 4000 und 6000 wurden zu 50000, 62300, 89200, 1500, 3100 und 6750 gefunden; die entsprechenden Löslichkeitsparameter betragen 8,1, 8,0, 7,9, 11,7, 11,6 und 11,6.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00624698
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  • 97
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    Gas-chromatographische Identifizierung von Stimulantien der Phenyläthylaminreihe mit Hilfe der Retentions-Indices (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 129-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Identifizierung von Phenyläthylaminderivaten ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Kovats-Indices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00440798
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  • 98
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    Neue gas-chromatographische Methode zur quantitativen Bestimmung von 3α-Ätiocholanolon aus dem Plasma mit dem Alkaliflammendetektor (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 158-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von 3α-Ätiocholanolon in Plasma ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Alkaliflammendetektor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00440825
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  • 99
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    Bestimmung von 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin in 2,4,5-Trichlorphenoxyessigsäure (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 280 (1976), S. 9-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin in 2,4,5-Trichlorphenoxyessigsäure ; Chromatographie, Gas ; DAPA, Dioxin-Panel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode zur Bestimmung von 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin in 2,4,5-T beschrieben. 2,4,5-T wird in Dimethylformamid-Acetonitril-Wasser gelöst und mit Hexan extrahiert. Der Extrakt wird säulen-chromatographisch an Aluminiumoxid und dünnschicht-chromatographisch an Kieselgel gereinigt. Die quantitative Bestimmung des Dioxins erfolgt gas-chromatographisch auf einer SE 30-Säule mit Hilfe eines FID. Die Wiederauffindungsrate liegt bei etwa 95%, die Nachweisgrenze bei etwa 0,03 ppm. Die vom Dioxin-Panel erarbeitete Methode wurde in zwei Ringversuchen getestet.
    Notes: Abstract 2.4.5-T is dissolved in dimethylformamide-acetonitrile-water, and extracted with hexane. The extract is purified by chromatography in a column of alumina, followed by thin-layer chromatography on silicagel. The quantitative determination of dioxin is achieved by gas-liquid chromatography on a column containing SE 30 with flame-ionization detection. Recovery of dioxin is about 95%, limit of detection about 0.03 ppm. The method of the dioxin panel was tested in two collaborative studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00443540
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  • 100
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    Extrem nachweisstarkes gas-chromatographisches Bestimmungsverfahren für Selen nach Abtrennung durch Verdampfen im Sauerstoffstrom (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 281 (1976), S. 201-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Selen in Kupfer ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Reinstkupfer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung geringster Selengehalte in Reinstkupfer erhitzt man die Probe (≤2 g) in einem Quarzrohr im Sauerstoffstrom auf 1100–1150°C. SeO2 verdampft und wird quantitativ gesammelt, indem man es zusammen mit dem Trägergas durch Kühlung mit flüssigem Stickstoff in einer Mikrovorlage kondensiert. Nach Abdampfen des Sauerstoffs setzt man es in der Vorlage mit 4-Nitro-o-phenylendiamin zu 5-Nitropiazselenol um, das nach Ausschütteln in Toluol direkt gas-chromatographisch (ECD) im ppb-Bereich bestimmt wird. Nach Optimierung aller Verfahrensschritte mit Hilfe von 75Se ergaben sich ausgezeichnete Gütedaten; Standardabweichung: ± 0,004 ppm für 0,74 ppm Se, 15 Bestimmungen, 200–600 mg Einwaage; Nachweisgrenze : 1 ppb Selen.
    Notes: Abstract For the determination of the smallest amounts of selenium in high-purity copper, the sample (≤2 g) is heated in a quartz tube at 1100–1150°C. SeO2 evaporates and is collected quantitatively by condensation of the carrier gas in a micro-trap cooled with liquid nitrogen. After evaporation of the oxygen, SeO2 is caused to react in the trap with 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine, forming 5-nitropiazselenol, which is then extracted with toluene and determined in the ppb-range by gas-chromatography with ECD. All separation steps were optimized by the tracer method using 75Se. Determining 0.74 ppm of Se, the standard deviation was found to be 0.004 ppm for 15 determinations with samples of 200–600 mg. The detection limit is 1 ppb of Se.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00440474
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