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  • Physics  (5,089)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (4,171)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (3,494)
  • AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
  • 1975-1979  (8,883)
  • 1970-1974  (4,095)
  • 1950-1954  (663)
  • 1930-1934  (365)
  • 1905-1909
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Year
  • 1
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    Aircraft Energy Efficiency (ACEE) status report (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-17
    Description: Fuel efficiency in aeronautics, for fuel conservation in general as well as for its effect on commercial aircraft operating economics is considered. Projects of the Aircraft Energy Efficiency Program related to propulsion are emphasized. These include: (1) engine component improvement, directed at performance improvement and engine diagnostics for prolonged service life; (2) energy efficient engine, directed at proving the technology base for the next generation of turbofan engines; and (3) advanced turboprop, directed at advancing the technology of turboprop powered aircraft to a point suitable for commercial airline service. Progress in these technology areas is reported.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Aeropropulsion 1979; p 1-58
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  • 2
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    High-performance-vehicle technology (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-16
    Description: Propulsion needs of high performance military aircraft are discussed. Inlet performance, nozzle performance and cooling, and afterburner performance are covered. It is concluded that nonaxisymmetric nozzles provide cleaner external lines and enhanced maneuverability, but the internal flows are more complex. Swirl afterburners show promise for enhanced performance in the high altitude, low Mach number region.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Aeropropulsion 1979; p 445-462
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  • 3
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    Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL) propulsion technology (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-16
    Description: Propulsion problems and advanced technology requirements of VTOL aircraft are discussed. Specific topics covered include inlets with high angle of attack capability, rapid thrust modulation fans, and propulsion-system/aircraft-control integration.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Aeropropulsion 1979; p 409-444
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  • 4
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    Hypersonic propulsion (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-16
    Description: Research on hydrogen fueled scramjet engines for hypersonic flight is reviewed. Component developments, computational methods, and preliminary ground tests of subscale scramjet engine modules at Mach 4 and 7 are emphasized. Airframe integration, structures, and flow diagnostics are also discussed. It is shown that mixed-mode perpendicular and parallel fuel injection controls heat release over a wide Mach range and the fixed geometry inlet gives good performance over a wide range of Mach numbers.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Aeropropulsion 1979; p 387-408
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  • 5
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    Control technology (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-16
    Description: An overview of engine control technology is presented with emphasis on gas turbine engine controls. The role of the government, and NASA in particular, in advancing this technology is discussed.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Aeropropulsion 1979; p 329-344
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  • 6
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    Supersonic propulsion technology (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-16
    Description: Propulsion concepts for commercial supersonic transports are discussed. It is concluded that variable cycle engines, together with advanced supersonic inlets and low noise coannular nozzles, provide good operating performance for both supersonic and subsonic flight. In addition, they are reasonably quiet during takeoff and landing and have acceptable exhaust emissions.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Aeropropulsion 1979; p 345-386
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  • 7
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    Mechanical components (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-07-16
    Description: Research on bearings, gears, seals, and rotor dynamics (specifically high speed balancing and dampers) is presented. The research pertains to problems in both aircraft turbine engines and helicopter transmissions.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Aeropropulsion 1979; p 273-308
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  • 8
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    Instrumentation technology (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-16
    Description: Some of the efforts made in applying technologically new tools to today's propulsion measurement problems are described. They include: (1) a blade-tip clearance system; (2) a pulsed thermocouple system used to measure gas temperature with a thermocouple at temperatures above the melting point of the thermocouple; (3) an optical technique for measuring blade flutter; (4) a probe for dynamic flow and flow angle measurement; and (5) a laser anemometer system for rapidly mapping the flow profiles between the blades of a rotating compressor.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Aeropropulsion 1979; p 309-328
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  • 9
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    Turbomachinery technology (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-07-16
    Description: A technology assessment of turbomachinery is presented. The design of the fan, compressor, and turbine components for future advanced aircraft engines is discussed. Basic flow characteristics in compressors and turbines and the heat transfer phenomena in cooled turbines are also discussed.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Aeropropulsion 1979; p 231-272
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  • 10
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    Computational fluid mechanics of internal flow (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-07-16
    Description: Major solution techniques for internal computational fluid mechanics are discussed and some examples are presented. The major steps involved in developing a large computer code are then discussed.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Aeropropulsion 1979; p 187-230
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  • 11
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    Alternative jet aircraft fuels (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-07-16
    Description: Potential changes in jet aircraft fuel specifications due to shifts in supply and quality of refinery feedstocks are discussed with emphasis on the effects these changes would have on the performance and durability of aircraft engines and fuel systems. Combustion characteristics, fuel thermal stability, and fuel pumpability at low temperature are among the factors considered. Combustor and fuel system technology needs for broad specification fuels are reviewed including prevention of fuel system fouling and fuel system technology for fuels with higher freezing points.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Aeropropulsion 1979; p 129-148
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  • 12
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    Materials and structures technology (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-07-16
    Description: Materials and structures performance limitations, particularly for the hot section of the engine in which these limitations limit the life of components, are considered. Failure modes for components such as blades, vanes, and combustors and how they are affected by the environment for such components are discussed. Methods used to improve the materials used for such components are: (1) application of directional structures to turbine components for high strength at high temperatures; (2) improved coatings to increase oxidation and corrosion resistance; (3) increase strength and stiffness with reduced weight by applying higher specific properties of composite materials; and (4) cost effective processing such as near net shape powder methods applied to disks. Life prediction techniques developed to predict component life accurately in advance of service and progress in improving the intermediate and cold section components of turbine engines are covered.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Aeropropulsion 1979; p 149-186
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  • 13
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    Noise reduction (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-07-16
    Description: The turbofan engine's noise-producing components are discussed in terms of efficient and economical noise reduction techniques that do not penalize the engine performance or weight significantly. Specific topics covered include fan noise, acoustic suppression, jet noise technology, combustor noise, and aircraft noise prediction.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Aeropropulsion 1979; p 85-128
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  • 14
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    Emission reduction (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-07-16
    Description: Control of the gaseous pollutant emissions of aircraft engines is considered in terms of the emission standards for six classes of aircraft engines. Emphasis is placed on combustor design concepts to significantly reduce emissions levels and lean-burning techniques to lower flame temperature, to reduce the oxides of nitrogen in the gaseous emissions.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Aeropropulsion 1979; p 59-84
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  • 15
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    Visual observations over oceans (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Important factors in locating, identifying, describing, and photographing ocean features from space are presented. On the basis of crew comments and other findings, the following recommendations can be made for Earth observations on Space Shuttle missions: (1) flyover exercises must include observations and photography of both temperate and tropical/subtropical waters; (2) sunglint must be included during some observations of ocean features; (3) imaging remote sensors should be used together with conventional photographic systems to document visual observations; (4) greater consideration must be given to scheduling earth observation targets likely to be obscured by clouds; and (5) an annotated photographic compilation of ocean features can be used as a training aid before the mission and as a reference book during space flight.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, Vol. 2; p 385-407
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 16
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    Equivalence of airborne and ground-acquired wheat canopy temperatures (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The relationship between airborne and ground-based measurements of soil and crop canopy temperatures is investigated for a partial crop canopy. Daily ground-based measurements using a wide-field-of-view radiometer oriented towards the nadir at a height of 1.5 m and airborne thermal imagery at two-week intervals were obtained throughout the entire growing season of a stand of wheat. When corrected for atmospheric effects, the airborne measurements were found to be virtually identical to ground-based measurements, with a regression line slope of 0.985, a standard deviation of 1.8 C and a correlation coefficient of 0.97.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 8; Aug. 197
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  • 17
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    Temporal spectral measurements of corn and soybean crops (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A ground-based, hand-held radiometer, configured to measure red and photographic infrared spectral radiances, was successfully used to collect in situ temporal spectral measurements of corn and soybean crops. Significant relationships were found between the radiance data and the biomass, plant height, percentage crop cover, percentage crop chlorosis, and percentage leaf loss. The results of this experiment show conclusively that hand-held radiometers can be used to collect spectral data that are highly correlated to several agronomic variables. These findings suggest approaches for agronomic research, and confirm the value of remote sensing of agricultural targets.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 45; May 1979
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  • 18
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    Remote sensing of snow and ice (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper reviews remote sensing of snow and ice, techniques for improved monitoring, and incorporation of the new data into forecasting and management systems. The snowcover interpretation of visible and infrared data from satellites, automated digital methods, radiative transfer modeling to calculate the solar reflectance of snow, and models using snowcover input data and elevation zones for calculating snowmelt are discussed. The use of visible and near infrared techniques for inferring snow properties, microwave monitoring of snowpack characteristics, use of Landsat images for collecting glacier data, monitoring of river ice with visible imagery from NOAA satellites, use of sequential imagery for tracking ice flow movement, and microwave studies of sea ice are described. Applications of snow and ice research to commercial use are examined, and it is concluded that a major problem to be solved is characterization of snow and ice in nature, since assigning of the correct properties to a real system to be modeled has been difficult.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 19
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    Effect of surface roughness on the microwave emission from soils (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effect of surface roughness on the brightness temperature of a moist terrain has been studied through the modification of Fresnel reflection coefficient and using the radiative transfer equation. The modification involves introduction of a single parameter to characterize the roughness. It is shown that this parameter depends on both the surface height variance and the horizontal scale of the roughness. Model calculations are in good quantitative agreement with the observed dependence of the brightness temperature on the moisture content in the surface layer. Data from truck mounted and airborne radiometers are presented for comparison. The results indicate that the roughness effects are great for wet soils where the difference between smooth and rough surfaces can be as great as 50 K.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Sept. 20
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  • 20
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    Solar potential inventory and modeling (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Image processing procedures for calculating the energy that roof-mounted solar collectors can potentially supply in a metropolitan area are presented. Satellite multispectral imagery from which land cover types can be determined digitally was sampled in order to estimate the percentage of land area occupied by flat or south-facing roof tops in residential and commercial/industrial areas. Procedures were applied to the various power subdistricts of the western San Fernando valley of California, and it was found that on the average 120% of the existing power demand could be met if only half the useable rooftop area were utilized, amounting to 385 MW of peak power and indicating the applicability of solar cells to power generation in urban areas.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing Quarterly; 1; Apr. 197
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  • 21
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    Using population statistics for a first look at the utility of Landsat data for urban areas (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reviews the Image Based Information System (IBIS), developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) which provided the city of Los Angeles with Landsat land use data in a format compatible with the city's land use and population files. Landsat data are compared to other land use files and the comparisons are discussed as an attempt to establish a level of validity. Relationships between population and Landsat data are investigated and reveal the strengths and weaknesses of the use of such data for urban areas. Finally, it is noted that the project verified the flexibility of IBIS for reducing and delivering Landsat data to users lacking the ability to process raw satellite data tapes and points to the system as a model for a potential national census of land use.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing Quarterly; 1; Jan. 197
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  • 22
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    The detection of urban expansion from Landsat imagery (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two methodologies for detecting and mapping land cover changes in and around growing urban regions are being studied at Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Both approaches, primarily based on digital image processing techniques, have been developed to supplement data stored in an Image Based Information System (IBIS). The structure of this information system enables the depiction of land cover changes in image format concurrently with statistical reports in tabular form. To date the expansion of two urban areas, Houston, Texas and Orlando, Florida, has been monitored.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing Quarterly; 1; Jan. 197
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  • 23
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    QCSEE - The key to future short-haul air transport (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper describes the design and test procedure for the QCSEE (quiet, clean, short-haul experimental engine). The engines designed for the YC-14 and YC-15 STOL aircraft, both use a very low fan pressure ratio to keep jet-flap noise about 3 dB below total system noise. Other noise reducing features discussed are the low tip speed fans and a carefully selected number of fan blades and vanes with adequate spacing between them. Attention is also given to the development of a low emissions combustor, and reduction of fan frame weight, through the use of graphite/epoxy material. The YC-15 engine also employs variable pitch fans to provide thrust reversal, thus saving weight. Finally, it is noted that the tests have proven that the engines could be configurated to meet the needs of a powered lift system without excessively compromising performance or weight.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: ICAO Bulletin; 34; Apr. 197
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  • 24
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    Two-stream theory of reflectance of snow (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Spectral reflectance of snow under diffuse illumination is studied using the two-stream approximation of the radiative transfer equation. The scattering and absorption parameters of the radiative transfer equation - the single scattering albedo, the optical depth, and the integrated phase function are obtained from the grain size and density of snow. Analytical expressions for the intensity within the snowpack, the reflectance, and the asymptotic flux extinction coefficient, are given. Good agreement is shown between the theory and available experimental data on visible and near-infrared reflectance, and the asymptotic flux extinction coefficient. The theory may also be used to explain the observed effect of aging on the snow reflectance.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience Electronics; GE-17; July 197
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  • 25
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    Using Landsat digital data to detect moisture stress (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A technique utilizing transformed Landsat digital data for detection of agricultural drought was empirically defined during the 1976 South Dakota drought. During 1977, the procedure was expanded to the Great Plains for evaluation as a technique for detecting and monitoring vegetative water stress over large areas. The technique, Green Index Number (GIN), uses Landsat digital data from 5 by 6 nautical mile sampling frames (segments) to indicate when the vegetation within the segment is undergoing drought. At known growth stages for wheat, segments were classified as drought or non-drought areas. The remote-sensing-based information was compared to a weekly ground-based index (Crop Moisture Index) provided by the United States Department of Commerce. This comparison demonstrated a high degree of agreement between the 18-day remote sensing technique and the ground-based weekly data. Maps based on GIN of parts of the USSR and Australia were produced with a two-week lag and later compared with other crop assessments of crop conditions in these areas. These maps were judged to be in general agreement with the other data sources.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 45; Feb. 197
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  • 26
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    Comparison of 2.8- and 21-cm microwave radiometer observations over soils with emission model calculations (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An airborne experiment was conducted under NASA auspices to test the feasibility of detecting soil moisture by microwave remote sensing techniques over agricultural fields near Phoenix, Arizona at midday of April 5, 1974 and at dawn of the following day. Extensive ground data were obtained from 96 bare, sixteen hectare fields. Observations made using a scanning (2.8 cm) and a nonscanning (21 cm) radiometer were compared with the predictions of a radiative transfer emission model. It is shown that (1) the emitted intensity at both wavelengths correlates best with the near surface moisture, (2) surface roughness is found to more strongly affect the degree of polarization than the emitted intensity, (3) the slope of the intensity-moisture curves decreases in going from day to dawn, and (4) increased near surface moisture at dawn is characterized by increased polarization of emissions. The results of the experiment indicate that microwave techniques can be used to observe the history of the near surface moisture. The subsurface history must be inferred from soil physics models which use microwave results as boundary conditions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Jan. 20
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  • 27
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    Monitoring corn and soybean crop development with hand-held radiometer spectral data (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 8; Aug. 197
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  • 28
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    Landsat analysis of lake quality (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The trophic status of a number of inland lakes in Wisconsin has been assessed. The feasibility of using both photographic and digital representations of Landsat imagery was investigated during the lake classification project. The result of the investigation has been a semi-automatic data acquisition and handling system which, in conjunction with an analytical categorization scheme, can be used to classify all the significant lakes in the state.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 45; May 1979
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  • 29
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    Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The relationships between various linear combinations of red and photographic infrared radiances and vegetation parameters are investigated. In situ spectrometers are used to measure the relationships between linear combinations of red and IR radiances, their ratios and square roots, and biomass, leaf water content and chlorophyll content of a grass canopy in June, September and October. Regression analysis shows red-IR combinations to be more significant than green-red combinations. The IR/red ratio, the square root of the IR/red ratio, the vegetation index (IR-red difference divided by their sum) and the transformed vegetation index (the square root of the vegetation index + 0.5) are found to be sensitive to the amount of photosynthetically active vegetation. The accumulation of dead vegetation over the year is found to have a linearizing effect on the various vegetation measures.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 8; May 1979
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  • 30
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    LS47: A DSN station location set compatible with JPL development ephemeris DE108 (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An updated Deep Space Network station location set, LS47, is presented which is compatible with JPL Development Ephemeris DE108. Analytic procedures for linearly correcting station spin axis and longitude estimates for an ephemeris update based on Brouwer-Clemence Set III parameters are briefly discussed. The validity of this technique is demonstrated by a comparison of a linearly corrected solution with one explicitly determined by reprocessing the data. A mission data base, including Viking 1 and 2 encounter data, is first used to obtain an updated DE96 compatible station location solution, LS46, which in turn is adjusted to form the DE108 solution, LS47. Improved station Z-heights are estimated by using available very long baseline interferometry data. Spin axis differences between LS46 and LS47 are relatively insignificant; however, the ephemeris change introduces a -0.8 x 10 to the -5 power degree rotation in the DE96 longitude ephemeris.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 86-98
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  • 31
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    Recommendations (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Significant progress was made in the development of remote sensing techniques for estimating soil moisture, and some useful applications for soil moisture information was demonstrated. However, there is an array of questions that must be answered before an operational program is appropriate. A substantial research-oriented program is justified. A summary of recommendations made by participants in the workshop concerning future research and development is presented. These recommendations represent a consensus of opinions from the Workshop participants, but are not necessarily unanimous views.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Soil Moisture Workshop; 5 p
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  • 32
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    Proceedings of summary and recommendations session (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Discussion by discipline scientist and information users throughout the Workshop showed the diversity of opinion on the actual use of soil moisture information and the approaches which may lead to successful remote sensing measurements of soil moisture. Soil moisture has varying definitions and information needs depending on perspective of discipline and defined use. With these differences of need and definition, the summary panel provides summaries of the activities and recommendations with interaction from all participants of the Workshop.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Soil Moisture Workshop; 53 p
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  • 33
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    Microwave and gamma radiation observations of soil moisture (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The unique dielectric properties of water at microwave wavelengths afford the possibility for remotely sensing the moisture content in the surface layer of the soil. The surface emissivity and reflectivity for the soils at these wavelengths are strong functions of its moisture content. The changes in emissivity can be observed by passive microwave techniques (radiometry) and the change in reflectivity can be observed by active microwave techniques (radar). The difference in the natural terrestrial gamma ray flux measured for wet and dry soil may be used to determine soil moisture. The presence of water moisture in the soil causes an effective increase in soil density, resulting in an increased attenuation of the gamma flux for wet soil and a corresponding lower flux above the ground surface.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Soil Moisture Workshop; 37 p
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  • 34
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    Supersonic unstalled flutter (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-02
    Description: A parametric study to show the effects of cascade geometry, inlet Mach number, and backpressure on the onset of single and multi degree of freedom unstalled supersonic flutter is presented. Several of the results are correlated against experimental qualitative observation to validate the models.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: AGARD Stresses, Vibrations, Struct. Integration and Eng. Integrity (Including Aeroelasticity and Flutter); 14 p
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  • 35
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    Review of the AGARD S and M panel evaluation program of the NASA-Lewis SRP approach to high-temperature LCF life prediction (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-02
    Description: The strain range partitioning SRP method method presented is a significant step forward in high temperature low cycle fatigue life prediction. Several concerns and recommendations regarding SRP were described. These dealt primarily with the problems associated with the application of SRP to cases involving small inelastic strains (and therefore long lives). The difficulties associated with partitioning these narrow hysteresis loops and the present inability of SRP to handle mean stress effects were also noted.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: AGARD Stresses, Vibrations, Struct. Integration and Eng. Integrity (Including Aeroelasticity and Flutter); 9 p
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  • 36
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    Lean, premixed, prevaporized combustor conceptual design study (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Phase 1 of the Lean Premixed-Prevaporized Comubstor Design Study is a nine month analytical study effort with no experimental or testing activities included. The program has the objective to design and analyze advanced combustor concepts with features for fuel premixing and prevaporization upstream of the combustion zone for use in future subsonic aircrafts with features for fuel premixing and prevaporization upstream of the combustion zone for use in future subsonic aircraft engines. All of the designs also embody some form of variable geometry for combustor flow modulation. The primary criterion for these designs is low oxides of nitrogen emissions at stratospheric cruise conditions. Four combustor concepts are being designed for the NASA/GE Energy Efficient Engine (EEE) envelope and cycle. Current status of the program is that the four concepts sized for the EEE were designed and are currently undergoing analysis and evaluation.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Premixed Prevaporized Combustor Technol. Forum; p 255-263
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  • 37
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    Autoignition of fuels (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An autoignition test section and a premixing fuel injector developed to determine the autoignition characteristics of a variety of aircraft fuels are described. Parametric tests to map the ignition delay characteristics of Jet-A fuel were conducted at pressures of 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 atm, inlet air temperatures up to 900K and fuel-air equivalence ratios of 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0. Residence times in the range of 1 to 50 msec were obtained by interchanging spool pieces to create six different mixer/vaporizer lengths (6, 23, 53, 84, 99, and 130 cm) and by testing at two different airflow rates (0.5 and 1.0 kg/sec). The resulting free-stream velocities were in the range 20 to 100 m/sec. As expected, the results indicate that the ignition delay times decrease with increasing air temperature and pressure. Also, the data show that, for lean mixtures, ignition delay times decrease with increasing equivalence ratios.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Premixed Prevaporized Combustor Technol. Forum; p 95-107
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  • 38
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    Modeling of premixing-prevaporizing fuel-air mixing passages (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The development of a computer program for the analytical prediction of the distribution of liquid and vapor fuel in the premixing-prevaporizing passage by the direct injection method is described. The technical approach adopted for this program is to separate the problem into three parts each with its own computer code. These three parts are: calculation of the two-dimensional or axisymmetric air flow; calculation of the three-dimensional fuel droplet evaporation; and calculation of the fuel vapor diffusion. This method of approach is justified because premixing passages operate at lean equivalence ratios. Hence, a weak interaction assumption can be made wherein the airflow can affect the fuel droplet behavior but the fuel droplet behavior does not affect the airflow.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Premixed Prevaporized Combustor Technol. Forum; p 57-65
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  • 39
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    Fuel spray data with LDV (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Droplet size and two component velocities in the severe environment of an operating gas turbine combustor system can be measured simultaneously using the solar laser morphokinetomer (SLM) which incorporates the following capabilities: (1) measurement of a true two-dimensional velocity vector with a range of + or - (0.01-200 m/sec); (2) measurement of particle size (range 5 to 300 micron m) simultaneously with the measurement of velocity; (3) specification of probe volume position coordinates with a high degree of accuracy (+ or - 0.5 mm); (4) immediate on-line data checks; and (5) rapid computer storage of acquired data. The optical system of the SLM incorporates an ultrasonic beam splitter to allow the measurement of a two-dimensional velocity vector simultaneously with particle size. A microprocessor with a limited storage capability permits immediate analysis of test data in the test cell.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Premixed Prevaporized Combustor Technol. Forum; p 47-55
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  • 40
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    Effect of swirl on premixed combustion (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Combustion in a premixed swirl combustor composed of confined concentric jets (5 cm and 10 cm diameter) were studied. The inner flow is fuel and air; the outer flow is air. Both flows may contain swirl either in the same or opposite directions. The combustor operates at one atmosphere without preheat; methane and propane were used as fuels. Related analyses and experiments were also performed for water flows and isotherm air flows. In these studies, a number of important concepts regarding premixing/prevaporized, swirl stabilized combustion were developed. Some of the more significant are discussed.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Premixed Prevaporized Combustor Technol. Forum; p 203-213
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  • 41
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    Effect of degree of fuel vaporization on emissions for a premixed-prevaporized combustor system (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The impact of the degree of fuel vaporization upon emission from a flametube combustor was studied using an inlet air pressure of 3 x 10 to the 5th power pascals, inlet air temperatures of 600K and 700K, a reference velocity of 35 meters per second and equivalence ratios of .6 and .72 using Jet A fuel. Incoming air was preheated to temperatures from 600K to 700K by a nonvitiating preheater. Jet A fuel was injected into this airstream through two different fuel injectors manifolded together and mounted in series upstream of a watercooled preforated plate flameholder. The fuel-air mixture burned in a watercooled combustor section. Samples of the fuel-air mixture upstream of the flameholder were obtained for analysis to determine the local degree of fuel vaporization and the fuel-air ratio. Samples of the combustion products were analyzed to determine gaseous emissions. The effects of vaporization on carbon monoxide and nitric on carbon monoxide and nitric oxide emissions are presented.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Premixed Prevaporized Combustor Technol. Forum; p 127-130
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  • 42
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    Stabilization of premixed combustors (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: In order to attain a sufficiently good insight into the fluid mechanical processes taking place in combustors operating on premixed, prevaporized, and preheated gases, an experimental facility was developed where the flow field is tractable both experimentally and analytically. The configuration adopted for the initial stage of the study is based on the use of a step to stabilized the combustion zone. The primary purpose of the experimental apparatus is to provide a facility for studying the effects of the elementary fluid mechanical processes on the stability of a model combustion system in order to further the understanding of the intrinsic mechanism of nonsteady phenomena, rather than to provide criteria for unstable operation of combustors, as expressed by overall performance parameters, such as the blowout and flashback limits.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Premixed Prevaporized Combustor Technol. Forum; p 187-202
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  • 43
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    Effects of flameholder blockage on emissions and performance of lean premixed-prevaporized combustors (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Results from a parametric study are presented. Tests were on conducted at inlet air pressure of 300,000 and 500,000 pascals, inlet air temperatures of 600K, 700K and 800K, reference velocites from 20 to 35 meters per second, and equivalent ratios from the lean stability limit to 0.7 using Jet A fuel. The tests were conducted in a closed duct test facility. Results from the test support the theory that flameholder blockage is one of the major determinants of the size and shape of the recirculation zone. The test data show that higher blockage with its larger recirculation zone provides more residence time which leads to more NOx formation.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Premixed Prevaporized Combustor Technol. Forum; p 157-162
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  • 44
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    Turbulence characteristics of compressor discharge flows (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Turbulence measurements were conducted in a large gas turbine engine (JT9D) at the entrance to the diffuser duct, joining the compressor discharge to the combustor inlet. Hot film probe and hot wire probe measurements were obtained at temperatures from 450K (350F) (idle) to 608K (635F) (rich approach). At I.D. (25 percent span) and mid-span locations, the turbulence intensity increased slightly from 6 + or - percent at idle condition to 7 or - 1 percent at rich approach. At O.D. (75 percent span) the turbulent intensity increased more rapidly, from 7.5 + or - 0.5 percent at idle to 15 + or - 0.5 percent at rich approach. The spectra showed turbulent energy distributed uniformly over a 0.1 to 5 KHz bandwidth (down 3db) at all operating conditions, corresponding to random turbulence with velocity wave lengths of 2 cm to 1 meter travelling at the mean velocity of 100 m/sec. Tests results are given in tables and graphs.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Premixed Prevaporized Combustor Technol. Forum; p 5-31
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  • 45
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    Advanced low emissions catalytic combustor program at General Electric (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The Advanced Low Emissions Catalytic Combustors Program (ALECC) is being undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of employing catalytic combustion technology in aircraft gas turbine engines as a means to control emission of oxides of nitrogen during subsonic stratospheric cruise operation. The ALECC Program is being conducted in three phases. The first phase, which was completed in November, 1978, consisted of a design study to identify catalytic combustor designs having the greatest potential to meet the emissions and performance goals specified. The primary emissions goal of this program was to obtain cruise NO emissions of less than 1g/kg (compared with levels of 15 to 20 g/x obtained with current designs)/ However, good overall performance and feasibility for engine development were heavily weighted in the evaluation of combustor designs.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Premixed Prevaporized Combustor Technol. Forum; p 215-227
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  • 46
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    Lean Stability augmentation study (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An analytical and experimental program was conducted to investigate techniques and develop technology for improving the lean combustion limits of premixing, prevaporizing combustors applicable to gas turbine engine main burners. Three concepts for improving lean stability limits were selected for experimental evaluation among twelve approaches considered. Concepts were selected on the basis of the potential for improving stability limits and achieving emission goals, the technological risks associated with development of practical burners employing the concepts, and the penalties to airline direct operating costs resulting from decreased combustor performance, increased engine cost, increased maintenance cost and increased engine weight associated with implementation of the concepts. Tests of flameholders embodying the selected concepts were conducted.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Premixed Prevaporized Combustor Technol. Forum; p 163-177
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  • 47
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    Emissions measurements for a lean premixed propane/air system at pressures up to 30 atmospheres (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A series of experiments was conducted in which the emissions of a lean premixed system of propane and air were measured at pressures of 5, 10, 20 and 30 atm in a flametube apparatus. Measurements were made for inlet temperatures between 600K and 1000K and combustor residence times from 1.0 to 3.0 msec. A schematic of the test rig is presented along with graphs showing emissions measurements for nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and UHC as functions of bustor residence time for various equivalence ratios, entrance temperatures and pressures; typical behavior of emissions as a function of equivalence ratio for a fixed residence time. Correlations of nitric oxide emission index with adiabatic flame temperature for a fixed residence time of 2 msec and pressures from 5 to 30 atm; and adiabatic flame temperature corresponding to CO breakpoint conditions for 2 msec residence time as a function of inlet temperature.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA Lewis Res. Center Premixed Prevaporized Combustor Technol. Forum p 109-125 Forum; p 109-125
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  • 48
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    Turbulence measurements in the compressor exit flow of a General Electric CF6-50 engine (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Ruggedized cooled film probes were used to measure CF6-50 compressor exit turbulence properties at three different engine idle condition test points. The turbulence probe was coupled to a constant temperature anemometer and signal conditioning system. An on-line readout system connected to the anemometer was used to check the data as it was acquired. At engine idle conditions, the turbulence intensity ranged from 4.8 percent to 5.6 percent and the length scale ranged from 5.64 cm to 6.95 cm. The length scale values are somewhat larger than the passage height at the measurement plane (5.54 cm), which indicates that the shape of the turbulent eddies are elongated in the axial direction. The microscale values range from about 0.73 cm to about 0.98 cm. Power spectral density distributions show that a large proportion of the turbulent energy at the measurement plane is concentrated at frequencies below one kilohertz.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Premixed Prevaporized Combustor Technol. Forum; p 33-45
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  • 49
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    Lean, premixed, prevaporized combustor conceptual design study (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The seven month study program has the objective to identify and evaluate promising lean, premixed, prevaporized combustor concepts utilizing variable geometry and/or other flow control techniques. The general approach taken to accomplish this objective is outlined and consists of combustor design, design analysis and design ranking. The schedule being taken to achieve this program is shown. Although the ultimate goal of this program is the significant reduction of cruise oxides of nitrogen, both the EPA emission standards and combustor performance levels outlined are retained as goals as well.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Premixed Prevaporized Combustor Technol. Forum; p 247-254
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  • 50
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    Advanced low emissions catalytic combustor program at Pratt and Whitney (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The feasibility of employing catalytic combustion technology to control the emissions of oxides of nitrogen for subsonic, stratospheric cruise aircraft operations is the objective of this NASA contract. The existing Enivornmental Protection Agency standards for the landing and takeoff cycle were also required to be satisfied. Work for the first phase of a proposed three phase effort is reported and is concerned with analytical design studies.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Premixed Prevaporized Combustor Technol. Forum; p 229-245
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  • 51
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    Effects of flameholder geometry on emissions and performance of lean premixed combustors (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Emission levels and performance of twelve flameholder designs were investigated in a lean, premixed propane-air system at inlet conditions of 800K and 10 atm. The flameholder tested represents six design concepts with two values of blockage for each concept. The design concept consists of the following geometries: perforated plate, wire grid, single cone, multiple cone, vee gutter and swirl cone. Measurements were made at reference velocities of 35 m/s, 25 m/s and 20 m/s at combustor stations 10 cm and 30 cm downstream of the flameholder.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Premixed Prevaporized Combustor Technol. Forum; p 135-155
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  • 52
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    Effect of fuel/air nonuniformity on nitric oxide emissions (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A flame tube combustor holding jet A fuel was used in experiments performed at a pressure of .3 Mpa and a reference velocity of 25 meters/second for three inlet air temperatures of 600, 700, and 800 K. The gas sample measurements were taken at locations 18 cm and 48 cm downstream of the perforated plate flameholder. Nonuniform fuel/air profiles were produced using a fuel injector by separately fueling the inner five fuel tubes and the outer ring of twelve fuel tubes. Six fuel/air profiles were produced for nominal overall equivalence ratios of .5 and .6. An example of three of three of these profiles and their resultant nitric oxide NOx emissions are presented. The uniform fuel/air profile cases produced uniform and relatively low profile levels. When the profiles were either center-peaked or edge-peaked, the overall mass-weighted nitric oxide levels increased.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Premixed Prevaporized Combustor Technol. Forum; p 131-134
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  • 53
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    Performance of a multiple venturi fuel-air preparation system (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Spatial fuel-air distributions, degree of vaporization, and pressure drop were measured 16.5 cm downstream of the fuel injection plane of a multiple Venturi tube fuel injector. Tests were performed in a 12 cm tubular duct. Test conditions were: a pressure of 0.3 MPa, inlet air temperature from 400 to 800K, air velocities of 10 and 20 m/s, and fuel-air ratios of 0.010 and 0.020. The fuel was Diesel #2. Spatial fuel-air distributions were within + or - 20 percent of the mean at inlet air temperatures above 450K. At an inlet air temperature of 400K, the fuel-air distribution was measured when a 50 percent blockage plate was placed 9.2 cm upstream of the fuel injection plane to distort the inlet air velocity fuel injection plane to distort the inlet air velocity profile. Vaporization of the fuel was 50 percent complete at an inlet air temperature of 400K and the percentage increased linearly with temperature to complete vaporization at 600K. The pressure drop was 3 percent at the design point which was three times greater than the designed value and the single tube experiment value. No autoignition or flashback was observed at the conditions tested.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Premixed Prevaporized Combustor Technol. Forum; p 85-93
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  • 54
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    Design of Propellers for Motorsoarers (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A method was developed for the design of propellers of minimum induced loss matched to an arbitrary operating point characterized by disc loading (thrust or power), air density, shaft speed, flight speed, and number of blades. A consistent procedure is outlined to predict the performance of these propellers under off design conditions, or to predict the performance of propellers of general geometry. The examples discussed include a man powered airplane, a hang glider with a 7.5 kW (10 hp) 8,000 rpm engine, and an airplane-like motorsoarer.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center The Sci. and Technol. of Low Speed and Motorless Flight, Pt. 1; p 285-303
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  • 55
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    The application test system: Experiences to date and future plans (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The ATS analysis component is presented focusing on methods by which the varied data sources are used by the ATS analyst. Analyst training and initial processing of data is discussed along with short and long plans for the ATS.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Session, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1121-1125
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  • 56
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    Resource modeling: A reality for program cost analysis (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The approach, implementation, operation, and utilization of a model to establish capital investment and operational costs for the Program is presented. These are based on their interrelationships, dependencies, and alternative actions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1103-1120
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  • 57
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    The application test system: Technical approach and system design (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: An insight is provided of the technical approach which was applied to the system design of the USDA Applications Test Program. Included are: identification of requirements, assessment of remote sensing contributions, evaluations of existing techniques, and cost effective development of a system design which utilizes techniques and procedures consistent with requirements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1097-1101
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  • 58
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    Data base design for a worldwide multicrop information system (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: A description of the USDA Application Test System data base design approach and resources is presented. The data is described in detail by category, with emphasis on those characteristics which influenced the design most. It was concluded that the use of a generalized data base in support of crop assessment is a sound concept. The IDMS11 minicomputer base system is recommended for this purpose.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2 (; p 1085-1096
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  • 59
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    Functional definition and design of a USDA system (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The fundamental definition and design of a U.S.D.A. system utilizing the LACIE technology avaliable as of June 1976, is discussed. The organization and methods described are focused on LACIE technology in terms of its transfer for use applications. The simulation of a feasible system design provided timely answers to system design questions, such as the ability of a minicomputer to handle the proposed geometrical correction of MSS data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1075-1084
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  • 60
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    The application test system: An approach to technology transfer (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The latest satellite and computer processing and analysis technologies were tested and evaluated in terms of their application feasibility. Technologies evaluated include those developed, tested, and evaluated by the LACIE, as well as candidate technologies developed by the research community and private industry. The implementation of the applications test system and the technology transfer experience between the LACIE and the applications test system is discussed highlighting the approach, the achievements, and the shortcomings.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1069-1074
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  • 61
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    Design, implementation, and results of LACIE field research (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The capability to acquire, process, and interpret remotely sensed multispectral measurements of the energy reflected and emitted from crops, soils, and other Earth surface features is considered. The LACIE Field Measurements Project is described including project objectives, the experimental approach, the data acquisition program, and selected results based on field data. The key accomplishments and results of the experiment and recommendations for future field research are summarized.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1037-1066
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  • 62
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    Weighted aggregation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The use of a weighted aggregation technique to improve the precision of the overall LACIE estimate is considered. The manner in which a weighted aggregation technique is implemented given a set of weights is described. The problem of variance estimation is discussed and the question of how to obtain the weights in an operational environment is addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1029-1036
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  • 63
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    Multiyear estimates for the LACIE sampling plans (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: An approach that may be useful in improving the estimates of the wheat acreages for the LACIE countries for each year by using the short-time series of estimates made in the sequence of consecutive years is presented. A simple 'synthesis' based method of variance component estimation is described. A general theorem concerning weighted least squares, referred to as the Aiken method, is proved.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1015-1028
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  • 64
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    Prediction of wheat phenological development: A state-of-the-art review (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The merits and shortcomings of LACIE wheat development models are described. The effects of planting dates, spatial errors in the variables, and model forms on accuracy are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 981-989
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  • 65
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    New developments in sampling and aggregation for remotely sensed surveys (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Sampling techniques used to construct large area crop estimates are briefly reviewed. Problem areas in sampling and aggregation are covered. The natural sampling strategy, two phase sampling, weighted aggregation, and multiyear estimation are among the topics discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 991-993
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    Natural sampling strategy (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: A natural stratum-based sampling scheme and the aggregation procedures for estimating wheat area, yield, and production and their associated prediction error estimates are described. The methodology utilizes LANDSAT imagery and agrophysical data to permit an improved stratification in foreign areas by ignoring political boundaries and restratifying along boundaries that are more homogeneous with respect to the distribution of agricultural density, soil characteristics, and average climatic conditions. A summary of test results is given including a discussion of the various problems encountered.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2 995-1013 (SEE N80-15448 06-43)
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  • 67
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    The law of the minimum and an application to wheat yield estimation (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The adaptation of the law of the minimum (LOM) to wheat yield estimation is discussed. It is demonstrated through a trial application that the LOM concept is a valuable tool for model building when regression tools are inadequate.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 961-969
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  • 68
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    Status of yield estimation technology: A review of second-generation model development and evaluation (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Multiple regression models were studied in order to determine their yield estimation capability for any arbitrary unit area and to obtain greater responsiveness and accuracy through the use of additional data sources applied at smaller spatial and temporal scales. It was concluded that data base inadequacy was the factor limiting performance in the models studied and that each of the models has more yield predicting capability than was reached during LACIE.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 937-950
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  • 69
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    Image and numerical display aids for manual interpretation (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Four color image display techniques, developed to aid in interpreting LANDSAT imagery, are described. These are the cluster image, the principal component transformation, the principal component greenness transformation, and the color-coded spectral plot. Experimental results show that the four techniques are useful in selecting and/or identifying representative samples of signatures in a given LANDSAT scene.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 911-921
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  • 70
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    A programmed labeling approach to image interpretation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Manual labeling techniques require the analyst-interpreter to use not only production film converter products but also agricultural and meteorological data and spectral aids in an integrated, judgmental fashion. To control an anticipated high variance in these techniques, a semiautomatic labeling technology was developed. The product of this technology is label identification from statistical tabulation (LIST) which operates from a discriminant basis and has the ability to measure the reliability of the label and to introduce an arbitrary bias. The development of LIST and its properties are described. Numerical results of an application are included and the evaluation of LIST is discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 923-935
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  • 71
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    Generation of uniform chromaticity scale imagery from LANDSAT data (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: An algorithm is presented for generating uniform chromaticity scale (UCS) imagery from multispectral data. A computer program was written to implement the algorithm, and UCS film products were generated. The colors in the film and their temporal change are consistent with those expected for the particular scaling of Krauth components into the (lab) color space. The film product was not subjected to the practical test of competing with previous transformations. Preliminary examination indicates that the product offers the following possibilities: (1) a single film product that will supplant two film products in current use; (2) improved visibility of data differences in regions in data space that are critical to crop identification; and (3) an analytic route to the determination of data-space transformations that will be optimal for particular discrimination problems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 899-910
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  • 72
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    Colorimetric consideration of transparencies for a typical LACIE scene (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The production film converter used to produce LACIE imagery is described as well as schemes designed to provide the analyst with operational film products. Two of these products are discussed from the standpoint of color theory. Colorimetric terminology is defined and the mathematical calculations are given. Topics covered include (1) history of product 1 and 3 algorithm development; (2) colorimetric assumptions for product 1 and 3 algorithms; (3) qualitative results from a colorimetric analysis of a typical LACIE scene; and (4) image-to-image color stability.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 887-897
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  • 73
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    Manual LANDSAT data analysis for crop type identification (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The process of manual identification of crop type by human analysts and problems associated in LACIE that were associated with manual crop identification measurement procedures are described. Research undertaken in cooperation with LACIE operations by the supporting research community to effect solutions to, or obtain greater understanding of the problems is discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 857-866
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  • 74
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    LACIE analyst interpretation keys (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Two interpretation aids, 'The Image Analysis Guide for Wheat/Small Grains Inventories' and 'The United States and Canadian Great Plains Regional Keys', were developed during LACIE phase 2 and implemented during phase 3 in order to provide analysts with a better understanding of the expected ranges in color variation of signatures for individual biostages and of the temporal sequences of LANDSAT signatures. The keys were tested using operational LACIE data, and the results demonstrate that their use provides improved labeling accuracy in all analyst experience groupings, in all geographic areas within the U.S. Great Plains, and during all periods of crop development.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 867-886
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  • 75
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    The vegetative index number and crop identification (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: A vegetative index number of numerical value was calculated from the digital values of the LANDSAT system to provide some measure of green growing vegetation. The usefulness of the green numbers for schemes in crop identification and acreage estimation is investigated and the Ashburn vegetation index (AVI) is compared with the Kauth-Thomas vegetation index (KVI) for crop identification schemes. Results of wheat acreage estimation using LACIE Procedure 1 and the AVI for eight sample segments are given. Tables show comparisons between the AVI and the KVI as well as visual results of the AVI.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 843-855
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  • 76
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    An evaluation of procedure 1 (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: LACIE Procedure 1 has undergone continuous testing and evaluation, starting with analytical and experimental studies even before it was implemented in ERIPS software and continuing to the present with performance evaluations using blind-site data. The strengths and weaknesses of the procedure are indicated and some areas for possible improvement are identified. Results from three of the experiments performed and an evaluation of LACIE Procedure 1 proportion estimates for some blind-site segments are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 825-842
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  • 77
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    Signature extension methods in crop area estimation (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The Procedure B multispectral processing system is both multisegment and multistratum. It uses data from several LACIE-sized segments together and makes a proportion estimate for the entire group of segments as well as for the individual segments. In the clustering of data features, Procedure B produces multiple classes or strata rather than just two strata (as in Procedure 1), and performs stratified sampling on each of these mutliple strata in order to make a proportion estimate. Tests results for the components and for the overall performance of Procedure B are presented, and conclusions that can be drawn from these tests are discussed. The rationale for signature extension for crop area estimation is summarized.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 801-823
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  • 78
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    Methods of extending crop signatures from one area to another (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Efforts to develop a technology for signature extension during LACIE phases 1 and 2 are described. A number of haze and Sun angle correction procedures were developed and tested. These included the ROOSTER and OSCAR cluster-matching algorithms and their modifications, the MLEST and UHMLE maximum likelihood estimation procedures, and the ATCOR procedure. All these algorithms were tested on simulated data and consecutive-day LANDSAT imagery. The ATCOR, OSCAR, and MLEST algorithms were also tested for their capability to geographically extend signatures using LANDSAT imagery.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 757-800
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  • 79
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    Compensation for atmospheric effects in LANDSAT data (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Preprocessing algorithms were developed to remove or reduce the variations in multispectral data caused by variations in Sun angle and by changes in the atmospheric aerosol and water vapor levels. The two most significant algorithms developed by using mathematical models to define interrelations between the required multiplicative and additive correction factors so that just a few statistical characteristics of a LANDSAT distribution model would be sufficient to drive the mathematical model and to calculate the preprocessing corrections are examined. These are the atmospheric correction (ATCOR) computer program and the XSTAR haze correction algorithm. Neither the ATCOR nor the XSTAR algorithm provides an explicit compensation for the effects of changing LANDSAT view angle. Development efforts are underway to address this aspect of the preprocessing problem.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 723-738
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  • 80
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    Feature extraction applied to agricultural crops as seen by LANDSAT (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The physical interpretation of the spectral-temporal structure of LANDSAT data can be conveniently described in terms of a graphic descriptive model called the Tassled Cap. This model has been a source of development not only in crop-related feature extraction, but also for data screening and for haze effects correction. Following its qualitative description and an indication of its applications, the model is used to analyze several feature extraction algorithms.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 705-721
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  • 81
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    Estimating crop proportions from remotely sensed data (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The classification/pixel-count method for estimating the proportion of wheat in each segment is theoretically biased even if all distributional assumptions are met. Alternative ways to estimate crop proportions are examined and their performance testing is considered. Topics covered include general linear functional estimates, the method of moments, and maximum likelihood estimators.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 633-646
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    Economic evaluation: Concepts, selected studies, system costs, and a proposed program (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The more usual approaches to valuing crop information are reviewed and an integrated approach is recommended. Problems associated with implementation are examined. What has already been accomplished in the economic evaluation of LACIE-type information is reported including various studies of benefits. The costs of the existing and proposed systems are considered. A method and approach is proposed for further studies.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 605-616
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  • 83
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    Methods for segment wheat area estimation (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The major research conducted during the three years of LACIE to solve problems associated with segment wheat area estimation is reviewed. Topics covered include proportion estimation, clustering, feature extraction, and signature extension. It would appear that LANDSAT-1 and LANDSAT-2 data do not contain enough information to discriminate between crop types perfectly all the time and, therefore, a basic problem arises when no ground truth data on crop types in the area are available. New approaches are needed to reduce labeling error. Perhaps better use of multiyear LANDSAT data, a more detailed understanding of the cropping practices in the area, better crop calendar prediction, and a better understanding of the limiting sources of error in LANDSAT data related to crop discrimination may provide the insight required to develop improved designs.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 621-632
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  • 84
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    Accuracy and performance of LACIE crop development models (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Of the three principal phenological crop calendar models evaluated for LACIE, Robertson's triquadratic model which predicts the rate of progression of wheat through its biological development, was selected. Daily maximum and minimum temperatures and day length are the input variables, and the principal output is a daily increment of development through six physiological growth stages. Because wheat corresponds differently to the environment during each growth stage, five different equations are required. The estimated and observed crop development data were compared in order to establish a measure of confidence in the model and to identify consistent discrepancies that would adversely affect LACIE operation. Although the model provided reliable estimates for various wheat growing regions of the world, it was found that there are still areas in need of further model improvement or development.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 589-604
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    Accuracy and performance of LACIE area estimates (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Results for the three crop years between 1974 and 1977 are presented in 25 tables for four regions of the U.S. Great Plains. Topics covered include error source analyses and special studies during each phase. Abnormal signature and boundary problems still under investigation are examined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 527-573
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    LACIE area, yield, and production estimate characteristics: Canada (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Sampling segment allocation for Canada placed 283 segments within three provinces: Saskatchewan (170), Alberta (75), and Manitoba (38). The data base was comprised of five data sets: allocation, historical, ratio, LANDSAT, and yield. In-season area, yield, and production estimates were generated only during phase 2. These data are presented and analyzed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 513-526
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    Accuracy and performance of LACIE yield estimates in major wheat producing regions of the world (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The LACIE yield models developed, implemented, and tested during the three phases of the experiment represent the first generation of models designed for the large-scale prediction of wheat production. The models are capable of supporting the stated project goal of being within 10 percent of the actual wheat production 90 percent of the time. The limitations of the models are inherent in their nature. The temporal resolution limits their ability to handle the erratic weather occurring in critical situations. The relatively large spatial resolution of the individual models limits the capture of localized but important episodic events.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 575-587
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    LACIE area, yield, and production estimate characteristics: U.S. Great Plains (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The accuracy and reliability of the LACIE design was tested using the nine states of the U.S. Great Plains where comparison data was available. The three phases of LACIE are discussed with respect to the scope; sampling; LANDSAT data; estimates of area, yield, and production; accuracy of the estimates; and technical issues related to each phase.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 439-479
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    LACIE area, yield, and production estimate characteristics: U.S.S.R. (1979)
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    Description: No estimates were generated for the U.S.S.R. during LACIE phase 1. Phase 2 effort was limited to two indicator regions: winter wheat areas where 385 segments were allocated, and spring wheat areas with 362 allocated segments. The level of activity for phase 3 was extended to the entire country which automatically increased the segment workload from 747 to 1947 segments. Production, area, and yield estimates, and their accuracy are discussed for phases 2 and 3 with emphasis on scope, sampling strategy, data base, LANDSAT data, yield analysis for winter and spring wheat, area and production analysis for winter and spring wheat, and technical issues and problems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 481-512
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    Application of LANDSAT digital data for monitoring drought (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: A technique utilizing transformed LANDSAT digital data for detection of agricultural vegetative water stress was developed during the 1976 South Dakota drought, and expanded to the U.S. Great Plains the following year to evaluate its effectiveness in detecting and monitoring vegetative stress water stress over large areas. This technique, the green index number (GIN), indicated when the vegetation within a segment was undergoing stress. Segments were classified as either moisture-stressed or normal using remote sensing techniques combined with a knowledge of crop condition. The remote sensing-based information was compared to a weekly ground-based index (the crop moisture index) provided by the U.S. Dept. of Commerce. The approaches used and the results from the GIN monitoring program are presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 431-438
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    The LACIE crop years: An assessment of the crop conditions experienced in the three years of LACIE (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Meteorological data and LANDSAT spectral data from growing regions in the U.S. Great Plains, the U.S.S.R., and Canada were used to assess growing conditions and to document where anomalies such as drought, floods, and freezes were impacting the crop yield and appearance of spring and winter wheat. In the United States, the weekly rainfall and temperature data were used to estimate soil moisture, which was then related to crop needs by a crop moisture index. The transformation of LANDSAT digital data into a green index number provided a procedure whereby data from a LACIE segment could be classified as drought affected or not. The growing seasons encountered in each LACIE country during the three phases are described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 411-429
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  • 92
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    Cost and performance characteristics of data system configurations for processing remotely sensed data (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Some alternative approaches to constructing a large remote-sensing data system are explored. The cost and performance implications of using a collection of 'small' computers versus using one large computer are examined. Several architectures and associated costs for the large data system supporting a single data center are presented. Recurring cost factors (maintenance and operations) currently slightly favor the single large-machine architecture, but other factors may dictate the choice of one of the two multimachine architectures discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 397-408
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    Very high speed processing: Applicability of peripheral devices to pixel-dependent tasks (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Early options studied in the satisfaction of LACIE implementation computational demands are described as well as the ultimate selection and development of an array processing solution to the problem. The economic justification, as a function of required LANDSAT analysis, is provided. The suitability of such processors for LACIE and other applications is discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 345-354
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    A look at computer system selection criteria (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: There is no difficulty in identifying the criteria involved in the computer selection process; complexity arises in objectively evaluating various candidate configurations against the criteria, based on the user's specific needs. A model for formalizing the selection process consists of two major steps: verifying that the candidate configuration is adequate to the user's programming requirements, and determining an overall system evaluation rating based on cost, usability, adaptability, and availability. A 36 step instruction for computer sizing evaluation is included in the appendix along with a sample application of the configuration adequacy model. Selection criteria and the weighting process are also discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 355-396
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    Considerations for design of future research and development interactive image analysis systems (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Future interactive image analysis systems must provide for the increased processing requirements imposed by a thermal channel to LANDSAT-3 and the increased number of spectral channels with significantly higher spatial resolution provided by the LANDSAT-D thematic mapper. Other design considerations must include the rapidly changing technology in memories and special purpose processors, as well as the analyst-machine interface and the human factors involved. The centralized and distributed system approaches are examined in relation to the optimum design configuration of future systems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 333-344
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    LACIE/ERIPS software system summary (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The Earth resources interactive processing system (ERIPS) supports LACIE by classifying LANDSAT sensed data on the basis of the statistical similarity to those portions which were identified by analysts. The development and capabilities of the ERIPS software system are described with emphasis on (1) system requirements; (2) LACIE/ERIPS hardware; (3) system functions; (4) pattern recognition concept; and (5) LACIE/ERIPS data bases. Algorithms used in LACIE/ERIPS for statistics, divergence, feature selection, classification, registration, adaptive clustering, iterative clustering, clustering report functions, Sun angle correction, mean level adjustment, and bias correction are appended.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 317-332
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  • 97
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    Man-machine interfaces in LACIE/ERIPS (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: One of the most important aspects of the interactive portion of the LACIE/ERIPS software system is the way in which the analysis and decision-making capabilities of a human being are integrated with the speed and accuracy of a computer to produce a powerful analysis system. The three major man-machine interfaces in the system are (1) the use of menus for communications between the software and the interactive user; (2) the checkpoint/restart facility to recreate in one job the internal environment achieved in an earlier one; and (3) the error recovery capability which would normally cause job termination. This interactive system, which executes on an IBM 360/75 mainframe, was adapted for use in noninteractive (batch) mode. A case study is presented to show how the interfaces work in practice by defining some fields based on an image screen display, noting the field definitions, and obtaining a film product of the classification map.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 307-315
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  • 98
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    The LACIE data bases: Design considerations (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The implementation of direct access storage devices for LACIE is discussed with emphasis on the storage and retrieval of image data. Topics covered include the definition of the problem, the solution methodology (design decisions), the initial operational structure, and the modifications which were incorporated. Some conclusions and projections of future problems to be solved are also presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 297-306
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  • 99
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    Cartography: LACIE's spatial processor (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The spatial processing needs of LACIE include the location of agricultural test sites, and the registration of ground truth to LANDSAT imagery. The technological aspects of LACIE cartographic support, the need for cartography in satellite crop surveys, and proposed improvements which would enhance support of future programs are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 291-296
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  • 100
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    LACIE applications evaluation system efficiency report (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The scope of the three LACIE phases is discussed as well as the system efficiencies which had to be implemented to cope with the resulting LANDSAT data load. The methodologies used in system analysis, some of the specific data collected, and the inferences of these data and their implication on future systems are also discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 281-288
    Format: text
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